EENG223 Lec04 CircuitTheorems

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
DC Circuits:
Circuit Theorems
Hasan Demirel

Introduction
Linearity Property
Superposition
Source Transformations
Thevenins Theorem
Nortons Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer
Circuit Theorems
A large
complex circuits
Simplify
circuit analysis
Circuit Theorems
Thevenins theorem Norton theorem
Circuit linearity Superposition
Source transformation Max. power transfer
Introduction
Homogeneity property (Scaling)

Additivity property

iR v i =
kiR kv ki =
R i v i
2 2 2
=
R i v i
1 1 1
=
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
) ( v v R i R i R i i i i + = + = + +
Linearity Property
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly
related (directly proportional) to its input.
v
V
0
I
0
i
Linearity Property
A linear circuit consist of :
linear elements (i.e. R=5 O)
linear dependent sources (i.e. v
s
=6I
o
V)
independent sources (i.e. v
s
=12 V)
mA 1 mV 5
A 2 . 0 V 1
A 2 V 10
= =
= =
= =
i v
i v
i v
s
s
s
nonlinear
R
v
R i p :
2
2
= =
Linearity Property
Linearity Property
Example 4.1: For the circuit in below find I
o
when v
s
=12V
and v
s
=24V.
Linearity Property
o
when v
s
=12V
and v
s
=24V.
KVL
0 4 12
2 1
= +
s
v i i
0 3 16 4
2 1
= +
s x
v v i i
1
2i v
x
=
0 16 10
2 1
= +
s
v i i
(1)
(2)
(3)
2 1 2 1
6 0 12 2 i i i i = = +
Using Eqs(1) and (3) we get
Eq(2) becomes
Linearity Property
o
when v
s
=12V
and v
s
=24V.
From Eq(1) we get:
76
0 76
2 2
s
s
v
i v i = = =
A
76
12
2 0
= = i I
V 12 =
s
v
A
76
24
2 0
= = i I
V 24 =
s
v
when
when
Showing that when the source value is doubled, I
o
doubles.
Linearity Property
Example 4.2: Assume I
o
= 1A and use linearity to find the
actual value of I
o
in the following circuit.
Linearity Property
Example 4.2: Assume I
o
= 1A and use linearity to find the
actual value of I
o
in the following circuit.
A, 2 4 /
V 8 ) 5 3 ( then A, 1 If
1 1
0 1 0
= =
= + = =
v I
I v I
A 3
0 1 2
= + = I I I
A 2
7
, V 14 6 8 2
2
3 2 1 2
= = = + = + =
V
I I V V
= + = A 5
2 3 4
I I I A 5 =
S
I
A 5 1
0
= =
S
I A I
A 15 A 3
0
= =
S
I I
Superposition
The superposition principle states that the voltage
across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each independent source
acting alone.
Turn off, kill, inactive source(s):
independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)
Dependent sources are left intact.
Superposition
Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
Find the output (voltage or current) due to that
active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically
all the contributions due to the independent
sources.
Superposition
How to turn off independent sources:
Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources;
make it equal to zero voltage
Turn off current sources = open current sources;
make it equal to zero current

Superposition involves more work but simpler circuits.
Superposition is not applicable to the effect on power.

Superposition
Example 4.3: Use the superposition theorem to find v
in the circuit below.
Superposition
Example 4.3: Use the superposition theorem to find v
in the circuit below.
Since there are two sources,
Let
Voltage division to get

Current division, to get

Hence

And we find
A 2 ) 3 (
8 4
8
3
=
+
= i
V 8 4
3 2
= = i v
V 10 8 2
2 1
= + = + = v v v
2 1
v v v + =
V 2 ) 6 (
8 4
4
1
=
+
= v
Superposition
Example 4.4: Find I
o
in the circuit below using
superposition.
Superposition
Example 4.4: Find I
o
superposition.
Turn off 20V voltage source:
Superposition
Example 4.4: Find I
o
superposition.
Turn off 4A current source:
Source Transformation
A source transformation is the process of replacing a
voltage source v
s
in series with a resistor R by a
current source i
s
in parallel with a resistor R, or vice
versa
R
v
i R i v
s
s s s
= = or
Equivalent Circuits:
R
v
R
v
i
v iR v
s
s
=
+ =
i
i
+ +
-
-
v v
v
i
v
s
-i
s
Source transformation: Important points
1. Arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive
terminal of the voltage source.
2. Transformation is not possible when:
ideal voltage source (R = 0)
ideal current source (R=)

