GIÁO TRÌNH hệ thống máy tính (bookbooming.com)

BI 4: CI T MT H THNG MY TNH
GIO TRNH
PHN CNG MY TNH
LI NI U
{ S cp nht khi in n}
MC LC
MC LC.............................................................................................................1
BI 1: GII THIU V MY TNH...................................................................6
1.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................6
1.1.1. My tnh l g ?...........................................................................6
1.1.2. My tnh c nhn g ?.................................................................6
1.1.3. Cc loi my tnh khc...............................................................8
1.2. Cc khi phn cng my tnh.....................................................11
1.3. Phn mm my tnh....................................................................13
1.3.1 H iu hnh:...........................................................................13
1.3.2 Trnh iu khin thit b ( Driver) ...........................................14
1.3.3 Phn mm ng dng ( Application Software) .........................15
1.3.4 Phn mm lp trnh ( Programing Software) ..........................15
1.4. Nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh.............................................16
1.4.1 S khi my tnh:................................................................16
1.4.2 n v c bn ca my tnh.....................................................16
1.4.3. Nguyn l hot ng...............................................................17
1.4.4. X l d liu...........................................................................18
1.4.5. Qu trnh khi ng ca my tnh...........................................18
BI 2: LINH KIN CU THNH H THNG MY TNH............................22
2.1. Bo mch ch...............................................................................22
2.1.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................22
2.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca bo mch ch...........................................23
Cc Chips trn bo mch ch..............................................................23
Cng kt ni......................................................................................24
Khe cm trn bo mch ch...............................................................24

Bng kt ni......................................................................................25
System Bus and Bandwidth...............................................................27
2.1.3. ROM BIOS...............................................................................27
2.1.4. Chipsets....................................................................................28
2.1.5. Cc c trng ca nh sn xut bo mch ch.......................33
2.1.6. Chn on v khc phc s c bo mch ch.........................35
2.2.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................36
2.2.2. c tnh ca b vi x l..........................................................36
2.2.3. Sc mnh ca b vi x l.......................................................38
Cc b vi x l ca Intel, AMD........................................................38
2.2.5. Chn on v khc phc s c b vi x l............................41
2.3. B nh chnh - RAM..................................................................41
2.3.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................41
2.3.2. c tnh ca b nh RAM......................................................42
2.3.3. Phn loi b nh RAM............................................................42
2.3.4. Chn on v khc phc s c b nh RAM........................44
2.4. B nh ph.................................................................................45
2.4.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................45
2.4.2. a cng................................................................................45
2.4.3. a quang v a quang.........................................................51
2.5. B ngun v thng my..............................................................55
2.5.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................55
2.5.2. B ngun.................................................................................56
2.5.4. Thng my................................................................................58
2.6. Mn hnh my tnh.......................................................................58
2.6.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................59
2.6.2. Mn hnh CRT..........................................................................59
2.6.3. Mn hnh LCD..........................................................................61
2.6.4. S dng cc nt chc nng ca mn hnh...............................65
2.7. Bn phm.....................................................................................65
2.8. Chut...........................................................................................69
2.9. Card mn hnh.............................................................................71
2.9.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................71
2.9.2. Thnh phn v thng s Card mn hnh..................................71
2.9.3. Chn on v khc phc s c Card mn hnh.......................77
2.10. Card m thanh...........................................................................78
2.11. Loa my tnh..............................................................................79
BI 3: LA CHN CU HNH V LP RP MY TNH.............................84

3.1. La chn cu hnh......................................................................84
3.2. Lp rp my tnh.........................................................................87
3.2.1. Chun b lp rp......................................................................87
3.2.2. Qui trnh lp rp.......................................................................88
3.2.3. CMOS Setup Utility.................................................................97
3.2.4. Mt s lu trong qu trnh lp rp my tnh.......................103
BI 4: CI T MT H THNG MY TNH............................................106
4.1. DOS...........................................................................................106
4.1.1. DOS........................................................................................106
4.1.2. Cc cng c tin ch trong a cu h Hirents Boot............107
4.2. Phn vng cng.....................................................................110
4.2.1. Gii thiu:..............................................................................110
4.2.2. Cc cng c phn vng cng..............................................110
4.2.3. Chn on v khc phc s c phn vng cng...............115
4.3. Ci t h iu hnh................................................................115
4.3.1. La chn v cc bc chun b............................................115
4.3.2. Qu trnh ci t.....................................................................116
4.3.3. Chun on v khc phc s c ci t...............................126
4.4. Chng trnh GHOST...............................................................127
4.4.1. Gii thiu:..............................................................................127
4.4.2. Ci t h thng my tnh vi GHOST.................................127
4.4.3. Sao lu v phc hi...............................................................129
4.5. Ci t trnh iu khin thit b...............................................134
4.5.1. Xc nh thng s thit b v trnh iu khin......................135
4.5.2. Ci t v nng cp trnh iu khin thit b.......................135
4.5.3. Sao lu v phc hi Driver....................................................139
4.5.4. Chn on v khc phc s c trnh iu khin thit b.....143
4.6. Ci t nhiu h iu hnh......................................................143
4.6.1. Mc ch v gii php...........................................................144
4.6.2. Phn vng a cho vic ci t nhiu HH.......................144
4.6.3. Ci t HH c h tr Multi-Boot........................................146
4.6.4. Ci t h iu hnh c h tr ca chng trnh BootMagic148
4.6.5. Cc vn cn lu khi ci t nhiu h iu hnh..........149
4.6.6. Chn on v khc phc s c.............................................149
BI 5: THIT B NGOI VI THNG DNG..................................................153
5.1. Thit b k thut s..................................................................153
5.1.1. Thit b ghi hnh.....................................................................153
5.1.2. Thit b nghe nhc ghi m..................................................157
5.2. Thit b vn phng....................................................................159
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5.2.1. My qut.................................................................................159
5.2.2. My Fax..................................................................................160
5.2.3. My chiu..............................................................................161
5.3. Thit b khc.............................................................................163
5.3.1. Flash Disk USB Disk...........................................................163
5.3.2. Modem...................................................................................164
5.3.3. Card mng Switch...............................................................165
5.3.4. Card Tivi.................................................................................165
BI 6: MY IN.................................................................................................168
6.1. Gii thiu..................................................................................168
6.2. Phn loi my in.......................................................................168
6.2.1. My in kim.............................................................................168
6.2.2. My in phun............................................................................170
6.2.3. My in Laser...........................................................................170
6.2.4. My in a chc nng..............................................................172
6.3. Cc vn v my in...............................................................172
6.3.1. La chn my in....................................................................172
6.3.2. Ci t v g b my in.........................................................173
6.3.3. Np mc my in....................................................................179
6.3.4. Chn on v khc phc s c my in.................................182
BI 7: BO TR V NNG CP MY TNH................................................185
7.1. Bo tr my tnh........................................................................185
7.1.1. Nguyn nhn v mc ch......................................................185
7.1.2. Dng c bo tr.....................................................................185
7.1.3. Thc hin bo tr...................................................................186
7.1.4. Cc lu v bo tr my tnh................................................192
7.2. Nng cp my tnh....................................................................194
7.2.1. Nhn bit du hiu nng cp...............................................194
7.2.2. Nng cp thit b...................................................................194
7.2.3. Cc lu v nng cp my tnh............................................201
BI 8: MY TNH XCH TAY.......................................................................203
8.1 Gii thiu...................................................................................203
8.2. Phn loi my tnh xch tay......................................................203
8.2.1. My Laptop............................................................................203
8.2.2. My Desknote.........................................................................204
8.2.3. My Palm/Pocket PC..............................................................205
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8.3. c trng ca my Laptop.......................................................205

8.3.1. Cc c trng v cu hnh phn cng..................................205
8.3.2. Chn mua v s dng ng cch...........................................206
8.3.3. Cng ngh Centrino ..............................................................217
8.4. Bo dng my Laptop............................................................219
8.4.1. V sinh my Laptop...............................................................219
8.4.2. Chn on v khc phc s c my Laptop.........................220
BI 9: CU D LIU......................................................................................224
9.1. Vn v d liu v lu tr d liu......................................224
9.1.1. D liu v lu tr d liu.....................................................224
9.1.2. Nguyn nhn mt d liu......................................................225
9.2. Cu d liu...............................................................................226
9.2.1. C ch khi phc d liu.....................................................226
9.2.2. Chng trnh cu d liu......................................................227
9.2.3. Sa li d liu sau khi khi phc.........................................237
9.3. Cc lu v lu tr d liu v cu d liu...........................237
9.3.1 Lu tr d liu an ton..........................................................237
9.3.2. Cc nguyn nhn khng cu c d liu............................240
9.3.3. Cc lu trong qu trnh cu d liu....................................241
PH LC...........................................................................................................243
MC LC HNH MINH HA.........................................................................244
BI 1: GII THIU V MY TNH

Mc tiu:
Sau khi kt thc bi hc, hc vin s t c:
Kin thc tng qut v my tnh

Hiu v phn cng v phn mm my tnh
Nm c cc khi c bn ca h thng my tnh
Nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh
X l d liu ca my tnh
Qu trnh khi ng my tnh
1.1. Gii thiu

1.1.1. My tnh l g ?
My tnh l mt thit b tip nhn d liu m con ngi a vo, thc thi cc
php tnh ton hoc lun l c th thay i d liu v cho ra mt kt qu
mi t d liu trc a vo.
Hnh B 1.1: My tnh v my tnh c nhn
1.1.2. My tnh c nhn g ?

L mt my tnh c thit k n gin cho mt c nhn ring l vi kch
thc phn cng nh gn v phn mm cn thit cho nhu cu mt ngi lm
vic v hn na l ngi c thu nhp bnh thng cng c kh nng s hu n.
Mt my tnh c nhn hon chnh c gi l mt h thng my tnh bao gm:
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Phn cng l nhng linh kin thit b lp rp hon chnh thnh mt my

tnh hoc cc thit b kt ni vi my tnh; chng u c im chung l c th
nhn thy, cm hoc ng chm n.
Phn mm l mt chng trnh c vit ra bi con ngi bng cc ngn

ng lp trnh nhm iu khin my tnh phc v cc cng vic ca ngi s
dng m ngi lp trnh mun nhm n.
Hin th trng c rt nhiu loi my tnh c nhn, di y l mt s loi
my tnh c nhn tiu biu:
My tnh Desktop thng c gi l my tnh bn c ngun gc t my
tnh IBM PC (Personal Computer), chim hn 90% tng s my tnh trn th
gii. y l loi my tnh thng dng nht hin nay, vi kch thc c th
ln bn lm vic v cu hnh mnh c th thc hin gn nh mi yu cu
ca ngi dng bnh thng.
Hnh B 1.2: My tnh bn
My tnh Machintosh l loi my tnh c nhn c pht trin bi hng Apple

bao gm c phn cng, h iu hnh v mt s phn mm ca chnh hng,
thng c s dng trong cc lnh vc gio dc v thit k. Thi gian gn
y ngi dng bt u quan tm hn n loi my tnh ny v thm m v
c nng lc tnh ton, hn na ngy cng c nhiu nh vit phn mm h tr
cho loi my tnh ny.
My Laptop hay Notebook cng thuc th loi my tnh c nhn v thng
c gi l my tnh xch tay v n rt gn nh trong vic di chuyn. Vi xu
hng th trng hin nay th c th ni my tnh xch tay s thay th v tr u
bn ca my tnh bn trong nay mai.
Hnh B 1.3: MTXT v Macintosh
My tnh PDA ( Personal Data Assistant) l loi my tnh c nhn, thng

c gi l my tr gip c nhn, rt nh gn c th cm trong tay, trc y
thng dng lu tr nhng cuc hn, a ch. Nhng hin nay th loi my
ny cng tin gn ti vic c th thay th phn no my tnh xch tay vi h
iu hnh v phn mm i km nhm phc v mi nhu cu ca ngi dng,
c bit l cc doanh nhn trong cng vic hng ngy v hn na l mt s loi
my c tch hp lun chc nng in thoi.
Hnh B 1.4: PDA
1.1.3. Cc loi my tnh khc
Workstation l my tnh c kch thc v cu hnh phn cng ln v mnh

hn my tnh c nhn, thng c dng lm my trm t rong mang
cuc b vi
h iu hnh ring bit nhm phc v cng lc nhiu ngi truy cp v s
dng. i lc cng c dng trong lnh vc tht k v ha.
Hnh B 1.5: Workstation
Mini-Computer l may tinh

manh
hn may Workstation nhng khng manh
bng
may tinh
Mainframe, c thit k phc v cng lc cho nhiu ngi
s dng theo nhu cu ring bit ca mt cng ty nh c khong 4 n 100
ngi.
Hnh B 1.6: Mini - Computer
Mainframe l my tnh ln rt mnh c th phc v ln n hng nghn ngi

s dng cng lc, c dng trong c quan, t chc hoc cc doanh nghip
ln. Tuy nhin kch thc ca loi my tnh ny rt ln v gi thnh cng rt
t.
Hnh B 1.7: Mainframe
Ngoi ra cng cn mt s loi my tnh khc nh: My tnh x l xong xong

(Parallel Processing Computer), Siu my tnh (Super Computer) l nhng loi
my tnh rt c bit vi kch thc rt ln v sc mnh tnh ton cc mnh
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c s dng trong mt s lnh vc rt hn ch nh nghin cu khoa hc,

qun s,
1.2. Cc khi phn cng my tnh
Khi thit b nhp ( Input Unit): bao gm cc thit b dng a cc thng
tin vo trong my tnh nh: bn phm, chut, my qut, micro, webcam,
Hnh B 1.9: Khi thit b nhp
Khi x l ( Processing Unit): l u no trung tm ca my tnh c chc nng

tnh ton, x l d liu, qun l hoc iu khin cc hot ng ca my tnh
nh: CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Hnh B 1.10: Khi x l
Khi thit b xut ( Output Unit): bao gm cc thit b dng xut thng tin
hay kt qu ca d liu c x l t khi nhp nh: my in, my fax, mn
hnh, projector,
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Hnh B 1.11: Khi thit b xut
Khi b nh v thit b lu tr ( Memory Storage Unit): l cc thit b lu

tr tm thi hay c nh nhng thng tin, d liu trong my tnh nh: Ram,
Rom, cng, a mm, a CD/DVD, flash disk,
Hnh B 1.12: Khi thit b lu tr
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Khi thit b nhp v xut c th gi chung l cc thit b ngoi vi
Hnh B 1.13: Cc thit b ngoi vi
(Perihperals), ngoi ra kt ni cc khi thit b li hay m rng thm cc

chc nng th cn c cc thit b khc dng kt ni, qun l, iu khin cc
hot ng ring bit ca phn cng my tnh nh: bo mch ch, card mn
hnh, card m thanh, card mng, card tivi
1.3. Phn mm my tnh
1.3.1 H iu hnh:
(Operating System, cn c gi l Hidden Software) l mt phn mm c
bit c thit k nhm mc ch qun l nn tng phn cng my tnh hot
ng phc v cho yu cu ca ngi dng bng vic cung cp mt cch
thc tng tc gia ngi dng vi phn cng qua chnh n hoc cc phn
mm ng dng c ci t thm vo h iu hnh. Cc h iu hnh thng
dng hin ny l WindowXP, Window Vista (Microsoft); Ubuntu Linux, RedHat
Linux (Cng ng m ngun m).
13
Hnh B 1.14: H iu hnh
1.3.2 Trnh iu khin thit b ( Driver)

Driver l mt phn mm c bit thng c vit ra bi chnh nh sn xut
thit b phn cng nhm h tr h iu hnh kim tra, qun l hay iu
khin cc thit b phn cng trong my tnh. V d nh trnh iu khin
Chipset ca bo mch ch, card mn hnh, card m thanh, my in, my qut,
Hnh B 1.15: Trnh iu khin thit b
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1.3.3 Phn mm ng dng ( Application Software)
L loi phn mm dng phc v cho con ngi vi cc nhu cu cng vic
khc nhau trong rt nhiu cc lnh vc nh: chng trnh x l nh, x l vn
bn, qun l d liu, xem phim nghe nhc, thit k ha, truy cp internet,
chat,
Hnh B 1.16: Phn mm dn trang v office 2003
+ Phn mm lp trnh ( Programing Software) l loi phn mm dng vit

ra cc h iu hnh, trnh iu khin, phn mm ng dng hay to ra mt
phn mm lp trnh khc. V d: Turbo Pascal, Visual Basic, Borland C++,
Delphi, Visual Studio.NET, ...
1.3.4 Phn mm lp trnh ( Programing Software)
L loi phn mm dng vit ra cc h iu hnh, trnh iu khin, phn
mm ng dng hay to ra mt phn mm lp trnh khc. V d: Turbo Pascal,
Visual Basic, Borland C++, Delphi, Visual Studio.NET,
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Hnh B 1.17: Phn mm lp trnh
1.4. Nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh

1.4.1 S khi my tnh:
Hnh B 1.18: S khi my tnh
1.4.2 n v c bn ca my tnh
Cc my tnh hin nay l cc my tnh in t v vy n ch c th hiu c 2
trng thi sau: c in khng c in -> ng sai.
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biu din 2 trng thi s hc th ngi ta dng h nh phn vi 2

phn t l 0 v 1. Mi phn t 0 hoc 1 ny c qui c trong ngnh my tnh
l mt bit.
Khi ngun t y, ngi ta nh ngha cc n v o lng khc nh:
1 Byte
1 KiloByte
1 MegaByte
1 GigaByte
1 TByte
= 8 bit (tng ng 1 k t trong m ASCII)

= 210 Byte
= 1024 Byte
= 210 Kbyte
= 1024 KByte
= 210 Mbyte
= 1024 MByte
= 210 Gbyte
= 1024 Gbyte
V mt s thng s o lng nh: cng 120GB, ATA 100MB/s; Card mng

1Gb/s, vi qui c b = bit, B = Byte.
1.4.3. Nguyn l hot ng
Bc 1: u tin d liu s c nhp vo qua thit b nhp dng s hay
ch, c m ha thnh dng thng tin m my tnh hiu c (bao gm thng
tin v lnh iu khin) v c chuyn vo vng nh tm (b nh) c
x l.
Hnh B 1.19: Nguyn l hot ng
Bc 2: khi x l s gii m v thc hin cc php tnh s hc, logic x

l thng tin nhn v lu tr kt qu vng nh tm hay thc thi cc lnh iu
khin c yu cu.
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Bc 3: nhng thit b xut c nhim v gii m thng tin xut ra ph hp vi

thit b xut m ngi dng c th hiu c nh ch, hnh nh, m thanh,
Hnh B 1.20: Nguyn l hot ng 2
Bc 4: cui cng thng tin kt qu c th c chuyn vo khi thit b lu

tr c th tip tc s dng.
1.4.4. X l d liu
My tnh c 2 kiu x l d liu: mt bng php tnh ton hc v hai l bng
php tnh lun l.
Cc php tnh s hc c thc hin bng cc php tnh + v -, cn php tnh *
v / l vic thc hin nhiu ln ca 2 php tnh + v -. V d: my tnh s thc
hin 2+3=5, trong 2 v 3 c nhp vo t thit b nhp
Cc php tnh lun l trong my tnh c thc hin bng cc ton t >, <, =,
or, and, true, false. V d: nu 6>5 th cho kt qu true (ng), 8<7 th cho kt
qu false (sai).
1.4.5. Qu trnh khi ng ca my tnh
i vi b ngun ATX th lc cha nhn nt Power khi ng my, b ngun
my tnh vn cung cp do bo mch ch mt ngun in ch +5 Stanby ch
tn hiu bt ngun.
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Sau khi nhn nt Power th bo mch ch s tn hiu cho ngun kch ngun
hot ng, lc ny ngun mi cung cp in cho y cho bo mch ch v
cc thit b khc trong my tnh v lc ny my tnh bt u khi ng.
u tin ROM BIOS s hot ng, kim tra li vic cp in ca b ngun

(cc ngun in cn li bao gm +3.3V, +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V), qu trnh kim
tra ny ch din ra trong vi giy. Sau khi cng vic kim tra cp ngun hon
tt th Card mn hnh s c cp in v hin th thng tin u tin.
Sau b vi x l s iu khin ROM BIOS thc thi chng trinh POST
(Power On Self Test).
Chng trnh POST s tin hnh kim tra tt c cc thit b kt ni trong my
tnh, u tin kim tra cc thng s CPU, RAM, HDD v cc thit b kt ni
khc v hin th ln mn hnh my tnh.
Khi kim tra song, qu trnh POST s chuyn cho thng tin cho BIOS v lu tr
trong CMOS v chuyn quyn iu khin qua thit b khi ng c qui
nh trong CMOS.
Nu thit b c chn khi ng l cng th CPU truy cp vo vng
MBR (Master Boot Record) tm kim thng tin v phn vng khi ng. Ti
phn vng khi ng (Boot Record) CPU s tm thy thng tin cc tp tin mi
(trong h iu hnh DOS, cc tp tin ny l io.sys, msdos.sys v
command.com) ca h iu hnh v np cc tp tin ny vo vng nh tm thi
(RAM).
Sau li n phin cc tp tin mi ny li lm nhim v ca n l np tip
cc tp tin hot ng ca h iu hnh, trnh iu khin, hm th vin, v
tin hnh khi ng h iu hnh cho ti khi hon tt (vo ti mn hnh
Desktop trong trng hp s dng Windows).
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BI TP LN
1. My tnh c nhn khc vi nhng loi my tnh khc nh th no? Nu ra
nhng c im ca chng?
2. Hy v s cc khi c bn ca my tnh v lit k chi tit mi khi t
nht 3 thit b.
3. Phn mm my tnh gm c my loi. Hy nu nhng c im ca chng.
4. Hy nu c th qu trnh x l d liu v nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh.
5. V s qu trnh khi ng my tnh v nu chi tit ca qu trnh khi
ng my.
BI TP N
1. My tnh Machintosh thuc loi my tnh
2. My Laptop hay Notebook thuc loi my tnh
3. My tnh PDA ( Personal Data Assistant) thuc loi my tnh
4. My tnh Workstation l my tnh c nhn: ng hay sai
5. My tnh Mini-Computer l my tnh c thit k phc v cng lc cho
nhiu ngi: ng hai sai.
6. Bn phm thuc thit b nhp: ng hay sai
7. CPU thuc thit b nhp: ng hay sai
8. My in thuc thit b no
9. cng thuc thit b x l: ng hay sai
10. Bo mch ch thuc khi thit b khc: ng hay sai
11. Windows l h iu hnh my tnh: ng hay sai
12. B Office thuc loi phn mm no?
13. Visual C, C++ thuc loi phn mm g?
14. S h thng my tnh gm my khi?
15. 8 bit bng my byte?
16. 1 byte bng bao nhiu KiloByte
17. 1 MegaByte bng: 1024 Kbyte hay 1024 Mbyte
18. 1024 Mbyte bng bao nhiu GigaByte
19. D liu nhp vo c gii m v a vo b nh tm: ng hay sai
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20. Khi my tnh bt u khi ng th n c chng trnh no u tin
21
BI 2: LINH KIN CU THNH H THNG MY

TNH
Mc tiu:
Hiu c cc thnh phn linh kin lp rp thnh mt b my tnh:
Bo mch ch
B vi x l
B nh chnh
B nh ph
B ngun v thng my
Mn hnh my tnh
Bn phm v chut
Card mn hnh
Card m thanh
Loa my tnh
Kin thc chn on v iu tr cc s c ca cc thnh phn linh kin ny.

2.1. Bo mch ch
2.1.1. Gii thiu
Bo mch ch l bo mch chnh (trung tm) c to thnh t cc thnh phn
linh kin in t v ng kt ni lm nhim v cung cp cc kt ni vt l
v lun l gia cc thit b khc nhau trong mt h thng my tnh.
Trn bo mch ch thng bao gm:
Socket gn CPU
Slot dng gn RAM h thng
Chipsets cung cp ng truyn chnh gia CPU, RAM v cc ng
truyn kt ni ti cc thnh phn cn li.
Chip ROM (thng gi l ROM BIOS) l ni lu tr phn do
(Firmware) ca h thng my tnh.
Xung nhp ng h (Clock) cung cp tn hiu ng b cho vic hot
ng v giao tip gia cc thit b.
22
Khe cm m rng dng kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi khc vo

ng truyn chung ca Chipsets.
Kt ni ngun (Power Connector) nhn in t b ngun cung cp
cho cc thit b trn bo mch ch hot ng.
Hnh B 2.1: Cc thnh phn trn mainboard
2.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca bo mch ch

Cc Chips trn bo mch ch
Chip l mt vi mch in t c tch hp ln cc bo mch dng thc hin
mt nhim v hay mt chc nng no .
Cc chip thng thy trn mt bo mch ch:
B chip chnh ca bo mch ch (chipsets)
Chip card mn hnh, m thanh, mng ONBOARD
V mt s chip khc (controller) vi chc nng h tr CPU v cc chip
chnh trong vic qun l v trao i d liu gia cc thit b.
23
Hnh B 2.2: Cc chips trn mainboard
Cng kt ni
Cng kt ni l thit b kt ni gia bo mch ch ti cc thit b ngoi vi.
Thit b ngoi vi c kt ni vi cng bi nhng dy cp theo tng thit b.
Mt s thut ng khc cho cng kt ni l giao in kt ni dng trao i
d liu qua li gia cc thit b bn ngoi vi my tnh.
Hnh B 2.3: Cc cng kt ni trn mainboard
Khe cm trn bo mch ch
24
Khe cm l mt dy c gn dnh vo pha di bn tri ca bo mch ch

c gi l khe cm m rng, cc card m rng c gn vo chng. Card m
rng l mt dng bo mch in, n thc hin mt s chc nng m rng cho my
tnh nh: card mn hnh, card mng, card modem, card usb,
Hnh B 2.4: Khe cm trn mainboard
Bng kt ni
L ni kt ni vi cc dy tn hiu v iu khin ca thng my vi bo
mch ch bao gm:
Front Panel: kt ni cc cng tc m/tt my (Power Switch), khi ng li
my (Reset), n tn hiu ngun (Power Led) - cng (HDD Led), loa bo tn
hiu (Speaker).
Hnh B 2.5: Front Panel
25
Front USB Panel: kt ni vi dy ni cng USB trc thng my.
Hnh B 2.6: Front USB Panel
26
Front Audio Panel: kt ni vi dy ni cng loa v micro ca thng my
Hnh B 2.6: Front Audio Panel
System Bus and Bandwidth

Bus trong h thng my tnh l knh truyn kt ni gia cc thit b vi nhau
bao truyn d liu hay tn hiu iu khin.
System Bus (cn gi li Bus h thng) hay Front Side Bus (FSB: l knh
truyn - bus bt tay gia 2 thit b, khc vi bus ni b ca mi thit b) l
ng truyn tn hiu (d liu hay iu khin) gia CPU v cc thit b khc
trong h thng my tnh nh b nh h thng, cng, card mn hnh, BIOS,
card m rng,
Bandwidth c gi l bng thng l s lng thng tin lu chuyn gia 2
thit b trong mt n v thi gian. Theo l thuyt th bng thng c tnh nh
sau:
Bng thng = rng ca d liu x d liu truyn trong
mt xung nhp x FSB
V d: mt thit b c rng ng truyn d liu l 32bit, c th truyn
c 4 bit d liu trong mt xung nhp v c FSB l 100Mhz th bng thng l:
32bit x 4 x 100Mhz = 1600MB/s
2.1.3. ROM BIOS
L tn gi thng thng ca ngi dng khi mun ni n con chip nh
(ROM) nm trn bo mch ch dng lu tr chng trnh BIOS (Basic Input
Output System: h thng xut nhp c bn ca my tnh), giao din iu khin
ca chng trnh CMOS Setup Utility, chng trnh t khi ng v kim tra
my tnh lc khi ng my (POST Power On Self Test).
27
Vi h thng my tnh trc y th phn thng tin trong ROM BIOS l c nh

khng th xa c. Cc h thng mi s dng loi ROM c bit (thng l
EEPROM) l loi ROM c th ghi xa c v th c th c dng trong
trng hp cn nng cp BIOS.
Hnh B 2.7: ROM BIOS
2.1.4. Chipsets
Chipsets l b chip chnh ca bo mch ch, lm cu ni chnh cho tt c cc
thnh phn cn li trn bo mch, thng c bn nguyn b cho cc nh sn
xut Mainboard.
B chipsets thng bao gm 2 chip chnh l chip cu bc v chip cu nam, i
lc 2 chip ny c th tch hp li thnh mt chip n nht.
Hnh B 2.8: Chipset Intel
Chip cu bc: c nhim v l knh truyn kt ni ti CPU v gip CPU kt

ni ti b nh chnh (RAM), card mn hnh onboard hoc khe cm ri, knh
truyn ti chip cu nam.
28
Chip cu nam: lm nhim v dn truyn tnh hiu t cc thit b nh cng,

CD/DVD, mm, cng USB, ni tip, xong xong, khe cm PCI, chip Lan,
chip m thanh, BIOS, n chip cu bc v ngc li.
Tn cc b chipsets thng c t tn theo chip cu bc.
Cc nh sn xut chipset v s k thut ca b chipset thng dng:
Hnh B 2.9: Chipset Intel 975X
29
Hnh B 2.10: Chipset Intel 915G
30
Hnh B 2.11: Chipset VIA CX700
31
Hnh B 2.12: Chipset SIS 761X
32
Hnh B 2.13: Chipset NVIDIA
2.1.5. Cc c trng ca nh sn xut bo mch ch

