Professional Documents
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Puneeet - Disaster Management
Puneeet - Disaster Management
Puneeet - Disaster Management
GUIDE:
15490301710
Batch (2010-2013)
Certificate
I, Mr. Puneet kumar Roll No. 15490301710 certify that the Minor Project Report (Paper Code BBA-211) entitled IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT SKILLS is completed by me by collecting the material from the referenced sources. The matter embodied in this has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief. DATE
Certified that the Minor Project Report (Paper Code BBA-211) entitled Habits of great people Done by Mr. Puneet kumar , Roll No.15490301710, is completed under my guidance.
Date:
Acknowledgement
This project is an attempt to study Importance of Disaster Management skills I am very grateful to my my Institute faculty who has helped me to carry out this project. I sincerely acknowledge (project guide) who was with me
throughout my project & taught me the basics of Importance of Disaster Management skills . She has given me all valuable suggestions, support & inspiration in writing & preparing the project. In spite of her busy schedule she has never hesitated to spare her valuable time for reviewing, rectifying this work and for clearing my doubts regarding my topics as well as providing the necessary guidance, whenever it was required. I would like to thank all those who were associated with my study in direct or indirect way of sharing their experience & information to enhance my understanding. Thank you Puneet kumar (15490301710)
Table of Contents
Certificate................. Acknowledgment. (i) (ii)
Chapter -1 INTRODUCTION..6 1.1 Executive Summary6-7 1.2 Overview......7 1.3 Objectives of the project and study.8 1.4 Research and Methodology.8-13 1.5 Limitations13
Chapter-2 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK14 2.1 Introduction...................14-15 2.2 Disaster Mitigation15-26 2.3 Awareness about Disasters27-30
Chapter-3 THE DISASTER MANAEGEMENT.31-32 3.1 Importance of Disaster Management..32-33 3.2 Role of Municipalities in Disaster Management33-34 3.3 Place Declared as Diaster Area..34-35 3.4 Identifying Disaster Hazards35 3.5 Prevent Disasters.35-36 3.6 Prevention of Fire Disasters...37
Chapter-4 SCHEME OF NATURAL DISASTERS38 4.1 Brief Note38-41 4.2 Status position of Natural Diasater.41-42
Chapter-5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE..43-45 5.1 Types of Disasters..45 5.2 Victims and Survivors...46 5.3 The Second Disaster..46-47 5.4 Pecularities of Tsunami....47 5.5 Psycho Social aspects of Disaster...48 5.6 Post traumatic stress disorder..49 5.7 Disaster syndrome..50 5.8 Meaning of loss..50-51 Chapter-6 APPROACHES.52 6.1 Integrated approach52-53 6.2 The latest perspective.53-54 6.3 Workshop and Councelling55-56 6.4 Quality Statistics.57-58 6.5 Conclusion59 6.6 Measures to solve the problems60
Bibliography..61
objectives of vulnerability reduction. Disaster response alone is not sufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high cost. Prevention and mitigation contribute to lasting
The Government of India have adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of their development strategy. The Tenth Five Year Plan document has a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The plan emphasizes the fact that development cannot be sustainable without mitigation being built into developmental process. Each State is supposed to prepare a plan scheme for disaster mitigation in accordance with the approach outlined in the plan. In brief, mitigation is being institutionalized into developmental planning.
The Finance Commission makes recommendations with regard to devolution of funds between the Central Government and State Governments as also outlays for relief and rehabilitation. The
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earlier Finance Commissions were mandated to look at relief and rehabilitation. The Terms of Reference of the Twelfth Finance Commission have been changed and the Finance Commission has been mandated to look at the requirements for mitigation and prevention apart from its existing mandate of looking at relief and rehabilitation. A Memorandum has been submitted to the Twelfth Finance Commission after consultation with States. The Memorandum proposes a Mitigation Fund.
1.2 OVERVIEW The repertoire of Indigenous Knowledge that communities in the four study areas Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland and South Africa draw on to deal with natural disasters is very large. This knowledge serves communities well within the traditional power structures. The successful application of this knowledge is based on good prognosis, close observation and a thorough understanding of the local environment. These elaborate power structures ensure that communities are properly guided on the actions to take to prevent or mitigate disasters. Signs of coming disaster are obvious to everyone and this leads to instinctive response and preparation for coming events without necessarily being instructed as such by elders. People revere elders in their role of divining climatic conditions and natural disasters. The culture and belief system of a community also influences its response to disaster. In most communities disasters were believed to be of supernatural origin and as such the communities affected resigned themselves to the fact that they had no power to stop them once triggered but could only mitigate their effects.
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1.) DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH. 2.) EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. 3.) EXPLANATORY RESEARCH. 4.) CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
Descriptive research
Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time. Descriptive research is also called Statistical Research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic for example, a frozen ready meals company learns that there is a growing demand for fresh ready meals but does not know much about the area of fresh food and so has to carry out research in order to gain a better understanding. It is quantitative and uses surveys and panels and also the use of probability sampling. Descriptive research is the exploration of the existing certain phenomena. The details of the facts wont be known. The existing phenomena facts are not known to the persons.
