358

Chapter 7 1 e 3 2 f x dx
50
0.4

Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

84. (a) f x
90

70

18

(b) P 72 x < (c) 0.5

0.2525 0.5 0.2475 0.2525

P 70 x 72

1.0

These are the same answers because by symmetry, P 70 x < and P 70 x < P 70 x 72 P 72 x < . 0.5

50

90

0.5

0.2

86. False. This is equivalent to Exercise 85.

88. True

Review Exercises for Chapter 7

2. xe x
2 1

dx

1 x2 1 e 2x dx 2 1 x21 e 2 C

4.

x 1 x2

dx

1 2

x2
1 2

1 2

2x dx C

1 1 x2 2 1 2 1 u5 5 1 x4 x4 x4 2x2 x 1 2x2 1 2x2 x x2 1 2 1 x2

C x

6.

2x 2x

3 dx

u4 2 2x 5 u2 2 3

3u2 du 3
3 2

u3 C

8.

1 dx

x2 dx x

x u du

1 2 1 2 x2

2x x2 1 1 C
2

dx

2x

3, x

, dx

10.

x2 (1) dv u (2) dv u

1 ex dx ex dx x2

x2 v

1 ex ex

2 xex dx

x2

1 ex

2xex

2 ex dx

ex x2

2x

1 du v ex du

2x dx

ex dx x

dx

12. u

arctan 2x, du arctan 2x dx

2 1 4x2

dx, dv

dx,v 2x dx 4x2 4x2

14.

ln x2

1 dx

1 2

ln x2

1 dx 1 1 1 x x2 x2 dx 1 dx 1 x2 1 x ln 2 x 1 1 1 dx C

x arctan 2x x arctan 2x

1 x ln x2 2 C 1 x ln x2 2 1 x ln x2 2 dv u dx ln x2 v x

1 ln 1 4

1 du

2x x2 1

dx

Review Exercises for Chapter 7 e2x dx 1 e2x 1 ln 1 2 e2x C

359

16.

ex arctan ex dx

ex arctan ex ex arctan ex

dv u

ex dx

ex ex 1 e2x dx

arctan ex du

18.

sin2

x dx 2

1 1 2

cos x dx

1 x 2

sin x

1 2

sin x

20.

tan sec4 or tan sec4

tan3

tan

sec2

1 4 tan 4

1 2 tan 2

C1

sec3

sec tan

1 sec4 4

C2

22.

cos 2 sin

cos

cos 2 sin

sin2 cos
3

sin cos

cos sin

d 1 sin 4 cos
4

24.

x2 x

dx

3 tan 3 sec 3 tan2 3 sec2

3 sec tan d 1 d C 9 3 arcsec x2 x 3

d
x x2 9

3 tan x2 x 3 sec , dx

C 9 3 tan

3 sec tan d ,

26.

4x2 dx

1 2 1 2

2x

2 dx 2x 9 9 4x2 4x2 C C

28.

sin 2 cos2

1 2

1 2 cos2 2 cos

2 sin C

1 2x 9 arcsin 2 3 x 2

1 arctan 2 u 2 cos , du 2 sin d

9 2x arcsin 4 3

360

Chapter 7

Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

30. (a)

x 4

x dx

64 tan3 64 sec4

sec3

d sec tan d 5 8 d , C C

(b)

x 4

x dx

u4

4u2 du 20
3 2

sec2 3 sec3

2u3 2 3u 15 24 u2 4 x, dx x 15

C 8 C

64 sec3 15 24 x 4 (c) x 4 4 tan2 , dx x 2 sec x dx u3

2

3x

x 15

3 2

3x

2u du

8 tan sec2

4u1

du C 8 C

(d)

x 4

x dx

2x 4 3 2x 4 3 24 x 15 v

x x

3 2

2 3

x x C

3 2 dx

2u3 2 3u 15 24 u 4 x, du dx x 15
3 2

20 3x

3 2

4 4 15 8 x
3 2

5 2

3 2

3x 2 4 3 dx

dv u x

x dx

du

32.

2x3 2x3

5x2 x2 5x2 x2

4x x 4

2x 2x

3 3

4 x 4 x

3 x x 1 3 1 dx x2 3x 4 ln x 3 ln x 1 C

4x x A x 3A x 1

dx

34.

4x 3x 4x Let x Let x

2 12 2

B x 1 1 3B 2 3 4 3 dx 2 3 1 x 1 1 u C 1
2 2

1: 2 2: 6 4x 3x

3B B 3A

3B A 4 3 1 x 1 1 uu ln u 1 1

2 dx 12

dx

4 ln x 3 1 du u tan tan 1

2 3x 1

2 2 ln x 3

1 x 1

36.

sec2 tan tan

du ln u

du ln

ln 1

cot

u uu

tan , du 1 1 1 A u Au

sec2 B u 1

d 1 Bu 1

Let u Let u

0: 1 1: 1 B

A A

Review Exercises for Chapter 7 x 2 3x 2 4 3x 27 6x 8 27 2 x 1 ex

2

361

38.

dx

2 3x

3x C

C (Formula 21)

40.

dx

1 1 dx 2 1 eu 1 u 2 1 2 x 2 ln 1 ln 1 eu ex
2

u C C

x2

(Formula 84)

42.

