Chng bn: ng dng Bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) phn tch tn hiu s v h x l

s
Php bin i Fourier c nghin cu chng ba cho php phn tch tn hiu s v h x l s c di v hn, theo
hm tn s vi lin tc. Tuy nhin, cc h x l s thc t ch c th x l cc tn hiu s c di hu hn, theo hm tn s vi
ri rc. Do ngi ta xy dng php bin i Fourier cho cc dy c di hu hn, vi bin tn s gc ri rc, v gi l php
bin i Fourier ri rc, n c vit tt theo ting Anh l DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). Chng bn trnh by phng php xy
dng DFT , cch tnh DFT , v cc tnh cht, cc ng dng ca DFT.

bin i Fourier ri rc
ca dy tun hon

4.1

xy dng bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy tun hon, xut pht t chui Fourier ca hm lin tc tun hon
xp(t).

Xt hm lin tc tun hon xp(t), c chu k To = 2 0 . Nu xp(t) tha mn cc iu kin Dirichlet, th c th khai
x p (t ) =

trin xp(t) thnh chui Fourier :

e jk 0t

[4.1-1]

k =

Ck =

Vi cc h s :

1
T0

T
2

p (t )e

jk 0t

dt

[4.1-2]

T2

Nu hm lin tc tun hon xp(t) c ph hu hn f < fmax , th c th ri rc ha xp(t) vi chu k T sao cho N.T =

To , v T tha mn iu kin ca nh l ly mu T 1 2 f max . Theo nh l ly mu, hm tun hon xp(t) xc nh ti cc

gi tr ri rc t = nT v to thnh dy ri rc tun hon xp(nT), do c th vit li [4.1-1] di dng :

x p ( nT ) =

e jk 0 nT

k =

V T = T0 N = 2 0 N nn :

x p ( nT ) =

jk 0

Ck e

2
N 0

k =

Ck e

jk

2
N

k =

Khi thc hin chun ha chu k ly mu T = 1 , th xp(nT) = xp(n) v chu k ca dy tun hon xp(t) l To = N, nn
c :
x p ( n) =

C k .e

jk

2
N

[4.1-3]

k =

x p (n) =

Hay :

Trong :

1
N

p ( k )e

jk1n

[4.1-4]

k =

X p (k ) = C k

[4.1-5]

y, Xp(k) l bin ca cc dao ng iu ha ng vi tn s gc k = k 1 , n l dy phc. Cn 1 l tn s

gc ri rc c bn ng vi chu k N ca dy tun hon xp(t) :

1 =

2
N

[4.1-6]

Do dy xp(t) v hm e jk1n u tun hon vi chu k N nn c th vit li [4.1-4] cho mt chu k N :

1 N 1
jk n
x p (n) =
X p ( k )e 1
[4.1-7]
N

k =0

Biu thc [4.1-7] chnh l chui Fourier ri rc ca dy tun hon xp(n) , hay cn gi l bin i Fourier ri rc
ngc.
tm biu thc ca bin i Fourier ri rc thun, nhn c hai v ca [4.1-7] vi tha s e jm1n , sau ly
tng theo n = 0 (N - 1) :
N 1
1 N 1 N 1
jk n jm1n
x p (n)e jm1n =
X p ( k )e 1 e

N 1

hay:

x
n =0

p ( n )e

jm1n

n =0
N 1

X
n =0

p (k )

1
N

N 1

n = 0 k =0

j ( k m )1n

[4.1-8]

k =0

Theo tnh cht ca hm trc chun c :

145

N 1

e
N

Khi k = m
Khi k m

1
=
0

j ( k m )1n

n =0

nn t [4.1-8]nhn c :
X p (k ) =

N 1

p ( n )e

jk1n

[4.1-9]

n =0

Biu thc [4.1-9] chnh l bin i Fourier ri rc thun ca dy tun hon xp(n).
Kt hp c hai biu thc [4.1-7] v [4.1-9] nhn c cp bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy tun hon xp(n), trong
Xp(k) l dy phc ca bin tn s gc ri rc k = k 1 , vi 1 c xc nh theo [4.1-6].
X p ( k ) = X p ( k ) e j ( k ) = A p ( k ) e j ( k )

M un X p (k ) l dy bin tn s ri rc.
Argumen ( k ) l dy pha tn s ri rc.
Ap(k) l dy ln, cn ( k ) l dy pha.
V d 4.1 : Xc nh Xp(k) ca dy tun hon xp(n) = n vi chu k N = 4.
Gii : Theo cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc thun [4.1-9] c :
X p (k ) =
X p ( 0) =

Ti k = 0 :

X p (1) =

Ti k = 1 :

N 1

n =0
3

n.e

jk 24 n

n =0

n.e
n =0
3

x p (n)e jk1n =

n.e

j 0 2 n

n.e

jk 2 n

n =0

= 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 = 6e j 0

j 2 n

= 0+e

j 2

+ 2.e j + 3e

j 32

n =0

X p (1) = j 2 + j 3 = 2 + j 2 3.e j 0, 78
X p ( 2) =

Ti k = 2 :

n.e

j . n

= 0 + e j + 2.e j 2 + 3e j 3

n =0

X p (2) = 1 + 2 3 = 2 = 2.e j
X p (3) =

Ti k = 3 :

n.e

j 32 .n

= 0+e

j 32

+ 2.e j 3 + 3e

j 92

n =0

X p (3) = j 2 j 3 = 2 j 2 3.e j 0, 78

(k ) .

Trn hnh 4.1 l th ca dy xp(n) = n c chu k N = 4, v th ca cc dy bin tn s Xp(k) , pha tn s

x ( n )
1

- 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0

Xp(k)

6
3

n
7

n
- 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0

(k1 ) 2

3 ,1 4

3 ,1 4

0 ,7 8
- 8

- 6 - 5 - 4
- 0 ,7 8

- 0 ,7 8

3 ,1 4

0 ,7 8
- 2 - 1

- 0 ,7 8

3 ,1 4

0 ,7 8
2

0 ,7 8
7

- 0 ,7 8

Hnh 4.1 : th cc dy xp(n), Xp(k), ( k ) v d 4.1.

146