THE PRESENT RESEARCH IS OF DESCRIPTIVE IN NATURE. This project is of descriptive in nature because it is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. It is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic.
DATA COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION: It refers to collection of information .for a research to suceed rawfacts must be collected in a form which helps in effective production of result and meeting the objective of study.
Primary Data
Data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience.
Primary data is the data which is collected by the researcher directly from his own observations and experiences. For example, if the researcher conducts a survey for the collected of data then it is known as primary data.
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Primary Data Sources Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Primary data collection is necessary when a researcher cannot find the data needed in secondary sources. Market researchers are interested in primary data about demographic/socioeconomic characteristics, attitudes/opinions/interests, awareness/knowledge, intentions, motivation, and behavior. Three basic means of obtaining primary data are observation, surveys, and experiments. The choice will be influenced by the nature of the problem and by the availability of time and money.
Examples include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A good researcher knows how to use both primary and secondary sources in her writing and to integrate them in a cohesive fashion.
Conducting primary research is a useful skill to acquire as it cangreatly supplement research in secondary sources, such as journals, magazines, or books. Primary research is an excellent skill to learn as it can be useful in a variety of settings including business, personal, and academics.
"Primary sources provide the 'raw data' that you use first to test the working hypothesis and then as evidence to support your claim. In history, for example, primary sources include documents from the period or person you are studying, objects, maps, even clothing; in literature or philosophy, your main primary source is usually the text you are studying, and your data are the words on the page. In such fields you can rarely write a research paper without using primary
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Secondary Data
Published data and the data collected in the past or other parties is called secondary data Secondary data is data that has already been collected and collated by somebody for some reason other than the current study. It can be used to get a new perspective on the current study, to supplement or compare the work or to use parts of it, as another study may prove costly and time consuming e.g. the census. "Secondary sources are research reports that use primary data to solve research problems, written for scholarly and professional audiences. Researchers read them to keep up with their field and use what they read to frame problems of their own by disputing other researchers' conclusions or questioning their methods. You can use their data to support your argument, but only if you cannot find those data in a primary source." A secondary source is a report on the findings of the primary source. While not as authoritative as the primary source, the secondary source often provides a broad background and readily improves one's learning curve. Most textbooks are secondary sources; they report and summarize the primary sources." "Secondary data is neither better nor worse than primary data; it is simply different. The source of the data is not as important as its quality and its relevance for your particular purpose. The major advantages of using secondary data are economic: using secondary data is less costly and time-consuming than collecting primary data. Its disadvantages relate not only to the availability of sufficient secondary data but also to the quality of the data that is available. Never use any data before you have evaluated its appropriateness for the intended purpose." Secondary data analysis saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and, particularly in the case of quantitative data, provides larger and higher-quality databases than
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would be unfeasible for any individual researcher to collect on their own. In addition to that, analysts of social and economic change consider secondary data essential, since it is impossible to conduct a new survey that can adequately capture past change and/or developments. The present study is based on secondary data.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
The following may be the precived limitation of the proposed study: Secondry data is used for this project because of due to time constraint it was not possible to collect primary data using interviews or questionnaires.
Researches done only on disater mangement. Limited time was provided to complete the study. Cost involved in collecting the data was high.
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The Government of India have issued guidelines that where there is a shelf of projects, projects addressing mitigation will be given a priority. It has also been mandated that each project in a hazard prone area will have disaster prevention/mitigation as a term of reference and the project document has to reflect as to how the project addresses that term of reference.
Measures for flood mitigation were taken from 1950 onwards. As against the total of 40 million hectares prone to floods, area of about 15 million hectares have been protected by construction of embankments. A number of dams and barrages have been constructed. The State Governments have been assisted to take up mitigation programmes like construction of raised platforms etc. Floods continue to be a menace however mainly because of the huge quantum of silt being carried by the rivers emanating from the Himalayas . This silt has raised the bed level in many rivers to above the level of the countryside. Embankments have also given rise to problems of drainage with heavy rainfall leading to water logging in areas outside the embankment. To evolve both short-term and long-term strategy for flood management/erosion control,
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Government of India have recently constituted a Central Task Force under the Chairmenship of Chairman, Central Water Commission. The Task Force will examine causes of the problem of recurring floods and erosion in States and region prone to flood and erosion; and suggest shortterm and long-term measures. The Task Force will submit its report by December 2004.
