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Adoption Decision Theories and Conceptual Models of Innovations Systems
Adoption Decision Theories and Conceptual Models of Innovations Systems
Adoption Decision Theories and Conceptual Models of Innovations Systems
Content
Clarification of terms and principles of CA
Adoption decision theories Selected Adoption decision theories
Applicability of some selected theories and conceptual models in Agricultural studies Perspective (PhD work-Schematic presentation) CA2Africa; Theories, Conceptual models of Innovation Systems and challenge of BEFMs in comprehending adoption
Agents comprising individuals and firms as well as public institutions and nonstate actors (constitute the main operating components of the System) N/B: A good functional Innovation System creats an enabling environment for adoption
Cognitive Theories
Action is triggered through the uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time
Focus on internal state such as: motivation problem solving decision making thinking and attention
Behavioural Theories
Learning based on the idea that all behaviour is acquired through. conditioning
used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn knew skills and behaviours
Because of focus of economic models on interest and profit max ("Economic men and women Because economic models fail to conceptualize the social dimensions of knowledge, information, communication and rationality (Leeuwis,1993) Because of limited ability of economic models to explain decision and to capture complexity of farmers attitudes and behaviour N/B: Adoption theories therefore try to fill this gaps
target
b = f (P, Esubj. ) Where; behaviour (b) is a function of the individuals subjectively perceived environment (P,Esubj.)
Adapted from Albrecht et al. 1987 after Lewin, In: Hoffmann, 2005
Driving forces Disturbance of former equilibrium Perception of problem Shift to new equilibrium Stages of implementation Stabilisation of modified behaviour Solution to problem or relapse time CB=+DF-IF where: CB=Change in Behaviour DF=Driving Forces IF=Inhibiting Forces
Rogers, 2003
An innovation is : an idea, practice, or object perceived as new by an individual or other units of adoption
Time
phases of diffusion
Number of adopters per unit of time 1 The innovator as disruptive element 2 The critical phase (end or turning point) 3 Transition to the self-sustaining process 1 2 3 4 4 Final phase of the wave Time
Hoffmann, 2005
e.g Adoption
Expectation of others
Interactions Global Concentration DNA Genotyping Agricultural Policies Adapted from : Lynn k. Mytelka, Local Systems of Innovation in a Globalised Economy in industriy and Innovation, Vol. 7, 2000, Cited in : the World bank 2006
legal, economic, financial, and educational setting rules and range of opportunities for innovation; science and engineering base (accumulated knowledge and the science and technology) institutions ( technological training and scientific knowledge)
transfer factors (region, district) Human, social and Cultural factors: influenceing the
effectiveness of the linkages, flows of information and skills to firms and learning by them
innovation dynamo
is the domain most central to business innovation it covers dynamic factors within or immediately external to the firm and very directly impinging on its innovativeness.
OECD, 1997
Elements of National Innovative Capacity (ENIC) model (Porter and Stern 2002 as cited in: Speirs et al. 2008)
The Common Innovation Infrastructure (region, district) set of human, financial, public policies, economys level of technological sophistication, environment within which all innovating enterprises must operate. Cluster-Specific Conditions (region, district) defined as a: .geographic concentration of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field. further viewed as four interrelating attributes, each contributing to the innovative capacity of the cluster. the context for firm strategy and rivalry, factor or input conditions (human capital, risk capital, research infrastructure and information infrastructure), demand conditions (insight gained from sophisticated local demand) related supporting industries (local suppliers, related companies and the presence of these in localised industries or clusters)
Quality of Linkages (region, district) relationship between the common infrastructure and a nations industrial clusters.
Porter and Stern 2002
described as reciprocal as clusters are said to be able to feed and benefit the common infrastructure. relationship is governed by formal or informal organisations that facilitate the links between the common innovation infrastructure and industrial clusters
OECD, 2003
A simple innovation network, (from Wall et al., 2002, based on Rycroft and Kash, 1994.
Machinery
Manufacturers
Extension Service
Research
Equipment Developers
A way to simulate these systems is through multi-agent based modelling or fuzzy-cognitive mapping.
Expanded model for adoption of conservation practices (Clearfield and Osgood, 1986)
Speirs J., Pearson P., Foxon T.,(2008) in the study: Adapting Innovation Systems Indicators to assess EcoInnovation analysed strands of literature in the four conceptual models
Innovation Policy Terrain (OECD 1997); Generic National Innovation system Model ( OECD 2003) Elements of NIC model (Porter et al. 2002) and Functions of Innovation sysytem model (Jacobsson & Bergek 2004; Hekkert et al. 2007).
