SINE WAVE A geometric waveform that oscillates (moves up, down or side-to-side) periodical ly, in other words, it is an s-shaped,

smooth wave that oscillates above and bel ow zero. Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is: where: A, the amplitude, is the peak deviation of the function from its center position . , the angular frequency, specifies ho many oscillations occur in a unit time int erval, in radians per second , the phase, specifies here in its cycle the oscillation begins at t = 0. When the phase is non-zero, the entire aveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount / seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value r epresents an advance.

TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM A triangular ave orm is a repeating, non-sinusoidal ave orm that has equal pos itive going and negative going ramps. It is a periodic, piece ise linear, contin uous real unction. The ramps have linear rates o change ith time. It is possible to approximate a triangle ave ith additive synthesis by adding odd harmonics o the undamental, multiplying every (4n1)th harmonic by 1 (or chan ging its phase by ), and rolling off the harmonics by the inverse square of their relative frequency to the fundamental. This infinite Fourier series converges to the triangle wave: where is the angular frequency.

where the symbol re resent the floor function of n. Also, the triangle wave can be the absolute value of the sawtooth wave: The triangle wave can also be ex ressed as the integral of the square wave:

Another definition of the triangle wave, with range from -1 to 1 and s:

eriod 2a i