Due to erratic behaviour of monsoons, both low and medium rain fall regions, which constitute about 68% of the total area, are vulnerable to periodical droughts. Our experience has been that almost every third year is a drought year. However, in some of the States, there may be successive drought years enhancing the vulnerability of the population in these areas. Local communities have devised indigenous safety mechanisms and drought oriented farming methods in many parts of the country. From the experience of managing the past droughts particularly the severe drought of 1987, a number of programmes have been launched by the Government to mitigate the impact of drought in the long run. These programmes include Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), Watershed Development Programme for Shifting Cultivation (WDPSC), Integrated Water Development Project (IWDP), Integrated Afforestation and Eco-development Project Scheme (IAEPS).
and Village levels. Awareness generation campaigns to sensitize all the stakeholders on the need for flood preparedness and mitigation measures. Elected representatives and officials are being trained in flood disaster management under the programme. Bihar Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Uttar Pradesh are among the 17 multi-hazard prone States where this programme is being implemented with UNDP. USAID and European Commission.
increasing population has led to settlements in vulnerable areas close to the river bed areas which are prone to liquefaction. The Government have moved to address these issues.
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architects and engineers in the private sector in the salient features Standards codes and the amended byelaws; evolving a system
architects/engineers for testing their knowledge of earthquake resistant construction; evolving systems for training of masons and carry out intensive awareness generation campaigns.
used by the State Governments & the local bodies there-under to upgrade the existing legal instruments. The Model Building Bylaws also cover the aspect of ensuring technical implementation of the safety aspects in all new constructions & upgrading the strength of existing structurally vulnerable constructions. To facilitate the review of existing building
byelaws and adoption of the proposed amendments by the State Governments & UT administrations, discussion workshops at regional level in the country are being organized. It is expected that all planning authorities and local bodies will soon have development control regulations and building byelaws which would include multi-hazard safety provisions.
documents/commentaries, and making these codes and documents available all over the country including on-line access to these codes. An Apex committee consisting of representatives of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, BIS and MHA has been constituted to review the mechanism
and process of development of codes relevant to earthquake risk mitigation and establish a protocol for revision by BIS.
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National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers and Architects in Earthquake Risk Mitigation
Two National Programmes for Capacity Building in Earthquake Risk Mitigation for Engineers and Architects respectively, have been approved to assist the State Govts in building capacities for earthquake mitigation. These two programmes are being implemented for training of 10,000 engineers and 10,000 architects in the States in seismically safe building designs and related techno-legal requirements. Assistance is being provided to the State/UTs to build the capacities of more than 125 State Engineering Colleges and 110 Architecture Colleges to be able to provide advisory services to the State Govts to put in place appropriate techno-legal regime, assessment of building and infrastructures and their retrofitting. These institutions will function as State Resource Institutions. Twenty-one National level Engineering and Architecture Institutions have
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been designated as National Resource Institutes to train the faculty members of selected State Engineering and Architecture colleges. 450 engineering faculty members and 250 architecture faculty members of these State Resource Institutions will be trained during the current year.
Earthquake Curricular
Engineering
in
Undergraduate
Engineering/Architecture
The role of engineers and architects is crucial in reducing earthquake risks by ensuring that the construction adhere to the norms of seismically safety. In view of this, the elements of earthquake engineering is being integrated into the undergraduate engineering and architecture courses. The model course curricula for adoption by various technical institutions and
universities have been developed and circulated to the Universities and Technical Institutions for adoption in the under graduate curricula. Ministry of Home Affairs is working with All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Architecture (COA) for introduction of revised curricula for engineering and architecture course from 2005-2006.
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Ministries of Civil Aviation, Railways, Telecommunication, Power and Health and Family Welfare have been advised to take up necessary action for detailed evaluation and retrofitting of lifeline buildings located in seismically vulnerable zones so as to ensure that they comply with BIS norms, Action plan have been drawn up by these Ministries for detailed vulnerability analysis and retrofitting/ strengthening of buildings and structures. The Ministry of Finance
have been requested to advise the financial institutions to give loans for retrofitting on easy terms. Accordingly the Ministry of Finance had advised Reserve Bank of India to issue suitable instructions to all the Banks and Financial Institutions to see that BIS codes/bye laws are scrupulously followed while financing/refinancing construction activities in seismically vulnerable zones.
constructions. Besides, assistance will be provided under this project to the State Governments to put in place appropriate techno legal regime. Startup activities for implementation of this project have already been initiated.
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constructed under IAY or school buildings/community buildings constructed under SGRY are earthquake/cyclone/flood resistant; as also that the schemes addressing mitigation are given priority under SGRY. Ministry of Rural Development are carrying out an exercise for this purpose. This initiative is expected to go a long way in popularization of seismically safe construction at village/block level .
monitoring landslides/avalanches, studying the factors responsible and suggesting precautionary and preventive measure. The States/UTs have been requested to share the list of habitation close to landslide prone areas in order to supplement GSIs on going assessment of such areas based on the Survey of Indias Toposheet and their existing data base on landslide for the purpose of landslide hazard zonation being carried out by them. A national strategy for mitigating landslide hazard in the country is being drawn up in consultation with all the agencies concerned.
Panchayati Raj Institutions and disaster management teams consisting of village volunteers are being trained in various preparedness and response functions such as search and rescue, first aid, relief coordination, shelter management etc. Equipment needs for district and State Emergency
Operation Centres have been identified by the State nodal agencies and equipment is being provided to equip these EOCs. Orientation training of masons, engineers and architects in disaster resistant technologies have been initiated in these districts and construction of model demonstration buildings will be started soon.