Nh sn xut bo mch ch l ni ng gi thnh phm bo mch ch. c
mt bo mch ch hon chnh th nh sn xut s chn v mua b chipset chnh
t nh sn xut chipset, sau s t sn xut hoc mua cc chip iu khin
cn li nh chip m thanh, chip lan, chip iu khin cng, bios, t nhiu
nh sn xut khc nhau.
Nh sn xut chip m thanh: Cmedia, Realtek, Intel, Creative,
Nh sn xut chip Lan: Realtek, Intel, Broadcom,
Nh sn xut chip card mn hnh: Intel, Via, Sis (c tch hp trong
chip cu bc), nVidia, S3,
BIOS: Phonix, Award, Ami,
33
Sau khi tch hp cc thnh phn chnh ln bo mch ch, nh sn xut c th

thm cc thnh phn t trng ca chnh mnh b xung thm cc chc nng
c v phn cng v phn mm c trng.
Nh sn xut Gigabyte: ngoi mt s chc nng chung nh cc bo mch ch
khc th hng Gigabyte thm vo mt s t tnh ring ca mnh nh s dng
tt c t rn nhm nng cao tnh n nh ca tht b, DualBIOS nhm bo v
s c nu b hng chip ROMBIOS, C.O.M gip ngi dng c th kim tra v
ti v cc bn cp nht BIOS, Driver trc tip t my ch ca nh sn xut,
M.I.T gip my tnh ti u t c hiu sut hot ng cao nht, SilentPipe gip h thng gii nhit hiu qu m khng gy ting n,
Nh sn xut Intel: l nh sn xut bo mch ch c thnh phn chip tch
hp trn bo mch ch y nht bao gm b chipset, chip mn hnh, m
thanh, lan, y l t tnh mnh nht ca Intel em li cho bo mch ch ca
Intel tnh nh v tng thch tt nht v rt hiu qu khi hot ng vi CPU
ca chnh Intel sn xut. Tuy nhin cng l hng sn xut bo mch ch t tch
hp thm cc chc nng ph tr thm cho ngi dng.
Nh sn xut Asus: cng ging nh nh sn xut Gigabyte, hng Asus cng
thm nhiu tnh nng cho bo mch ch ca mnh nh Quit Thermal nhm gip
h thng tn nhit tt v m hn qua thit k cung cp ngun 8 pha, theo di
v qun l tc qut thng minh, cc phin tn nhit kt ni bng cc ng
gii nhit. Ngoi ra cn cung cp c ch ti u ha phn cng nhm tng hiu
sut hot ng ca tan h thng vi AI NOS, AI Gear,
34
2.1.6. Chn on v khc phc s c bo mch ch
35
2.2. B vi x l
2.2.1. Gii thiu
B vi x l l thnh phn quan trong nht trong my tnh c chc nng iu

khin mi hot ng ca my tnh, tnh ton v x l d liu.
Hnh B 2.14: B vi x l AMD v Intel
2.2.2. c tnh ca b vi x l
Tc xung nhp: B vi x l chy nhanh hay chm l do tc xung nhp
quyt nh. Tc xung nhp c tnh bng Hz (l s ln thay i trng thi
trong mt n v thi gian), cc CPU hin nay c tc ln ti hng Ghz.
Bus hot ng: BUS ca CPU c chia lm 2 loi l FSB (Front Side
Bus), BSB ( Back Side Bus).
Hnh B 2.15: Front Side Bus v Back Side Bus
36
FSB: (Front Side Bus) ca CPU l BUS tuyn trc ca CPU khi kt ni vi
b Chipset trn bo mch ch.
BSB: (Back Side Bus) ca CPU l BUS tuyn sau l knh truyn t cache L2,
L3 n CPU.
Cache: Cache gm c 2 loi cache l cache L1 v cache L2 mi cache iu
c cch hot ng khc nhau.
B nh cache L1 c tch hp trong chnh bn thn CPU c gi l cache
ni hay gi l cache chnh. Tc truy nhp cache xp x bng tc lm vic
ca CPU, nhng dung lng kh nh. Cache L1 c phn thnh 2 b nh vi
hai chc nng khc nhau l Data cache v Code cache.
Data cache: lu tr d liu
Code cache: lu tr m lnh
Cache L2 c nm bn ngoi CPU goi l external cache hay gi l cache ph.
Cache L2 thng c kch thc 256 KB n 4MB. Thi im hin nay cache
L2 c a vo trong cng mt v bc ca CPU. Chc nng ca cache L2
hot ng l d on trc cc lnh ca CPU sp thc thi, cache L2 s ly
thng tin ln trc khi cn CPU s ly t cache L2 nhanh hn phi ly t
RAM.
Hnh B 2.16: Cache L1 v L2
37
Tp lnh
L b lnh c nh ngha sn v lu tr ngy trong CPU nhm thc hin

nhng tc v c thit k theo yu cu nh tp lnh FPU dng tnh
ton s thc du chm ng, tp lnh MMX dng h tr x l d liu
MultiMedia, tp lnh SSE, SSE2, SSE3 dng h tr truy cp Internet v x
l d liu MultiMedia (hnh nh, m thanh) chuyn bit.
Cng ngh ch to
Khi ni n cng ngh ch to ca CPU l ni n ton b qu trnh t lc bt
u thit k cho ti khi c sn phm thnh phm. Trong qu trnh ny s c
nhiu yu t to nn s khc bit gia cc loi CPU, dng sn phm, tnh
nng, sc mnh tnh ton,
Mt s c im c th lu nh:
CPU ch to bng cng ngh 130, 90 hay 65nm ?

Loi CPU my ch, bn hay laptop ?
CPU s dng kin trc no: NetBurst hay Core ?
Dng CPU mt li hay a li ?
CPU 32bit hay 64 bit ?
2.2.3. Sc mnh ca b vi x l
Vi cc t tnh trn ca CPU th sc mnh ca mt b vi x l khng ph
thuc hon ton vo mt c tnh no nh tc hot ng, Front Side Bus,
m phi c xem xt ti ton b cc c tnh trn. So snh gia 2 CPU Intel
Core 2 Duo E6700 v Pentium D 960 c hai u l CPU 2 nhn ch to trn
cng ngh 65nm, h tr tnh tan 64bit, cng 4MB cache L2, ch khc l E6700
c tc xung nhp 2.66Ghz vi FSB l 1066Mhz, cn D960 c tc xung
nhp l 3.6Ghz vi FSB l 800Mhz. Nu khng xt n cc yu t khc th c
th ni CPU D960 s mnh hn CPU E6700. Tuy nhin nu xt n yu t v
kin trc s dng th E6700 s dng kin trc Core vi nhiu tnh nng u vit
hn kint trc Netburst c s dng cho D960 th r rng lc ny CPU E6700
mnh hn.
2.2.4.
Cc b vi x l ca Intel, AMD
Cc dng CPU Intel:
Tn
Pentium
Dng
8xx
Tc
2.663.73
Socket
775
38
FSB
533
L2 Cache
2 1024 KB
D/EE
Pentium 4
9xx
5xx
6xx
GHz
478
775
423
1.33.8 GHz
800
1066 MT/s
400
533
800/1066
MT/s
Intel Celeron
2xx
2.x
266 Mhz-3.3
Ghz
370
478
775
66-533 MT/
s
Pentium M
7xx
0.82.26
GHz
479
400
533 MT/s
Txxxx
1.062.33
Intel Core
Lxxxx
GHz
Uxxxx
Exxxx
3xxx
Txxxx
Intel Core 2
1.63.0 GHz
Xxxxx
Qxxxx
QXxxxx
775 M
2 2048 KB
2562048 KB
0-1024 KB
10242048 KB
2048 KB
533
667 MT/s
667
1066 MT/s
2048-8192 KB
Cc dng CPU AMD:

CPU AMD cng c rt nhiu dng sn phm nh: Duron, Sempron, Athlon,
Athlon XP, Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Turion, nhng hin nay th ph bit nht
ch c cc dng Athlon 64 v Sempron:
Tn
Tc
Cache
HT
Sempron 3000+ 1600 MHz 256 KB 800 MHz

39
Voltage
1.20/1.25
V
1.20/1.25
V
1.20/1.25
V
1.20/1.25
V
TDP
Socket
35 W Socket AM2
35 W Socket AM2
35 W Socket AM2
35 W Socket AM2
Tn
Athlon 64
3000+
Athlon 64
3200+
Athlon 64
3500+
Athlon 64
3500+ (F3)
Athlon 64
3800+
Athlon 64
3800+ (F3)
Athlon 64
4000+ (F3)
Tc
MHz
L2Cache
KB
HT
MHz
1800 MHz
512
1000
2000 MHz
512
1000
2200 MHz
512
1000 MHz
2200 MHz
512
1000 MHz
2400 MHz
512
1000 MHz
2400 MHz
512
1000 MHz
2600 MHz
512
1000 MHz
40
Voltage TDP
V
W
1.351.40 V
1.351.40 V
1.251.40 V
1.251.40 V
1.251.40 V
1.251.40 V
Socket
62 W Socket AM2
62 W Socket AM2
62 W Socket AM2
62 W Socket AM2
62 W Socket AM2
62 W Socket AM2
1.2562 W Socket AM2

1.40 V
2.2.5. Chn on v khc phc s c b vi x l
2.3. B nh chnh - RAM

2.3.1. Gii thiu
Ram (Random Access Memory) l b nh truy xut ngu nhin cung cp ni
lu tr tm thi cc thng tin trong qu trnh x l. Thng tin s b mt khi
khng cn ngun in cung cp. RAM cn c gi l b nh chnh ca my
tnh, b nh cng ln th my tnh hot ng cng hiu qu l mt trong nhng
thnh phn khng th thiu ca my tnh.
Hnh B 2.17: B nh RAM
41
2.3.2. c tnh ca b nh RAM

Bus v bng thng
Bus RAM l tc ng truyn d liu t RAM ti chip cu bc ca bo

mch ch. Bus cng ln th tc truyn d liu cng nhanh. Ni chung Bus
ca RAM gn ging nh Bus CPU. Bng thng ca RAM thng c ghi ln
nhn ca thanh RAM.
V d: PC3200 c ngha l bng thng t RAM ti chip cu bc l 3200MB/s,
i vi DDRAM iu ny cng c ngha l Bus ti a ca thanh RAM l
400Mhz.
Cch tnh bng thng RAM nh sau:
Bng thng RAM = Bus RAM x rng ng truyn (bit)
Trong bit c i thnh byte.
V d: s bus l 400Mhz, rng ng truyn l 64 bit nh vy bng thng
l: 400 x 64/8 = 3200MB/s
2.3.3. Phn loi b nh RAM
SRAM v DRAM
SRAM l loi RAM lu gi d liu m khng cn cp nht thng xuyn
(Static). Ch to SRAM tn km hn hn DRAM v SRAM thng c kch c
ln hn DRAM, nhng tc nhanh hn DRAM v khng phi tn thi gian
refresh nhiu ln.
DRAM l loi RAM cn cp nht d liu thng xuyn (high refresh rate).
Thng thng d liu trong DRAM s c refresh (lm ti) nhiu ln trong
mt giy lu gi li nhng thng tin ang lu tr, nu khng refresh li
DRAM th d ngun in khng ngt, thng tin trong DRAM cng s b mt.
S ra i ca DRAM ch l mt li i vng h gi sn xut ca SRAM.
Cc chng loi DRAM thng dng
SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM) c Bus t
66/100/133MHz, tng s chn ca 2 mt l 168 chn Pin, s bit truyn d liu
l 64 bit, in p hot ng l 3.3V.
42
Hnh B 2.18: SDR SDRAM
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM) ngi ta cn

gi l DDRam mt c Bus t 200/266/333/400MHz, s bit d liu l 64 bit,
tng s chn Pin ca 2 mt l 184 Pin, in p hot ng l 2.5V.
Hnh B 2.19: DDR SDRAM
DDRAM II (Double Data Rate II Synchronous Dynamic RAM) mi pht trin

sau ny c Bus kh ln 533/667/800/1066MHz, s bit d liu l 64 bit, tng s
chn Pin ca 2 mt l 240, in p cung cp l 1.8V.
Hnh B 2.20: DDR II SDRAM
43
2.3.4. Chn on v khc phc s c b nh RAM

B nh chnh
-
Oxy ha.
Chy do
gn sai.
nh.
Li chip
Mt s Ram b oxy ha do lu ngy,

chng ta v sinh cho thit b.
Xc nh li v Ram qua ting bip:
thng pht ra 3 ting bip di lin tc.
Nu Ram li, vn chy c chng ta
phi s dng chng trnh Test mi bit c:
Gold Memory, Memtest86,
44
2.4. B nh ph
2.4.1. Gii thiu
B nh ph l b nh lu tr d liu di lu. c im c dung lng lu tr

ln, kch thc ln hn b nh chnh, khng mt thng tin khi khng c in.
V d: a cng, a quang,
2.4.2. a cng
L thit b lu tr h iu hnh, cc ng dng, tp tin, cung cp b nh o cho
h thng.
Kh nng vn hnh ca a cng c nh hng n tc chung ca c h
thng. Cc s c lin quan v a cng d dng lm ton b h thng khng
hot ng.
Cu trc cng
Hnh 2.21: Cu to a cng
Mt a cng bao gm mt hoc nhiu a phng t trn cng mt trc

quay. Vic truy xut d liu ti cc vng trn a c thc hin bi nhng
u c ghi trn mi mt a thng qua s iu khin ca mch iu khin.
Khung sn: m bo qu trnh hot ng ca a, tnh nguyn vn v cu
trc, nhit v in cho a. L nn tng n nh lp t cc thnh phn
khc trong a. Cc a ln c ch to t khung nhm c.
L a: ch to bng nhm, thu tinh hoc hp cht gm s, trn l a c
ph mt lp t tnh v lp bo v.
u c s c v ghi d liu t cng.
45
B phn iu khin u t, m t trc quay. Trn nguyn tc a cng cng

tng t nh a mm l thit b lu tr t tnh.
Ban u l a c ch to t nhm v nhm l mt cht liu nh, d gia

cng, chu c lc ly tm cao.
Ngy nay, l a c lm bng cht liu ging nh thu tinh hoc hp cht
gm s v cht liu mnh nh c s to nhit rt thp (dn n t s c), chu
c lc ly tm cao hn nhm.
Tc quay vng t khong 7,200 n 15,000 vng trn giy, trong khi nhng
a c trong khong 3200 n 5400.
Mt a c th c: mt hai hay nhiu l a. Trn mt ca l a s c phn
chia thnh nhiu vng trn gi l track.
Tp hp nhng vng trn ng tm gi l Cylinder. Trn vng trn c chia ra
lm nhiu on nh gi l sector.
Hnh 2.22: Track, sector, cluster
Bo mch iu khin
Bo mch iu khin c lp t bn di khung sn, cha ton b mch
cn thit truyn tn hiu iu khin v d liu vi ti cc thit bn trong v
bn ngoi.
Cung cp ngun cho a hot ng, ngoi ra cn c Jump (mch cu nhy)
xc lp thng tin cho h thng v a .
T chc lun l ca cng
Sector l g: Sector l n v lu tr nh nht trn a cng. Track c chia
thnh nhng vng nh hn gi l Sector, mt sector c dung lng l 512 byte
d liu.
46
Hnh 2.23: Cylinder, trc quay
Phn vng:
c th s a cng hay ci h iu hnh th phi phn vng a. C th
hnh dung a cng nh mt t h s ln, u tin t h s ny trng khng
c g, khng c vch ngn, cp h s nhm t chc qun l thng tin. thun
li cho vic s dng phi nh dng v phn vng a, bao gm nh dng
cp thp, phn vng v nh dng cp cao.
a phi c phn hoch c th ghi h tp tin h iu hnh. Ngoi ra,
cn cho php chia nh a vt l ln thnh nhiu logic nh hn.
phn vng a phi dng chng trnh phn mm nh: fdisk, partition
magic, ontrack disk,
Cc 3 loi phn vng: phn vng s cp (Primary Partition) , phn vng m
rng (Extended Partition) v phn vng logic (Logical Partition). Mt a cng
c th cha n 4 phn vng s cp hoc 3 phn vng s cp v 1 phn vng
m rng. C th chia phn vng m rng thnh nhiu phn chia logic.
47
Bn ghi khi ng (Boot Record)
Hnh 2.24: Bng ghi khi ng chnh trn a cng
Phn vng mi s c gn lm phn vng mi v Master Boot Record c

ghi ln Sector u tin ca phn vng s cp u tin.
khi ng h iu hnh: h thng s c bn ghi khi ng chnh (master
boot record) t sector u tin ca a cng vt l th nht, cha chng
trnh mi khi ng. Chng trnh ny s tm Boot Record trn sector u
tin t phn vng c active khi ng.
Bng nh v tp tin:
Bng nh v l phng php m h iu hnh s dng t chc cc tp tin
trn a. Nhng h tp tin ph bin l FAT32 v NTFS. Mt h tp tin thng
gm 3 chc nng chnh:
Theo di khng gian a cp pht v cha s dng,
Duy tr cc th mc v tn tp tin,
Theo di v tr tp tin c lu tr vt l trn a.
FAT 32: h tr kch thc a hoc phn vng ln n 2 terabyte, c th s
dng c cho h iu hnh windows 95, 98, 2000, XP.
NTFS: c tnh bo mt cao, ch s dng cho h iu hnh windows NT, 2000,
XP, 2003, Vista.
48
Th mc gc v nh dng a
Ngay sau khi phn vng, h iu hnh khng th lu tr cc tp tin ln a
nu nh phn vng cha c nh dng cp cao.
Cu trc d liu c ghi ln mi phn vng logic ca a bao gm: mt
volume boot sector, hai bng FAT v mt th mc gc.
nh dng cp cao cho php kim tra v xo b cc sector hng v to ra th
mc gc (v d th mc gc C:\) cha cc th mc con.
nh dng cp thp cho php chia cng thnh cc phn t vt l: track,
sector, cylinder v c thc hin bi nh sn xut, ngi s dng khng
phi thc hin.
Chun giao tip v thng s t trng
Chun giao tip
IDE/ATA: v c bn IDE v ATA l mt, y l s thit k tch hp b
iu khin ln chnh a thay v da vo mt b iu khin c lp.
IDE li ting vang trong ngnh cng nghip ch to a lc by gi v
gi thnh thp d cu hnh. Tuy nhin cn phn bit ATA l chun chnh thc
nh ngha a v cch hot ng ca n. Cn IDE l tn thng mi ch kin
trc b iu khin a v mch giao tip 40 kim c thit k thc thi
chun ATA.
ULTRA ATA 66: l chun c nng cp t chun ATA h tr tc
chuyn giao d liu DMA vn hnh ln n 66 MB/giy. Dng cp 40 kim, 80
dy dn.
ULTA ATA 100, ULTRA ATA 133: l chun ci tin nhm tng truyn d
liu ca a cng 100-133 MB/giy, y l chun rt ph bin hin nay.
SATA (Serial ATA): l chun giao tip pht trin vi nm tr li y, chun
ny s dng cp ngun v cp d liu khng ging nh chun ATA. SATA1
(c tc truyn d liu l 150 MB/giy) v SATA2 (c tc truyn d liu
l 300 MB/giy).
SCSI (sc-ri): y l chun cao cp chuyn dng cho server c tc rt cao t
10,000 vng trn pht tr ln.
49
Thng s c trng
Dung lng: hin nay t 40 GB tr ln.
Tc vng quay: t 5400 n 7200 vng trn pht.

Cng ngh h tr: BARACUDA (Seagate), RAID, Plus
Nh sn xut: Maxtor, Seagate, Samsung, Hitachi, Western,
Chn on v khc phc s c a cng
50
2.4.3. a quang v a quang
a quang v a quang l thit b lu tr khng th thiu trong my tnh v

ngi s dng. Phc v cho nhu cu nghe nhc xem phim lu tr cc d liu
c dung lng ln. Cc chng trnh tin ch phn mm u c lu tr trn
a quang. V d: chng trnh ci t h iu hnh, driver, office
Ngoi ra a quang d s dng, bo qun c lu, thun tin trong vic di
chuyn.
Lu tr d liu trn a quang
a quang:
D liu trn a quang c lu theo hnh xon c t trong ra ngoi.
a quang khng c phn chia thnh cc track ng tm v cc sector nh a
t. Thay vo a quang c ghi thnh mt ng rnh xon c lin tc, duy
nht, chy t tm quay ra vng ngoi ra. Thng tin ny c ghi sn bng cng
ngh t chy (burn in) ti nh sn xut.
Hnh B 2.25: Cu to ca a quang
a quang c sn xut hng lot bng cch dp mu ln mt a ch to

bng cht do poly-carbonate c v sau thc hin vi cng on gia cng
hon chnh.
a quang cu to gm 4 lp: nn nha, lp trng phn chiu, lp bo v,
nhn (ph bc).
51
Cu trc a quang
Cc a quang l nhng thit b k thut hin i dng c v ghi ni
dung trn a quang. a quang cu to gm 2 phn: phn c v phn in
t.
a quang thng c 2 loi a ch c v a va c th c ghi.
Cc nh sn xut: Samsung, LG, Compact, Virbird, Combo, ASUS,
Hnh B 2.26: a quang v mt c laser
Phn loi a quang

a quang c 2 loi ph bin hin nay l CD v DVD.
CD-ROM (compact disk): CD R (a ch ghi mt ln v c nhiu ln). CD RW
(a c th c v ghi nhiu ln). C tc truyn d liu t 32 n 52X,
dung lng trung bnh l 650 n 700MB.
DVD-ROM (digital video disc): DVD R v DVD RW. C tc truyn d liu
gp 9 ln CD ROM, c th lu tr d liu dung lng ln ln n hng
gigabyte.
DVD xut hin vo nm 2002, c tn ban u l Digital Video Disc (a phim
k thut s) ri sau ny chuyn thnh Digital Versatile Disc (a a nng k
thut s) l a quang lu d liu bao gm phim nh c cht lng hnh
nh v m thanh cao.
52
Chun giao tip v thng s c trng

Chun giao tip:
Cc a quang c kt ni theo chun ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface). Mt
chun a nng trn mch giao tip ATA (IDE), c thit k cho php cc
thit b khng phi a cng c th cm vo mt cng ATA (IDE).
Thng s c trng:
Tc ca a quang c tnh bng X, 1X CD tng ng vi 150KB/giy,
1X DVD tng ng 1.2MB/s.
Chn on v khc phc s c a quang
Khng nhn a quang: kim tra cp d liu v cp ngun, kim tra trong
CMOS Setup Utilities. C th cc linh kin trn bo mch iu khin b hng.
Sa cha ti cc dch v in t tin hc, bnh vin my tnh quc t.
C khng hot ng: n nt nhng np a khng hot ng, c th thay th
hoc sa c.
Khng c c d liu: do hng u c laser hoc a hng. C th thay
th nhng nn mua mi v chi ph thay th u c gn nh mua mi.
53
54
2.5. B ngun v thng my
Hnh B 2.27: B ngun ATX
2.5.1. Gii thiu

B ngun (Power Supply) l mt phn rt quan trng trong my tnh c chc
nng cp ngun in cho my tnh. Nu ngun in khng n nh c th gy
ra nhiu s c cho cc thit b bn trong my tnh.
Thng my (CASE) dng cha cc thit b gn bn trong mt my tnh nh
bo mch ch, cng, card m rng, nu khng c thng my s rt nguy
him cho cc thit b ny trong qu trnh hat ng v khng c bo v cch
ly v vy n cn c gi l thng bo v my tnh.
55
2.5.2. B ngun
Thnh phn v thng s b ngun
Cc thnh phn c bn ca b ngun nh sau:

Thng s
Hnh B 2.28: Thnh phn c bn ca b ngun
Ngun ATX ly in th t ngun vo (220/110V) sau bin i v cung cp

in p mt chiu 12v, 5v, +3.3v cho cc tht b my tnh. Cng sut lm
vic ca ngun c nhiu loi nh 250W, 300W, 350W hoc 400W v cao hn.
Ngun ATX c cp ngun chnh cho bo mch ch l 20 chn (hin nay c loi
24 chn, vi cc ngun +3.3V, +5V, +12v, -5V, -12V) v ngun ph l 4 chn,
cn cc thit b khc l loi cp ngun 4 chn (+5V v +12V).
56
Chn on v khc phc s c b ngun
57
2.5.4. Thng my
Thng my c chia lm rt nhiu loi nh ATX Full size, Mini ATX, Micro
ATX. Mi thng u c kiu dng ring ca n nhng thng s dng 2 loi
thng l thng ng (Micro ATX) v thng nm (Mini ATX). Thng my
thng c 2 mt: mt trc v mt sau
Mt trc c cc chc nng nh nt cng tt ngun, nt khi ng nng v cc
n tn hiu ngun, tn hiu cng.
Hnh B 2.29: Thng my
Mt sau ca thng my gm cc loi jack cm (thng gi l cng). Cc thit

b vo/ra v cc thit b ngoi vi thng qua dy ni vo cc cng giao tip
vi cc thnh phn bn trong ca khi h thng.
2.6. Mn hnh my tnh
58
2.6.1. Gii thiu
Mn hnh l thit b ngoi vi dng hin th thng tin t PC n ngi s dng.