3 2x 9x2

dx

3 2 3x

1 3x

1 C

3 dx

3x

3 arcsec 3x 2 1 dx tan x 1 1 11 2 x 1 tan x

(Formula 33)

44.

dx sin x C

ln cos x

(Formula 71)

46.

tann x dx

tann tann 1 n 1

2x

sec2 x

1 dx tann tann
2 2

48. x dx u

csc 2x dx x

2 csc 2x

1 dx 2x cot 2x C

x sec2 x dx
1

2 ln csc 2x 2x, du 1 dx 2x

tann

x dx

50. u 3x3 x2 3x3

1 1 4x 12 4x

x dx x, x Ax x2 Ax Ax3 B 1

u 4u3 u4

4u du 2u2 1, dx D 12 1 A Cx Cx 1, D B

4u4 4u3

4u2 du 4u du

4u5 5

4u3 3

4 1 15

3 2

3 x

52.

Cx x2

B x2 Bx2 C 0 x x2 1

A B

3, B D 3x3 x2

0, A 0 D

4 C

4x dx 12

dx 1

x x2 1 2 x2 1 1
2

dx C

3 ln x2 2

54.

sin

cos

sin2 1

2 sin cos sin 2 d

cos2 1 cos 2 2

d C 1 2 2 cos 2 C

362

Chapter 7 4 x2 dx 2x

Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals 2 cos 2 cos 4 sin sin d

56. y

csc ln csc ln 2

d cos cos 4 2 x2 2 cos x2 C C

4 x 4 sin 1 cos

x2

2 sin , dx

2 cos

d ,

58. y u
1

1 1

cos d

cos

1 2

sin

2 1

cos

cos , du x

sin d
1 2

60.
0

2 x

dx

2 ln x 2 ln 3 ln 9 8 x

4 2 ln 4 0.118

ln x ln 2

2
0

62.
0

xe3x dx

e3x 3x 9

1
0

1 6 5e 9

224.238

64.
0

x 1

dx

22 3

x
0

4 3

4 3

8 3

66. A
0

1 25 x2 1 x ln 10 x

dx 5 5
4 0

1 1 ln 10 9

1 ln 9 10

0.220

68. By symmetry, y A x 1 17 5 x, y 3.4, 0 sin x sin 2 x lim x 4

0. 5 44 4 3.4
3 2 1

70. s
0

sin2 2x dx

3.82

(3.4, 0)
x 1 3 4 5

1 2 3

72. lim

x 0

x 0

lim

cos x 2 cos 2 x
ln x

1 2

74. lim xe
x

x2

lim

x 2 ex

lim

1 2 2xe x

76.

y ln y

x 1

x 1

lim

ln x ln x

1 1 x 1 1 1 x ln2 x 2
x 1

x 1

lim

ln x 1 ln x

x 1

lim

x 1

lim

ln2 x x 1 x

lim

1 ln x x 1 x2

x 1

lim 2x ln x 0, y 1.

Since ln y

Problem Solving for Chapter 7 78. lim

x 1

363

2 ln x

2 x 1

x 1

lim

2x

2 2 ln x ln x x 1 2 2 x 1 1 x ln x 2x 1
b

x 1

lim

x x

x1

lim

2 x ln x

x1

lim

2 1 ln x

80.
0

6 x 1

dx

b1

lim

6 ln x

1
0

82.
0

1 x

dx

a0 b

lim e

1 x a

Diverges

84. V
0

xe x2e
0

x 2dx

2x dx

lim

e 2x 2 2x 4 1 x5 1 x10 1 9x9

2x

1
0

4 1 1 x5 1 x10 1 4x4 2 dx x15 1 9x9 1 7x14

b 2

86.
2

1 dx < x15 1 14x14

b

x5 1 x5 1 x5 1 1

dx <
2

lim

1 4x4

<
2 2

dx < lim
b

0.015846 <
2

dx < 0.015851

Problem Solving for Chapter 7

1

2. (a)
0

1 b0

ln x dx

lim 1

x ln

x
b

b0

lim b ln b ln b b 1
2 b0

b lim

1 1 b 1 b2
1

Note: lim b ln b
b0 1

b0

lim

ln x 2 dx
0

b0

lim

x ln x
b0

2x ln x
2

2x
b

2
b0 1

lim b ln b
n

2b ln b

2b

(b) Note first that lim b ln b Also, Assume

0 1

0 (Mathematical induction).
n 1

ln x
1

dx

x ln x

ln x n dx.

ln x n dx ln x
n 1 dx

1 n n!.
1 b0 1

Then,
0

lim n

x ln x 1

1 b

1
0

ln x n dx
n 1

1 n n!

1 !.