Under this programme Disaster Management Plans have been prepared for 8643 villages, 1046 Gram Panchayat, 188 blocks and 82 districts. More than 29000 elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions have already been trained, besides imparting training to members of voluntary organizations. About 18000 Government functionaries have been trained in disaster
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mitigation and preparedness at different levels. 865 engineers and 425 architects have been trained under this programme in vulnerability assessment and retrofitting of lifeline buildings. 600 master trainers and 1200 teachers have already been trained in different districts in disaster preparedness and mitigation. Disaster Management Committees consisting of elected representatives, civil society members, Civil Defence volunteers and Government functionaries have been constituted at all levels including village/urban local body/ward levels. Disaster Management Teams have been constituted in villages and are being imparted training in basic functions of first aid, rescue, evacuation and related issues. The thrust of the programme is to build up capabilities of the community since the community is invariably the first responder. During the recent past, it has been experienced that the capacity building of the community has been very helpful even in normal situations when isolated instances of drowning, burns etc. take place. With the creation of awareness generation on disaster mitigation, the community will be able to function as a well-knit unit in case of any emergency. Mock drills are carried out from time to time under the close supervision of Disaster Management Committees. The Disaster Management Committees and Disaster Management Teams have been established by notifications issued by the State Governments which will ensure that the entire system is institutionalized and does not disintegrate after the conclusion of the programme. The key points being stressed under this programme are the need to ensure sustainability of the programme, development of training modules; manuals and codes, focused attention to awareness generation campaigns; institutionalization of disaster management committees and disaster management teams, disaster management plans and mock-drills and establishment of techno-legal regimes.
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Apart from the use of print and electronic media, it is proposed to utilize places with high public visibility viz. hospitals, schools, railway stations and bus terminals, airports and post offices, commercial complexes and municipality offices etc. to make people aware of their vulnerabilities and promote creation of a safe living environment.
A novel method being tried is the use of government stationery viz. postal letters, bank stationery, railway tickets, airline boarding cards and tickets etc. for disseminating the message of disaster risk reduction. Slogans and messages for this purpose have already been developed and have been communicated to concerned Ministries/agencies for printing and dissemination. The mass media campaign will help build the knowledge, attitude and skills of the people in vulnerability reduction and sustainable disaster risk management measures.
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introduced the same curriculum in Class VII. Ministry is working with the Council of Board of School Education (COBSE) to facilitate inclusion of disaster management in public education in all 39 School Boards in the country.
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resources and implementing measures for risk reduction. The model bye-laws, DM Policy, Act and model health sector plan have also been included. Education and Training includes material for capacity building and upgradation of skills of policy makers, administrators, trainers, engineers etc. in planning for and mitigating against natural disasters. Basic and detailed training modules in disaster preparedness have been incorporated along with training methodologies for trainers, for community preparedness and manuals for training at district, block, panchayat and village levels. For creating a disaster-resistant building environment, the Construction Toolkit addresses the issue of seismic resistant construction and retrofitting of existing buildings. BIS Codes, manuals and guidelines for RCC, Masonry and other construction methodologies as also for repair and retrofitting of masonry and low-rise buildings have been included.
IEC material seeks to generate awareness to induce mitigation and preparedness measures for risk reduction. Material and strategies used by various States and international organizations, including tips on different hazards, have been incorporated along with multi-media CDs on disasters. The material has been disseminated to all the State Governments/UT Administrations with the request to have the relevant material, based on the vulnerability of each district, culled out, translated into local languages and disseminate it widely down to the village level.
and a declaration namely Shillong Declaration has been adopted by States in the NE region for integrating disaster management with development planning. 140 officials and non-officials
have been trained in disaster management to act as resource persons for the NE region. State and district level sensitization and training programmes are being carried out.
The various prevention and mitigation measures outlined above are aimed at building up the capabilities of the communities, voluntary organisations and Government functionaries at all levels. Particular stress is being laid on ensuring that these measures are institutionalized considering the vast population and the geographical area of the country. This is a major task being undertaken by the Government to put in place mitigation measures for vulnerability reduction. This is just a beginning. The ultimate goal is to make prevention and mitigation a part of normal day-to-day life. The above mentioned initiatives will be put in place and information disseminated over a period of five to eight years. We have a firm conviction that with these measures in place, we could say with confidence that disasters like Orissa cyclone and Bhuj earthquake will not be allowed to recur in this country; at least not at the cost, which the country has paid in these two disasters in terms of human lives, livestock, loss of property and means of livelihood.
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Disasters are not totally discrete events. Their possibility of occurrence, time, place and severity of the strike can be reasonably and in some cases accurately predicted by technological and scientific advances. It has been established there is a definite pattern in their occurrences and hence we can to some extent reduce the impact of damage though we cannot reduce the extent of damage itself. This demands the study of disaster management in methodical and orderly approach.