Hin nay mn hnh ph bin l cc loi dng cng ngh CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube), LED (Light-Emitting Diode), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), PLASMA,
Mt s hng sn xut mn hnh nh: SAMSUNG, IBM, DELL,
Lch s hnh thnh pht trin
Nm 1981, IBM gii thiu chun CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) c kh nng
phi hp 4 mu vi phn gii ti a l 320x200 pixels.
Nm 1984 gii thiu chun EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) c kh nng
hin th n 16 mu v tng phn gii ln ti 640x350 pixels hon thin hn
kh nng hin th hnh nh, vn bn.
Nm 1987, IBM gii thiu chun VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) vi h thng
mu chun hn c kh nng hin th nhiu mu v phn gii cao hn.
Nm 1990, IBM gii thiu chun XGA (Extended Graphics Array) vi phn
gii ln ti 800x600 pixels hin th ch mu thc (16.8 triu mu) v
1024x768 pixels ch 65.536 mu.
Hin nay, chun UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array) c th h tr bng
mu ln ti 16.8 triu mu phn gii rt cao 1600x1200 pixels, ph thuc
vo b nh ca card mn hnh.
2.6.2. Mn hnh CRT
Thnh phn v thng s mn hnh CRT
Hnh B 2.30: Mn hnh CRT
c tnh k thut ca cc kiu u ni:
59
Mn hnh CRT: chun kt ni VGA (D-Sub). Mn hnh LCD: chun kt ni

DVI (Digital Visual Interface), DFP (Digital Flat Panel).
Mn hnh CRT
Kch thc mn hnh: Thng thng kch thc mn hnh 15,17, 19 hoc 21
inch. Hu ht cc lai mn hnh s dng thng dng nht l 17inch.
Dot pitch: Mt ai lng o theo chiu ngang cho bit s ky t trong mi inch
tinh
theo loai phng ch gian
cach
n, nh a c dung
trong may
anh
ch,
may in kim, va may
in banh
xe.
Dot pitch l khang cch gia hai im pixel trn mn hnh, tnh bng millimet
Pixel: Phn t nho nht (phn t anh)
ma mt thit bi co th hin thi trn man

hinh,
va hinh
anh
trn man
hinh
c xy dng nn t cac phn t o.
Chun kt ni VGA:Cc chn ny dng truyn nhn cc tn hiu tng t
Red, Green, Blue, t VGA card ln mn hnh. u ni VGA thng c
dng trn cc CRT thng dng.
Cch hin th trn mn hnh CRT
Mn hnh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) l mt ng thu tinh hnh phu, c ht
chn khng. t ui phu l 3 ng phng tia in t i din cho 3 tia mu
RGB. Mn hnh gm cc chm pht quang RGB xp xen k. C 3 im RGB
xp thnh mt hnh tam gic u c gi l mt im nh (pixel). ba tia in
t t cc ng phng tia mang tin tc ca mu s c cao p ca n hnh ht
ti trc. Cc tia ny p ng vo cc im pht quang tng ng RGB trong
mt im nh. m bo cc tia khng p chch ra ngoi, mt li mng
(shadow mask) c t trc lp phosphor.
V c ngay tm mt im nh, ngi ta li khot mt l c ng knh bng
vi ng knh mt im phosphor, gip 3 tia in t i qua c li v hi
t ng vo im nh. Ti v tr c n hnh, gn v tr ng phng c cc l nam
chm dng hiu chnh cc tia ny. di chuyn tia in t, ti c n hnh
c hai cun dy to ra t trng li tia in t i theo hai chiu ngang v dc
trn mt n hnh. Do im nh c kch thc rt nh cho nn mt ngi nhn
3 im RGB trong im nh b nhp vo vi nhau nh mt v to cm gic
thy c mt mu duy nht. Khi cng ca 3 im RGB thay i, ta thy
mu ti im nh thay i.
60
Chn on v khc phc s c mn hnh CRT

Cc s c
Cch khc phc
Mn hnh khng ln
Kim tra ngun cung cp mn hnh.
Mn b thu hp khong cch

trn khung hnh
iu chnh da vo bng iu khin trn

mn hnh
Mn hnh c mu sc khng
trung thc
Kim tra driver v phn gii ca card

mn hnh
Mn hnh xut hin mu tm

cc gc v nh sang m
Kim tra bng n v Playback.
Mn hnh rung
Kim tra tn s qut (refresh) ca card mn

hnh.
2.6.3. Mn hnh LCD
Hnh B 2.31: Mn hnh LCD
61
LCD l g ? LCD l cng ngh hin th da trn c tnh cn sng ca tinh th

lng khi b phn cc in p. Tinh th lng l mt dng c bit ca vt cht
c cu to t cc phn t hnh que.
u im l phng, cho hnh nh sng, chn tht v tit kim nng lng.
LCD xut hin u tin trong cc my tnh cm tay, tr chi in t cm tay,
ng h in t, LCD ngy nay c thit k nh gn, nh, chim t khng
gian, cht lng hnh nh tt, tiu th t nng lng v ang thay th dn mn
hnh CRT truyn thng.
Thnh phn v thng s mn hnh LCD
Mn hnh tinh th lng l loi thit b hin th cu to bi cc t bo im nh
cha tinh th lng c kh nng thay i tnh phn cc ca nh sng. Do thay
i cng nh sng truyn qua khi kt hp vi cc knh lc phn cc.
Bao gm mt lp cht lng nm gia 2 lp king phn cc nh sng.
Mn hnh tinh th lng dng ngun sng t cp (thng dnh cho mn hnh
mu ca my tnh hay TV).
Hnh B 2.32: Cu to ca mn hnh LCD
Cu to:
1. Knh lc phn cc thng ng lc nh sng t nhin i vo.
2. Lp knh c cc in cc ITO. Hnh dng ca in cc l hnh cn hin
th.
3. Lp tinh th lng.
4. Lp knh c in cc ITO chung.
5. Knh lc phn cc nm ngang.
6. Gng phn x li nh sng cho ngi quan st.
Mu sc c to ra bi s phi mu pht x t ba loi im nh , lc v
lam.
Thng s mn hnh
62
Ti sao phn gii, tn s qut l thng s quan trng khi chn mua mn
hnh?
Hai thng s ny nh hng n cht lng hnh nh v sc khe ca ngi
dng nn khi mua cn chn mn hnh h tr phn gii, tn s qut cao.
Cc c trng ca mn hnh LCD
phn gii: 1024x768, 1280x1024, ...
Mt s nh sn xut: VIBIRD, IBM, ACER, VIEWSONIC, SAMSUNG, LG, ...
Kch thc: 15 inch, 17 inch, 19 inch, 20 inch, ...
Gi thnh: 4 triu, 10 triu, 24 triu, ...Lu :
Tng lai mn hnh LCD s thay th cho CRT v nhng l do sau: c trng
lng v kch thc nh, tiu th t in nng, c sng cao, khng gy hi
mt v khng c s bc x in t, s dng giao tip s DVI cho cht lng
hnh nh v nt cao
Nhng vo thi im hin nay, CRT vn chim u th hn v LCD cn tn ti
mt s nhc im: gi thnh cao, phn gii v tn s lm ti ch ti u
mt tn s nht nh, tn s p ng chm (loi c tn s p ng nhanh di
16 ms thng gi kh cao), gc nhn hp, cc ng cho thng b rng ca do
LCD c im nh l hnh vung, mu sc th hin cha phong ph bng CRT.
Chn on v khc phc s c mn hnh LCD
Mt s im trn mn hnh khng c tn hiu: Cht im nh.
Mu sc hnh nh c hin tng mu vi nhng vt mu cht loang l do:
Cc ngn tay chm tay vo b mt ca mn hnh trong khi m hoc v sinh
my.
n mu - chy hnh
Ngha l v tr no khung hnh c hin th lu nht th mu c kh nng
lm cht cc mu khc. Do vy, khng nn mn hnh trong trng thi hin th
hnh tnh lin tc m cn phi c s thay i. V nh, ci t mn hnh ch
bo v mn hnh. Gp my xung v tt lun my khi khng s dng trong
thi gian di. Va tit kim thi gian s dng va m bo mn hnh khng b
chy hnh.
Hin tng bng ma
Hin tng ny xut hin kh nhiu trn mn hnh laptop v LCD, trong lc
xem nhng hnh nh ng do s chuyn i lin tc: xem phim hnh ng,
chi game Nguyn nhn l do chu k hin th mu trn mn hnh khng theo
kp chuyn i gia cc im mu vi nhau.
63
im cht
im cht c hiu l nhng im ch c mt mu nht nh (hoc en hoc

trng) v khng c kh nng hin th cc mu sc khc. Nu s im cht vt
ngng 4 th tt nht nn chn my khc. Cch th kh n gin: cho my khi
ng, vo desktop chn hnh nn mu en xem im cht sng v ngc li
chn hnh nn trng tm im cht en.
Mn hnh gp s c
Ring vi laptop th khng nn t sa cha. Cch lm hiu qu nht l nhanh
chng n cc trung tm bo hnh ca nh sn xut nh can thip.
Khi mn hnh ca my nhiu nhng nhng hoc m hn khng nhn r, l lc
phi kim tra v phn hin th ca my.
iu chnh phn gii ln, tn s qut (Refresh rate) qu ln thng lm
hng mn hnh tinh th lng hoc lm "cht " cun cao p.
64
2.6.4. S dng cc nt chc nng ca mn hnh

K hiu
M t
Duy chuyn hnh nh qua tri,qua phi
Duy chuyn hnh nh ln, xung
Cng hnh nh ra tri, phi
Cng hnh nh ln,xung
Cng u cc gc hnh nh trn mn hnh
Tinh chnh hnh nh trn mn hnh
Chnh sng, ti ca n hnh.
Chnh s tng phn sng ti.
Hnh B 2.33: Cc nt chc nng ca mn hnh
2.7. Bn phm
65
Bn phm l thit b nhp, dng nhp d liu vo my tnh. Ngoi ra cn c

th thay th chut iu khin my tnh thng qua cc t hp phm chc nng.
Hnh B 2.34: Bn phm
Thnh phn ca bn phm

Bn phm gm c cng kt ni, dy tn hiu, cc nt bm chc nng m rng,
mch iu khin. Bn phm c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng I/O trn
bo mch ch nh PS/2, USB.
Cch b tr cc phm trn bn phm:
Hnh B 2.35: Cch b tr bn phm
Bn phm c chia l 4 khu vc chnh l cc phm chc nng, cc phm k

t, cc phm s, cc phm iu khin.
Nhm phm ch: gm cc phm ch, phm s v phm cc k t c bit (~, !,
@, #, $, %, ^,&, ?, ...).
66
Nhm phm chc nng (function key): gm cc phm t F1 n F12 v cc

phm khc nh
(phm di chuyn tng im), phm PgUp (ln trang mn
hnh), PgDn (xung trang mn hnh), Insert (chn), Delete (xa), Home (v u),
End (v cui), ...
Nhm phm s: nm bn phi ca bn phm t 0 9 v cc phm +,- ,* ,/
Ngoi 3 vng phm trn cn mt nhm phm na l cc phm iu khin bao
gm:
Phm Shift: km vi cc phm ch s to ra ch in hoa hoc thng.
Phm
BackSpace: li im nhy ng thi xa k t ng trc n.
Phm Enter: nt thi hnh lnh

Phm Space: thanh di nht, to k t rng.
Phm PrintScreen: nt in ni dung mn hnh ra giy.
Phm Pause: tm dng thi hnh chng trnh.
Phm Ctrl (Control) v Alt (Alternate): l phm dng phi hp cc phm
khc ty chng trnh s dng.
67
Chn on v khc phc s c bn phm
68
2.8. Chut
Chut l thit b nhp, dng iu khin cc i tng trn mn hnh. c

kt ni vo bo mch ch thng qua cng I/O. Trong nhiu nm pht trin,
chut my tnh cng c nhiu ci tin v bin i ng k khng ch v kiu
dng m cn c v cng ngh. Chut ngy nay c nhy v nhiu tnh nng
tt hn rt nhiu so vi mt vi nm trc y.
Hnh B 2.36: Chut c
Thnh phn ca chut

Cng kt ni:
Chut c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng I/O trn bo mch ch. C hai
loi kt ni chnh l c dy (PS/2 v USB) v khng dy (Wireles).
Cng PS/2: c s dng trong thi gian kh di v by gi vn cn, mi bo
mch ch vn c hai cng PS/2 dnh cho bn phm v chut. Tuy nhin cng b
nh hng ca chun USB m PS/2 dn b thay th
Cng USB: l chun giao tip thng dng nht hin nay. u im ca USB
chnh l bng thng rng hn nhiu ln so vi cng PS/2, v th cc loi chut
PS/2 dn dn b thay th v tnh chnh xc cng nh nhy s tng ng k.
Thng dng nht hin nay chut bi v chut quang:
+ Chut bi c kt ni thng qua cng PS/2 hoc USB nhng n c vi bi bn
trong dng iu khin cc hot ng.
69
Hnh B 2.37: Cu to ca chut c
+ Chut quang c thit k t bit hn chut c, cc cng kt ni ca n

cng thng qua PS/2 v USB nhng thnh phn iu khin chut c s dng
bng k thut phn x nh sng.
Hnh B 2.38: Chut quang
70
Chn on v khc phc s c chut
2.9. Card mn hnh

2.9.1. Gii thiu
Hnh nh bn nhn thy trn mnhnh hin th c lm thnh bi nhiu im
nh gi l Pixel . Hu ht mn hnh hin nay c thit lp c phan gii
hng triu Pixel v my tnh phi quyt nh lm g to nn c hnh nh .
lm c iu n cn b phn chuyn i - d liu dng nh phn t
CPU v bin i thnh hnh nh bn c th nhn c, b phn chuyn i
gi l Card mn hnh.
Card mn hnh c cng vic ht sc phc tp , nhng nguyn l v nhng thnh
phn cu thnh n rt d dng hiu . Trong phn ny chng ta ch ni ti
nhng phn c bn v nhng nhn t tc ng ti tc v hiu qu ca Card
mn hnh .
2.9.2. Thnh phn v thng s Card mn hnh
Thnh phn ca Card mn hnh
71
Hnh B 2.39: Cu to ca card mn hnh
Trong Card mn hnh c 4 phn chnh

Kt ni vi Mainboard
Kt ni vi mn hnh hin th xem kt qu cui cng
B vi x l (GPU) quyt nh lm nh th no i vi mi Pixel trn
mn hnh
B nh, gi thng tin v mi mt Pixel v lu tr hnh nh tm
thi nhng bc hnh hon chnh.
Hnh B 2.40: Chip GPU
Tng t nh Mainboard, Card mn hnh l bng mch in m cha b vi x l

(Graphics Processing Unit GPU ) v b nh RAM. N cng c Chip BIOS
(input/output system) m lu tr nhng thit lp ca Card v thc hin chun
on b nh Card mn hnh cng vi Input v Output bt u.
GPU c thit k c bit thc hin nhng tnh ton ton hc phc tp v
tnh ton hnh hc m cn thit cho trnh din ho . Qu trnh lm vic GPU
72
cng rt nng nn thng thng c b phn tn nhit hoc qut bn trn

lm mt.
Hnh B 2.41: Qu trnh xut hnh nh
RAMDAC gi hnh nh cui cng ti mn hnh thng qua Cable.

Kt ni vi Maiboard thng thng mt trong 03 giao din sau:
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
Advanced graphics port (AGP)
PCI Express (PCIe)
Giao din PCI Express l loi mi nht, cung cp tc truyn d liu nhanh
nht gia Card mn hnh v Mainboard. PCIe cng h tr dng 02 Card mn
hnh ni cng vi mt Mainboard.
Thng s
Nh sn xut chip: ATI, Matrox, Nvidia, S3, Intel
in p: 1.5 v
Tc tnh theo n v X, 1X tng vi khong 266MB/giy i vi
loi card mn hnh khe cm AGP. Khe cm PCI Express l 250, 500
MB/giy.
73
Hnh B 2.42: Cng kt ni VGA
Khe cm v cng kt ni
Khe cm AGP: AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) L mt khe cm dnh ring
cho card mn hnh c thit k trn MainBoard, c cc loi 2x, 4x, 8x.
Khe cm PCI Express 16X
Hnh B 2.43: Khe cm card mn hnh
Cng kt ni: VGA, DVI (Digital Visual Interface)

c tnh k thut ca cc kiu u ni:
VGA: l chun hin th mn hnh Analog c to bi IBM-1987.
GPU: (Graphics Processing Unit): L ni iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca
Card mn hnh. Mt s nh SX GPU: ATI, nViDIA, SIS.
Video Adapter, Video Card, Video Controller u c hiu l Card mn
hnh.
Cc nh sn xut chip ho:
74
Ni chung, hin nay bn ch c th chn mt trong hay nh sn xut chip x l

ha l NVIDIA v ATI. Chip Xabre ca SiS th qu mi. C hai i gia
NVIDIA v ATI u c cc chip ph trn t thp ln cao, phc v t gii bnh
dn ti gii thng lu. NVIDIA c card TNT, TNT-2, GeForce 256, GeForce2,
GeForce3, GeForce4, v mi nht l GeForceFX.
Vi ATI th hin VN bt nht ch cn card ATI (8 MB, AGP 2X). Cn li u
l dng ATI RADEON, t gia nh RADEON 7000, 7500 ti RADEON 9700
Pro cao cp v mi nht, mnh nht l RADEON 9800 Pro. T th h GeForce
(NVIDIA) v RADEON (ATI), b x l ha c ci tin mt bc nhy
vt vi kin trc mt b vi x l ha (GPU) ring (khng n theo CPU na).
Chip NVIDIA vn c tng thch cao, hnh nh mn mng, r nt, nhng
tng mu hi ti. Cn cc chip ca ATI c c trng l hnh nh sng sa, mu
sc rc r, trong tro. Trong khi dn ha kt NVIDIA, gii chi game
chip ATI.
Mt s nh SX Card Mn hnh nh: Gigabyte, ASUS, ECS, Mainboard c th
c card mn hnh tch hp sn gi l Onboard.
Cc chn ny dng truyn nhn cc tn hiu tng t Red, Green, Blue,
t VGA card ln mn hnh. Mn hnh chun VGA khng h tr nhn tn hiu s
t card mn hnh. V vy mt chun mi DVI xut hin dng truyn tn hiu
s gia VGA card v mn hnh k thut s. u ni VGA thng c dng
trn cc CRT thng dng.
u ni chun DVI:
DVI-connector: 24 chn, h tr chuyn tn hiu s v tng t. DVI l mt
chun c lp c ngha l n hot ng ti u vi mn hnh v card mn hnh
h tr DVI. Cc mn hnh LCD cao cp thng h tr chun DVI, DFP, ...
a s nhng Card mn hnh c kt ni cho 02 mn hnh hin th. Thng thng
01 kt ni DVI ni h tr nhng mn hnh LCD v mt kt ni VGA khc
ni vi mn hnh ng phng in t . C mt s Card mn hnh c 02 kt
ni DVI. DVI khng th ni trc tip vi mn hnh ng phng in t m
thng qua mt Adaptor chuyn i tn hiu .
Hu ht mi ngi ch dng 01 hoc 02 kt ni mn hnh hin th . Nhng
ngi cn dng 02 mn hnh hin th c th mua Card mn hnh m c 02 u
ra m chia mnhnh gia hai ca s khc . Mt my tnh c th c 02 u ra
mn hnh , i vi nhng Card PCIe theo l thuyt c th h tr 04 mn hnh
hin th.
75
Hnh B 2.44: Cc cng kt ni trn card mn hnh
Cng c th trn Card mn hnh cng c thm kt ni nh:

Hin th TV: TV-out hoc S-video
Camera tng t: ViVo hoc Video In/Video Out
Camera s: FireWire hoc USB
Ngoi ra mt s Card mn hnh tch hp TV Tuner ni TV v Video
Nh th no th gi l Card mn hnh tt ?
Nhng Card mn hnh tt nht d dng c tm thy trn th trng. N c
nhiu b nh ho v GPU c tc cao. Nhn bn ngoi nhng Card ny
trng sc nt hn nhng Card khc bn trong my vi tnh. Nhiu Card mn hnh
cng sut cao thng c nhng b phn lm mt, b phn ti nhit ln.
S dng my tnh cho mc ch email, x l Word hoc lt Web, ... ch cn
dng Card ho tch hp sn trn Mainboard.
Vn lu khi s dng card mn hnh:
Mua card AGP ti cc i l chnh thc hay cc ca hng tin cy.
Chn loi card c thi gian bo hnh lu nh ASUS, MSI, Gigabyte, ...
bo hnh ti 3 nm.
Nu c nhu cu s dng mn hnh tinh th lng LCD cng ngh digital
nn mua card AGP c sn cng DVI connector.
Gn vo my chy th trc khi mua xem card AGP c tng thch vi
h thng hay khng. Vi card mn chy th, bn khng nn vn
c u cm vo mn hnh, v s d li du hn trn cng card.
Gn card vo slot AGP tht chnh xc v tht cht. Vic gn card h
hay lng c th gy chy card.
76
Khng nn tho ra gn vo card AGP nhiu ln v c th lm tn hi cc mi

tip xc chn card v khe AGP.
2.9.3. Chn on v khc phc s c Card mn hnh
77
2.10. Card m thanh

Card m thanh c nhim v x l tn hiu m thanh nhn t CPU v chuyn ra
ngoi loa hoc nhn tn hiu m thanh t micro v chuyn vo cho CPU x l.
Card m thanh c hai loi l card m thanh onboard v card m thanh ri.
Card m thanh onboard l chip m thanh c nh sn xut tch hp trn bo
mch ch, thng card m thanh do chipset cu nam qun l cn chip m thanh
chu trch nhim gii m hay m ha m thanh vo hay ra.
Card m thanh ri l mt bn mch in t c tch hp chip x l m thanh,
nhim v chnh l x l v chuyn tn hiu m thanh c x l vo ra ca
my tnh. Card m thanh ri c gn trn bo mch ch thng qua khe cm m
rng nh ISA, PCI, CNR. Hin nay thng dng nht l card m thanh onbard
c cm trn khe PCI.
Chn on v khc phc s c Card m thanh
78
2.11. Loa my tnh

L thit b ngai vi, dng xut m thanh nhn t my tnh qua card m thanh.
Loa gm loa trong v loa ngai. Loa trong c gn trc tip trn bo mch ch
hoc trn thng my thng qua bng iu khin trn bo mch ch.
Loa ngoi c gn vo my tnh thng qua card m thanh , dng khuch i
m thanh.
Hnh B 2.45: Loa my tnh
Loa trong c pht ra t trong thng my dng vo vic chun on kt qu

kim tra phn cng khi khi ng.
Thng s ca loa my tnh
Cc thng s v loa thng quan tm nhng t im nh sau:
Phin bn ca loa gm 2.1. 4.1, 5.1, 7.1.

Cng sut ca loa thng biu in bng W.
Cc loi cng kt ni
u kt ni
79
Hnh B 2.46: Cc Jack cm sound
80
A. BI TP LN
1. Bo mch ch l g?. Hy tm hiu v cc dng bo mch ch t i
chipset 845 n 945 c nhng c im g?.
2. Hy tm hiu v cc loi khe cm c trn bo mch ch t dng Pentium
IV v nu ra cc thng s k thut ca cc loi khe cm .
3. ROM BIOS l g ? v s pht trin ca ROM BIOS. Cc cng ngh ca
ROM BIOS.
4. Chipset l g ?. Chip cu bc c nhim v g. V s qun l ca
chng. Chip cu nam c nhim v g. V s qun l ca chng.
5. CPU l g ?. hy nu c tnh c bn ca dng cpu Core 2 Duo, qu
trnh s l d liu ca chng.
6. Nu im khc nhau v ging nhau ca 2 nh sn xut Intel v AMD.
V mt s cng ngh c trng ca 2 nh sn xut ny.
7. RAM l g?. Hy nu ra cc c tnh ca Ram gm BUS v bng thng.
Qu trnh hot ng ca chng trong my tnh.
8. Phn loi b nh Ram v cc chng loi ca SDRam, DDRam, DDRam
II. Nu ra cc loi BUS, hiu in th, v s chn ca 3 loi ram trn.
9. cng l g?. a quang l g?. Hy nu ra s khc nhau v ging nhau
ca 2 loi a .
10. Hy nu ra cc cu trc ca a cng v a quang s ging nhau v
khc nhau ca chng. Cc chun giao tip v thng s c trng ca
cng v quang.
11. B ngun l g?. C my loi b ngun ATX. Nu cc thnh phn v
thng s ca chng.
12. Mn hnh l g ?. hy so snh 2 loi mn hnh CRT, LCD v nu ra thng
s c trng ca hai loi mn hnh ny. Cng ngh ch to ca chng.
13. Bn phm l g ?. cch cu to ca bn phm ngy nay v thi xa khc
nhau nh th no. Bn phm c my loi cng kt ni nu ra nhng u
im ca chng.
14. chut
15. Card mn hnh l g ?. Hy tm hiu v 2 loi card mn hnh c GPU v
VPU. Nu mt s loi card mn hnh c chc nng x l ha cao c
trn th trng.
16. Nhng khe cm ca card mn hnh l nhng loi no. Nu ra mt thng
s k thut ca nhng loi card mn hnh v cng ngh Dual VGA.
17. Card sound l g ?. Nu ra mt s cng ngh v card sound v mt s
c im ca chng.
18. Loa l g ?. Hy nu ra mt s cng ngh ca loa v hiu ng m thanh
ca loa.
81
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
BI TP N
Bo mch ch c phi l thit b chnh trong my tnh ng hay sai
Socket l cm Ram ng hay sai
PCI l cm CPU ng hay sai
Bng kt ni c phi ng iu khin qu trnh x l d liu ng
hay sai
Chipset dng qun l cc thit b ng hay sai
Chip cu nam dng qun l qu trnh I/O ng hay sai
Chip cu bc qun l CPU, RAM, AGP,... ng hay sai
ROM BIOS c gm trn bo mch ch ng hay sai.
Thng tin trn Rom xa c ng hay sai.
B vi x l dng ..
Bus l knh chuyn
Cache l b nh chnh ng hay sai
Cc tp lnh SSE, SSE2, SSE3, MMX ca Ram ng hay sai
Dng Athlon FX l ca .
Ram l b nh .
Khi ang si my th b cp in d liu trn Ram s mt i ng hay
sai
DDRAM c s chn ...
SDRAM c 184 chn ng hay sai
DDRAM II c s Bus l..
SDRAM c s Bus l..
DDRAM c 240 chn ng hay sai
Hiu in th ca DDRAM II l 2.5V ng hay sai
Hiu in th ca DDRAM l 1.8V ng hay sai
Tc quy ca cng l 7200 trn mt giy ng hay sai
S chn truyn d liu ca cng l 34 chn ng hay sai
S chn cng IDE l
S chn cng SATA l
Dung lng hin thi ca cng c tnh bng Gigabyte ng hay
sai
Tc quy ca SATA 150 Mb/giy ng hay sai
Tc quy ca PATA 300 Mb/giy ng hay sai
Dng chng trnh HDAT2 kim tra sector hng ng hay sai
Cu to ca a quang c chia lm 4 lp ng hay sai
a CD-Rom l ..
a CD-R va c th c ghi ng hay sai
B ngun dng cp in nng cho cc thit b trong my tnh ng
hay sai
B ngun thng c 20 chn v 24 chn ng hay sai
Thng case ng cha cc thit b my tnh ng hay sai
82
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
Mn hnh LCD s dng bng n hnh ng hay sai

Mn hnh CRT khng s dng bng n hnh ng hay sai
Chun kt ni ca CRT l
Chun kt ni ca LCD l
Bn phm l thit b nhp ng hay sai
Bn phm c kt ni t cng .
Chut l thit b nhp ng hay sai
Chut c kt ni t cng .
Card mn hnh dng xut ra m thanh ng hay sai
B x l GPU l ca
Card mn hnh c 2 loi AGP v PCI Express ng hay sai
Chun DVI c bao nhiu chn .
Chun VGA c bao nhiu chn
Card m thanh dng xut ra ..
Card m thanh c gn ln cng .
Loa l thit b dng pht m thanh ng hay sai
83
BI 3: LA CHN CU HNH V LP RP MY TNH

Mc tiu:
Bit cch la chn cu hnh my tnh theo nhu cu

T lp rp hon chnh mt h thng my tnh
Hiu c s ng b tng thch thit b
S dng chng trnh CMOS Setup Utility
3.1. La chn cu hnh

1. Cu hnh ph hp: Khi la chn mua my tnh nn la chn loi my c
cu hnh ph hp vi yu cu s. Nu qu coi trng vn gi c th c th
nhiu khi s ch mua c nhng chic my khng c kh nng gii quyt y
yu cu p lc cng vic. Tng t, cng khng nn qu phung ph tin vo
cc tnh nng m c l s khng bao gi ng n.
2. C th nng cp: Khi mua my tnh nn chn cc loi my c khng gian
phc v cho vic nng cp sau ny. C th by gi khng cn thm b nh hay
ghi a nhng c th sau ny cn n. V th hy cha khng gian dnh
cho cng vic ny.
3. cng ln: Cc loi cng c dung lng cng ln th cng tt. Trn th
trng hin gi gi thnh cc loi cng khng chnh lch nhau nhiu lm v
th nn la chn cng c dung lng ln. C th phi tr thm tin ngay
by gi nhng v sau khi nhu cu lu tr tng ln s thy li ch ca vic ny.
Cn nu tit kim c i cht th sau ny s c th phi tr khon u t
ln
hn.
4. Phn mm min ph: Khi la chn mua my tnh c ngh s dng
phn mm min ph th ng qu coi trng n. c th ch ln phin bn
dng th ca phn mm v ch c 60 ngy s dng m thi.
5. Mn hnh: Khi mua, la chn mua mt h thng my tnh nn kim tra xem
c bao gm mn hnh khng. Nu khng th s phi tn t nht l 100USD u
t cho mn hnh.
6. Thng hiu: Tt nht nn mua my tnh t cc cng ty c ting, c thng
hiu. C th phi tr thm cht chi ph cho vic ny nhng b li nu gp trc
trc g vi sn phm ca h th khng cn phi lo lng nhiu.
84
7. Bo hnh: Nn xem xt n kh nng u t cho vic bo hnh ti ch

nht l i vi cc doanh nghip. Nu cc ngun lc h tr v k thut ch
dng li mc hn ch hay khng c th c th phi tr gi bng nng sut
cng vic v thi gian tin cng vic.
8. Mua theo gi: Nu khon ti chnh u t b hn ch bn nn mua my tnh
theo gi sn phm. Hu ht cc nh kinh doanh my tnh u c nhng hp
ng mua bn cung cp sn phm theo gi nguyn chic hay nhiu chic dnh
cho cc khch hng c ngun u t hn ch.
9. Khng gian: Bn nn xem xt li khng gian ni t my tnh. Nu l doanh
nghip hay mt vn phng th vn ny cng quan trng hn v i khi cc
loi my tnh c nhng hnh dng khc nhau khng ph hp vi khng gian hin
c.
10. Dch v t vn chuyn nghip: Hu ht cc nh kinh doanh my tnh u
c cung cp dch v t vn v h tr cng ngh thng tin v th cng c th
nh ti dch v ny c c s la chn hon ho cho mnh.
My b hng hiu: Ngi dng no cng c ao trang b cho mnh mt gin
my vi tnh mang nhn hiu ca cc hng sn xut tn tui. nh rng cht
lng ca cc loi my ny thuc hng "top", nhng chi ph phi tr qu mc.
Ta c th hnh dung cng thc tnh tin ca cc my hng hiu ny nh sau:
"gi thnh phm + thng hiu + dch v thm". Cho nn, mt b my ny gi
thng khong 11-15 triu ng, kh chnh lch vi gi thnh phm thc s
ch dao ng t 6-9 triu ng.
Hnh B 3.1: My b Acer
85
My tnh lp rp trong nc: y l mt th trng rt rng vi s tham gia

ca cc i gia hng u Vit Nam nh FPT, CMS, Mekong, Vibird, cc ca
hng chuyn bn thit b my tnh nh Nguyn Hong, Phong V, Titan ln
nhng ca hng ch hot ng vi tnh cht dch v. Nhng th trng ny ch
dnh cho nhng ngi tiu dng c thu nhp tng i.
Hnh B 3.2: My b Vibird
V cht lng, c th ni th trng ny c s tn ti ca mnh tin no

ca ny. V d mt chic my s dng Pentium 4 c gi rt chnh lch, nu
s dng cc thit b thuc loi tt th tn hng 7-8 triu ng l chuyn bnh
thng, nhng nu chn cc sn phm cng loi khc, c th ch vi 5-6 triu
ng l cng c th mua c mt chic vi cu hnh tng ng.
My qua s dng: Nu hiu bit mt cht, hay nh ngi gip , cng
c th chn c cho mnh mt chic my tnh ph hp nhu cu s dng vi
gi rt r. Ci kh khi chn mua th trng ny chnh l cht lng. C qu
ng cc ca hng trn th trng ny nhng rt t ca hng tht s phc v
vi phng chm khch hng l thng .
Hnh B 3.3: My second hand
86
Nu nh chn th trng ny, tt nht l nn tm hiu gi c nhiu ni

khc nhau, tham kho kin nhng ngi i trc, thm ch vic truy lc
thng tin v sn phm mnh mun mua cng l vic khng tha.
Vi mt cht may mn cng vi s kho lo khi la chn, c kh nng mua
chic my c cht lng kh tt v hp xu th thi i na. Lng sn phm
gp mt trn th trng ny kh ln, a chng loi, th h.
Th trng my tnh qua s dng nhn c s tn thnh ca rt nhiu
ngi tiu dng bi gi cnh tranh v ph hp vi thu nhp ca h. Tuy nhin,
th trng ny cng mang n khng t rc ri. Cho nn, hy cn thn vi th
trng ny.
3.2. Lp rp my tnh
3.2.1. Chun b lp rp
Dng c: trc khi tin hnh lp rp my tnh, cn chun b mt s thit b
nh sau: km m nhn; tut-n-vt bake di, dp nh; dy eo chng tnh in.
Hnh B 3.4: Dng lp rp my tnh
Sch hng dn km theo thit b: c k cc hng dn v lu ca thit

b, i vi bo mch ch th xem hng dn v hiu in th, khe cm, ca
87
CPU, RAM, Card mn hnh, ; cc cng kt ni trn bo mch ( Front Panel:

ni kt ni cc dy tn hiu n ngun, cng v nt iu khin khi ng
my vi thng my - CASE, Front USB, Front Audio) trc khi lp rp.
Hnh B 3.5: Kim tra thit b trc khi lp rp
Nhn din chnh xc cc linh kin thit b trc khi lp rp.