Example 4.6: Use source transformation to find v
o
in the
circuit below.
o
in the
circuit below.
Fig.4.18
o
in the
circuit below.
we use current division in Fig.4.18(c) to get

and

A 4 . 0 ) 2 (
8 2
2
=
+
= i
V 2 . 3 ) 4 . 0 ( 8 8 = = = i v
o
Example 4.7: Find v
x
in the circuit below using source
transformation.
Example 4.7: Find v
x
transformation.
KVL around the loop in Fig (b)
0 18 5 3 = + + +
x
v i
i v v i
x x
= = + + 3 0 1 3
(1)
Appling KVL to the loop containing only the 3V voltage
source, the 1O resistor, and v
x
yields:
(2)
Example 4.7: Find v
x
transformation.
Substituting Eq.(2) into Eq.(1), we obtain

Alternatively

thus
A 5 . 4 0 3 5 15 = = + + i i
A 5 . 4 0 18 4 = = + + + i v i v
x x
V 5 . 7 3 = = i v
x
Thevenins Theorem
Thevenins theorem states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source V
Th
in series with a
resistor R
Th
where V
Th
is the open circuit voltage at the
terminals and R
Th
is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent sources are
turn off.
Thevenins Theorem
Property of Linear Circuits
i
v
v
i
Any two-terminal
Linear Circuits
+
-
V
th
I
sc
Slope=1/R
Th
Thevenins Theorem
Replacing a linear two-terminal circuit (a) by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit (b).
Thevenins Theorem
How to find Thevenins Voltage?
Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current relation at the
terminals.

:
Th oc
v V = b a at ltage circuit vo open
Thevenins Theorem
How to find Thevenins Resistance?
:
in Th
R R = b. a at circuit dead the of resistance input
circuited open b a -
sources t independen all off Turn -
Thevenins Theorem
There are two cases in finding Thevenins Resistance R
Th
.
CASE 1
If the network has no dependent sources:
Turn off all independent sources.
R
Th
: can be obtained via simplification of either parallel or
series connection seen from a-b
Thevenins Theorem
There are two cases in finding Thevenins Resistance R
Th
.
CASE 2
If the network has dependent sources:
Turn off all independent sources.
Apply a voltage source v
o
at a-b

Alternatively, apply a current source i
o

at a-b
o
o
i
v
R =
Th
o
o
i
v
R =
Th
Thevenins Theorem
The Thevenins resistance, R
Th
, may be negative,
indicating that the circuit has ability providing
(supplying) power.
Thevenins Theorem
After the Thevenins Equivalent is obtained, the simplified
circuit can be used to calculate I
L
and V
L
easily.
L
L
R R
V
I
+
=
Th
Th
Th
Th
V
R R
R
I R V
L
L
L L L
+
= =
Simplified circuit
Voltage divider
Thevenins Theorem
Example 4.8: Find the Thevenins equivalent circuit of the circuit
shown below, to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current
through R
L
= 6,16, and 36 O.
Thevenins Theorem
through R
L
= 6,16, and 36 O.
short source voltage V 32 :
Th
R
open source current A 2
O = +
= + = 4 1
16
12 4
1 12 || 4
Th
R
Find R
Th
:
Thevenins Theorem
through R
L
= 6,16, and 36 O.
Find V
Th
:
analysis Mesh ) 1 (
:
Th
V
A 2 , 0 ) ( 12 4 32
2 2 1 1
= = + + i i i i
A 5 . 0
1
= i
V 30 ) 0 . 2 5 . 0 ( 12 ) ( 12
2 1 Th
= + = = i i V
Analysis Nodal ely, Alternativ ) 2 (
12 / 2 4 / ) 32 (
Th Th
V V = +
V 30
Th
= V
Thevenins Theorem
through R
L
= 6,16, and 36 O.
Find V
Th
:
transform source ely, Alternativ ) 3 (
V 30 24 3 96
12
2
4
32
TH TH TH
TH TH
= = +
= +
V V V
V V
Thevenins Equivalent circuit:
Thevenins Theorem
through R
L
= 6,16, and 36 O.
Calculate I
L
:
L L
L
R R R
V
i
+
=
+
=
4
30
Th
Th
6 =
L
R A 3 10 / 30 = =
L
I
16 =
L
R
A 5 . 1 20 / 30 = =
L
I
A 75 . 0 40 / 30 = =
L
I 36 =
L
R