Disaster management
A disaster can be caused by humans or nature. Disasters are events that are sometimes unpredictable. It is important for any government to manage disasters. Government provides
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legislation, allocates resources and does rational planning and sustainable development. Disaster management and planning is a key part of government work.
Disasters arise from both natural and human causes, and the responses needed could stretch community and government capacity to the limit. For example, during 2000 we saw a series of disasters in South Africa: huge floods devastated the Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga and neighbouring countries; massive fires and an oil spill threatened Cape Town; and separate floods hit rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. In 2004 Cape Town experienced
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a drought disaster attributed to global warming. From April 2004 to January 2005, the province experiences 376 disasters, mostly fire and flood.
Disasters are inevitable although we do not always know when and where they will happen. But their worst effects can be partially or completely prevented by preparation, early warning, and swift, decisive responses.
Disaster management aims to reduce the occurrence of disasters and to reduce the impact of those that cannot be prevented. The government White paper and Act on Disaster Management define the roles of Local Authorities as well as Provincial and National government in disaster management.
Structure and Mechanism: This plan must set up the structure and mechanisms for dealing with disasters and it must anticipate future disasters. Plans must be developed to deal with disasters that occur regularly - for example flooding of informal settlements and roads.
Protection Services Department: In each municipality, the Protection Services department is responsible for Disaster Management. The department usually deals with traffic policing, fire brigades, law enforcement, and sometimes ambulances on an agency basis for provincial government, The role of Disaster Management is to coordinate the response to disasters and emergencies, ensuring that resources are applied effectively, whatever it may be. Fire services,
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ambulance services, emergency medical services, engineers and traffic services can all become involved in Disaster Management.
Capacity: When a disaster exceeds the capacity of a local authority, the district, province or national can become involved, coordinating and facilitating the response and efforts of various local authorities. Other parties such as the SANDF as well as volunteer organizations such as the Red Cross, St John's and the National Sea Rescue Institute can also be drawn in if needed.
Disaster Management Activities: Disaster Management Activities include the co-ordination of disaster response agencies, the compilation and exercising of contingency plans, and Disaster Management education and training.
Funding: Following the finalisation of the Act, the national government will announce on a funding mechanism for provinces and municipalities to finance their comprehensive disaster management plans.
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The Disaster Management Act focuses on speeding up response and cutting red tape to ensure that disasters are dealt with efficiently and effectively - by giving clear guidelines for the classification of disasters and the declaration of states of disaster.
Mass-event situations (concerts, sport, other social gatherings - for example the 2001 Ellis park disaster during the Pirates-Chiefs game)
Storms and storm damage; Flooding; Fires: Domestic, mountain and veld; Oils spills, at sea, on land; Transport accidents; Hazardous material spills (spilling of chemicals, etc from factories, trucks);
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self-reliant and resilient communities who have the capacity to withstand, cope and recover from these relatively less spectacular events which affect them on a regular basis"
Pat Reid, former president of Disaster Management of Southern Africa. (SAPA. 3 January 2004)
Role of organisations and community workers Here are some of the things development workers can advise communities to prepare and deal with disasters:
Know the emergency numbers. Remember that all municipalities have emergency centers - get these details!
Report incidents - don't take it for granted that someone else has already reported it;
Do not build houses in unsafe areas - for example close to a river-bed (even if it has been dry for years) or on dolomite invested areas;
Keep a bucket of sand next to your door so that any small fires can be put out quickly - sand works on paraffin and electric fires, water does not.
Gain knowledge of basic first aid, fire training and CPR; Remember that swimming pools, dams and rivers are a danger to children; Always follow the rules when: swimming in rivers, dams, pools and the ocean; camping and making fires;
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One of the common disasters in poor areas and informal settlements are fires. These fires are often caused by accidents with paraffin or candles. The Paraffin industry is involved in the "Ufudo" campaign. Because of the building practices in informal settlements, and the building materials used in these settlements, everyday tools such as a primus stove, paraffin lamp or candle can become extremely dangerous if used incorrectly. The "Ufudo" kits provide tools to make primus stoves, paraffin lamps and candles more stable and less prone to fall over.
The Paraffin Safety Association also promotes safe storage and use of paraffin through safe bottles and dispensers - any registered dealer can get access to this.
People in informal settlements should be educated about leaving enough space between houses to prevent the spread of fires and to allow emergency vehicles into the area. Fire fighting volunteers can also be trained.
