6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Method (KVL and KCL method)

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify our analysis

B =0 t q =0 t

Outside elements Inside elements wires resistors sources

Allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review

LMD allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction

i

v
-

Lumped circuit element

power consumed by element = vi

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review Review
Maxwells equations simplify to algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD! KVL:

j j = 0
loop

KCL:

jij = 0
node

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
a
R1

R4

b
R2

R3

d
R5

DEMO

vca + vab + vbc = 0 ica + ida + iba = 0

KVL KCL

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis Goal: Find all element vs and is 1. write element v-i relationships (from lumped circuit abstraction) 2. write KCL for all nodes 3. write KVL for all loops

lots of unknowns lots of equations lots of fun solve

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis

Element Relationships For R,

V = IR

R
+

For voltage source, V = V0 For current source, I = I 0

V0

Io 3 lumped circuit elements

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

KVL, KCL Example a

R1

4
R3
+ 3

R4

0 = V0

R2

R5

c The Demo Circuit

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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Associated variables discipline i

+ -

Element e

Current is taken to be positive going into the positive voltage terminal

Then power consumed by element e

= i is positive

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

KVL, KCL Example a

0 = V0

i0

1
L1
+

i4 i1 L 2 + R1 4 R4 R3 b i3 d + 3 i2 i5 + R2 5 R5 L3

c The Demo Circuit

L4

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Analyze 0 5 ,0 5
1. Element relationships (v, i ) given v3 = i3 R3 v0 = V0 v4 = i4 R4 v1 = i1 R1 v5 = i5 R5 v2 = i2 R2

12 unknowns 6 equations

2. KCL at the nodes a: i0 + i1 + i4 = 0 3 independent b: i2 + i3 i1 = 0 equations d: i5 i3 i4 = 0 e: i0 i2 i5 = 0 redundant 3. KVL for loops L1: v0 + v1 + v2 = 0 3 independent equations L2: v1 + v3 v4 = 0 s L3: v3 + v5 v2 = 0 on L4: v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant ati wns u o eq nkn u 1 2 12

ugh @#!
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Other Analysis Methods Method 2 Apply element combination rules

R1 R2 R3

A B

RN

R1 + R2 +

+ RN

G1

G2

GN

G1 + G2

1 Gi = Ri

+ GN

V1
+

V2
+

V1 + V2
+

D
I1 I2

I1 + I 2

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page 8
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Other Analysis Methods Method 2 Apply element combination rules

Example

I =?
V +

R1 R2

R3

I V +
R1

I V + R

R2 R3 R2 + R3

R2 R3 R = R1 + R2 + R3
V I= R
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 3Node analysis Particular application of KVL, KCL method 1. Select reference node ( ground) from which voltages are measured. 2. Label voltages of remaining nodes with respect to ground. These are the primary unknowns. 3. Write KCL for all but the ground node, substituting device laws and KVL. 4. Solve for node voltages. 5. Back solve for branch voltages and currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful plus current source

V0
R1 R 3 R4
e2

+ V e1 0
R2

R5

I1

Step 1

Step 2

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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful plus current source

V0
R1 R 3 R4
e2

+ V e1 0
R2

R5

KCL at e1 (e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

for I1 convenience, write 1 Gi = Ri

KCL at e2 (e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0

Step 3

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful plus current source

V0
R1 R 3 R4
e2

+ V e1 0
R2

R5

I1

KCL at e1 (e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

1 Gi = Ri

KCL at l2 (e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0

move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (G3 ) = V0 (G1 ) e1 (G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1

2 equations, 2 unknowns (compare units)
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 2

Solve for es
Step 4

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

In matrix form:
G3 G1V0 G1 + G2 + G3 e1 = G3 + G4 + G5 e2 G3 G4V0 + I1

conductivity matrix Solve

unknown node voltages

sources

G3 G3 + G4 + G5 G1V0 G3 G1 + G2 + G3 G4V0 + I1 e1 2 e = (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) G3 2

G +G +G G V + G G V + I 3 4 5 1 0 3 4 0 1 e = 1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4 3 5
e2 =

)(

) ( )(

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2 G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5
2

(same denominator)

Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives in denominator

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Solve, given
G1 1 = G5 8.2 K G2 1 = G4 3.9 K I1 = 0
G G V + G +G +G G V + I e = 3 10 1 2 3 40 1 2 G + G + G + G + G + G G 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 3 1 1 1 G +G +G = + + =1 1 2 3 8.2 3.9 1.5

G3 =

1 1.5 K

)(

)(

G3 + G4 + G5 =

1 1 1 + + =1 1.5 3.9 8.2

1 1 1 + 1 3.9 V e2 = 8.2 1.5 0 1 1 2 1.5

e2 = 0.6V0

Check out the DEMO

If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2