Thevenins Theorem
Example 4.9: Find the Thevenins equivalent of the circuit below at
terminals a-b.
Thevenins Theorem
terminals a-b.
(independent + dependent sources case)
0 source t independen
intact
source dependent
, V 1 =
o
v
o o
o
i i
v
R
1
Th
= =
Find R
Th
: Use Fig (a):
Thevenins Theorem
terminals a-b.
2 1
4 But i i v i
x
= =
2 1
3i i =
Find R
Th
:
For Loop 1:
2 1 2 1
or 0 ) ( 2 2 i i v i i v
x x
= = +
Thevenins Theorem
terminals a-b.
Find R
Th
:
For Loops 2 and 3:
0 ) ( 6 ) ( 2 4
3 2 1 2 2
= + + i i i i i
0 1 2 ) ( 6
3 2 3
= + + i i i
gives equations these Solving
. A 6 / 1
3
= i
A
6
1
But
3
= = i i
o
O = = 6
1
Th
o
i
V
R
Thevenins Theorem
terminals a-b.
Find V
Th
: analysis Mesh : (b) Fig Use
5
1
= i
= + 0 ) ( 2 2
2 3
i i v
x
0 6 ) ( 2 ) ( 4
2 1 2 1 2
= + + i i i i i
x
v i i = ) ( 4 But
2 1
0 2 4 12
3 1 2
= i i i
2 3
i i v
x
=
. 3 / 10
2
= i
V 20 6
2 Th
= = = i v V
oc
Thevenins Theorem
Example 4.10: Determine the Thevenins equivalent circuit in Fig (a).
0
Th
= V
o
o
i
v
R =
Th
: anaysis Nodal
4 / 2
o x x o
v i i i + = +
Find R
Th
:
(dependent source only case)
Apply a current source i
o
at a-b
Use Fig (b):
Find V
Th
:
Thevenins Theorem
Find R
Th
:
2 2
0
o o
x
v v
i =
=
But
4 4 2 4
o o o o
x o
v v v v
i i = + = + =
o o
i v 4 or =
O = = 4 Thus
Th
o
o
i
v
R power) (Supplying
Use Fig (b):
Thevenins Theorem
Input circuit:
When R
Th
is negative, you must evaluate (check) if the two circuits are equivalent
or not!
Thevenins Theorem
Input circuit:
Check with R
L
(9O) and voltage source (10V)
Check with R
L
Thevenins Theorem
Input circuit:
Check with R
L
Check with R
L
) 1 ( 3 , 0 6 2
, 0 ) ( 2 4 8
2 1 2 1
1 2 2 1 1
i i i i
i i i i i i i
x x
= = +
= = + +
A 2 10 5
0 10 9 ) ( 2
2 2
2 1 2
= => =
= + +
i i
i i i
A 2 10 5
0 10 9 4
= => =
= + +
i i
i i
Load current in both circuits are equal.
So the Thevenins Equivalent circuit is OK.
Nortons Theorem
Nortons theorem states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source I
N
in parallel with a
resistor R
N
.
I
N
is the short-circuit current through the terminals and
R
N
is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent source are turn off.
Nortons Theorem
v
i
V
th
-I
N
Slope=1/R
N
Property of Linear Circuits
Nortons Theorem
How to find Norton Current
Thevenin and Norton resistances are equal:
Th
R R
N
=
Short circuit current from a to b
gives the Norton current:
Th
Th
R
V
i I
sc N
= =
Nortons Theorem
Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit
The open circuit voltage v
oc
across terminals a and b