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Central Sector
3. Year of inception: 1992-93 Approved by Department Sanctioning Committee in December. 1993 4. Pattern of assistance : 100 per cent by Government of India. 5. Objective: - To focus on disaster preparedness with emphasis on mitigation measures. - To increase level of awareness of community about disasters, prepare them adequately to face the crisis situation 6. Activities i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Human Resources Development, Research and Consultancy Services. Documentation of major events, Operation of Faculty on NDM in State level training States. Operation of National Centre of Disaster Management. Public education and community awareness program
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7. Eight Plan Outlay & Expenditure 1. Plan Outlay: Rs. 900.00 lakh 2. Progress of expenditure: (Rs. in lakh) Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 Allocation 20.00 110.00 110.00 200.00 200.00 Expenditure 17.00 23.00 48.00 120.00 123.00 Percentage 85% 20.91% 43.64% 60% 61.5%
8. Ninth Plan Outlay & Expenditure 1. Plan Outlay: Rs 20.00 core (allocated by the DAC) 2. Progress of Expenditure: (Rs. in lakh) Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-2001 9. Achievements Setting up of a National Centre for Disaster Management in the Indian Institute of Public Administration in 1995. Setting up of separate Disaster Management Faculties in State Administrative Training Institutes in 18 out of 25 States. These Sates are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir. Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Allocation 220.00 210.00 325.00 500.00 Expenditure 191.00 189.00 316.08 69.95 Percentage 86.82% 90% 97% 13.390%
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Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram Orissa, Punjab. Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Documentation of major events like UP. and Maharashtra earthquakes, research studies On land slides in Kerala, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh, Research study on Drought in Rajasthan. Preparation of source book for use of trainees of the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Organised/sponsored about 100 training Programs/workshops on various aspects of Natural Disaster Management Public education and community awareness campaign through newspapers, postal stationery, audio-visual media and observation of World Disaster Reduction Day annually.
10. Increase in activities The occurrences of major natural disasters like Maharashtra earthquake of 1993 and cyclone of Andhra Pradesh in 1996 and Orissa in 1999 have been instrumental in generating a lot of concern among the various agencies of Government. non-governmental organisations and the public at large about the adverse impact of natural disasters. This has increased the tempo of activities under the Plan Scheme as many institutions /organisations States are showing interest in the field of disaster reduction activities. Keeping in view the magnitude and frequencies of natural disasters visiting various parts of the country annually; there is need to provide substantial budget provision in the Annual Plan to commensurate with the requirements of a vast country like ours in order to embark upon such activities in a big way in the context of fast developing scientific and technological advancements in the world.
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11. Thrust Areas - Public education and community participation campaign, - Information Technology, - building up data base, - involvement of NGOs, strengthening of State faculties on NDM, - regional cooperation on sharing of experience, - expertise and technology in various fields of natural disaster - preparedness and mitigation.
4.2 STATUS POSITION ON EFC MEMO ON NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN FORMATION SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY NRSA.
Name of the Proposal :
Natural Disaster Management Information Support Services through Space Technology (NDM) ISS.
NRSA, Hyderabad
Activities covered :
Flood monitoring and inundation Cyclone impact, mapping dam-age assessment R & D support to operation a services Data base creation and data integration services
Present status :
Draft EFC Memo was sent to Planning Commission for their comments/views. Based on these observations necessary action is being taken to finalise the EEC Memo. Thereafter it will be circulated to all concerned Ministries before convening the meeting of EFC.
Preventive medicine has played a very important role in reducing the mortality and morbidity in any population with regard to several important diseases such as plague, syphilis, cholera during several different times in the history of man. But, one grey area that has often taken us by surprise is the occurrence of disasters. The most recent example is Tsunami. The literature relating to disaster management is meager and there are several hollows that need to be explored. We shall now review the importance of Preventive medicine in terms of disaster management.
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1. Disaster phase 2. Response phase 3. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase 4. Risk Reduction/ Mitigation phase 5. Preparedness phase Disaster phase The phase during which the event of the disaster takes place. This phase is characterized by profound damage to the human society. This damage / loss may be that of human life, loss of property, loss of environment, loss of health or anything else. In this phase, the population is taken by profound shock. Response phase This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all individuals respond to the disaster, but in their own ways. The ambulances and medical personnel arrive, remove the injured for transportation to medical camps or hospitals and provide first aid and life support. The public also take part in relief work. One can even find injured victims help other injured ones. Almost everyone is willing to help. The needs of the population during this phase are immediate medical help, food roti, clothing kapda and shelter clothing.
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Recovery phase When the immediate needs of the population are met, when all medical help has arrived and people have settled from the hustle bustle of the event, they begin to enter the next phase, the recovery phase which is the most significant, in terms of long term outcome. It is during this time that the victims actually realize the impact of disaster. It is now that they perceive the meaning of the loss that they have suffered. They are often housed in a camp or in some place which is often not their house, along with other victims. During this time, they need intensive mental support so as to facilitate recovery. When the victims have recovered from the trauma both physically and mentally, they realize the need to return back to normal routine. That is, to pre-disaster life. During this phase, they need resources and facilities so as to enable them to return back to their own homes, pursue their occupation, so that they can sustain their life on their own, as the help from the government and other non governmental organizations is bound to taper in due course. Thus, they are provided with a whole new environment, adequate enough to pursue a normal or at least near normal life. This is called Rehabilitation. Risk reduction phase During this phase, the population has returned to predisaster standards of living. But, they recognize the need for certain measures which may be needed to reduce the extent or impact of damage during the next similar disaster. For example, after an earthquake which caused a lot of damages to improperly built houses, the population begins to rebuild stronger houses and buildings that give away less easily to earthquakes. Or, in the case of tsunami, to avoid housings very close to the shore and the development of a green belt- a thick stretch of trees adjacent to the coast line in order to reduce the impact of the tsunami waves on the land. This process of making the impact less severe is called Mitigation.