364

Chapter 7

Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals x x x x c c c c c 1 c x 1 x2 c ln 4

x

4.

lim

1 4 ln 1 4 ln 4

lim x ln c

lim

ln x

ln x 1 x 1

lim

lim

2c c x
x

c x2

x2 2cx2 c2 2c 2x c

ln 4 ln 4 ln 4 2 ln 2 ln 2

lim

6. sin Area

BD, cos DAB

OD 1 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 cos 1 sin 2 cos sin sin lim

0

1 DA BD 2 2 1 1 BD 2

sin

Shaded area R lim R

0

DAB Shaded area lim

0

1 1 sin

cos sin sin cos sin 4 cos sin

cos cos 1 cos

sin2

lim
0

cos sin sin sin lim 4 cos 1 3 1

0

2 sin cos 1

lim
0

8. u dx
2 0

x tan , cos x 2 1 2 2 du u2 1 dx cos x

1 1

u2 ,2 u2

cos x

1 1

u2 u2

u2 u2

1 0 1 0

1 3 2 3

u2 u2 u2 du

2 1 u2

du

1 arctan 3 1 3 3 9

u 3

2 arctan 3 2 36

0.6046

Problem Solving for Chapter 7 10. Let u

b

365

cx, du
c2 x2

c dx.
cb

e
0

dx
0

u2

du c

1 c

cb

e
0

u2

du dx 1 c e
0 x2

As b x

, cb

. Hence,
0

c2 x2

dx.

0 by symmetry. Mx m 2
0

c2x2

2 e
0 c2x2

dx dx dx dx

1 2

e
0

2c2x2

e
0

c2x2

1 2 1

1 2 e x dx 2c 0 1 2 e x dx c 0 2 4 0, 2 . 4 x, dx f y dy.

2 2 Thus, x, y

12. (a) Let y f

1

f x dx

x ,f y

y f y dy yf y xf
1

f y dy x y, f x f y dy sin x sin y dy cos y 1 C x2 C

u y, du dy dv f y dy, v

f y

(b) f

arcsin x

arcsin x dx

x arcsin x x arcsin x x arcsin x

y
1 x2

(c) f x
e

ex, f

x x ln x

ln x
e 1 1

y
1

1 y

0; x

e y

ln x dx
1

e y dy
0

e e

ey
0

366

Chapter 7

Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

14. (a) Let x

2
2

u, dx

du. sin
2

I
0

sin x dx cos x sin x

u du sin 2 u

cos

2 0

cos u du sin u cos u

Hence,
2

2I
0 2

sin x dx cos x sin x 1 dx 2 I u

2 0

cos x dx sin x cos x

sinn
2

(b) I cosn 2 u

du sinn 2 u

2 0

cosn u du sinn u cosn u

2

Thus, 2I
0

1 dx

4 Pn

16.

Nx Dx Nx Let x

P1 x P1 x c1 x

P2 c2 c2 x

... x cn c3 . . . x

cn P2 x c3 . . . c1 cn cn c1 x cn c3 . . . x cn ... Pn x c1 x c2 . . . x cn
1

c1: N c1 P1

P1 c1 c1

c2 c1

c2 c1

N c1 c3 . . . c1

Let x

c2: N c2 P2

P2 c2 c2

c1 c2

c3 . . . c2 cn

c1 c2

N c2 c3 . . . c2

Let x

cn: N cn Pn

Pn cn cn

c1 cn

c2 . . . cn cn

cn

c1 cn c2 x

N cn c2 . . . cn c3 . . . x cn

If D x D x and D c1 D c2

x x

c1 x c2 x

cn , then by the Product Rule x c1 x c3 . . . x cn ... x c1 x c2 x c3 . . . x cn

1

c3 . . . x

c1 c2

c2 c1 c1 c2

c3 . . . c1 c3 . . . c2

cn cn

D cn Thus, Pk

cn

c1 cn

c2 . . . cn

cn

N ck D ck for k

1, 2, . . ., n.

Problem Solving for Chapter 7 50,000 dt 50,000 400t ln 50,000 400t dt 400t 1 400t dt 50,000 400t

367

18.

st

32t 16t 2 16t 2 16t 2 16t 2

12,000 ln 12,000

ln 50,000

12,000t ln 50,000 12,000t ln 12,000t ln

12,000 t ln 50,000 12,000t 12,000t

50,000 50,000 400t 50,000 50,000 400t C 0

50,000 dt 50,000 400t 400t C

1,500,000 ln 50,000

s0 C st When t 20. Let u

b

1,500,000 ln 50,000 1,500,000 ln 50,000 16t 2 12,000t 1

ln

50,000 50,000 400t

1,500,000 ln

50,000 400t 50,000

100, s 100 x x a x a x

557,168.626 feet b , du x x
b

a a x 2x a a

b dx, dv
b b

f x dx, v x a x

f x. b f x dx

b dx

b f x
a a

b f x dx
b b

u 2x a b dv f x dx 2 f x dx

2x
b

b f x
a a

2
a

f x dx