Kim tra s tng thch v ng b ca cc thit b.
Lu an ton v in.
3.2.2. Qui trnh lp rp
Bc 1: chun b Mainboard v lp CPU vo mainboard. Lp CPU v h thng
tn nhit CPU vo Socket .
i vi Socket 478:
Xc nh v tr gc ct trn socket v tam gic vng mt trn ca CPU. Bt
cht Socket mt gc 900, t CPU vo ng v tr gc ct trn Socket. Khi CPU
lp vo chnh xc trn Socket, bn dng ngn tay gi CPU v kha cht
CPU.
88
Hnh B 3.6: Socket 478
i vi Socket 775:
Bt cht Socket v sau m np thit b tn nhit trn Socket, xc nh 2 v
tr khuyt trn CPU v khc trn Socket.
t CPU vo sao cho v tr khuyt trng vi khc trn Socket. Tip theo y
np tn nhit v kha cht Socket.
Hnh B 3.7: Socket 775
89
Lp keo tn nhit:
Keo tn nhit c lp trn b mt CPU, lp qut CPU v gn ngun cho
qut tn nhit. Hin nay keo tn nhit c nh sn xut dn sn ln b
mt b tn nhit, bn ch cn g lp dn trc khi s dng.
Hnh B 3.8: Keo tn nhit CPU
90
Hnh B 3.9: Lp t CPU v FAN
Bc 2: Lp b nh vo mainboard.
Bt cht hai u ca khe cm b nh.
t b nh vo ng v tr v dng tay n nh b nh vo khe cm. Nu bn
lp ng v tr th khi hai cht ca khe cm s t ng bt vo v gi b
nh li.
91
Hnh B 3.10: Lp t b nh RAM
Bc 3: Chun b thng my, lp b ngun vo thng my v gn c .

Lp b ngun vo thng my, lu b ngun c t vo ng v tr vn c
trn thng my, sau gn c cho b ngun.
Hnh B 3.11: Lp t b ngun
92
Hnh B 3.12: Lp t c mainboard
Bc 4: Lp HDD v CD,DVD.
Lp a CD v DVD: Tho mt n trc thng my , t thit b vo ng v
tr v bt c cho cc a.
Lp t a cng IDE hoc SATA vo ng v tr ti khay cng trong thng
my, bt c cho a cng.
Hnh B 3.13: Lp t a cng
Bc 5: Lp t Mainboard vo thng my.

93
Tho mt n h thng I/O.
t mainboard vo ng v tr v vn c cho mainboard.
Hnh B 3.14: Lp mainboard vo case
Lu : s dng ng loi c dnh cho thit b .

Bc 6: Lp t bng iu khin, cp tn hiu v cp ngun cho cc thit b
trong thng my.
Kt ni cp tn hiu v cp ngun cho a cng v a CD, DVD.
Kt ni cp vo bng iu khin.
Hnh B 3.15: Lp kt ni ngun
Lu : Bng iu khin - Front Panel.
94
Power Button nt Power (PWR)

Reset Button nt Reset (RST)
Power Led n ngun (PWR LED)
HDD Led n a cng (HDD/ HDD LED)
Speaker Loa trn Mainboard/ Case
Hnh B 3.16: Lp bng iu khin Front Panel
Bc 7: Lp t bo mch m rng.
Tho mt n pha sau thng my.
Lp card m rng chnh xc vo khe cm m rng trn Mainboard v bt c
vo.
Lu : cc cht c nh ca khe AGP v PCI Express.
95
Hnh B 3.17: Lp t card m rng
Bc 8: kt ni thit b ngoi vi v ngun vo my tnh.

Lp dy cung cp ngun cho b ngun.
Lp bn phm, chut v cc thit b ngoi vi vo my tnh.
Lu : v tr gc ct v chn cm.
Hnh B 3.18: Kt ni thit b ngoi vi
Bc 9: Kim tra my.

Kim tra trc khi cung cp ngun cho my tnh: bo m khng c bt k vt
g cn xt li trn Mainboard, thng my. Cc loi dy cp trnh va chm vo
h thng tn nhit, qut ca my tnh.
Kim tra cc thit b, bo m cc thit b tng thch v hot ng tt trc
khi ci t phn mm. Da vo chng trnh POST v CMOS kim tra thit b
phn cng c nhn hay cha?
Ch : cc bc lp rp c th thay i theo cu trc ca thng my.
96
Lp rp
-
Dng khng ng inh c

nh ri cc thit b ln
main
Gn cc thit b khng
ng
Kt ni khng ng: USB,
audio, cp ngun, d liu.
Dng inh c khng ng c th

dn n h cc thit b chng ta nn
xem k cc c khi gn. Trong qu
trnh lp rp bn nn ch ng
nh ri cc thit b hoc gn
khng ng c th dn n chy,
h cc thit b.
Kt ni USB, audio, cp ngun, d
liu khng ng c th dn n
chy cc thit b.
3.2.3. CMOS Setup Utility

Khi lp rp hon chnh my tnh, vo chng trnh CMOS Setup Utility xc
lp cu hnh h thng.
Hin nay c nhiu nh sn xut BIOS nh Award, Phonix, AMI,.., mi nh sn
xut c mt b cc v cch xc lp cu hnh khc nhau. V th, cc thao tc
cu hnh trong CMOS Setup cng khc nhau.
Khi my tnh khi ng da vo cu thng bo sau vo chng trnh CMOS:
Press DEL to enter SETUP hoc mt s trng hp khc da vo bng minh
ha sau.
Vo chng trnh CMOS bng cc phm sau:
BIOS
KEYS
PHOENIX BIOS
F1 hoc F2
AWARD BIOS
Del hoc Ctrl +Alt + Del
IBM APTIVA BIOS
F1
AMI BIOS
Del
COMPAQ
F10
97
Hng dn cu hnh CMOS trong Phoenix-Award Bios.
Hnh B 3.19: CMOS Phoenix v Award
Standard CMOS features.
Xc lp ngy gi h thng.
Khai bo a mm.
D tm cc thit b IDE.
Xc nh dung lng b nh chnh.
Lu : thay i gi tr thng s chn +/-/PU/PD.
98
Hnh B 3.20: Cu hnh Standard CMOS Features
Advanced Bios features

Chn thit b Boot ( first boot, second boot, third boot).
t mt khu cho h thng (Security option).
Thit lp tc POST.
Hnh B 3.21: Cu hnh Advanced CMOS Features
99
Advance chipset feature.

Thit lp dung lng b nh chia s cho card mn hnh.
Thit lp cu hnh cho chipset.
Hnh B 3.22: Thit lp Chipset
Integrated Peripherals.
Cu hnh I/O.
Khai bo cu hnh cho thit b onboard.
100
Hnh B 3.23: Cu hnh thit b ngoi vi
Power management setup.

Qun l ngun nng lng my tnh, h tr tt ngun t ng khi tt
my.
iu khin tt m ngun bng bn phm hoc chut my tnh.
Hnh B 3.24: Qun l ngun in

101
PnP/PCI configurations.
Thit lp cu hnh cng IRQ cho cc thit b ngoi vi.
Hnh B 3.25: Cu hnh khe cm m rng
PC health status
Theo di trng thi hot ng ca h thng nh: nhit ca CPU v h
thng, s vng quay ca qut v in th ca b nh.
102
Hnh B 3.26: Theo di nhit v in p my tnh
Frequence/ Voltage control

iu chnh xung nhp CPU v tn s b nh ( Mhz).
Hnh B 3.27: Thit lp xung nhp cho CPU v b nh
Load fail- safe default v Load optimize default

Tr v cu hnh mc nh ca nh sn xut
Set supervisor/user password
Ch t mt khu cho chng trnh CMOS.
Save and exit.
Lu v thot khi chng trnh CMOS.
Exit without save
Thot khi chng trnh CMOS nhng khng lu cu hnh thay i.
3.2.4. Mt s lu trong qu trnh lp rp my tnh
Cc thit b b h hoc gy chn do lp vo khng ng v tr.
Thit b phn cng c th b chy do gn khng ng chiu hoc
khng tng thch vi v tr trn mainboard.
Thit b cht, khng hot ng do tay bn dng c tip xc trc tip
vo chip trn thit b.
103
Thit b c th b h do bn lm rt hoc va chm mnh trong qu

trnh lp rp.
Chy thit b do ngun in cung cp khng chnh xc.
Trnh tip xc bng tay, vt trn cc thit b c gp chp.
Chn v tr v ni lm vic thch hp cho vic lp rp my tnh.
Kim tra cng tc b ngun, bo m b ngun tng thch vi ngun
in bn ngoi.
104
BI TP LN
1. L ngi k thut mua mt b my bn cn quan tm nht l ci g ?.
Nu ra s khc nhau gia my b v my t lp rp trn th trng.
2. Bn hay v s qu trnh p rp v gii thch r qu trnh lp rp .
3. Qu trnh CMOS Setup Utility l g?. Nu chi tit qu trnh setup utility dng
trong CMOS v c im cng dng.
BI TP N
1. gn mt CPU socket 478 vo bo mch ch ta cn ch trng im no
2. gn mt CPU socket 775 vo bo mch ch ta cn ch trng im no
3. Trc tin gn Ram vo bo mch ch ta phi lm g ?
4. Nt Power c chc nng g ?
5. Nt Reset c chc nng g ?
6. Cu thng bo Press DEL to enter SETUP dng lm g ?
7. Standard CMOS features c chc nng g ?
8. Advance Bios features c chc nng g ?
9. Advance chipset feature c chc nng g ?
10. Integrated Peripherals c chc nng g ?
11. Power management setup c chc nng g ?
12. PnP/PCI configurations c chc nng g ?
13. PC health status c chc nng g ?
14. Frequence/ Voltage control c chc nng g ?
15. Load fail- safe default v Load optimize default c chc nng g ?
16. Save and exit c chc nng g ?
17. Exit without save c chc nng g ?
105
Mc tiu:
S dng cc chng trnh trong DOS

Hiu v s dng mt s chng trnh tin ch cn thit trong a cu
h Hirens Boot
Phn vng cng
Ci t h iu hnh
S dng chng trnh Ghost sao lu v phc hi h thng my tnh
Ci t trnh iu khin thit b my tnh
4.1. DOS
4.1.1. DOS
H iu hnh MS-DOS (MicroSoft - Disk Operating System) l h iu hnh
dng lnh ni ting ca hng Microsoft c ci t hu ht trn cc my tnh
c trc y. Phin bn cui cng ca DOS hin nay l version 7.0. Tuy nhin,
h iu hnh MS-DOS version 6.0 - 6.22 vn cn c nhiu ngi tip tc s
dng. Sau khi thc thi cc lnh khi ng, trn mn hnh my tnh s xut hin
du i lnh (prompt) c dng:
C:\>_
hoc
A:\>_
C hoc A l tn ca a lm vic: C khi khi ng t a cng v A l t

a mm. B k t:\> l qui c du i lnh ca DOS, qui c ny c th
thay i. im nhy sng _ gi l con tr (cursor) cho ta bit im lm vic
hin ti trn mn hnh. Cc k t g trn bn phm s hin ra ti v tr con tr.
Mt s qui c gi lnh trong DOS
drive: a
path: ng dn bao gm th mc cha, cc th mc con k tip
filename: tn tp tin bao gm phn tn v phn m rng
directory: th mc
sub-dir: th mc con (sub directory)
<tn>: ni dung cu lnh bt buc cn c
106
[<tn>]: ni dung cu lnh trong du [ ] c th c hoc khng

: Du Enter, ra lnh thc hin lnh ca DOS
Ghi ch: C th nh tn lnh v du /? nhn c hng dn (HELP) cc

chi tit sau lnh. V d C:\>DIR /? , DOS s ch dn v lnh DIR trn mn
hnh.
4.1.2. Cc cng c tin ch trong a cu h Hirents Boot
y l mt a CD uy tn ca ngi chuyn nghip sa cha my tnh. N gip
ngi dng khi ng DOS t a CD v km theo 1 b cng c y x
l mt my tnh b hng cu hnh, h iu hnh v a cng cng nh nhng
cng c kim tra cu hnh my tnh.
Sau khi khi ng, mt menu dng text s c trnh by v ngi dng chn
mc cn thit. C rt nhiu cng c h tr NTFS ph hp vi tnh hnh s
dng WinXP hin ti.
Hnh B 4.1: Danh mc cc tu chn ca Hirens Boot
Danh mc cc tin ch ca Hiren's BootCD
Partition Tools Cng c qun l phn vng cng

Partition Magic Pro 8.05
L cng c vi giao din d s dng cho ngi mi lm quen vi my tnh,
bao gm chia a, nh dng, thay i kch thc,
Mt s chng trnh khc cng chc nng:
Acronis Disk Director Suite 9.0.554
Paragon Partition Manager 7.0.1274
Disk Clone Tools Cng c sao lu v phc hi phn vng, cng

107
Norton Ghost 8.3

L tin ch thng dng nht trong vic sao lu phc hi phn vng, cng h
tr thit b giao tip USB v SCSI
Mt s chng trnh khc cng chc nng:
ImageCenter 5.6 (Drive Image 2002)
Antivirus Tools Cng c tm v dit virus

F-Prot Antivirus 3.16f (0811)
McAfee Antivirus 4.40 (0811)
Mt phin bn tm dit virus ca hng McAfee danh ting chy trn nn DOS,
hu ch khi ton b my tnh b nghi l nhim virus
Recovery Tools Cng c phc hi v cu d liu

Active Partition Recovery 3.0
Ontrack Easy Recovery Pro 6.10
L cng c mnh v d s dng trong vic tm v phc hi d liu b mt.
Lost & Found 1.06
Prosoft Media Tools 5.0 v1.1.2.64
Mt cng c rt mnh trong vic cu d liu khi s dng cc chng trnh
khc khng thnh cng
PhotoRec 6.6b
Cng c tm v cu cc tp tin hnh nh
Testing Tools Cng c kim tra h thng
System Speed Test 4.78
PC-Check 6.0
PC Doctor 3.0
Test Cpu/Video/Disk 5.6
Test Hard Disk Drive 1.0
RAM (Memory) Testing Tools Cng c kim tra RAM h thng

DocMemory 3.1b
GoldMemory 5.07
Memtest86+ 1.65
Hard Disk Tools Cng c kim tra cng

Hard Disk Diagnostic Utilities
Seagate Seatools Desktop Edition 3.02
Western Digital Diagnostics (DLGDIAG) 5.04f
HDD Regenerator 1.51
Cng c kim tra v phc hi Bad Sector
108
Ontrack Disk Manager 9.57

Cng c chia a nhanh v hiu qu cho my tnh mi.
HDAT2 4.5.2
System Information Tools Cng c xem thng tin h thng

Aida16 2.14
L chng trnh xem thng tin h thng kh u vit nn kt hp vi HwInfo v
cc tin ch MBR, CMOS, cng.
Cc cng c khc
HwInfo 5.0.3
CPU Identification utility 1.12
MBR (Master Boot Record) Tools
MultiMedia Tools Cng c xem phim nghe nhc trn DOS
Picture Viewer 1.94
QuickView Pro 2.57
MpxPlay 1.54
Password Tools Cng c b kha mt khu
Active Password Changer 3.0
Offline NT/2K/XP Password Changer
NTFS (FileSystems) Tools Cng c s dng vi phn vng NTFS
NTFS Dos Pro 5.0
Paragon Mount Everything 3.0
Volkov Commander 4.99
Mini Windows 98
C th chy trc tip trn RAM vi mt s cng c tin ch c tch hp
trong h iu hnh Windows 98
Other Tools Cc cng c khc
Drive Temperature 1.0
Unknown Devices 1.2 (0811)
Cng c xem thng tin phn cng khng hiu c bi h iu hnh, rt hu
ch trong vic kim tra v ci t Driver
CCleaner 1.34.407
Cng c dn dp rc h thng v ti u h thng
109
Ad-Aware SE Personal 1.06 (0811)

Cng c tm v dit Spyware chy trn nn DOS
4.2. Phn vng cng
4.2.1. Gii thiu:
Hin nay dung lng cng rt ln, d liu lu tr cng a dng nn nhu cu
qun l hiu qu khi lng ln d liu ny l rt cn thit. Thng th cc
d liu ca h iu hnh, phn mm c sp xp ring mt ni, cc d liu
cn li ty thuc c tnh cng c b tr nhng ni hp l. V vy cn phi
phn vng a cng theo nhng vng khc nhau nhm p ng nhu cu trn.
4.2.2. Cc cng c phn vng cng
Chng trnh phn vng a cng c th chy trong h iu hnh DOS (giao
din dng lnh), h iu hnh Windows (giao din ha) hoc c hai.
Cc chng trnh chy trong h iu hnh DOS: Fdisk, Partition Magic, Ontrack
Disk Manager, Paragon Partition,
Cc chng trnh trong Windows: Disk Management, Partition Magic,
Ngoi ra bn thn chng trnh ci t h iu hnh cng c chng trnh phn
vng a ca chnh n.
Chng trnh Partition Magic:
Bc 1: vo chng trnh CMOS, chn thit b Boot u tin l CDROM (thc
hin trong DOS), b a cu h Hirents Boot vo khay a, sau khi ng
li my tnh.
Hnh B 4.2: Khi ng vo Hiren's Boot
Bc 2: chn Disk Partition Tool-> Partion Magic -> vo chng trnh Partition
Magic.
110
Hnh B 4.3: Tin ch phn vng a cng
Bc 3: to phn vng mi.
Chn Operations-> Create.

Create as: chn kiu phn vng chnh hoc ph.
Partion type: chn kiu file h thng FAT32 hoc NTFS.
Label: t tn phn vng.
Size: chn kch thc phn vng.
Cluste size: chn kch thc cluster.
Chn Apply -> Yes.
111
Hnh B 4.4: To phn vng primary mi cho a cng
112
Bc 4: bn thc hin cc bc tng t nh trn cho cc phn vng cn li

ca a cng.
Lu : phn vng chnh (Primary dng ci t h iu hnh, logical dng
cho a lu d liu)
Hnh B 4.5: To phn vng logical mi cho a cng
Bc 5: Format v kim tra li ton b cc phn vng.

nh dng phn vng: chn phn vng cn nh dng v chn Format -> Ok.
Lu : trong qu trnh to mi phn vng, phn vng c to thng s c
nh dng sn.
Kim tra phn vng: chn phn vng cn kim tra v chn Check for errors,
chn Yes.
113
Bc 6: Active phn vng chnh.

Chn phn vng chnh (dng ci t h iu hnh) v chn Advanced-> Set
Active-> Apply-> Restart li my.
Hnh B 4.6: Set Active cho phn vng khi ng
Kt thc vic phn chia a, ngoi ra chng trnh Partition Magic cn c cc

chc nng nng cao khc nh chuyn i nh dng phn vng (Convert), thay
i kch thc phn vng (Resize), di chuyn hoc ghp ni phn vng
(Merge /Move) m khng lm mt d liu sn c trn cc phn vng ny.
114
4.2.3. Chn on v khc phc s c phn vng cng

Cc s c
Cch khc phc
Khng nhn cng
Vo Cmos kim tra a cng
cng b bad sector
Dng chng trnh sa Bad sector nh

HDD regenerator
cng lc nhn lc khng
Kim tra cp ngun v cp d liu
Trong qu trnh Boot t a

CDROM my bo li khng tm
thy a khi ng
Vo Cmos kim tra thit b boot.hoc

kim tra li i CDROM.
My tnh khi ng li khi chia

a.
Kim tra b ngun v thit b tn nhit

ca CPU.
4.3. Ci t h iu hnh
4.3.1. La chn v cc bc chun b
Xem xt cu hnh phn cng c ng vi yu cu ca h iu hnh?
V d: Cu hnh ti thiu ca Windows XP (theo Microsoft) nh sau:
CPU
: 233 Mhz.
RAM
: 64 MB.
Card mn hnh (video card)
: Super-VGA vi phn gii ti thiu
800 x 600.
a cng (Hard drive): 1,5 GB trng tr ln (cha s dng).
a quang.
Chut v bn phm.
Mn hnh.
+ Chun b Product Key (b m ci t) nm trn a CD ci t hoc trn giy
cp php bn quyn ca nh sn xut dng trong qu trnh ci t.
+ C th thc hin vic chia a trong qu trnh ci t, hoc dng cc chng
trnh chia a nh Partition Magic, Fdisk,
Lu : Backup du liu trn cng trc khi ci t h iu hnh.
115
4.3.2. Qu trnh ci t
Ci t mi h iu hnh XP bng a CD ROM.
Trc khi tin hnh ci t bn cn thc hin cc th tc sau:

Vo CMOS chn cu hnh my tnh khi ng (BOOT) t a a CD . Khi
ng my tnh bng a CD c cha h iu hnh, hoc a CD c chc nng
BOOT.
Tin hnh ci t windows XP t a CDROM theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Khi ng my tnh, vo CMOS Setup Utility ca my tnh bng vic
nhn DEL , F1 hoc F2 ( tu theo phin bn ca tng loi my).
Hnh B 4.7: Vo tin ch CMOS
116
Bc 2: Chn ch First Boot Device [ CDROM ] u tin khi ng trc.
Hnh B 4.8: La chn thit b khi ng
Bc 3: Nhn F10, sau chn YES lu li xc lp cu hnh CMOS, sau

my s t khi ng li.
Bc 4: Chng ta cho a ci t Windows XP vo CD. Khi khi ng, mn
hnh c dng ch:
Boot From CD
Press Any Key to Continous . . .
Bm bt k phm no trn bn phm khi ng a CD ci t
Bc 5: Sau khi my tnh np cc tp tin cn thit ci t h iu hnh th
mn hnh la chn u tin s xut hin:
Enter : tip tc vic ci t
R
: sa li h iu hnh.
F3
: thot ra.
117
Chn Enter.
Hnh B 4.9: Nhn Enter tip tc ci t
Bc 6: Tha thun v bn quyn (y l vn bn tha thun v quyn v

trch nhim s dng sn phm gia nh sn xut v ngi dng)
Chn F8
: ng vi quy nh s dng phn mm
hp php.
ESC
: thot khi chng trnh ci t.
Bn chn F8 v qua bc tip theo.
118
Hnh B 4.10: Nhn F8 tip tc ci t
Bc 7: Chn phn vng cn ci t h iu hnh, c cc s chn la nh

sau:
ENTER
: ci t vo phn vng bn chn.
Create
: to mi phn vng.
Del
: xo phn vng .
Bn chn ENTER tip tc ci t.
Lu : Nu ci my mi hon ton, bn c th to mi phn vng v chn
dung lng ph hp cho phn vng chn v sau chn ENTER tip tc
ci t.
Nu my tnh ci li h iu hnh th bn cn quan tm n vic backup d
liu ra bn ngoi trc khi tin hnh ci t.
119
Hnh B 4.11: La chn phn vng ci t h iu hnh
Bc 8: Bn cn phi nh dng (format) cng:

Chn bng FAT32 hoc NTFS.( nn chn nh dng NTFS) vi
vic nh dng nhanh (Quick) hoc bnh thng (thi gian nh
dng s lu hn, nhng nn chn cch thc ny)
Tip theo chn ENTER tip tc.
120
Hnh B 4.12: nh dng phn vng ci t h iu hnh
Bc 9: Cc tp tin ca h iu hnh c chp vo a cng, my s t

khi ng li my tip tc ci t.
Hnh B 4.13: Qu trnh sao chp tp tin h thng
Bc 10: La chn ngn ng v khu vc a l.
121
Vo "CUSTOMIZE" chn ngn ng v cc kiu ngy gi h

thng, n v tin t, kiu bn phm..sau chn Next tip
tc.
Bc 11: in thng tin ngi s dng, t chc hoc n v ng k bn

quyn ca h iu hnh. Sau chn Next.
Hnh B 4.14: in tn v t chc ngi s dng
Bc 12: in y thng tin Product Key ng k bn quyn do Microsoft

cung cp theo mi sn phm. sau chn Next .
122
Hnh B 4.15: Nhp Key sn phm km theo a ci t
Bc 13: t tn my tnh v mt khu cho ti khon qun tr my tnh. Sau

chn Next
123
Bc 14: Ci t ngy gi h thng v mi gi quc t, sau chn Next.
Hnh B 4.17: Xc lp ngy thng v mi gi hin ti
Bc 15: Ci t cc dch v mng.c hai s la chn:

Typical setting : ci mc nh mt s dch v mng cn thit
( TCP/IP,network adapter)
Custom settings: cho php bn b mt s thnh phn dch v
mng .
Sau chn Next.
124
Hnh B 4.18: Tu chn v mng nhn Enter tip tc
Bc 16: Chn la gia nhp vo Domain hoc Workgroup? Bn chn

Workgroup v chn Next .
Bc 17: Windows s tin hnh ci t, sau khi ci t xong my tnh s khi
ng li v hon tt qu trnh ci t.
Hnh B 4.19: Windows t iu chnh phn gii ca mn hnh n ok
125
Hnh B 4.20: Qu trnh ci t HH hon tt
4.3.3. Chun on v khc phc s c ci t

Cc s c c th xy ra
My tnh khng BOOT
c t i CDROM
Cch khc phc

Vo CMOS kim tra a CDROM.
Kim tra chun kt ni v cp ngun cung
cp cho CDROM
Kim tra a CDROM.
Trong qu trnh ci t my
bo khng c c file
trn a CDROM
Li a CDROM, bn cn thay a khc tt

hn.
Cn phi nng cp b nh RAM.
Hoc a CDROM b h trong qu trnh

s dng.
126
bo khng b nh.
bo khng tm thy a
cng
Bn cn kim tra cp ngun v cp d

liu ca cng.
khi ang ci t my t
ng tt
C th do qut CPU khng tn nhit

nn my t tt. bn cn kim tra b phn
tn nhit ca CPU.
Vo CMOS kim tra HDD c nhn cha?
Kim tra li ngun cung cp cho my tnh.

4.4. Chng trnh GHOST
4.4.1. Gii thiu:
Chc nng chng trnh Norton Ghost l sao lu v phc hi d liu ton b
h thng hay tng phn vng ring bit trn cc cng khc nhau hay trn cng
mt cng. Ngai ra Norton Ghost cn c dng nh l mt cch thc c th
khi phc nhanh tan b h thng my tnh bao gm h iu hnh, trnh iu
khin, phn mm my tnh c sn t tp tin nh m khng cn phi ci t li
tng phn. Norton Ghost c cc phin bn khc nhau c th chy trn nn h
iu hnh Windows hoc DOS.
4.4.2. Ci t h thng my tnh vi GHOST
Ci t bng chng trnh Ghost:
tit kim thi gian trong qu trnh ci t h iu hnh, bn c th chn
gii php dng bn Ghost t a CDROM hoc t tp tin nh c sn trn a
cng.
Cc bc thc hin phc hi ton b h thng t a CDROM c sn tp tin
nh:
Cch 1: Cc b a Ghost h iu hnh c lm ra bao gm lun phn t
ng khi ng vo DOS vi phn chn la phc hi ton b phn vng u
tin vi tp tin nh c sn trn b a CDs.
Bc 1: Vo trong CMOS Setup Utility chn thit b khi ng u tin l
CDROM
127
Hnh B 4.21: Chn khi ng t a CD-ROM
Bc 2: Chn s 1 nhn Enter phc hi ton b tp tin nh ln phn vng

C u tin, hoc chn s 2 phc hi cho ton cng.
Hnh B 4.22: La chn phng thc Ghost
128
Cch ny ch s dng cho cc my tnh mi ln u tin ci t. Vi my tnh

ci t li th nn s dng cch 2.
Cch 2: Tham kho cc bc phc hi li phn vng t tp tin nh phn

Phc hi phn vng t tp tin nh, ch thay th phn vng cn phc hi l phn
vng Primary Active v ch ng dn n tp tin nh nm trn a CD Ghost.
Lu : Bn chn ng phn vng cn bung tp tin nh, nu my tnh mi hon
ton th bn ch cn to phn vng mi v bung tp tin nh ra.
Ngc li nu my tnh c cha d liu, cn sao lu d liu ra bn ngoi v
chn ng phn vng cn bung tp tin nh v khi bung tp tin nh ra phn
vng no th d liu trn phn vng s b xa.
4.4.3. Sao lu v phc hi
+ Cch to tp tin nh cho phn vng
Bc 1: Boot t i CDROM (Hirens Boot), chn Disk Clone Tools, chn
Norton Ghost 11.0, chn ch bnh thng (Normal)
Bc 2: chn Local-> Partition-> To Image.
Hnh B 4.23: Cc tu chn ca Ghost
Bc 3: chn a ngun c cha phn vng cn to nh v chn phn vng

cn to tp tin nh ( v d: C ).
129
Bc 4: chn v tr lu tp tin nh
Look in: chn a lu tp tin nh .