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Preparedness phase This phase involves the development of awareness among the population on the general aspects of disaster and on how to behave in the face of a future disaster. This includes education on warning signs of disasters, methods of safe and successful evacuation and first aid measures. It is worth to note that the time period for each phase may depend on the type and severity of the disaster.
The phases of all disasters, be it natural or man made, are the same. The disasters often differ in quantity of damage caused or in quality of the type of medical consequences. For example earthquakes cause a lot of physical injury and fractures, floods cause drowning deaths and infections, chemical leaks cause toxic manifestations, etc.
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Almost everyone in the population is affected by a disaster. No one is untouched by it. Those who suffer damage are called victims. The victims may die or live. Those who manage to live are called survivors. These survivors can be classified as, Primary survivor One who is exposed to the disaster first-hand and then survives. They are called survivor victims. Secondary survivor One who grieves the loss of primary victims. Example, a mother who lost her child, or a man who lost his friend. Third level survivor The rescue and relief personnel. These people are also affected due to the disaster as they are at the site of disaster and undergo almost the same mental trauma as the other victims. Fourth level survivor Reporters, Government personnel, traders, etc. Fifth level survivor People who read about or see the event in media reports.
results in lower wages and salaries to those involved in the fishing business. These people cannot repay their loans, resulting in losses to money lenders, and so on. Such events can also result in higher incidences of heart attacks, strokes, suicides and homicides. This is called second disaster and can be in greater magnitude than the first disaster. Proper rehabilitation and care of the victims of first disaster can break the chain of events leading to the second disaster.
Time duration of the attack was very small. The entire attack took place in a matter of a few minutes.
Extent of damage was very large, grossly disproportionate to the duration of attack. Extensive damage took place in a matter of few minutes, which took the people by surprise and awe. Everything seemed to be normal.. all of a sudden water flows in.. Boom! Everything seems different. There was no time for people to adapt to the disaster.
The victims are either alive and healthy or simply dead. There was very less physical injury and hence there was no great need for medical facilities, unlike other disasters.
There have been no precedents of this type. People have not even heard of this type of a disaster.
There were no outbreaks of any infections, which are common in floods. This point is of note because in floods, it is freshwater a good culture medium for organisms. And, when water stagnates, organisms flourish even more. But, in tsunami, it was seawater which is hypertonic saline which is unfavorable for microorganisms. Moreover, there was no stagnation as the water receded back completely.
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- Jaswan 2000
There is a phenomenal increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders in the affected population. The common problems include
1. Acute stress disorder 2. Post traumatic stress disorder 3. Anxiety disorders 4. Depression 5. Alcohol and drug abuse 6. Aggravation of previous disorders if any.
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The most important of the above is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which if occurs is a permanent damage. There is definitive damage to the hippocampus of the brain, and hence is important to identify the people vulnerable and provide adequate psychiatric intervention.
There are several abnormal behaviors and complaints that have been seen in disaster victims such as
1. excessive crying 2. irritation 3. restlessness 4. fatigue 5. sleeplessness 6. flashbacks 7. panic attacks 8. mood swings 9. guilt 10. anger The list is long and indefinite. But one thing is to be borne in mind - all these are not abnormal reactions. They are just normal reaction to an abnormal event. But these reactions must resolve in due course, failure of which is the diagnosis referred to as PTSD. This should be prevented as it is disabling disorder with very less promising outcomes.
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The observation by Duffy of the widespread occurrence of symptoms following a disaster (75%) implicates that they are a normal reaction to an abnormal event (by the concept of Normality by majority). The ensuing drop in the prevalence of symptoms in the following year shows that they are resolving on the own. The rest who suffer continual symptoms may be the victims of a failure of resolution of the normal reaction. Though there is a view that these psycho social issues should not be medicalised (WHO, 1992), the logical deduction from the observations of Duffy and Roubonis implicates that facilitation of the resolution can bring about lower psychiatric morbidity in the disaster affected population.
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For example, the loss of a neighbor may mean a great loss to one person but a minimal loss to another. Similarly, loss of animal life may mean nothing for one victim but may mean a lot for an animal lover. The loss of a house may mean less for someone who is thankful for having survived, but more for someone who has a sentimental attachment to his house. Thus, the actual damage being less, the impact may be disproportionately severe. Though the entire population experiences the same disaster, each one perceives it in a different and unique way. The governmental relief agencies need to see the damage alone, but we, health care personnel cannot afford to do that. We much see what the loss means to the victim; only then, can we assess the impact the disaster has had on that person.