The short circuit current i
sc
at terminals a and b
The equivalent or input resistance R
in
at terminals a and b when
all independent source are turn off.
V
N
N
Th
Th
sc N
oc Th
R
I
V
R
i I
v V
= =
=
=
Nortons Theorem
Example 4.11: Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig 4.39.
Nortons Theorem
Find R
N
: Use Fig (a):
O =
= =
+ + =
4
25
5 20
20 || 5
) 8 4 8 ( | | 5
N
R
Nortons Theorem
Find I
N
: Use Fig (b):
: Mesh
N
sc
I i i = = = A 1
2
(short circuit terminals a and b)
0 12 4 20 , 2
1 2 1
= = i i A i
(ignore 5O. Because it is short circuit)
Nortons Theorem
Find I
N
: Use Fig (c): Alternative Method
Th
Th
N
R
V
I =
: Th V
: analysis Mesh
0 12 4 25 , 2 3 4 3 = = i i A i
A 8 . 0 4 = i
V 4 5 4 = = = i V v Th oc
(open circuit voltage accross terminals a and b)
, Hence
A 1 4 / 4 = = =
Th
Th
N
R
V
I
Nortons Theorem
Input circuit:
Nortons Equivalent circuit:
Nortons Theorem
Example 4.12: Using Nortons theorem, find R
N
and I
N
of the circuit in Fig
4.43 at terminals a-b.
Nortons Theorem
shorted resistor 4O -
Parallel : 2 || || 5
x o
i v O
Hence,
O = = = 5
2 . 0
1
o
o
N
i
v
R
Find R
N
: Use Fig (a):
A 2 . 0
5
V 1
5
, A 0
0
0
=
O
=
O
= =
v
i i
x
N
and I
N
Nortons Theorem
Find I
N
:
x
i v 2 || 5 || 10 || 4 O O -
Parallel :
.5A, 2
4
0 10
=
=
x
i
A 7 2(2.5)
5
10
2 = + = + =
x x sc
i i i
7A =
N
I
N
and I
N
Nortons Theorem
Input circuit:
Nortons Equivalent circuit:
N
and I
N
The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the
maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load.
L L
R
R R
V
R i p
2
L TH
TH
2
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the
load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen
from the load (R
L
= R
TH
).
L L
R
R R
V
R i p
2
L TH
TH
2
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
P
max
can be obtained when:
0 =
L
dR
dp
TH L
L TH L L TH
L TH
L L TH
TH
L TH
L TH L L TH
TH
L TH
L TH L L TH
TH
L
R R
R R R R R
R R
R R R
V
R R
R R R R R
V
R R
R R R R R
V
dR
dp
=
= = +
=
(
+
+
=
(
+
+ +
=
=
(
+
+ +
=
0 ) ( 0 ) 2 (
0
) (
) 2 (
) (
) ( 2 ) (
0
) ) ((
) ( 2 ) (
3
2
4
2
2
2 2
2
2
TH
TH
R
V
p
4
2
max
=
Example 4.13: Find the value of R
L
for maximum power transfer in the
circuit of Fig. 4.50. Find the maximum power.
L
O =
+ = + + = 9
18
12 6
5 12 6 3 2
TH
R
Find R
Th
:
L
V V V i i
A i A i i i
TH TH
22 0 ) 0 ( 2 3 6 12
3
2
, 2 , 12 18 12
2 1
2 2 2 1
= = + + + +
= = +
Find V
Th
:
O = = 9
TH L
R R
W 44 . 13
9 4
22
4
2 2
max
=
= =
L
TH
R
V
p
KVL around the outer loop:

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