File name: t tn cho tp tin nh.
Cui cng chn Save.
Hnh B 4.24: La chn ni lu tr tp tin nh Ghost
Bc 5: chn cp nn cho nh ghost

NO: khng nn
Fast: nn trung bnh
Hight: nn ti a.
Chn Fast.
130
Hnh B 4.25: La chn a ngun cn sao lu
Bc 6: qu trnh ghost s bt u thc hin to tp tin nh.

No: khng ng thc hin
Yes: ng thc hin.
Sau khi ng li my tnh.
131
Hnh B 4.26: Qu trnh sao lu hon tt, khi ng li my
+ Cch phc hi phn vng t tp tin nh

Bc 1: Boot t a CDROM ( Hirens boot), vo Dos v g vo X:\ghost.exe v
bm Enter.
Bc 2: chn Local->Partition -> From Image.
132
Hnh B 4.27: Chn From Image phc hi h iu hnh
Bc 3: chn tp tin nh cn phc hi v chn open.
Hnh B 4.28: Chn tp tin nh ghost cn phc hi
Bc 4: chn cng v phn vng s phc hi file nh ca h iu hnh (v

d chn Primary) v chn ok.
133
Hnh B 4.29: Chn phn vng ch phc hi
Bc 6: chng trnh Ghost thng bo s phc hi file nh, chn YES. Sau
khi ng li my tnh.
Hnh B 4.30: Chn Yes thc hin qu trnh khi phc
4.5. Ci t trnh iu khin thit b

134
Hin nay, mt s h iu hnh c tch hp sn mt s cc trnh iu khin

thng dng ca cc thit b my tnh v trong qu trnh ci t cc trnh iu
khin ny c ci t sn. Tuy nhin mt s thit b khng c sn Dirver
tch hp trong h iu hnh th bt buc phi tm kim Driver cho thit b t
a CD Driver km theo thit b hoc ti t trang web ca nh sn xut thit b
v my ci vo h thng cho ph hp. Thit b s khng hot ng hoc
hot ng khng ng nu thiu Driver hoc ci Driver sai.
4.5.1. Xc nh thng s thit b v trnh iu khin
Thng thng khi mi ci t xong h iu hnh hoc gn thm vo my tnh
bt k thit b no th h iu hnh s t ng cp nht v tm kim Driver
cho thit b, nu h iu hnh khng c th s thng bo yu cu ch ng
dn n v tr c cha Driver.
Mt cch khc l vo mc Device Manager kim tra thit b, cc thit b
cha c Driver s c lit k trong phn other device hoc thng tin chung
ca thit b vi mu vng cnh bo.
Cc thit b cn ci t Driver ph bin trong my tnh:
Chipsets ca bo mch ch.

Cc card mn hnh, m thanh, mng ri hoc ONBOARD.
Cc card m rng khc: card tivi, modem, card k xo,
Cc thit b ngoi vi nh: my in, my scanner, webcam,
4.5.2. Ci t v nng cp trnh iu khin thit b

Thng thng khi ci Driver cho thit b th ch cn m tp tin Setup.exe trn
a CD Driver hoc trn trang Web ca nh sn xut, chng trnh s ci t t
ng Dirver thit b vo my tnh.
V d: Ci Driver Chipsets, thng l ci t t a CDROM do nh cung cp
sn phm km theo. Hoc bn c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau.
Bc 1: Vo Device Manager.
Trn mn hnh Desktop, click phi biu tng My Computer, chn Manage
Trong hp thoi Computer Management , chn Device Manager. Bn phi l
danh sch cc thit b c trong my tnh.
Bc 2: Tm v chn thit b cn ci t Driver (lu : cc thit b cha c
ci drivers c hnh du chm hi mu vng), chn Install Driver hoc Update
Driver.
Bc 3: chn phng thc ci t.
135
Install the software automatically: Windows t d tm v ci t

Driver cho thit b.
Cho a CD Driver ca thit b vo a CD, chn ci t ng
v chn Next.
Hnh B 4.31: Chn Next ci t driver
136
Hnh B 4.32: Chn phng thc ci t
Hnh B 4.33: Qu trnh ci t t ng
137
Install from a list or specific location: ci t Driver cho thit b t v tr no do

bn ch nh.
Ch dn ni lu tr cc tp tin Driver trn a CD Driver hoc
th mc lu tr trn cng v chn Next.
Hnh B 4.34: Ci t bng tay
138
Hnh B 4.35: Xc nh v tr driver cn ci t
Bc 4: Kt thc
Click Finish kt thc vic ci t Driver.
4.5.3. Sao lu v phc hi Driver
Sao lu Driver cho my tnh
Bc 1: Chn thit b cn sao lu.
139
Hnh B 4.37: Chn thit b cn sao lu driver
Bc 2: chn v tr lu tp tin Driver cn sao lu, mc nh l th mc

DriverBackup lu trong a D. C th t tn v lu vo v tr khc.
Bc 3: chn Start tin hnh sao lu
140
Hnh B 4.38: Qu trnh sao lu bt u
Bc 4: Sao lu hon thnh. Chn Ok

+ Phc hi Driver cho my tnh.
Bc 1: chn Restore v bng thng bo xut hin, yu cu bn ch ng
dn n v tr lu tp tin Driver sao lu v chn Ok.
141
Hnh B 4.39: Chn tp tin cha driver cn phc hi driver
Bc 2: chn Driver cn phc hi v chn Start Restore.
142
Hnh B 4.40: Chn thit b cn phc hi driver
Bc 3: kt thc phc hi Driver, khi ng li my tnh.

4.5.4. Chn on v khc phc s c trnh iu khin thit b
Cc s c c th xy ra trong qu
trnh ci t driver
Cch khc phc
Sau khi ci driver, my b Dump
Do dirver khng ph hp vi thit b,

bn cn uninstall driver v ci driver
khc ph hp vi thit b.
My bo li sau khi ci driver
Kim tra a CDROM hoc DVD.
Li khng tm thy driver trong

sut qu trnh ci t.
Bn ch ng ng dn n v tr lu
driver ca thit b.
4.6. Ci t nhiu h iu hnh

143
4.6.1. Mc ch v gii php

Ci nhiu h iu hnh nhm mc ch g?
Hc tp, nghin cu: nhu cu s dng nhiu h iu hnh trn mt my cho
mc ch hc tp, thc hnh ci t, nghin cu cch thc ci t nhiu h
iu hnh, phng php to a A khi ng trong windows 98, ...
Gii tr: mt s chng trnh game ch chy c trn nhng h iu hnh c
h tr Dos thc nh windows 98.
Bo mt d phng: khi mt trong cc h iu hnh c s c th vn c th
khi ng vo cc h iu hnh khc.
Gim chi ph: thay v phi mua hai my tnh ci 2 h iu hnh (v d:
windows 2000 v windows XP). Vic ny kh tn km v khng thit thc v c
th thc hin ch trn mt my tnh.
Gii php thc hin l g?
Tin hnh ci t hai hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau trn cng mt
my c menu la chn khi khi ng.
Khi khi ng vo h iu hnh ny vn c th nhn thy tp tin ca
phn vng cha h iu hnh cn li (Multi-Boot).
Khng th nhn thy cc phn vng cha nhng h iu hnh cn li
(BootMagic).
4.6.2. Phn vng a cho vic ci t nhiu HH
Lm g ci t nhiu h iu hnh?
c th ci nhiu h iu hnh trn mt my tnh th phi phn chia phn
vng cho a cng.
Phn vng ci hai h iu hnh c h tr Multi-Boot:
To C loi phn vng l primary (15GB), phn vng extended c dung
lng cn li, trong phn vng extended tin hnh phn chia lm hai
phn vng logical (D 15GB, E c dung lng cn li).
nh dng (format) phn vng theo h tp tin FAT32 hay NTFS, nu
mun ci h iu hnh windows 98 th phn vng phi nh dng
FAT32.
144
Hnh B 4.41: Chia phn vng ci hai HH dng MultiBoot
145
Phn vng ci hai h iu hnh c h tr Boot-Magic:

Phn chia cng thnh hai phn vng chnh (primary) bao gm C
15GB ci t windows 2000, D 20GB ci t windows XP.
Phn vng m rng c dung lng cn li, trong phn vng ny c th
phn chia nhiu a logical tu dung lng v mc ch ca ngi s
dng. nh dng (format) C v D theo h tp tin FAT32 v BootMagic khng h tr n phn vng NTFS.
Hnh B 4.42: Chia phn vng ci hai HH dng BootMagic
4.6.3. Ci t HH c h tr Multi-Boot
Nguyn tc ci t:
H iu hnh c phin bn trc th phi c ci t trc, v d: 1.
Windows 2000, 2. Windows XP, ...
H iu hnh th nht ci t ln phn vng primary c kch hot
(Active) khi ng ( y l C).
H iu hnh th hai ci ln phn vng logical k tip ( y l D),
h iu hnh ny phi h tr Multi-Boot (t windows 2000 Professional
tr v sau).
146
Nhc im:
Do hai h iu hnh ny s dng chung mt boot sector trn phn vng
chnh khi ng nn khi C b nh dng hay li phn vng ny th
h iu hnh cn li s khng th khi ng c.
h iu hnh ny vn c th nhn thy phn vng cha h iu hnh
cn li, do c th xo nhm tp tin h thng ca h iu hnh cn
li ( y l D).
Ci t nh th no?
Cc bc ci t tng t nh ci t mt h iu hnh, tuy nhin phi chn
phn vng ci t l D cho h iu hnh th hai.
Hnh B 4.43: Menu la chn h iu hnh dng MultiBoot
Nu ci t thnh cng khi khi ng my tnh s hin menu 2 h iu hnh

cho php ngi s dng la chn.
147
4.6.4. Ci t h iu hnh c h tr ca chng trnh BootMagic
Sau khi ci h iu hnh th nht ln phn vng a C. Tin hnh n (hidden)

phn vng C bng chng trnh Partition Magic, lc ny D s c hin th
(Unhidden), phi kch hot (Active) D c th khi ng khi ci h iu
hnh th hai trn ny.
My tnh s t khi ng vo h iu hnh th hai sau khi qu trnh ci t h
iu hnh th hai trn D hon tt.
Lc ny khng c menu la chn h iu hnh nn phi ci t chng
trnh h tr Boot-Magic.
Hnh B 4.44: Cu hnh Menu la chn h iu hnh dng BootMagic
Tin hnh ci t: chy tp tin Setup ci t, sau khi hon tt c th vo

chng trnh ny xc lp menu khi ng, lu v khi ng li my.
u im: c th ci nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau, c lp hon ton vi nhau
do khi phn vng u tin b nh dng li th khng nh hng g n cc
h iu hnh khc.
148
4.6.5. Cc vn cn lu khi ci t nhiu h iu hnh
Ch nn ci h iu hnh t a CD ROM khng s dng chng trnh Ghost.

Khng xo hoc sa mt s thng tin trong Boot.ini nu khng menu MultiBoot s khng hin th khi khi ng.
Phi nh dng cc phn vng cha h iu hnh l FAT32 c h tr
Boot-Magic.
Do Boot-Magic c ghi vo Master Boot Record nn trong mt s trng hp
phi sa Master Boot Record. V d: phn chia ci li h iu hnh mi.
4.6.6. Chn on v khc phc s c
Phn vng cng
Li phn vng
Khng phn vng
c
Th dng mt chng trnh

phn vng khc
Ci h iu hnh
Mt tp tin ci t
Treo my
i a ci t, kim tra mt
c quang
Kim tra RAM, cng,
ngun
cng
Ghost
Li tp tin ghost
Chng trnh v tp
tin khng tng thch
Khng th ghost
c
Khng th khi ng
vo h iu hnh
Ghost vo b dump
Ci t trnh iu khin
Ci t khng ng
Driver
Khng th ci t
driver bng phng php
thng thng
Ci t nhiu HH
Ci t khng ng
Dng chng trnh sa li
i a Ghost, kim tra mt

c quang
Kim tra RAM, cng,
Repair li HH bng a ci t
Kim tra a Driver

Vo Device Manager ci
Install
Kim tra li cc phn vng
149
nguyn tc
Ci t ln phn vng
cha
Sa li phn vng
150
BI TP LN
1. S dng Dos lm g ?. Nu chi tit cc cng c trong a Hiren's BootCD
v nhng cng c c chc nng g trong qu trnh lm k thut.
2. Nhng cng c no dng phn vng cng v khi phn vng cng bn
cn quan tm nht l nhng im no. Trn mt a bn c th phn c
bao nhiu vng chnh trn a .
3. ci c c mt Windows bn cn quan tm nht l nhng im no.
Trnh by ngn gn qu trnh ci c Windows.
4. Bn hy nghin cu k qu trnh t to a Ghost trn nhiu cu hnh trn
my tnh. Trnh by ngn gn qu trnh bun Ghost v Ghost.
5. ci c Driver cho my tnh bn cn quan tm nht l u g?. Trnh bi
ngn gn qu trnh ci c Driver v Backup Driver.
6. Ti sau phi ci c nhiu HH ?. Nu ngn gn qu trnh ci c nhiu
HH v s dng chng trnh no c th qun l 2 HH .
BI TP N
1. Disk Clone Tools dng lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
2. Norton Ghost 8.3 dng lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
3. Chng trnh Partition Magic dng chia a ng hay sai
4. Format dng : ..................................................................................................
5. Set Active dng : ............................................................................................
6. Create as dng : .............................................................................................
7. ci t Windows t Boot CD trc tin lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
8. Chn Local-> Partition-> To Image lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
9. Chn Local->Partition -> From Image lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
10. Vo Device Manager ci t v kim tra Driver ng hay sai
11. Sau lu v phc hi Driver bng chng trnh
151
.................................................................................................................................
12. Ci t nhiu h iu hnh dng lm g ?
.................................................................................................................................
13. Ci t nhiu h iu hnh c my cch
.................................................................................................................................
14. Ci 2 h iu hnh cn my vng Partition Primary
.................................................................................................................................
15. Ci t vi HH c h tr Multi-Boot c nhc im g ?
.................................................................................................................................
16. Ci t vi s h tr ca chng trnh BootMagic c u im g ?
.................................................................................................................................
152
BI 5: THIT B NGOI VI THNG DNG

Mc tiu:
Kin thc tng qut v cc thit b k thut s:
Thit b ghi hnh
Thit b nghe nhc ghi m
Kin thc tng qut v cc thit b vn phng:
My qut
My Fax
My chiu
Cc thit b ngoi vi khc nh:
Flash Disk
Modem
Card mng /Card Tivi
5.1. Thit b k thut s
5.1.1. Thit b ghi hnh
My quay phim
My quay phim hin nay rt thng dng v c ng dng rng ri vo mi
lnh vc trong i sng. Mt s hng sn xut my quay phim trn th trng
nh SONY, JVC,
My quay phim gip ghi li nhng hnh nh hoc nhng cnh qu gi cn lu
gi trong i sng hng ngy hoc nhng t liu,h tr th nh ngoi. Mn
hnh LCD phn gii cao.
153
Hnh B 5.1: My quay phim ca hng Sony
Cc c tnh ca my quay phim Sony DCR-DVD705E DVD Handycam CCD

1/5.5 1.0 Mega Pixels
Tng 1,07 MP, nh tnh 1.0Mp

CZ Vario Tessar ng knh 25
Zoom quang 12X/ KTS 800X
Knh ngm mu
LCD WIDE hybrid 2.7 inch
Mn hnh cm ng/ ACTIVE Menu
Pin Stamina series P
DVD+RW/-RW/-R
Start/Stop trn LCD / Easy Handycam
Super NightShot Plus / Super SteadyShot
My chp nh
Xu hng pht trin sn phm l thit k thi trang, v bng kim loi v
hng n ngi dng ph thng vi cc ch chp ti u , hon ton t
ng. phn gii cao.
Sn phm dnh cho ngi dng ph thng thng c ng knh zoom quang 3x
(tng ng khong 38-114mm).
a s my nh u dng pin sc ring (lithium ion) thng dng pin sc AA
vi kh nng chp trung bnh khong 100-200 nh/ln sc. c ng ngm quang
ngoi LCD, c kh nng tinh chnh.
Kh nng quay phim chp hnh v quay phim cng c nng cao v cht
lng vi phn gii VGA (640x480), c m thanh v di ty thuc b
154
nh.
Ngai ra mt s hng sn xut nh Nikon tch hp kt ni khng dy.
Chc nng chnh l chp hnh v quay phim. Nhm phc v vo cc nhu cu v
mc ch khc nhau ca ngi tiu dng.
Cng ngh h tr: mn hnh LCD, h tr th nh, n flash v zoom t ng
Cc tnh nng ca my chp nh Sony CyberShot DSC-H2
Hnh B 5.2: My chp nh ca hng Sony
6.0 MegaPixels
ng knh Carl-Zeiss Vario-Tessar
Zoom quang hc 12x
nhy sng cao ISO 1000
Mn hnh LCD 2.0
32Mb b nh trong
Quay phim chun Movie VX
Chng rung hnh nh bng Super Steady Shot
7 ch chp chn cnh
Hiu ng nh phong ph (Trng & en, Nu , Sng ng, Thin
nhin)
S dng th Memory Stick Duo/Memory Stick Duo Pro
S dng pin NiMH AA
Kch thc: 113.2 x 83.0 x 94.0mm
Trng lng: 389gr
Webcam
155
WEBCAM l thit b ngoi vi, dng a hnh nh vo my tnh. Webcam

c ni vo my tnh thng qua cng USB c trn mainboard. Webcam hat
ng c th my tnh cn phi c ci t ng driver.Webcam c cung
cp ngun trc tip t cng USB.
Ngy nay c mt s webcam c thm chc nng quay phim v chp li hnh
nh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.hin nay Webcam vi phn gii 100K
pixels, kiu dng nh gn v hp thi trang, tc truyn nh 30 hnh/giy,
gc nhn ca thu knh l 52, c kh nng convert file video t AVI sang
MPEG1.
Hnh B 5.3: Webcam
156
5.1.2. Thit b nghe nhc ghi m

Pocket MP3
Hnh B 5.4: Thit b nghe nhc MP3
Thit b cm tay, dng nghe nhc MP3, kch thc nh gn thun tin khi duy
chuyn.
Kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB hoc IEEE 1394.c kh nng lu tr
d liu. h tr mn hnh LCD v c cung cp ngun bi pin hoc trc tip
t cng USB.
Cc c tnh ca my MP3 CREATIVE:
Dung lng: 1GB

Nghe nhc MP3, WMA
Ghi m
Lu tr d liu (flash drive)
Mn hnh LCD with blue backlight, reversible for left/right handed
operation and Lyrics Display Support
Lu tr: 500 bi ht
Kch thc: 74.5 x 36.5 x 15mm
Ngun: pin AAA
Thi gian dng pin: ln ti 18 gi
Giao tip my tnh: USB
157
Pocket MP4
Hnh B 5.5: Thit b nghe nhc MP4
Khc vi pocket MP3, pocket MP4 c h tr chc nng xem phim v radio,
ngoi ra c chc nng ghi m v lu tr d liu. Mn hnh LCD c phn gii
cao, thi gian s dng pin lu hn my MP3 v c b nh cao hn.
Cc c tnh ca MP4 Creative MuVo VIDZ 1GB
Dung lng: 1GB

Nghe nhc MP3, WMA
Xem phim MP4
Nghe v thu FM
Ghi m
Lu tr d liu (flash drive)
Mn hnh LCD 1.18 inche OLED widescreen, 65.536 mu
Lu tr: 8 gi Video/500 bi ht/hng trm bc nh
Kch thc: 32 x 66 x 15.7mm
Ngun: Li-ion Polymer
Thi gian dng pin: ln ti 10 gi
Giao tip my tnh: USB 2.0
My ghi m
Thit b dng lu m thanh, ghi li ging ni hoc bi ht,
Kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB hoc IEEE 1394. thit b c cung
cp ngun bi cng USB trn mainboard hoc trc tip t pin gn km trong
thit b.H tr tay nghe ngoi v mn hnh LCD , kch thc nh gn thun
tin duy chuyn v giao din d s dng.
158
Cc c im ca my ghi m Sony ICD-P320 Digital Voice Recorder w/

PC conectivity
Hnh B 5.6: My ghi m ca hng Sony
Thi gian ghi m hn 32 gi (ch LP)

Kt ni USB vi tc truyn d liu cao
Phn mm "Digital Voice Editor 2" - x l tp tin trn PC
T ng ghi m theo ging ni VOR
Cho php ghi chng ln cc tp tin
Chc nng ngt on, chn tp tin, pht lin tc, ci t gi pht,...
B nh trong 64MB
Tui th pin: 22 gi ghi hoc 20 gi pht (LP mode).
5.2. Thit b vn phng

5.2.1. My qut
My qut l thit b phn tch hnh nh, on vn bn hoc hnh nh v chuyn
i sang nh k thut s.
Khi quyt nh trang b may qut cn da vo cc tiu ch sau:
phn gii: qut vn bn cn chn phn gii 300 dpi, qut hnh nh chn
ch 1200 dpi s thun tin cho vic tinh chnh hnh nh sau ny. Lu khi
chn phn gii cng cao thi thi gian qut s lu v dung lng hnh s ln
v chim nhiu dung lng trn a cng.
Giao tip: cc my qut sau ny thng dng cng USB 2.0. Ngoi ra my qut
c s dng cng giao tip FireWire c tc nhanh hn khng nhiu so vi
cng USB.
159
su mu: L s d kin mu (v sc xm) m my qut c th ghi nhn v

lu li trn my, su mu c o bng s bit trn mi im nh. Thng
thng card ha ch cn 24-bit mu thc l p ng nhu cu cng vic.
Cng ngh cm bin: hin nay my qut thng s dng mt trong hai cng
ngh cm bin: charge-couple device (CCD) v contact image sensor (CIS).
Cng ngh CCD c trc, gip pht hin cc mc chuyn mu tt hn v
lm tng nt ca nh qut. Cng ngh cm bin CIS c ci tin trong
my qut gip lm tng tc qut, tuy nhin cng ngh CIS li lm gim
nt so vi CCD.
Phn mm iu khin v driver: Tt c my qut c bn i km vi phn
mm iu khin qut hnh v chuyn d liu vo my tnh.phn mm dng
thay i mu sc hoc dung lng hnh nh theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Hnh B 5.7: My qut (scanner)
Ngoi ra my qut cn h tr cc tnh nng nh: FAX, photocopy, Email, in,

5.2.2. My Fax
My fax , thit b xut dng chuyn hnh nh hoc vn bn qua ng line
in thoi chuyn cho ngi nhn, gi in thoi, photocopy, My fax
c kt ni vi ng dy in thoi.
160
Hnh B 5.8: My Fax
Cc tnh nng ca my fax Panasonic KX-FM 386 Plain Paper Fax Machine
My fax giy thng, in phim

B nh lu 110 s, lu c 28 trang ti liu khi ht giy/film mc
Ghi m hai chiu bng IC, thi gian ghi m ti a 16 pht
Phng to 200%, thu nh 72%
Copy 50 bn 1 ln
Hin th s gi i, n (h FSK v DTMF)
Lu c 30 s gi n
C th gi cng mt ni dung n 20 a ch khc nhau
S dng film mc KX-FA57E (di 70m), in c 245-260 trang ti liu
5.2.3. My chiu
My chiu c th phn loi theo hai cng ngh, DLP (Digital Light Processing)
hay LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Cng ngh ny lin quan n c ch hot
ng bn trong m my chiu s dng hin th hnh nh. My chiu dng
trnh din hnh nh, ti liu film nh ln mn nh ti cc bui hi tho,
Cc c im c bn ca my chiu Sony VPL-CX63 Compact LCD Projector.
phn gii: XGA chun (1024 x 768), ti a SXGA (1280 x 1024).
sng cao 3000 ANSI Lumens v cht lng hnh nh tuyt vi vi
mch x l s v mch sa Gamma 10-bi
Qut gii nhit hot ng m: 28 dB
Khi lng: 3.7 kg
Linh hot trong ci t: chiu sn, trn, sau
161
ng knh chiu tiu c ngn (80 inch @2.4m), iu chnh zoom, focus
bng remote
Bt tt ngun trc tip (On/Off)
Giao din kt ni a nng: 2 RGB input, 1 RGB output, Audio out (c th iu
khin bng remote), RS-232C
D dng thit lp: t ng chnh vung hnh theo chiu ng, Smart APA, t
ng d tm u vo.
Chc nng Tt v mang i (Off & Go): khng cn qut lm mt, dng s
dng thi gian mt cch hiu qu
Hnh B 5.9: My chiu
Chc nng an ninh: Bo v h thng bng mt m, kho bn phm iu khin,

cp an ninh Kensington
Cng c trnh by hiu qu: Zoom s 4 ln, chc nng dng hnh, tt hnh v
m thanh t iu khin t xa.
Kt ni vo cng VGA ca my tnh hoc kt ni khng dy.
162
S kt ni:
Hnh B 5.10: S kt ni VGA v thit b ngoi vi
5.3. Thit b khc

5.3.1. Flash Disk USB Disk
Memory Stick: L mt loi th nh do SONY thit k cho cc thit b dng c
k thut s cm tay nh my chp hnh hoc my quay phim,
Th nh dng lu tr d liu v truyn d liu vo my tnh, ngi ta s
dng mt b chuyn dng PC Card, c th nh. n v l Megabytes hoc
Gigabytes.
Giao din USB, u im dung lng ln hn a mm, d dng duy chuyn v
cm nng. Th nh c cung cp ngun trc tip t cng USB trn my tnh.
163
Hnh B 5.11: Thit b nh v USB
c im ca USB Data Traveler USB 2.0 Flash Drive
Dung lng: 2GB

Giao tip: USB 2.0
Tc : c 6 MB/giy, Ghi 1.5 MB/giy (ti a)
Ngun: ly ngun trc tip t cng USB, khng cn ngun ngoi
5.3.2. Modem
Modem l thit bi bin
i cac tin
hiu
s thanh
cac tin
hiu
dang
tng t c
iu bin,
cn thit truyn qua ng in thoai,
va ngc lai no cung
bin
nhng tin
hiu
tng t nhn
c thanh
ra cac tin hiu s tng ng.
Mc ch s dng: truyn ti d liu qua li gi cc my tnh vi nhau thng
qua ng line in thoi, truy cp internet,
Modem la danh t rut gon cua modulator/demodulator (iu
bin/giai
iu
bin).
Vic iu
bin
nay
la cn
thit vi cac ng dy in
thoai c thit kt x
ly ting
noi con ngi, co tn s thay i trong khoang
t 300 Hz n 3000 Hz
trong nhng cuc noi chuyn in thoai binh
thng. Tc truyn d liu cua
mt modem c tinh
bng
n vi bit mi giy hay la bps.
Chon
dung
modem tng i n gian:
chon loai tc chm
( 300 hoc 1200
bps) hoc loai tc nhanh 2400 bps v 5600 bps.
C hai loi: modem gn trong (internal) v modem gn ngoi (external)
Cc modem gn trong c gn vo khe cm m rng, ch yu v thng dng
nht l khe PCI.
164
Cc modem gn ngoi c gn vo cng COM.
Ngoi ra cn c cung
co dang
card PC danh
cho cac may tinh
xach
tay, hoc
c tch hp trn board mch ch ca my tnh.
Hnh B 5.12: Modem gn trong v gn ngoi
5.3.3. Card mng Switch

Switch - B chuyn mch: L mt thit b c dng chuyn dng cc tn
hiu t mt im ny qua im kia. B chuyn mch dng kt ni cc my
tnh v thit b ngoi vi to thnh mng cc b nhm chia s d liu v ti
nguyn phn cng, internet. Cng giao tip RJ45.Tc truyn tnh bng
Mbps.
Hnh B 5.13: Switch
5.3.4. Card Tivi