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CHAPTER-6 APPROACHES
6.1 INTEGRATED APPROACH
There is need for a change in the approach towards disaster management. There is now no orientation among health care providers. This is because the health care providers are actually oblivious of the actual needs of the victims. The need of the hour is integration. Integration of what? Integration of medical help and resource provision. And integration of mental health services with other medical services.
A lot of victims suffer from mental agony and pain that needs grief counseling, so that the recovery happens. Else, it results in permanent psychiatric sequelae. But, the victims themselves are not ready to seek psychiatric help as they feel that they dont need it. This is because food, clothing and shelter are the most essential needs which need to be satisfied urgently. The next most significant need is that of financial support. Without these, psychiatric help will not sought by the victims. So it is essential that medical personnel and mental health care providers dont go empty handed. In other terms, financial and basic need support should reach them as soon as possible so as to be able to make the victims ready for counseling. Thus, mental health care will not be accepted if financial needs are not met.
Yet, the importance of mental health services should not be underestimated. Without a healthy mind and sound mental health, the relief measures will not serve its end in improving the general quality of life of the disaster affected individuals. Thus, financial help does not serve
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its end without mental health care provision. Now it should be clear what an integrated approach means. Integration of financial support with mental health care, in the right temporal sequence the right thing at the right time.
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are taught to identify normal grief reactions from abnormal reactions. The normally aggrieved victims are counseled
and the abnormally aggrieved are referred to the consultants. The advantages of this method,
1. The case load for the consultants is reduced, making it more comfortable to spend more time on each case and work up completely. 2. The method is cost effective. It is unfeasible to pay consultants to see so many cases 3. The method is time saving. We always have fewer consultants than counselors. Few consultants take more time to scan the population than many counselors doing the same job. 4. The victims feel easier to talk to counselors who are often from affected lot rather than to a specialist. 5. It is easier for counselors to keep track of the victims who may drop off. The counselors can visit the victims at their doorsteps and ensure continued surveillance of the victims. There is an age old aphorism God cannot be everywhere so, he created mothers. Similarly, psychiatrists cannot be everywhere, so, we create counselors.
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1. Introduction to Mind and Mental Health 2. Impact of Tsunami 3. What is Disaster? 4. Psycho- social aspects of Disaster 5. What is counseling? 6. Basics of Counseling 7. Management of children affected by the disaster. 8. Summary
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1. A recap of previous day topics 2. Interview techniques 3. Difficult to handle victims 4. Role play of simulated counseling situations by participants 5. Introduction of questionnaires to record responses by victims 6. Interactive session
In addition to the interactive session participants were encouraged to ask doubts and share their experiences after each topic. Paper, pens, student files and feed back forms were given. The response from the Sri Lankan public was superb and surpassed expectations. The feedback showed the overwhelming response of the Sri Lankan public for these measures. The mental health services now are taking place actively with the aid of trained counselors, in Sri Lanka. The questionnaires provided to them are expected to give us ample material for further study.
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Importance
Quality
Top
High
Mid
Low
NA
???
Total
FA
11
20
GA
14
14
21
57
28
43
29
36
142
20
46
29
50
151
Start
23
66
131
138
361
Stub
10
24
107
47
188
List
30
NA
259 1
263
Assessed
20
91
212
325
265 303
1,216
57
Unassessed
1,162
1,164
Total
20
92
212
326
265 1,465
2,380
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Conclusion
Natural disasters happen almost all over the world all of a sudden causing heavy loss of human life, destruction of infrastructure and properties. Usually natural disasters can not be stopped. However, the magnitude of disasters can be reduced if preventive measures be taken in due time for which pragmatic government policies and public awareness are of utmost importance. This is especially true if the government, community and the people work together to this end. The effects of natural disasters have shown the necessity to intensify international cooperation for natural disaster mitigation. Above and over, international and regional cooperation in this field is very necessary. Establishment of the institutions like : Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC) at Kobe, Japan and Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) at Bangkok, Thailand could help greatly to redress the situation by means of collecting and disseminating information and conducting trainings and organizing meetings. This kind of gatherings at international, regional and subregional basis will promote international cooperation, mutual understanding and help among the countries by exchanging ideas and sharing experiences between the fellow participants. Such meeting will also help to learn from each others experiences. This Second ADRC International Meeting could contribute significantly in reducing natural disasters as it aims to share disasterrelated information and to exchange views and opinions among disaster reduction experts from Member countries so as to promote further cooperation for disaster reduction in Asia based on the First ADRC International Meeting held at Kobe in February, 1999. Outcome of this kind of gathering will be very much useful for the participant and his/her country and institution.
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Bibliography
Alexander, D., 2002, Natural Disasters, London: Routledge, ISBN 1-85728-094-6 Alexander, D., 2002, Principles of Emergency planning and Management, Harpended: Terra publishing, ISBN 1-903544-10-6
Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis, 2004, At Risk - Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters, Wiltshire: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25216-4
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