Perspective
CA2Africa; Theories, Conceptual models of Innovation Systems and challenge of BEFMs in comprehending adoption
Broad screening and selection of best fit conceptual models and adoption theories
Best selected and reviewed Conceptual models, theories, and indicative areas or guidance for capturing systems indicators at linkages, institutions, and frameconditions levels (review)
CA innovation as a practice
Adapting Innovation systems indicators to measure CA adoptive an innovative capacity with contributions and suggestions- from all actors in the system District, Regional, and international actors and institutions; their linkages, interractions and rules in the CA innovation system. Diagnostic and verifying phase through integrated methodology: selected structured, Semi structure qualitative interviews, focus groups, key informants and Expert interviews 1) Reseachers 2) extension workers and rural sciologist 3) Innovative farmers, 4) policy makers 5) input supliers 6) NGOs, 7) farmers groups 8) CA machine manufacturers and developers,
Perspective
CA2Africa; Theories, Conceptual models of Innovation Systems and challenge of BEFMs in comprehending adoption
Broad screening and selection of best fit conceptual models and adoption theories
Best selected and reviewed Conceptual models, theories, and indicative areas or guidance for capturing systems indicators at linkages, institutions, and frameconditions levels (review) BEFMs as Computer base technological Innovation (tool) Best selected BEFMs, possible integration of adapted indicators to measure CA Strenghts and weaknesses of BEFMs and possible contribution of extensionist, Rural sociologist in improving the capacity of such models to capture and conceptualise the social milieu limitations towards comprehending adoption of CA
CA innovation as a practice CA meaning, techniques its variables and attributes to Adoption as an innovation in Practrice (Compartibility Trialability Comparative adavantage,Observability. Regional firness to various agro ecological zones of Africa under the various socio economic and and cultural conditions
Adapting Innovation systems indicators to measure CA adoptive an innovative capacity with contributions and suggestions- from all actors in the system District, Regional, and international actors and institutions; their linkages, interractions and rules in the CA innovation system. Diagnostic and verifying phase through integrated methodology: selected structured, Semi structure qualitative interviews, focus groups, key informants and Expert interviews 1) Reseachers 2) extension workers and rural sciologist 3) Innovative farmers, 4) policy makers 5) input supliers 6) NGOs, 7) farmers groups 8) CA machine manufacturers and developers,
References
Rogers, E. M. (2003) Diffusion of innovations, fifth edition. Free Press, New York, U.S.A. Hoffmann, V. (2006) Knowledge and Innovation Management, Reader, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Hoffmann, V. (2005) Rural Communication and Extension, Reader, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Germany Sattler, C.; Uwe Jens, N. (2004) Factors affecting farmers acceptance measures; Leibniz Centre for Agricultural landscape Research (Zalf) e.V., Institute of Socio Economics; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture. Kriesemer, S. K.; Grtz, A. (2008) The Adoption and Diffusion of Small-Scale Pond-Aquaculture in Africa with special Reference to Malawi Ndah, H.T. (2008) Adoption and Diffusion of Fish Pond Aquaculture in Cameroon; An empirical study carried out in the Centre, Southwest and Northwest Provinces of Cameroon Hess, S.C. (2007) Customers decision Making within Innovation Adoption Process-Understanding CustomersAdoption Behaviour and Managing Adoption Barriers Lundvall, B. (1985) Product Innovation and UserProducer Interaction. Aalborg University Press Leeuwis, C. (1993) Of Computers, myths and modelling; the social construction of diversty, knowledge, information and communication Technologies in Dutch horticulture and agricultural extension Spielman, J. (2005) Innovation Systems Perspectives on Developing-Country Agriculture:A Critical Review. ISNAR Discussion Paper 2 Porter, M.; Stern, S. (2002) The global competitiveness report, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland (2001), New York,. Oxford University Press: 102-118. Reme, S. (2005) cited in Jamie Speirs S., Pearson P., Foxon T. (2008) Adapting Innovation Systems Indicators to assess Eco-Innovation European Commission (1997) The OSLO MANUAL: The measurement of Scientific and technological activities; Proposed guidelines for collecting and interpreting technological innovation data Wauters, E. (2005) Adoption of soil conservation measures in Belgium: applying the theory of planned behaviour World Bank (2007) Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How to go beyond the strengthening of research systems. Washington DC, USA: World bank Fischer, A. J.; Arnold, A.J.; Gibbs, M. (1996) Information and the Speed of Innovation Adoption http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Decision_making Decision_making_models (05.02.09 http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Decision_theory (05.02.09) http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Game_theory (05.02.09) http://www.answers.com/topic/decision-theory (05.02.09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree#General (05.02.09) http://changingminds.org/books/changingminds_book.htm (09.02.09)