Tivi hay Tivi Box thit b dng thu sng truyn hnh, kt ni vi my tnh
thng qua khe cm m rng trn mainboard hay cng USB.
Card tivi l sn phm gii tr gia nh. Card tivi h tr cng ngh De-Interlace
cho php chp nhn bt c ngun tn hiu video vo no,tivi Box cho hnh nh
cht lng cao v sc nt.
Tivi Box tng thch vi nhiu loi mn hnh khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cng tn
hiu DVD Y, PB, PR cho php kt ni vi u c DVD xem phim DVD
trn mn hnh my tnh. Cng ngh 3D Stereo Surround Sound cho bn cm gic
165
nh trong rp ht. Thu truyn hnh cp tng thch vi my chiu, h tr nhiu

ng m thanh ra vo.
Cc c tnh ca tivi box AVerMedia AverTV Box 7
TV tuner Box
H: PAL-N, PAL-M, NTSC
Xem TV hay Truyn hnh cp, Video trn mn hnh vi tnh
H tr hnh trong hnh (Picture-in-Picture PiP)
Tng thch vi LCD/CRT/Plasma/Projection Displays vi ng
vo VGA
phn gii ti a: 1280x1024
Remote iu khin, ng Vo: S-Video, VGA, PC Audio, Audio (L/R),
75 Ohm Coaxial TV RF
Ng ra: Audio Headphone, Audio Speaker, VGA
166
BI TP LN
1. Nhng im no bn cn quan tm nht khi mua my quay phim, chp hnh,
Webcam.
2. Hy nu cc chc nng v c im ca Pocket MP3, MP4, my ghi m.
3. Hy nu cc im v u im ca cc loi my Scanner, Fax, my chiu.
Nu cch ng dng ca chng trong mi trng lm vic.
4. Hy nghin cu mt s thit b Modem, Flash USB, USB Disk, Card mng,
Switch v cc chc nng ca chng, cc ng dng ca n trong mi trng.
BI TP N
1. Tc truyn hnh nh ca Webcam l:............................................................
2. Pocket MP4 dng :...........................................................................................
3. My qut dng qut hnh nh v vn bn ng hay sai
4. Modem dng kt ni Internet ng hay sai
5. My in dng xut vn bn ng hay sai
167
BI 6: MY IN
Mc tiu:
Kin thc tng qut v:
My in kim
My in phun
My in Laser
My in a chc nng
Ci t my in,
Np mc my in,
Chn on v khc phc s c my in.
6.1. Gii thiu
My in l thit b xut, cho php in vn bn, hnh nh ra giy thng qua my
tnh. My in c chia ra lm nhiu loi nhng thng s dng nht l my in
kim, my in phun v my in laser.
6.2. Phn loi my in
6.2.1. My in kim
Hnh B 6.1: My in kim
May in kim tao

hinh
ky t bng
cach
go cac u
kim vao
bng mc hinh
thanh
du mc trn giy.
Tc trn 100 ky t mi giy nhng chm
khi chon ch
phn giai cao.
168
May in kim co tc tng i nhanh nhng hinh

in ra cht lng kem
vi hinh
dang
ky t khng lin net.
May in kim s dung
thng l 9 v 24 kim. May in
kim khng co kha nng in c nhiu phng ch. Mt s may in kim a c
cai sn phng ch nhng tt ca u khng in c cac hinh
ve. Cac may in loai
ny thng gy ting
n ln.
169
6.2.2. My in phun
Hnh B 6.2: My in phun
May in phun tao hinh

anh
bng
cach
phun mc trc tip ln giy nn hinh
nh
p v mn. May
in phun thng in c 4 n
6 trang mi phut,
chm
hn may
in laser. Cht lng vn ban

va hinh
ve co th tng ng vi may
in laser
nhng gi r it gy n
hn. Hu
ht may
in phun u
c cai sn
nhiu
phng
ch. L loi my in ph bin nht v r nht.
Nu dng nh th nn mua loi ny. My in InkJet to ra hnh nh bng cch
phun mc ln giy. My in loi ny r nhng hp mc ca n kh t. Phn
ln my in InkJet l mu v tc thay i t 2 n 16 trang mi pht (ppm).
6.2.3. My in Laser
Hnh B 6.3: My in Laser
May in laser gm my in trng en v in mu. My in Laser mu lm vic ging

nh my in laser thng, ch khc l n c th in mu. My in Laser mu rt t
v hp mc ca n cng kh t.
To bn in cht lng cao vi tc tng i nhanh, co th dung
giy
loai t
ri hoc giy co tiu sn,
khng gy n.
Hu ht cac may laser u co cac
phng ch cai sn,
ng
thi co th s dung
cartridge phng va phng tai xung.
170
y l mt loai may in co phn giai cao. Mc du la loai may in phc tap,
nhng cach
thc hoat ng
kh n gin. My in Laser c tc t 4 n 20
ppm, phn gii ln t 300 n 1.200 dpi, v hin nay th gi c tng i
r. My in laser rt cn thit cho thng mi v nhng ngi cn in s lng
ln.
My in laser dng k thut tng t nh my Photocopy to ra hnh nh
trng en trn giy. My in Laser dng mc en gi l Toner ging nh my
Photocopy. Khi hp mc ht bn phi thay th bng hp mc mi. Hp toner
t hn hp mc my InkJet nhng cng lu ht hn.
Hnh B 6.4: Cu to v cch thc hot ng ca my in Laser
Cch thc hot ng ca my in laser: mach

iu khin cua may in nhn cac
lnh
in t may tinh
va lp ban bit ng vi tng trang. Mach
iu khin nay
bao am
tia laser chuyn ban sao chinh
xac cua ban bit cho b phn trng
(Drum) hoc ai det nhy cam

quang tinh
in.
Bng
cach
bin i tt-m
rt
nhanh chum
tia quet qua trng,
khi chum
tia i khoi,
mt trng
se tich
in
nhng ni c chum
tia chiu n.
Vung
tich
in nay se hp thu ht mc
(toner) c tich
in khi mt trng
quay lt qua hp ng mc.
171
6.2.4. My in a chc nng
Hnh B 6.5: My in a nng
L my in c tch hp y cc chc nng nh: Fax, Scan, Photocopy, ...

May in LED va LCD rt ging
may in laser, nhng khng dng tia laser tao
hinh
anh.
May in nhit hoat ng

khng gy n
, c dung
mt it trong cac may
calculator,
cac may fax va cac h may tinh
xach
tay.
My v (plotter): Mt may
in tao
ra cac hinh
cht lng cao bng
cach
di chuyn
cac but mc trn mt giy.

May
in di chuyn
but theo s iu
khin
cua may
tinh
nn vic in thc hin t ng.
Cac may
ve c dung
rng
rai trong cng tac
thit k bng
may tinh
va hoa biu din.
6.3. Cc vn v my in
Tc in m my in c th in trn mt trang giy. Tc in thng th hin
theo hai dng l s k t trn mi inch v s trang in trn mt pht.
Mc in laser thng c dng mc in dng bt (toner), trong khi my in
mu mc in l dng nuc.
My in c b nh tng t b nh my tnh (RAM). B nh dng lu tr
tm thi cc trang in trc khi in ra trang giy. B nh thng c cc nh
sn xut tch hp trn main my in, dung lng khang 2MB n 8MB. Ngoi
ra c mt s my in c th gn RAM ri nh my tnh.
B m,
b nh trung gian: Mt n vi cua b nh c giao nhim
vu tam
thi
lu gi cac thng tin, c bit la trong trng hp phai i cho cac b phn co
tc chm
ui theo kip
.
Spooler: mt chng trinh
thng nm
trong s nhng trinh
tin
ich
cua h iu
hanh,
dung
hng cac lnh
in ct tam
vao mt tp trn ia hoc trong RAM
thay vi vao may in, va sau o se phat cac lnh
in nay ra khoi b x ly trung tm
CPU.
6.3.1. La chn my in
172
Mc ch s dng
S dng in n vn phng hay kinh doanh, ho hnh nh chuyn nghip m

la chn loi my in cho ph hp.
My in mu phc v cho cng vic kinh doanh in n hnh nh v cc biu .
My in trng en cn gi l my in n sc dng cho vic in vn bng v cc
bng tnh. My in trng en thng c s dng nhiu hn my in mu.
xc nh cht lng my in ngi ta da vo phn gii. phn gii
cao th cht lng hnh nh cao.
phn gii (dots per inch) , thng thng in vn bng th phn gii l 600
dpi v in hnh nh th phn gii thng l 1200 dpi hoc tt hn.
Nh sn xut: Espon, HP, Canon
Thng s k thut: My in s dng cc cng (port) sau: Parallel (cng song
song), USB (Universal serial Bus).
Khi mua my in cn quan tm cc vn :
Cng ngh in: In phun mu/trng en, In kim, In Laser
Tc trang in, S trang in
B nh trong ca my in
6.3.2. Ci t v g b my in
C 2 cch thc ci t my in:
Cch 1: ci t bng chng trnh ci t ca nh sn xut my in
Bc 1: u tin b a CD Driver my in vo khay a, sau thc thi tp tin
ci t Setup.exe. (cng c th thc thi tp tin ny t th mc ni lu tr ti
v t Internet).
Bc 2: chn ci t (Install) t ca s chn la ca chng trnh
173
Hnh B 6.6: Ci t driver cho my in cch 1
Bc 3: chng trnh s t ng kim tra cng kt ni v yu cu xc nhn

tip tc ci t.
Bc 4: qu trnh ci t s bt u ci t Driver cho my in vo my tnh
174
Bc 5: hon tt qu trnh ci t v in th
Cch 2: ci t bng chng trnh sn c trong Windows

175
Bc 1: u tin b a CD Driver my in vo khay a, sau vo Start ->

Printer and Fax hoc vo Control Panel -> Printer and Fax.
Hnh B 6.7: Ci t driver cho my in cch 2
176
Bc 2: tip theo l chn Add Printer v ca s hin ra, b du kim tra ti

dng Automatically v chn Next
Bc 3: chn cng my in kt ni tip tc ci t.
177
Bc 4: chn my in mun thm vo my tnh hay chn Have Disk ch

ng dn ni cha Driver my in (trn CD hoc cng)
Bc 5: chn Next tip tc chn la my in mc nh v in th, chn

Finish hon thnh vic ci t.
G b my in: vo trong phn Printer and Fax, chn my in no cn g b,
click chut phi v chn Delete. Ngoi ra c th dng chng trnh g b my
in ca nh sn xut nh hnh minh ha:
Hnh B 6.8: G b driver my in
178
6.3.3. Np mc my in
Qui trnh ca vic np mc gm cc thao tc sau:
Hnh B 6.9: Np mc cho my in
179
1. Tho r cc b phn ca hp mc
2. Lm v sinh mc, ht sch bi, d cc h hng hao mn ca cc b phn.
3. Ht sch mc tha
180
4. Lp rp cc chi tit lm sch
5. Np mc mi
6. In trang u tin kim tra th
181
6.3.4. Chn on v khc phc s c my in

S c
Hin tng
-
Cch khc phc
Trn trang in xut

hin cc ng sc.
Khi ra lnh in, my in

dng t ngt.
-
Phn
cng
Driver v
phn
mm.
kim tra Drum v t. c

th thay Drum
kim tra hp mc.
kim tra bao la ca my in

v bo tr bao la, gin sy.
kim tra cp ngun v
ngun in ngoi, cu ch
cu my in.
My in kt giy khi
giy n gin sy.
My in khng hot
ng khi bt ngun
my in.
kim tra t v v sinh

hp mc.
Trn trang in c xut

hin cc m trng,
en.
kim tra hp mc.
My in ch in mt bn
ca trang giy.
kim tra mc in trong hp

mc hoc trn ruy bng.
Kim tra hp mc mu v
giy in.
Cc k t xut hin
trn trang in b m.
Trang in mu khng
t cht lng.
My in khng in c
sau khi ci t driver.
My bo Paper out.
My in khng in.
My in test bnh
thng nhng khi ra
182
Kim tra driver, yu cu

dirver ph hp vi my in
v ph hp vi h iu
hnh ang s dng.
Kim tra giy in v yu cu
a ng kh giy vo khai
giy.
C th do offline
Kim tra cp kt ni.( USB
hoc Parallel).
Kt ni
gia my
in vi
my tnh.
lnh in t my tnh th
khng nhn c tn
hiu.
My in khng load
giy.
My in b li khi ch
nh sai cng kt ni.
183
Kim tra khy giy v b

phn load giy.
BI TP LN
1. Nu cng ngh ch to v nguyn tc hot ng ca my in kim. Chng s
dng loi mc no v cch np mc.
2. Nu cng ngh ch to v nguyn tc hot ng ca my in phun. Chng s
3. Nu cng ngh ch to v nguyn tc hot ng ca my in laser. Chng s
184
BI 7: BO TR V NNG CP MY TNH
Mc tiu:
Cc vn v bo tr my tnh
Thc hnh bo tr my tnh
Nng cp h thng my tnh
7.1. Bo tr my tnh
7.1.1. Nguyn nhn v mc ch
Ti sao cn phi bo tr my tnh?
Sau mt thi gian s dng, my tnh b bm nhiu bi, im tip xc gia cc
thit b khng tt do b oxy ho nn cn tin hnh v sinh my.
Mt s thit b hot ng khng tt nh trc v d nh ngun yu ti khng
n nh, h thng pht ra nhiu ting n khi hot ng.
Kp thi pht hin li cc thit b phn cng.
Mc ch ca bo tr:
Khi s dng my tnh mt trong nhng vn quan tm hng u chnh l tui
th ca my tnh. Lm th no cc thit b my tnh s dng c lu di
nh mong mun v hot ng hiu qu.
V pha ngi s dng th cng tc bo tr thng v mc ch thm m: lm
cho my tnh tr nn mi, sng v p hn.
V mt k thut th phng php bo tr c bn l ko di tui th ca my
tnh v bo m cho my hot ng tt, n nh hn. ng thi khc phc cc
nguyn nhn ni trn nhm ci thin tc v hiu qu lm vic ca my.
7.1.2. Dng c bo tr
Khi bo tr cn nhng dng g ?
C lng mm c s dng qut sch bi bn bm trn cc thit b my
tnh.
185
Hinh B 7.1: Dng c bo tr my tnh
B dng c tho lp my tnh, bnh bp kh nn, nc ty (sumo), khn lau

Bn chy nh rng, xng thm, bnh xt kh oxy ho RP7, gm ty
B a CD ROM c cha chng trnh v tin ch h tr khc. Cht ty v
a CD ROM lm sch cho a CD ROM.
7.1.3. Thc hin bo tr

+ Cch khc phc vn bi bn cho my
Bi bn thng l nguyn nhn gy tc hi i vi cc thit b in t ca h
thng my tnh. C th p dng mt s thao tc c bn di y khc phc
vn ny:
B ngun
186
Hnh B 7.2: V sinh b ngun
Qut ca b ngun hot ng thng xuyn v ht nhiu bi bn. Trong mt

s trng hp vic tch lu bi bn lm cho qut quay khng c m gy ra
ting n.
khc phc vn ny phi thng xuyn qut bi bm sau b ngun
bng c qut c lng mm hoc dng vi thm m lau bn ngoi.
C th tho b ngun ra qut sch bi bn bm bn trong, tuy nhin phi
cn thn v chc rng b ngun ny ht bo hnh.
Bo mch ch v bo mch m rng
Sau mt thi gian s dng, tho thng my s thy bi tch t trn bo h thng
v bo m rng. Trong trng hp ny, c th tho ra ngoi lm v sinh. Ch ,
khng lm try v nh hng n cc thit b in t khc, trnh khng dng
vi t lau.
Qut CPU
Ging nh qut ca b ngun, qut CPU thng khng hot ng tt khi bi
bn tch t. Hn na lm cho qut quay chm v gii nhit km hiu qu, do
lm cho CPU qu nng. Lm v sinh qut CPU nh cch ca b ngun,
ngoi ra c th tra du bi trn cho qut; i vi nhng ni kh tip cn c th
s dng bnh thi to kh nn.
187
Hnh B 7.3: V sinh v tra du cho qut
a quang
Thit b a CD DVD ROM l nhng thit b lu tr tinh vi. D c nim kn
bn trong, nhng cng cn c lm sch thng xuyn. Khng th s dng
c qut tip cn bn trong nhng b phn ny.
duy tr cho cc b phn ny tnh trng tt, c th s dng cht lm sch
a chuyn dng cho u t v u quang hc.
Cht lm sch a c bn hu ht cc ca hng my tnh. a lm sch CD
ROM c gn mt s ming nh c lng mm lm sch u quang hc ca CD
DVD ROM khi n quay qua u quang hc.
Hnh B 7.4: Dng c v sinh mt c a quang
Bn phm v chut
Bn phm v chut l thit b thng xuyn tip xc trc tip vi ngi s
dng nn nhiu bi bn v vi khun. Dng c qut sch cc khe bn phm v
dng vi thm cn hay nc sch lau. Khng ngm c bn phm vo nc
hoc tho ri lm sch, iu ny d lm hng bn phm.
188
Tho vng np di chut, ly bi trong chut ra lm sch. Thng th bi

bm vo chung quanh bnh xe cm ng, c th lm sch bnh xe cm ng bng
mt que tm.
Hnh B 7.5: V sinh bn phm
Mn hnh Monitor
S dng vi mm lau mn hnh: hu ht mn hnh c ph mt lp chng
phn quang v bc x. Do v sinh khng thch hp c th lm mt lp bo
v ny v gy nh hng th gic ca ngi s dng, lm mn hnh hin th b
m.
S dng vi mm v cc vt liu thch hp lau mn. Trnh cc cht liu
lm try xc, khng dng cn lau mn hnh.
189
Hnh B 7.6: V sinh mn hnh
+ Cch khc phc vn oxy ho

My tnh gm nhiu b phn khc nhau c kt ni bng cc chn cm. B
mt tip xc gia cc thit b bng kim loi thng b oxy ho do thng
xuyn truyn dng in.
Khi tip xc ca nhng thit b ny km, kh s dng c cc thit b ny
v i khi dn n h thit b, y l vn thng gp trong vic bo tr.
Cc thit b m rng nh card mn hnh, card m thanh, RAM c th v sinh
bng cc gm ty chuyn dng cho bt ch. Cc khe cm trn bo mch ch th
dng bn chi nh rng thm mt t cn, xng thm cht lm sch oxy ho
RP7.
+ Lm th no ko di tui th my tnh
in p
in p khng n nh thng l nguyn nhn chnh lm h hng my tnh.
Dng ng h o vn /ampe, tin ch trong CMOS (Hardware Monitor) kim
tra. Tt nht l s dng mt b tch in UPS cp ngun n nh cho my
tnh v trnh b s c cp in.
190
Hnh B 7.7: UPS
Tnh in
Nu tnh in khng c quan tm ng mc, h thng my tnh c th b
hng do s gia tng dng in t xut.Cn phi s dng dy dn ni t cho
my tnh.
Nhit
Nhit c nh hng ln n tui th v cng sut lm vic ca cc thit b
in t, cn phi quan tm v theo di thng xuyn trnh cc s c ng
tic nh: chy n chay CPU, d dn n h hng, c th gn thm qut tn
nhit cho h thng.
Bo qun Monitor
Thng mn hnh b xung mu sau mt thi gian s dng. iu ny xy ra v
cc im photpho mn hnh hunh quang c tui th c nh. Thi gian s
dng hoc hin th lin tc mt trang mn hnh c th lm h mn hnh.
bo v mn hnh, tt nht lun tt mn hnh khi khng s dng. B lu
mn hnh lm gim hot ng hin th ca mn hnh cho php tm ngh khi my
tnh khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian qui nh. B lu mn hnh l
cch n gin nht bo v mn hnh khi n hon ton khng hot ng.
Cch thc hin:
Bc 1: Click phi chut vo mn hnh Desktop chn Properties
191
Bc 2: Click vo th Screen Saver
Bc 3: La chn giao din ti tu chn Screen Saver, chn thi gian ti

mc Wait
Bc 4: Chn Apply v OK.
7.1.4. Cc lu v bo tr my tnh
+ Lm th no khng xy s cc s c k thut trong qu trnh bo tr?
Trong qu trnh bo tr cn lu dng tnh in trong c th, y l nguyn
nhn c kh nng lm hng thit b linh kin in t. Do cn phi kh tnh
in trong c th trc khi thao tc bn trong my.
Hnh B 7.8: Vng eo kh tnh in
Thc hin: ch cn chm hai tay vo thng my l c, eo vng dy kh tnh

in hoc ni t c th.
Cn lu khng lm nh n cc thit b khc, cc thao tc phi tht cn
trng, dng lc va phi v cn quan st cc cht nh v.
192
Hnh B 7.9: Cht c nh card mn hnh
Khng nh ri, phi sp xp cc thit b theo th t nht nh: Nu khng s

d dn n b tht lc v do chng ta s hay nhng ngi xung quanh
chm phi.
Kim tra tng th trc khi cp ngun khi ng my nhm trnh cc s c
ng tic nh: chy, n, , v do khng cn trng trong thao tc k thut.
+ Nn lm g trc khi giao my cho khch hng?
Sau khi v sinh my tnh xong, kim tra trc khi ng np thng my
Hnh B 7.10: V sinh thng my
Dng nc ty sumo v sinh bn ngoi cc thit b ln cui nhm em li cm

gic nh c s dng my mi cho khch hng.
Kim tra ln cui nhm m bo my hot ng tt v n nh, mi khch
hng nhn din cu hnh, d liu, mai trc khi bn giao my cho khch hng.
193
Hng dn chu o nu khch hng c yu cu, n cn lch s nhm to n

tng tt cho khch hng v sau.
7.2. Nng cp my tnh
Khi no th nng cp my tnh, nng cp my tnh nhm mc ch g ?
s dng c mt s phn mm chuyn ngnh mi hin nay nh: chi
game, ho,
Nng cp phn cng my hot ng nhanh v hiu qu hn.
7.2.1. Nhn bit du hiu nng cp
My hot ng chm, khng s dng c mt s chng trnh i hi cu
hnh cao.
Thng qua dung lng a cng, card mn hnh; cng sut lm vic ca
RAM, CPU; b ngun chp chn c du hiu yu ti.
7.2.2. Nng cp thit b
+ Cc thit b no c th nng cp cho my tnh?
B nh RAM
Nng cp RAM l phng php n gin d thc hin. Khi cng sut lm vic
ca RAM trn 80% th phi nng cp hoc thay th.
Theo di cng sut lm vic ca b nh RAM nhn t hp phm
Ctr+Alt+Del, chn th Performance (hnh minh ho).
194
Hnh B 7.11: Theo di cng sut lm vic ca b nh RAM
Nng cp RAM c 2 dng:

B sung thm: nhn din RAM hin c v tn, bus, loi ram, dung lng, nn
mua RAM cng loi, bus, (nu c th cng tn chip v nh sn xut).
Thay th: nguyn nhn thng phi thay th RAM mi l RAM hin c b li
hoc khng c dng sn phm RAM trn th trng tng t gn thm.
Nhn bit RAM hin c, mua RAM mi phi cng loi vi RAM c.
Vic ny ph thuc vo mainboard h tr ti a bao nhiu thanh RAM, cc
thng s k thut nh th no, tham kho mainboard c cc thng s k
thut chnh xc.
a cng
L thit b lu tr thng tin chnh trn my tnh, chnh v vy dung lng a
cng cng ln th lu tr cng nhiu. Khi dung lng a cng khng cn
khng gian lu tr thm s lm cho my tnh chy chm v chng ta khng th
sao lu d liu c. bit a cng s dng bao nhiu v c cn nng
cp hay khng ta m Local Disk Properties xem. Trong windows explorer,
click phi chut vo a cn xem, chn properties.
195
Hnh B 7.12: Theo di dung lng ca a cng
Cn quan st xem cn v tr gn thm HDD mi khng, mainboard h tr

chun kt ni no cho a cng (ATA hay SATA). Trong qu trnh lp t
phi m bo an ton v in v tnh chnh xc tuyt i.
Card mn hnh
Lm vic c lin quan n hnh nh nh: game, corel draw, photoshop,
autocad, ... Ta cm thy hnh nh hin th khng c r hay m, i khi b
git hoc t thot ra khng chy c. Khi cn nng cp card mn hnh
khc phc tnh trng trn. Cn lu mt s im sau: card mn hnh hin ti
thuc loi no: onboard, PCI, AGP,
Nu l card mn hnh onboard: chng ta xem trn mainboard cn trng khe cm:
PCI, hay AGP no khng. Nu trng c hai th tt nht chng ta nn mua card
mn hnh loi khe cm AGP loi ny h tr hnh tt hn. Xem khe cm trn
mainboard h tr card mn hnh bao nhiu X.
Lp card mn hnh mi v tin hnh chy th, lu cc cht kho m ca khe
cm card mn hnh.
Thc hin:
Bc 1: Click chut vo Start, Run, nh lnh: dxdiag v nhn Enter.
Bc 2: Chn th Display, quan st hnh v.
196
Hnh B 7.13: Theo di dung lng ca card mn hnh
B ngun
B ngun l thnh phn quan trng bc nht i vi ton b h thng my
tnh, nh hng rt ln n hiu sut lm vic v tui th ca c h thng.
Tuy nhin y l thit b m t ngi s dng quan tm n v thng b
ngun c bn km theo case. Trong khi ngi s dng ch quan tm n
kiu dng bn ngoi v gi thnh ca thng my m thi.
Sau mt thi gian s dng b ngun khng cn m bo c mc in p
nh trc; b sung thm nhiu thit b khc lm cho b ngun hin ti tr nn
qu ti, my tnh hay b chp chn v lm vic km hiu qu, lc ny cn phi
thay th b ngun mi c cng sut ln hn.
Lu : Mainboard h tr ngun no.
B vi x l CPU
CPU l b no ca my tnh, x l tt c cc qu trnh din ra trong lc my
tnh hot ng. quyt nh tc nhanh hay chm ca my tnh, v th cn
nng cp CPU khi nhn thy CPU hot ng vt qu cng sut.
Hnh minh ho: theo di cng sut lm vic ca CPU
197
Hnh B 7.14: Theo di cng sut lm vic ca CPU
Lu : Vic nng cp CPU ch yu l thay th b vi x l hin ti bi b vi

x l mi c tc lm vic cao hn. Tuy nhin vic nng cp ny chi ph kh
cao, ph thuc hon ton vo mainboard ang s dng, cch lm ny thng t
c thc hin.
Nhn din CPU hin c v: tn, tc , socket, bus. Mua CPU mi cng loi
nhng c tc cao hn, c bus bng vi bus ti a m mainboard h tr.
Trong qu trnh lp t phi cn thn v m bo an ton v in.
Bo mch ch Mainboard
Khng thc hin nng cp vi bo mch ch, v khi mua bo mch ch mi th
phi thay th cc thit b khc nh CPU, RAM, ... Nu mun s dng mt s
cng ngh mi m mainboard ca chng ta khng h tr th tt nht l mua
my mi. V d: dual channel, dual VGA, dual core, , ngoi ra trong mt s
trng hp c th mua cc thit b chuyn i nhm hn ch chi ph nng cp
v cng khng phi mua my mi.
198
Hnh B 7.15: Bo mch ch v card m rng
Nng cp BIOS
i khi cn phi nng cp BIOS h tr nhng thit b h iu hnh mi.
L do ph bin nht nng cp BIOS l h tr cc a cng ln hn phm
vi phc v ca phin bn BIOS hin ti.
C hai cch nng cp BIOS:
Thay th chip BIOS mi, l cch n gin nht, nhng phi cn thn nu
khng s lm cong hoc gy cc kt ni trn chip BIOS.
Dng phn mm: Phng php ny nguy him hn v nu khng chnh xc
trong qu trnh ci t hoc b mt in th my tnh khng th khi ng
c.
Hnh B 7.16: BIOS
199
Cc bc thc hin:
Bc 1: Xc nh phin bn hin hnh ca BIOS

Bc 2: Ti phin bn mi nht t nh sn xut bo mch chnh, v d:
www.BIOSCentral.com, www.Phoenix.com, www.Ami.com
Bc 3: S dng tin ch cp nht BIOS nh aflash.exe, c th tm thy trn
a CD ROM km theo trong mainboard khi mua.
Bc 4: To a mm khi ng, gii nn th mc BIOS cp nht v tin ch
cp nht vo a mm ny.
Bc 5: Khi ng t a mm vo trong giao din ca DOS, mn hnh hin
th du nhc A:>_ nh tn tin ch (v d: aflash.exe) v nhn enter bt
u. Tin ch s yu cu chng ta lu li phin bn hin ti ta nn lu li,
trong trng hp BIOS mi khng tng thch vi phn cng mi, c th phc
hi li phin bn c.
Qu trnh cp nht BIOS din ra trong vi pht, ng tt my trong sut qu
trnh ny. Nu c sai st trong qu trnh ny s lm my khng th khi ng
li c. Ch c cch l gi mainboard n nh sn xut thay th chip BIOS
khc.
Hnh minh ho cp nht mainboard ASUS:
Hnh B 7.17: Tin ch nng cp BIOS trong DOS
200
7.2.3. Cc lu v nng cp my tnh
+ ng b, tng thch v hiu qu kinh t:

Khi nng cp cc thit b my tnh cn quan tm n tnh tng thch, tnh ng
b v hiu qu kinh t cho ngi s dng. Tnh tng thch ngha l thay th
v kt ni c ph hp c c hay khng. Tnh ng b ngha l khi thay th
thit b mi th c ng b vi cc thit b c nhm pht huy hiu sut lm
vic ti u nht cho c h thng. Nu m bo tnh tng thch v ng b
th vic nng cp va lm ci thin tc ca my tnh, ng thi tit kim
kinh t cho ngi s dng.
Nu vic nng cp phn cng khng ci thin c tc ca my tnh nh
mong i th tt nht nn ngh n phng n mua my mi, khi s m
bo hiu qu kinh t lu di v sau. Nu nh my tnh hin qu c hoc khng
c thit b thay th th phi mua my mi.
201
BI TP LN
1. Mc ch bo tr v nng cp my tnh l g ? Nhng nguyn nhn no phi
nng cp bo tr my tnh. Nu cc bc bo tr my tnh.
2. Khi no cn nng cp my tnh. Cc vn cn ch khi nng cp bo tr
my.
BI TP N
1. Mc ch bo tr my tnh dng lm g
.................................................................................................................................
2. Ngi bo tr thng phi lm g khi i bo my tnh
.................................................................................................................................
3. nng cp Card mn hnh ta cn quan tm im no
.................................................................................................................................
4. nng cp CPU ta cn quan tm im no
.................................................................................................................................
5. nng cp Ram ta cn quan tm im no
.................................................................................................................................
6. nng cp BIOS ta cn quan tm im no
.................................................................................................................................
202
BI 8: MY TNH XCH TAY

Mc tiu:
Cc kin thc tng qut v my tnh xch tay

Chn mua v s dng my tnh xch tay
Cng ngh Centrino dnh cho my tnh xch tay
Bo dng, chn on v khc phc s c my tnh xch tay
8.1 Gii thiu

My tnh xch tay (ting Anh: laptop computer hay notebook computer) l mt
my tnh c nhn nh gn c th mang xch c. N thng ch nng t 1-6
kg, ty thuc vo kch c, vt liu v cc nhn t khc. Chic my tnh xch tay
u tin trn th gii l mt chic Osborne 1 ra i nm 1981.
Hnh B 8.1: My tnh xch tay
8.2. Phn loi my tnh xch tay

8.2.1. My Laptop
Cng ging my tnh bn (Desktop) v chc nng, thnh phn cu to
nhng nu cng mt mc gi th sc mnh tnh ton ca n c phn km hn
v cc thnh phn linh kin c thu nh li v c ti u cho cng vic di
ng v tit kim in nng.
203
My Laptop cng c phn chia thnh 4 chng loi khc nhau:
Hnh B 8.2: Thin anh Light, Ultraportables
+ Ultraportables: mn hnh nh hn 12 v trng lng di 1.7kg, bn phm

thng ch c cc phm c bn (ch, s v mt s phm chc nng c bn).
Thch hp cho nhng doanh nhn phi cng tc thng xuyn cn mt my tnh
nh v nh. Gi thnh thng rt mc, c thi gian s dng Pin rt lu (t 8h
tr ln), s dng loi CPU cc k tit kim in nng (ULV CPU: Ultra Lower
Voltage CPU), tch hp card mn hnh onboard v i lc s dng loi mn hnh
cm ng.
+ Thin and Light: mn hnh t 12-14, trng lng t 1.8-2.8k, c th tha
mn phn no nhu cu tnh ton ca ngi s dng bnh thng v thi gian
dng Pin cng tng i chp nhn c (2-6h). Thng kch c ca my ph
thuc vo kch c ca mn hnh.
+ Medium Size Laptops: mn hnh t 14-15.4, c trng lng t 3-3.5kg, sc
mnh tnh ton v thi gian dng Pin ca my ny hn loi my Thin and Light.
+Desktop Replacemetn Computer: l loi my c sc mnh nh mt my tnh
bn, tuy nhin vi trng lng v kch thc ln nn vic di chuyn cng
khng c thun tin lm. Kch c mn hnh c th t 17-20, s dng cc
thnh phn linh kin kh mnh c hiu sut cao trong hot ng v vy thi
gian dng Pin cng b hn ch (thng khng qu 3h).
8.2.2. My Desknote
L loi my tnh c thit k vi y tnh nng nh mt my bn
nhng c kch thc v trng lng gn nh my tnh Laptop. c tht k
tit kim khng gian s dng nhng vn c kch thc ln hn my Laptop
c v mn hnh v bn phm s dng cho nn khng phc v cho mc ch tnh
tan di ng, n cng khng c Pin nui nh my Laptop.
204
8.2.3. My Palm/Pocket PC
L loi my c tht k rt nh gn (c th nm gn trong lng bn tay)
nhng vn c mt s kh nng ca mt my tnh. C h iu hnh ring bit
cho thit b nh Window CE, Windows Mobile, Symbian, Linux, Cc phn
mm chy trn thit b cng c thit k li cho ph hp vi phn cng
thit b nh Word, Excel, Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player,
My s dng loi CPU dnh cho thit b di ng nh, c ROM v RAM lu
tr phn mm ca my, th nh m rng lu tr d liu ngi dng, mn
hnh cm ng, thit b tr, v cc phm iu khin chc nng phn cng.
c tnh quan trng l cc my Pocket PC hin nay cn tch hp thm chc
nng in thoi. iu ny dn n vic thun tin cho ngi dng di ng v
c mt thit b y chc nng cho cng vic hng ngy.
Hnh B 8.3: My Palm/Pocket PC, desknote
8.3. c trng ca my Laptop

8.3.1. Cc c trng v cu hnh phn cng
Hu ht cc my tnh xch tay s dng mn hnh LCD kch thc t 12 vi
phn gii 1024x768 tr ln. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh hin nay th mn
hnh LCD ca my tnh xch tay tt hn trong vic trnh by hnh nh,
sng cao hn v gc nhn cng rng hn.
Tt c my tnh xch tay u dng loi cng 2.5 nh hn so vi loi cng
dnh cho my tnh bn 3.5 v vy thng c hiu sut hot ng thp hn
nhng li tiu th t in nng hn.
a s cc dng my tnh xch tay tch hp card mn hnh v m thanh theo my
v vy hn ch ca my tnh xch tay l km trong vic x l ha v chi
game. Tuy nhin hin nay ngy cng c nhiu my tnh xch tay s dng card
mn hnh ri p ng nhu cu gii tr trn.
205
My tnh xch tay hu nh c y cc cng kt ni nh mt my tnh

bn, ngoi ra cn c thm cng PCMCI hay Express Card cn thit cho vic m
rng thm chc nng cho my.
CPU dnh cho my tnh xch tay cng rt a dng; ca hng Intel c Pentium M,
Core Duo, Core2 Duo; ca hng AMD c Athlon Mobile, Turion 64, Sempron
Mobile; v mt s hng khc nh VIA, Apple, IBM, Motorola,
Hu ht hin nay my tnh xch tay s dng loi Pin Lithium Ion v mi hn l
Lithium Polymer thay th cho loi Pin Nickel Metal Hydrid vi thi gian s
dng lu hn, sc nhanh hn v bn hn.
Hu ht my tnh xch tay c thm mt Adapter ngoi dng sc Pin, tht b
ToudPad hoc Pointer Stick thay th v tr ca chut trn my tnh bn. Mt
s my c thm Docking Station ( m rng) c th b sung nhng thnh
phn m my tnh xch tay thiu so vi my tnh bn.
Tuy nhin yu im hin nay l my tnh xch tay cha c chun chung hay
tnh tng thch cc thit b gia cc nh sn xut gy kh khn cho ngi s
dng khi thay th, nng cp, sa cha. Chun my tnh xch tay Centrino ca
Intel phn no gii quyt bi ton ny.
8.3.2. Chn mua v s dng ng cch
Mua my tnh xch tay loi no cho tt ?
Mc ch s dng chnh
Mc ch s dng chnh s nh hng n tt c quyt nh ca vic la
chn cu hnh chic MTXT tng lai cng nh khon ngn sch s u t.
Nu ch n thun lt web, c, son tho vn bn th khng cn cu hnh
cao nhng nu mun s dng tt cc ng dng nng nh: ha, chi game,
nghe nhc, xem phim, ... Th khon tin phi b ra l kh ln. Do hy suy
ngh k trc khi quyt nh mua khng phi hi tic sau ny.
Tnh xch tay
Mang ting l MTXT nhng khng phi my tnh no cng d dng xch tay
nh tn gi ca n (c l MTXT ch l phn bit vi my tnh bn). Tnh
xch tay ph thuc vo hai yu t: kch thc v trng lng ca my.
Nu l ngi nng ng hay cng vic yu cu phi lun di chuyn th trng
lng chic MTXT mang theo l iu cn c lu . Cn nu lun phi dnh
phn ln thi gian ca mnh lm vic vi my tnh th mt chic MTXT vi
mn hnh ln hn s tt hn.
206
Tt nht nn chn loi c trng lng cng nh cng tt, mn hnh va phi
(khong 12-15 inch) m bo tnh gn nh, di ng ca MTXT.
Kh nng kt ni
Cc tnh nng u vit ca MTXT khng ch nm trong bn thn n m cn
nhng thit b m n c th kt ni. Do , cn xem xt cc kh nng kt ni
mng khng dy, s lng cng USB, cng Bluetooth, u c th nh... My
tnh cng hin i th kh nng giao tip, kt ni ca n cng tt v tt nhin
gi thnh cng cao.
Kh nng kt ni mng khng dy c cho l khng th thiu i vi cc
MTXT hin i. Bn cnh , s lng cc thit b ngoi vi kt ni vi my
tnh thng qua cng USB ngy cng nhiu nh: camera k thut s, my nghe
nhc MP3, my xem phim MP4, cc loi a lu tr, chut quang... dn n i
hi phi c nhiu cng USB trn MTXT p ng.
C th dng thit b chuyn i (t mt thnh nhiu cng USB) gia tng s
lng cng USB. Tuy nhin cng khng nn chn loi MTXT c t hn hai
cng USB.
Mua loi tt nht
Khi quyt nh mua MTXT, nu c th c, hy mua loi tt nht c th so
vi kh nng ti chnh ca mnh v cng khng nn ngh n chuyn s nng
cp t t. Mt nhc im ln ca MTXT so vi my tnh bn l kh nng
nng
cp.
Nu nh my tnh bn, c th d dng nng cp tng b phn th iu
li rt kh i vi MTXT bi nhng thit k c bn ca n. l cha k
n chi ph nng cp l kh ln, thm ch nu mua mt ci my tnh mi c khi
li tt hn.
Do , cn phi cn nhc k trc cc la chn v bo mch ch, dung lng
cng, tc b vi x l, h thng video, b nh... Sau y l mt s thng
hiu MTXT co th tham kho:
My tnh xch tay Acer: c nhiu chng loi, kiu dng tng i ph hp
cho nhiu loi ngi s dng (doanh nhn, sinh vin, ngi dng gia nh,
nam, n). C b dy kinh nghim trong vic sn xut my tnh xch tay v
nhiu tin ch cng ngh b sung, gi thnh tng i d dng chp nhn hn
y l thng hiu d dng la chn nht. nh gi chung l cc my tnh xch
tay ca Acer c s im trung bnh v kiu dng, mc gii tr l trung bnh
v thiu vic kt hp cc thit b cao cp, hiu sut va phi, tuy nhin rt a
207
dng sn phm v rt nhanh chng trong vic thay i cng ngh mi v gi

c cho cc sn phm ca mnh.
My tnh xch tay HP: y l nh sn xut ln v c ch ng nht nh, c
nhiu la chn trong vic h tr nng cp thit b, u l dng my tnh bn c
th d dng tm kim thit b nng cp cng nh sa cha trn th trng
hin nay. My tnh xch tay ca HP c kiu dng cng rt d thu ht khch
hang, thch hp cho vic gii tr, hiu sut lm vic kh, gi thnh tng i
nhnh hn so vi cc dng my Acer. Ph hp cho sinh vin, hc sinh, ngi
dng gia nh v vn phng.
My tnh xch tay Toshiba: l dng my mang tnh gii tr cao, gi thnh cng
tng i d chp nhn, kiu dng c th gi l c cht ph cch nn ph hp
vi cc ngi dng th h tr 8X.
My tnh xch tay IBM: l dng my mang m phong cch c in, kiu dng
gc cnh dt khot, c tnh n nh cao nhng rt kh cho vic nng cp.
y l loi my thch hp cho ngi dng c tnh cch cng rn, ph hp cho
nhng ngi nh lp trnh vin, lut s, Gi thnh cao hn cc dng my
ph thng khc.
My tnh xch tay SONY: y l dng my mang m s n tnh, rt ph hp
vi n doanh nhn, kt hp gia s hi ha tinh t ca kiu dng v sc mnh
ca h thng nn gi thnh ca dng my ny thng l cao hn tt c sn
phm cng cu hnh so vi cc nh sn xut khc.
My tnh xch tay DELL: thng c kch c ln, tch hp nhiu sc mnh
trong n. Ph hp vi ngi dng ha hay chi game gii tr.
Cc dng my ni a v khc: a cho ngi dng gii php d dng chn
la cho mnh mt cu hnh ph hp vi mt gi hp l, tuy nhin cha c nhiu
tin ch v s h tr cho ngi s dng.
Thng tin chi tit v phn cng trong chn mua MTXT:
B x l (CPU)
B x l (BXL) Pentium M vn l s la chn tt. Pentium M em li kh
nng hot ng nhanh v thi gian dng pin lu. Mt s laptop dng BXL
Althon XP-M hoc cc BXL khc ca Intel s dng in th thp (ultra-low
voltage) cng em li hiu nng cao v ci thin thi gian dng pin. Mt s
model cho laptop tng thm kh nng x l mnh m hn nh s dng cc
BXL Intel P4 v AMD Althon 64 cho my tnh bn. Tuy nhin, gii php ny
em li hiu sut cao nhng nhit lng s ta ra nhiu hn v thi gian dng
pin thp hn.
B nh h thng (RAM)
208
Hin nay, hu ht laptop u s dng dung lng b nh kh ln, ti thiu l

256 MB RAM cho ti 512 MB. Trn mt s model t tin th 1 GB RAM hoc
cao hn. s dng cc chng trnh n gin nh:Word, Excel, hay Email th
dung lng 256 MB RAM l p ng tt. Nhng khi ci t v np nhiu ng
dng hn th s cn nhiu b nh hn, ti thiu nn trang b 512 MB RAM.
Nu khng quan tm n chi ph v c d nh ci t mt s ng dng mnh,
hay chi games... hy c gng mua 1 GB RAM hoc hn.
Hnh B 8.4: RAM Laptop
Kh nng x l ho
chy tt cc phn mm trnh din trn mn hnh v nhng tc v i hi
kh nng x l ho, th lng b nh ho cn ti thiu t 32 MB n
64 MB RAM. Hy m bo rng lng b nh ny ch s dng cho ho
ch khng phi ly t b nh h thng. Cc laptop s dng b nh h thng
lm b nh ho gip tit kim chi ph, nhng kh nng x l ho chm
chp. Nu hay chi games hay s dng vi mc ch gii tr, nn trang b
lng b nh t 64 MB cho n 128 MB. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l ho
khng nhng ph thuc vo lng b nh m cn ph thuc rt ln vo b x
l ho. Nhng laptop s dng b x l ho ca ATI v Nvidia nh:
Mobility Radeon v GeForce2Go... lun l la chn tt nht.
Mn hnh
Mn hnh cho laptop ngy cng ln hn, p hn, c gc nhn rng v thi gian
p ng tt hn. Hin nay, kch thc mn hnh cho laptop c th ln ti 14.1
"hoc 15". Mt s hng cn tung ra nhng sn phm ln ti 16" hoc 17",
nhng gi c c phn hi t Khi la chn cng cn lu , nhc im ca
mn hnh to v ln hn l: trng lng ca laptop cng s nng hn v tiu th
nhiu in nng hn. Chnh v l , mt s ngi s dng a thch la chn
loi mn hnh 12.1" hoc 13.3".
Trng lng ca my
209
Trng lng l yu t rt quan trng v cng l l do cc hng sn xut

tng gi thnh sn phm. Nhng chic laptop no c trng lng cng nh, v
cng mng th gi cng cao. Nhng sn phm thng thng c y cc tnh
nng thng c trng lng khong t 3kg n 4kg. Nhng sn phm c
xp vo loi mng v nh thng trong khong t 1,5kg ti 2,5kg. Tuy nhin,
cng cn cn nhc gia trng lng v tnh nng. Thng gim bt trng
lng c th nhng tnh nng no s b ct gim nh: mn hnh nh hn,
khng c a quang... Cng nn cn nhc k v trng lng ca laptop, bi b
i ngun AC, chut quang, cc thit b ngoi vi khc v cp... s lm cho
trng lng tng ln rt nhiu.
Thi gian dng pin
Thi gian dng pin cho laptop l mt yu t v cng quan trng. T khi Intel
gii thiu BXL Pentium M v cng ngh Centrino th kh nng s dng pin ca
laptop tng gp i. Trc y, thi gian dng pin ch c 3,5 gi cho nhng
tc v thng thng th nay thi gian tng gp i vi 7 gi. Cng nn mua
loi pin lithium thay v nickel. Bi pin lithium c th sc li nhanh v cho thi
gian s dng lu hn.
a cng
a cng cho laptop khc bit rt nhiu so vi a cng trn my tnh bn.
Nhng a cng ny i hi phi mng, gn nh, hot ng m, v c bit
l kh nng chng sc... V vy, a cng cho laptop thng c gi cao hn rt
nhiu so vi a cng cho my tnh bn cng dung lng v tc . Dung
lng a cng cho laptop ph bin dung lng l 40 GB hoc 60 GB, mt
s sn phm cao cp cng c dung lng t ti 120GB hoc ln hn. a
cng c dung lng cao hn nhng gi cng khng t hn bao nhiu, ch
khong t 15USD cho ti 20USD. Cn nhiu khng gian lu tr hn, hy trang
b mt a cng ln ngay t u. l s u t hp l.
Hnh B 8.5: a cng Laptop
210
Bn phm v thit b tr
Mc d quen thuc vi bn phm ca bt k loi laptop no, ngi mua

hng cng nn thao tc, th g phm trc khi mua. Nhng loi laptop mng v
nh thng c kch thc cc phm nh v khong cch gia cc phm b rt
ngn, v cch thit k cng khc vi bn phm thng thng. Do , la chn
loi bn phm ph hp l iu rt quan trng. Cng cn lu ti s tch hp
mt s thit b tr tch hp trn laptop, mt s sn phm cp thp c th c
khng h tr. Mc d, nhng thit b tr ny c th khng quen khi s dng,
hoc trang b thm chut quang qua cng USB khng phi l qu kh khn
nhng tch hp sn thit b tr cng rt hu ch trong mt s trng hp.
a quang
a mm cho laptop hu nh bin mt. Chng va nng n, chm chp
m dung lng lu tr li thp. Hu ht nhng sn phm cho laptop thng
trang b CD-RW hoc DVD c th ghi li c. Nhng my cu hnh trung
bnh thng s dng CD-RW. Nhng sn phm cao cp thng cung cp
ghi DVD hoc s kt hp hon ho gia kh nng ghi DVD-ROM v CD-RW.
H tr mng v cng kt ni thit b ngoi vi
Tnh nng h tr mng Ethernet tr thnh chun cho laptop, nhng sn
phm cao cp cn h tr Gigabits Ethernet. Vi nhng laptop s dng BXL
Centrino ca Intel h tr sn mng khng dy theo chun 802.11/b/g. Nhng
laptop s dng BXL Pentium M hoc AMD cng u c kh nng h tr
802.11b/g. Kt ni khng dy Bluetooth cng c s dng nhng vn cha
ph bin.
Nhng cng giao tip truyn thng nh: Cng ni tip (Serial port) v cng
PS/2 (s dng cho chut v bn phm) hu nh t xut hin vi cc dng
MTXT hin nay. Giao tip USB 2.0 v FireWire l nhng giao tip thay th
hon ho v c s dng ph bin. Ngoi ra, mt s giao tip khc nh cng
song song (Parallel port) v khe PC card vn c s dng trn mt s dng.
Cc cng FireWire (IEEE 1394) cho cc gn ngoi, thit b chi nhc MP3 v
my quay video s.
Khng nhng th, cc laptop hin i thng trang b cc c th nh, h
tr cc loi th nh thng dng nh: CompactFlash, Secure Digital,
MultiMediaCard, Memory Stick, hoc Smart Media. Nhng loi th nh ny
ngy cng thng dng bi cc thit b nh PDA, my nh s, in thoi di
ng... u h tr v s dng cc th nh. Nn tch hp c th nh trn
laptop l tnh nng rt hp dn, kh nng trao i d liu gia laptop v cc
thit b k thut s ny s nhanh chng v n gin.
Trc khi mua hy cn nhc bn s dng laptop nh th no. Nu mc ch
ch l son tho vn bn, bng tnh Excel v c email th nhng my tnh cp
211
thp nh Pentium M tc thp vi mn hnh 12.1", a cng 20GB vi gi

di 1000USD l rt thch hp. Di y l bng phn loi laptop tham
kho:
Tnh
nng
Cp thp
(1000 USD
tr xung)
Khuyn dng (t
1000 USD ti 1500
USD)
Cao cp (1500 USD hoc

cao hn)
128MB
256MB to 512MB
512MB to 1GB
B nh Cn nhc k: Cng nhiu b nh, th cng chy c nhiu ng

ci t dng ng thi v em li hiu nng tt hn cho laptop. Nng
cp b nh cho laptop cng khng n gin nh trn PC, v vy
hy c gng mua sn phm c dung lng cao nht c th.
B x l
1.3- to 1.7-GHz
1.6- to 1.7-GHz Pentium M,
Pentium-M, 2.0-GHz
1.4-GHz
3.0-GHz Mobile Pentium 4,
Mobile Pentium 4,
Pentium-M
hoc 2.0-GHz AMD Mobile
hoc 1.6-GHz
Athlon 64
Athlon XP-M
Cn nhc k: CPU l yu t quan trng tc ca laptop khi
chy v thc thi cc ng dng. Nu kh nng cho php, hy la
chn CPU c tc cao p ng tt nhng ng dng sau ny.
12.1"
14.1"
15" n 17"
Kch
thc Cn nhc k: Mn hnh LCD to hn th s c khung nhn rng
mn hnh hn v thng h tr phn gii cao hn, nhng trng lng
ca laptop cng tng theo v thi gian dng pin cng gim.
20GB n 40
GB
40GB n 60GB
60GB to 120GB
Dung
lng Cn nhc k: a cng cng ln th bn cng lu c nhiu d
a cng liu. a 40 GB l dng cho hu ht nhu cu c bn ca
ngi s dng.
a
quang
CD-ROM
8X DVD-ROM hoc
24X/10X/24X CDRW
8X DVD-ROM hoc
24X/10X/24X CD-RW kt
hp c c ghi DVD
Cn nhc k: CD-RW c gi r, l thit b lu tr quang mm

212
do v linh hot. DVD ph bin trn th trng, do trang b

c ghi DVD cho laptop cng l la chn thng minh.
Di y l nhng li khuyn dnh cho ngi s dng la chn laptop ph hp
vi kinh ph c phn eo hp:
B x l Pentium M 1,7 GHz: B x l ny c tc v gi c l ti
u nht. Va t c hiu qu trong cng vic m chi ph u t
khng qu ln.
B nh 512 MB hoc nhiu hn cng tt: Cng nhiu RAM my tnh
hot ng cng hiu qu m chi ph u t khng qu ln.
Pin Lithium: Nhng pin lithium c thi gian s dng lu hn v sc pin
nhanh hn loi nickel. Nu thng xuyn phi i ra ngoi th hy trang
b pin ph d phng. Pin ph cng c gi t 99USD ti 200USD.
Mn hnh LCD 14.1": Mn hnh ln c ngha l s rng hn, s c mt
khng gian lm vic rng ri hn v h tr phn gii cao hn.
cng 40 GB: Tr khi su tp cc bi ht, hoc cc c s d liu ln,
ci t nhiu phn mm... nu khng 40GB cng l .
H tr nhiu cng USB: Rt nhiu laptop h tr 2 cng USB hoc
nhiu hn, chng rt hu ch v tin dng cho nhng kt ni thit b
ngoi vi.
213
S dng ng cch:
Bt k sn phm no cng c nhng nguyn tc rt ring ca n v cc my

tnh xch tay cng vy. S dng sai quy trnh c th khin my gp mt s li
gy tn km trong khu sa cha, cha k n sc kho con ngi cng chu
nh hng.
Khng my ln ngi: mt s ngi dng c thi quen my ln i lm
vic trong cc chuyn cng tc hoc ngoi tri hay trn ging. Do tt c cc
b phn iu khin, pin u nm mt di nn trong qu trnh hot ng
my s to ra mt lng nhit rt ln xung pha di v vy khi ngi dng
thng xuyn t my trn i th lng nhit ny s tc ng xu vo c th.
t my trong ti ng ng quy cch: Tin ch ca laptop l kh nng di
ng. Nu s thy nhng chic ti ng laptop lun c thit k theo
ng tiu chun: phi c kh nng gi my mt v tr rt cht, khng c bt
k s x dch no trong qu trnh di chuyn. Khi b chn p, mn hnh tinh th
lng (LCD) ca laptop rt nhy cm nn s chu nh hng u tin. C rt
nhiu trng hp my b hng (xut hin nhng m mu, cn gi l n mn
hnh) hoc v c mn hnh do nguyn nhn ny.
Hnh B 8.6: Ti ng Laptop
M ng laptop nh nhng: Vi kin trc v s, laptop c nhng i hi

ring khi ng m my. u tin l cp ni b phn my ch vi mn hnh.
Trong nhiu trng hp a my n sa cc trung tm k thut, s my b
rn cp ni do ng m lin tc v lc ng m qu mnh chim mt lng
ng k. Ngoi ra, bn l iu chnh mn hnh nga ra theo tng gc ph
hp cng cn c quan tm k. Ch nn m mn hnh gc t 90-1200.
Vt qu gc ny s dn n tnh trng gy mn hnh. ng ni l c hai s
c ny li rt kh khc phc do linh kin cp ni v bn l laptop rt t v
cc k him.
214
Bo m tui th my: Nu mun chic my tnh xch tay ca mnh nhiu

nm vn chy tt th khng nn cho my c nhng chic a CD c v try
xc nhiu. Khi cho nhng chic a ny vo, mi khi b vp a, my s phi
tng cng sut v cc mt c cng phi vn hnh ti a, rt d b ngt gia
chng trong khi truy xut vng d liu. chnh l l do khin tui th ca n
chng thu ngn li. Sau cng, cng lu hn cho b phn bn phm. c cu
to bi ma trn hng v ct, nn ch cn mt nt bn phm hng th d ko theo
mt t hp phm cng i i. Theo khuyn co ca cc nh sn xut, trong
iu kin lm vic ti ch, nn s dng thm bn phm v chut ngoi. Mi
i my u c mt b bn phm v chut ring nn khng d dng thay th
mi khi c s c.
Pin: Nu khng s dng ng cch, tui th pin dnh cho my tnh xch tay s
gim v my ch c th chy trong thi gian ngn hn so vi nng lc tht ca
n. Khi mua, ton b laptop c bo hnh 3 nm nhng pin ch c thi hn
mt nm. Mt b pin my tnh xch tay hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam gi
khong 150 USD. Khi cn nguyn ai nguyn kin, pin mi cha c np
in. Ti liu hng dn ca cc hng u khuyn ngi dng cp ngun in
sc pin lin tc cho n khi y (c th cn n 12 gi, nhn bit nh n
bo hiu) sau rt in v s dng cho n khi pin x ht hon ton. Vic
cn lp li 3 ln lin tip. Nu sau vi thng khng s dng pin, ng tc trn
cng cn c thc hin li. Lu l ch sc li pin khi s dng ht v
sc pin th nn np lin tc cho n khi pin y, trnh s dng my khi pin
cha y. i vi pin loi Ni-MH (Niken-Metal Hydride), ti u hiu sut
th c vi thng mt ln, cn thc hin vic x hon ton bng cch s dng
cho n mc cn kit (0%, thng thng my s t ng chuyn sang ch
ng ng), ri cp ngun in sc y (100%).
Tuy nhin, vi pin loi Li-ion (Lithium Ion) th khng nn x hon ton v pin c
th b ngn mch, lm gim tui th ca n v thm ch gy nguy him cho
ngi s dng. Mt s loi my tnh xch tay c sn tin ch refresh pin chy
ngay trong mi trng Windows rt thun tin. Tin ch ny s np y ri
x... m khng cn phi rt cp ngun. Nu my tnh xch tay khng c sn
tin ch ny th buc ngi s dng phi rt cp ngun th cng my tnh
x ht, ri cm li cp ngun laptop. Nhn chung, sc pin l vic np li nng
lng cho in t thng qua phn ng ha hc. V vy, cc yu t nh s
thay i nhit , vic khng s dng pin trong mt thi gian di, iu khin
ti v s ln sc li u nh hng n tui th ca pin. Hu ht cc hiu
my u c phn mm kim tra tnh trng pin. Chng hn tin ch Battery
MaxiMiser and Power Management Features c ci mc nh trn my tnh
xch tay ca hng IBM. s dng chng trnh ny, cn thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
215
Bc 1: Sau khi ci t, chn biu tng Battery MixiMiser Gauge trn

taskbar. Chn Battery Information hin th ca s Battery Information.
Bc 2: Chn Battery Health xem cc thng tin v tnh trng ca pin. Mc
Battery Health mu xanh l tnh trng pin tt. Nu l cn thay pin mi.
Vic tnh ton thi gian s dng cn li da vo cng sut s dng hin ti.
iu ny c ngha l thi gian dng pin cn li c th thay i. V d, nu h
thng hot ng ti a, nng lng tiu th s nhiu th thi gian s dng pin
cn li s ngn hn.
Mn hnh: Cn chm cht nhiu n mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) v mn hnh
ny rt t gi, kh sa cha v tm mua. Mt c im ca mn hnh loi ny
l d ht bi v bm bi rt cht. Nu ch lau bng giy mm th khi lau
xong, vt bn vn khng i ht. lm sch, nhiu ngi dng nhng dung
dch nh nc lau knh lau mn hnh. ng bao gi bn lm iu y v
ng ngha vi vic bn t tay git cht mn hnh ca mnh. Cch tt nht l
dng vi mm thm mt t nc sch v lau theo chiu t trn hng xung
di, khng lau theo ng vng trn hay t tri sang phi hay ngc li. Ht
sc cn thn, cn trnh khng cho nc chy vo cc vnh ca mn hnh, sau
dng khn kh mm lm sch ln cui. Tt nhin, trc khi lau nn tt
my.
Gim sng mn hnh

Mt my tnh xch tay c mn hnh LCD ln s tiu tn nhiu nng lng.
Gim sng ca mn hnh s tit kim c nhiu nng lng pin. V d:
bng cch gim bt sng mn hnh trn my tnh xch tay Sony VAIO s ko
di thi gian s dng pin thm c 45 pht. Hu ht cc my tnh xch tay
u c nt iu khin, cc phm chc nng hoc cc tin ch phn mm gip
gim bt sng. Nu mn hnh ti hn s tit kim nng lng th tt mn
hnh khi khng s dng ti lun l phng php tit kim nht.
Tt cc thit b khng cn thit

Hy loi b cc PC card v cc kt ni USB hoc FireWire thc s cha cn
thit. My tnh xch tay thng tch hp sn card mng khng dy, nhng thit
b ny tiu tn nng lng d tm cc im truy cp (access point), do
tit kim nng lng khi khng cn dng n hy tt thit b ny.
Ti u hiu nng h thng

Ti u hiu nng h thng s gim ng k s tiu hao nng lng. gi
cho my tnh xch tay s dng ti nguyn CPU v b nh tt nht cho cc ng
dng khc, hy tt bt c cc phn cng v phn mm no khng cn thit.
Kim tra cc biu tng trong khay h thng (system tray). Bn c th s
216
dng tin ch c sn trong Windows l msconfig la chn cc chng trnh

mun t ng np trong khi khi ng.
kim tra lng ti nguyn, trong h iu hnh Windows 2000 v Windows
XP hy m Ctrl-Alt-Del v m Task Manager, chn Performance xem lng
ti nguyn s dng. Trong Windows 98 v Windows Me hy m tin ch
System Monitor bng cch Start, Programs, Accessories, System Tools, System
Monitor
V hiu ho cc thit b, phn mm khng s dng

Tm thi v hiu ho (disable) cc thit b khng s dng s tit kim c
kh nhiu nng lng mc d cc thit b ny thc t vn tiu th mt t nng
lng. Nhng thit b ny c th l modem, card mng, cng song song
(parallel), cng ni tip (serial), a CD-ROM, DVD...
Trong Windows 98/Me, nhn phm phi vo My Computer v chn Properties > Device Manager. Trong Windows 2000/XP nhn phm phi vo My Computer
v chn Properties->Hardware -> Device Manager. Tip , hy nhn phm
phi vo thit b mun v hiu ho chn Disable.
Lau sch im tip xc

im tip xc gia pin v my c th lm gim hiu sut s dng ca pin.
Hy lau sch im tip xc bng kim loi gia pin v my hng thng bng vi
mm c tm cn. iu ny s gim thiu tht thot nng lng do tip xc
km.
Hy mua thm pin ph nu c th

ang s dng my tnh son tho mt vn bn quan trng th ht pin. Tht
bc mnh! Do , lun mang theo pin ph s rt hu ch cho bn. Nu kh
nng ti chnh cho php, hy mua thm pin ph. Tu thuc vo cht lng ca
pin gi c c th t 85 USD cho ti 235 USD.
Hy thng xuyn sc pin

Hy mang theo b sc/chuyn i AC khi phi i ra ngoi, v hy s dng b
sc ny bt c lc no c th. Nu b sc i km theo my khng tt v c v
nng n v phin phc, hy s dng b sc pin hp thi trang ca Belkin v
Targus. Nhng b sc ny nh v mng. Khng nhng th, mt s model ca
Targus cn c th sc pin cho in thoi di ng na.
8.3.3. Cng ngh Centrino
L cng ngh ca Intel tht k dnh cho my tnh xch tay vi s kt hp ca
b ba: CPU Mobiel, Chipset Mobile, v card khng dy ca Intel. Vi cng ngh
217
ny my tnh s hot ng vi hiu sut cao hn, s dng in nng hiu qu

hn v kt ni di ng thun tin hn. Cc my c cu hnh t c cc yu
cu ca chun Centrino th s c Intel cp chng nhn t chun v trn
thn my s dn logo Centrino ca Intel.
Hnh B 8.7: Cng ngh Centrino
Cc dng i Centrino ca Intel:

Carmel:
Pentium M: m Banias hoc Dothan, c FSB l 400MT/s
Chipsets 855PM/GM/GMS: tch hp ha Intel Extreme Graphic 2,
h tr loi b nh DDRAM, cng chun kt ni IDE.
Intel PRO/Wirelss 2100/2200: chun kt ni khng dy 802.11b vi
tc ln n 11Mb/s
Sonoma:
Pentium M: m Dothan, c FSB l 533MT/s
Chipsets 915PM/GM/GMS: tch hp ha Graphic Media
Accelerator (GMA) 900, h tr loi b nh DDRAM2, cng SATA,
m thanh cht lng cao v card m rng PCI-Express.
Intel PRO/Wirelss 2200/2915: chun kt ni khng dy 802.11abg vi
tc ln n 54Mb/s
218
Napa:
Core Duo /Core 2 Duo: m Yonah hoc Merom, c FSB l 667MT/s
Accelerator (GMA) 950, h tr loi b nh DDRAM2, cng SATA,
m thanh cht lng cao v card m rng PCI-Express.
Intel PRO/Wirelss 3945: chun kt ni khng dy 802.11abg vi tc
54Mb/s
Santa (Centrino Pro):
Core 2 Duo: m Merom-2, c FSB l 800MT/s
Accelerator (GMA) X3100, h tr loi b nh DDRAM2, cng
SATA, m thanh cht lng cao v card m rng PCI-Express.
Intel PRO/Wirelss 4965: chun kt ni khng dy 802.11abgn vi tc
108Mb/s
8.4. Bo dng my Laptop
8.4.1. V sinh my Laptop
Vic v sinh my tnh xch tay c phn khc bit so vi my tnh bn, vi
ngi s dng thng thng th ch cn lu n v sinh v my, mn hnh,
bn phm vi vi mm v nc v sinh my tnh xch tay. Vi bn phm th c
th dng bnh xt thi bi trong cc khe ca bn phm.
Vic v sinh trong thn my th phi cn n s kho lo v cn thn, nh l
trc khi tho v my ra phi m bo l my ht hn bo hnh. Trong thn
my, b phn cn v sinh thng l phn tn nhit cho CPU.
219
8.4.2. Chn on v khc phc s c my Laptop

S c cu my tnh xch tay COMPAQ
S c xy ra.
1 di, 1 ngn
Nguyn nhn
xc nh li
Li kim tra
ton b BIOS
ROM
7 ting bao gm: 1 di, 1 ngn,

1 di , ngng, 1 di, 1 ngn, 1 Li video AGP
ngn.
1 ting di.
1 di, 2 ngn
Cch khc phc.

Kim tra ROM, c th
update li BIOS.
Card video AGP b li. Hy
kim tra li card hoc thay
th.
Li b nh
RAM
Hy kim tra RAM hoc

thay th.
Li video
Kim tra b iu hp
video .C th thay th
adapter.
S c cu my tnh xch tay IBM.

S c my pht ting ku cu
my IBM
Nguyn nhn
Khc phc.
Ku lin tc
Hng mainboard.
Thay mainboard.
1 ting bp, mn hnh LCD trng Hng kt ni vi mn

Kim tra ngun
xa, nhp nhy hoc khng c hnh, li b iu hp in v cp kt ni
c
video.
vi mn hnh.
1 ting bp km theo thng bo
"Unable to access boot source"
Vo CMOS kim tra

Hng hoc sai thit b
cu hnh thit b
boot
boot v kim tra
HDD trong CMOS.
1 di, 2 ngn
Hng mainboard; trc

trc vi b iu hp
video; li ng b
LCD.
Xa CMOS, c th
thay mainboard.
1 di, 4 ngn
Pin yu.
Np ngun cho pin.
220
Mi giy mt ting
Pin yu.
2 ting ngn
Mainboard trc trc.
221
Np ngun cho Pin,

hoc kim tra dy
ngun cung cp.
BI TP LN
1. Hy nu ra cc tnh nng u vit ca dng CPU dnh cho my Laptop so vi
my Desktop?
2. Nu r cc u im ca cc dng my c chng nhn Centrino?
3. Thi gian s dng my Laptop ph thuc vo nhng yu t no v phn
cng?
4. Nng cp my Laptop c nhng kh khn no?
5. Nu l nh thit k my Laptop th bn s thm cc c tnh no so vi hin
nay?
BI TP N
1. My Laptop cng c phn chia thnh my chng loi
2. Cc dng i Centrino ca Intel c my dng
3. Cng ngh Intel PRO/Wirelss 2100/2200 l cng ngh
4. Cng ngh Pentium M l cng ngh Laptop ng hay sai
5. Gii thch ti sao my Laptop thuc th loi my tnh c nhn?
6. C th phn chia my Laptop thnh bao nhiu chng loi da trn cc tiu ch
kch thc, trng lng, hiu nng ca my?
7. My Desknote c nhng khc bit c bn no so vi my Laptop?
8. Chc nng no m my Pocket PC thng c m cc my Desknote v Laptop
khng c?
9. Cc c trng c bn ca my Laptop?
10. Thit b phn cng ca my Laptop c th s dng cho my Desktop c
khng? Ti sao?
11. Cc lu cn quan tm khi chn mua mt my Laptop l g?
12. My tnh Centrino l g? Cc yu t cn c mt my tnh c th nhn
chng nhn hp chun Centrino?
13. Nhng iu no cn phi quan tm nu mun s dng my Laptop ng
cch v hiu qu?
222
223
BI 9: CU D LIU
Mc tiu:
Cc vn v d liu v lu tr d liu
Cch thc khi phc d liu
S dng cc chng trnh cu d liu
Lu tr d liu an ton
9.1. Vn v d liu v lu tr d liu

9.1.1. D liu v lu tr d liu
D liu: bao gm cc tp tin, th mc hnh nh, vn bn, c s d liu, l
ngun ti liu quan trng ca ngi s dng. Thng thng d liu c lu
tr trn a cng v a quang.
D liu lu tr trn a cng nh th no?
Vi phn vng c nh dng theo h thng tp tin FAT
D liu trn a cng c lu tr ti 3 ni, bao gm:
Directory Entry: cha thng tin v tp tin gm tn, dung lng, thi gian to
v s hiu cluster u tin cha d liu ca tp tin
FAT: cha s hiu cc cluster c s dng cho tp tin
Cc cluster: cha d liu ca tp tin (vng Allocation).
Phn vng FAT
Allocation Directory Entry FAT
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
-
ok
ok
ok
-
ok
ok
-
Tp tin c lu tr ton vn
Tp tin c ni dung khng y
hoc khng th c c
Tp tin khng y thng tin
Khng xc nh ni dung nhng c
th nhn thy tn tp tin
Khng cn du hiu ca tp tin
Vi phn vng c nh dng theo h thng tp tin NTFS
224
D liu trn a cng c lu tr ti 2 ni gm:
D liu c lu tr trong MFT Entry (Master File Table Entry)

Vng Allocation.
Phn vng NTFS
Allocation
MFT
ok
ok
ok
-
ok
Tp tin c lu tr ton vn
Tp tin c th khng y thng tin
Ni dung khng xc nh mc d vn c th
nhn thy tn tp tin
Khng tm thy du vt ca tp tin
9.1.2. Nguyn nhn mt d liu

Cc nguyn nhn mt d liu thng gp l g?
Li phn cng
Li phn cng thng l nguyn nhn dn n vic h hng v mt
mc d liu.
Li k thut t pha nh sn xut
u c ghi ca a khng hot ng
Hng cc linh kin in t trn bo mch qun l.
Li phn mm
Trong nhiu trng hp, li phn mm thng xut hin di dng nhng
thng bo li cho bit d liu khng th truy xut c hoc b h, khng nhn
thy d liu. Phn mm cho dng th hoc ang trong qu trnh th nghim.
Li do virus my tnh
T l ny cng gia tng khi nhu cu ti d liu v t internet ang tr nn ph
bin.
Cch tt nht phng trnh virus my tnh l s dng cc trnh dit virus, ch
n cc tp tin nh km trn th in t. Khng nn nh dng li a mm
hoc a cng nh l mt phng thc loi b virus.
Li do ngi s dng
Nguyn nhn lm hng my tnh, gy mt d liu do nhn t con ngi chim
khong 30%, thng l do ngi s dng:
225
Xo nhm tp tin hoc th mc

nh dng Format sai a hoc phn vng
Phn chia phn vng a cng khng ng
S dng chng trnh Ghost sai a hoc phn vng: thng xy ra
do ngi s dng thiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh s dng hay ln
u dng chng trnh ny.
S dng cc thit b lu tr khng ng cch
Khng sao lu thng xuyn trong qu trnh thao tc trn tp tin: khi
son tho vn bn m ngi dng khng c thi quen sao lu thng
xuyn th nguy c mt d liu rt cao, trng hp thng gp phi l
b mt in.
Do bt cn trong qu trnh di chuyn v s dng cc thit b lu tr: do
di chuyn khng ng cch, tho nng, ng va p mnh, qun, b
thm nc,
9.2. Cu d liu
9.2.1. C ch khi phc d liu
Ti sao vn c th khi phc d liu b mt?
Khi xo mt tp tin hay th mc no th thc cht lnh ny ch nh du
" xa" trong Directory Entry v nhng thng tin c lin quan trong FAT hoc
MFT Entry. Cc vng cha d liu ca tp tin ny trong Allocation xem nh
trng v c xem l cha dng n mc d d liu vn tn ti.
D liu mi c ghi vo th n c ghi ln d liu c b nh du
xa trc , lc ny d liu c mi thc s b xa i. Cc chng trnh cu
d liu vn nhn thy c nhng d liu b nh du xa khi qut qua b mt
a, mc d h iu hnh v chng ta u khng th nhn thy chng.
Bt k chng trnh cu d liu no cng c gng tm li nhng thng tin t 3
ni: Allocation, Directory Entry, FAT (hay MFT Entry) bng cch c ni dung
tng sector trn a c th khi phc y ni dung ca mt tp tin, nu
thiu (hoc mt) mt trong nhng thng tin ny, d liu khng ton vn hoc
khng th khi phc.
Nh vy, xem xt cc trng hp trn th kh nng khi phc d liu thng
kh thp. Trng hp cc cluster ca Allocation b hng hoc b chp , hu
nh khng th khi phc c v d liu b xa v chp bi d liu mi.
226
Cc chng trnh cu d liu u c nhng im mnh ring, nhng nhn

chung, kh nng phc hi d liu ph thuc rt nhiu vo cu trc d liu
trn a cng v nhng thao tc c nh hng n cc vng d liu.
9.2.2. Chng trnh cu d liu
C 2 cch thc cu d liu: cu d liu trong windows v trong MSDOS
Cu d liu trong Windows
Vic s dng cc chng trnh cu d liu trong h iu hnh windows
thng c nhiu ngi s dng v d thc hin v c th thy ngay nhng
tp tin th mc cn tm nn thun li cho vic sao lu. C rt nhiu chng
trnh cu d liu chy trn h iu hnh windows, tu theo tnh nng v u
im ca tng chng trnh m c th la chn hay th nghim mt s
chng trnh no . Hu ht cc chng trnh ny nu mun s dng th phi
tr ph mua bn quyn.
i vi thit b lu tr l a cng c th s dng mt s chng trnh sau:
GetDataBack FAT NTFS, Ontrack Easy Recovery, ...
Ontrack Easy Recovery: l chng trnh khi phc d liu rt mnh, c nhiu
ch cu d liu khc nhau. c bit chng trnh km theo tin ch sa li
tp tin, email
Hnh B 9.1: Chng trnh Ontrack Easy Recovery
227
Hnh B 9.2: La chn phn vng cn khi phc
228
Hnh B 9.3: La chn th mc cn khi phc
Hnh B 9.4: La chn ni lu tr d liu khi phc
229
Hnh B 9.5: Qu trnh khi phc hon tt
Nu d liu trn a quang b li th c cch no khi phc

i vi thit b lu tr l a quang CD DVD c th s dng mt s
chng trnh sau: AnyReader, Copy It Any, CD DVD Data Recover, ...
CD DVD Data Recover
230
Hnh B 9.6: Thit lp tu chn
Hnh B 9.7: Qu trnh khi phc bt u
231
C cch no khi phc d liu trn USB?

i vi thit b lu tr l USB c th s dng mt s chng trnh sau:
GetDataBack FAT NTFS, Data Doctor Recovery Pen, ...
Data Doctor Recovery Pen: l chng trnh chuyn dng cho thit b nh
USB
Hnh B 9.8: La chn phn vng khi phc
232
Hnh B 9.9: Qu trnh khi phc bt u
Hnh B 9.10: La chn tp tin cn khi phc
233
Hnh B 9.11: La chn ni lu tp tin c khi phc
CU D LIU TRONG MS-DOS

Ti sao phi cu d liu trong MS-DOS?
Cc chng trnh cu d liu trong MS DOS thng c tch hp trong a
CD Hirens boot hay LHT, chng ta c th mua ti cc tim vi tnh hay ti
xung t internet. s dng chng ta vo trong CMOS Setup Utility v chn
boot t CD ROM v lm theo hng dn.
Vic cu d liu trong MS DOS thng phc tp hn v tn nhiu thi gian
v cch s dng s lm cho chng ta c th cha quen, nhng trong mt s
trng hp phi s dng cch cu d liu trong MS DOS mi cho hiu qu
nh mong mun. V d: Lost and Found, ProsoftMedia, Test Disk,
DiyDataRecoveryDiskpath, ActiveUneraser, ...
Lm th no s dng cc chng trnh ny?
Khi ng my vo CMOS v thit lp boot t CD ROM. Chn s 2 vo
menu ca Hirens boot.
Chng trnh cu d liu Prosoft Media trong MS DOS: l mt chng trnh
mnh c nhiu ngi s dng, cu c d li.u khi b ghost h iu hnh
sai phn vng.
234
Hnh B 9.12: Chng trnh Prosoft Media
235
Hnh B 9.13: La chn ni lu d liu sau khi khi phc
a cng b chy, n thit b in t trn bo mch iu khin lm sao

cu c d liu ?
Vic chy n thng t gp phi, c nhiu nguyn nhn gy chy n a nh:
do bt cn ca ngi s dng gy chm hay li k thut ca nh sn xut m
ngi s dng khng bit cng gy ra chy n; l hin tng my hot bnh
thng khi cha cp ngun cho a cng nhng khi cp ngun cho a
cng th my khi ng ri t ngt ngun.
236
Trng hp ny thng khng c bo hnh, chng ta c th cu d liu

bng cch thay th bo mch iu khin khc tng t, ngoi ra c th thay th
mt s linh kin b chy n trn bo mch .
9.2.3. Sa li d liu sau khi khi phc
Ti sao phi sa li d liu sau khi khi phc?
Nhiu trng hp sau khi d liu c phc hi nhng ni dung bn trong
b m ho v khng th c c. Do , chng ta cn s dng phn mm
khc sa tp tin b li. Tuy nhin vic sa cha nhng tp tin ny gp
nhiu kh khn v hu nh l khng th.
9.3. Cc lu v lu tr d liu v cu d liu
9.3.1 Lu tr d liu an ton
C cch no hn ch nguy c mt d liu?
Nguy c mt d liu c th n bt ng khng bo trc tuy nhin cng c
mt s trng hp c th d on trc nguy c mt d liu v c th d
dng sao chp d liu kp thi khi c nhng du hiu nghi ng sau:
Nghe m thanh l pht ra t a cng mi ln khi ng, chp chn lc nhn
lc khng. C th l a cng ca chng ta c vn v cc thit b c hc
bn trong hay thit b in t trn bo mch qun l khng hot ng.
Vic truy xut d liu tr nn chm hn bnh thng, i khi b treo, thng
hay bo li hay khng th sao chp c d liu.
Lp t thit b lu tr khng ng cch hay do bt cn trong qu trnh di
chuyn m nh ri a cng th nguy c mt d liu l khng th trnh khi,
kh nng phc hi d liu l rt kh v khng th. Trng hp ny thng
gp phi i vi a cng hoc s dng cc b nh ng USB khng ng
cch.
Tt my khng ng cch hoc thng xuyn mt in t ngt, in p khng
n nh rt d lm hng phn c bn trong v t tnh trn b mt l a.
Nu t a cng gn cc thit b sinh t tnh mnh s lm thay i hoc
mt d liu ton b d liu ca chng ta do lm thay i lp t tnh trn a.
Lu tr d liu an ton
Khng lu d liu quan trng trn a C hay a cha h iu hnh, th
mc Mydocument hay Desktop v thng nhng d liu ny s b mt khi
ci li h iu hnh mi.
237
Hnh B 9.14: Khng lu tr d liu trn C
Sao lu d phng theo nh k, bng cch sao lu trn phn vng khc hay chp
ra CD ROM, USB thm ch phi lu trn mt my tnh khc phng trng
hp chy n.
Hu ht cc a cng hin nay c tui th trung bnh t 150,000 300,000
gi. Nh vy a cng khng sm th mun cng s b h. Khng tin tng
tuyt i vo a cng hay bt k thit b lu tr no.
238
Hnh B 9.15: Tin ch sa li h thng
Cc vn khc
Nn kim tra v sa li nh k cho a cng v USB bng cng c ca
Windows v mt s phn mm chuyn dng. vic lm ny s gip chng ta
khc phc v hn ch cc li c th xy ra nhm hn ch nguy c mt d
liu.
Cp nht v qut virus nh k: tt cc chng trnh dit virus u phi c
cp nht thng xuyn th mi c th pht hin v dit c nhng loi virus
mi; thng phi kt hp vi mt s chng trnh chng virus khc v c
phn mm c th pht hin virus ny nhng khng th nhn din c loi
virus khc.
Trong chng trnh CMOS c chc nng t kim tra v pht hin a cng b
li, bng cch bt chc nng ny th nu pht hin li th BIOS s hin th
thng bo trong qu trnh POST ca my tnh. Chc nng ny thng tm thy
ti mc Advanced Feature CMOS, ti dng S.M.A.R.T for Hard Disk, ta
chn trng thi l Enable.
Bo qun thit b lu tr ng cch gp phn rt quan trng trong vic hn
ch mt v h hng d liu, ng thi ko di tui th s dng ca thit b
lu tr .
239
Hnh B 9.16: Chng trnh dit virus
9.3.2. Cc nguyn nhn khng cu c d liu

Do thit b phn cng b li qu nng v hay h hng v mt vt l qu nhiu,
thng l rt c do thi gian s dng qu lu.
Do chng trnh cu d liu phn ln ang dng l cc phn mm min ph
nn b hn ch mt s chc nng nht nh hoc tm thy tp tin cn xo
nhng khi sao lu th li yu cu nhp s CD Key,
240
Do ngi s dng cha c kinh nghim trong vic s dng cc chng trnh
cu d liu, hoc d liu b ghi qu nhiu, nguyn nhn na l do tp tin
th mc xo c kch thc qu ln.
9.3.3. Cc lu trong qu trnh cu d liu
Trong qu trnh cu d liu phi m bo ngun in lin tc, nu nh qu
trnh cu d liu m t nhin mt in th phi thc hin li t u. Vic
ny tht l phin v mt nhiu thi gian do phi c b ngun in khng
ngt UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply.
C thit b sao lu d phng, iu ny ph thuc vo dung lng ca a,
tp tin hay th mc s cu d liu. C th l b nh ng USB hay a cng
khc c dung lng ln c th sao chp ngay sau khi qu trnh cu d liu
hon tt.
Khng chy cc chng trnh khc trong qu trnh cu d liu. iu ny s
gip cho vic cu d liu t c hiu qu hn, vic chy cc chng trnh
khc s lm cho thi gian cu d liu lu hn i khi cn nh hng n qu
trnh cu d liu.
241
BI TP LN
1. Phn vng (Partition) no c th lu tr d liu tt nht.
2. Nguyn nhn c th mt d liu trong my tnh.
3. Hy nu 1 chng trnh c th cu d liu trong Dos, Windows v trnh by
ngn gn qu trnh phc hi d liu trong Window, Dos.
BI TP N
1. D liu trn cng vi phn vng FAT c lu tr 3 ni ng hay sai?
.................................................................................................................................
2. D liu trn cng vi phn vng NTFS c lu tr 2 ni ng hay sai?
.................................................................................................................................
3. Li v phn mm c th mt d liu ng hay sai?
.................................................................................................................................
4. Li do ngi s dng c th mt d liu ng hay sai?
.................................................................................................................................
5. C th cu d liu c trong Windows bng chng trnh no ?
.................................................................................................................................
6. Chng trnh Ontrack Easy Recovery c th cu d liu trong Windows ng
hay sai?
7. Dng chng trnh no c th cu d liu trn a CD v DVD?
.................................................................................................................................
8. Chng trnh Data Doctor Recovery Pen c th cu d liu trn a USB
ng hay sai?
.................................................................................................................................
9. C th cu d liu trong MS - DOS ng hay sai?
10. Chng trnh no c th cu d liu ngoi Dos?
.................................................................................................................................
11. Nu b chy bo mch trn a cng c th cu d liu c ng hay sai?
12. Chng trnh no dng sa li d liu?
.................................................................................................................................
242
PH LC
T VIT TT V CH THCH NGHA
243
MC LC HNH MINH HA
Hnh B 1.1: My tnh v my tnh c nhn.............................................................6
Hnh B 1.2: My tnh bn.................................................................................7
Hnh B 1.3: MTXT v Macintosh..........................................................................8
Hnh B 1.4: PDA....................................................................................................8
Hnh B 1.5: Workstation........................................................................................9
Hnh B 1.6: Mini - Computer...............................................................................10
Hnh B 1.7: Mainframe........................................................................................10
Hnh B 1.9: Khi thit b nhp............................................................................11
Hnh B 1.10: Khi x l......................................................................................11
Hnh B 1.11: Khi thit b xut ..........................................................................12
Hnh B 1.12: Khi thit b lu tr ......................................................................12
Hnh B 1.13: Cc thit b ngoi vi.......................................................................13
Hnh B 1.14: H iu hnh..................................................................................14
Hnh B 1.15: Trnh iu khin thit b................................................................14
Hnh B 1.16: Phn mm dn trang v office 2003..............................................15
Hnh B 1.17: Phn mm lp trnh ......................................................................16
Hnh B 1.18: S khi my tnh ......................................................................16
Hnh B 1.19: Nguyn l hot ng .....................................................................17
Hnh B 1.20: Nguyn l hot ng 2...................................................................18
244
Hnh B 2.1: Cc thnh phn trn mainboard........................................................23

Hnh B 2.2: Cc chips trn mainboard..................................................................24
Hnh B 2.3: Cc cng kt ni trn mainboard.....................................................24
Hnh B 2.4: Khe cm trn mainboard..................................................................25
Hnh B 2.5: Front Panel........................................................................................25
Hnh B 2.6: Front USB Panel...............................................................................26
Hnh B 2.6: Front Audio Panel.............................................................................27
Hnh B 2.7: ROM BIOS.......................................................................................28
Hnh B 2.8: Chipset Intel......................................................................................28
Hnh B 2.9: Chipset Intel 975X............................................................................29
Hnh B 2.10: Chipset Intel 915G..........................................................................30
Hnh B 2.11: Chipset VIA CX700........................................................................31
Hnh B 2.12: Chipset SIS 761X............................................................................32
Hnh B 2.13: Chipset NVIDIA.............................................................................33
Hnh B 2.14: B vi x l AMD v Intel..............................................................36
Hnh B 2.15: Front Side Bus v Back Side Bus....................................................36
Hnh B 2.16: Cache L1 v L2...............................................................................37
Hnh B 2.17: B nh RAM..................................................................................41
Hnh B 2.18: SDR SDRAM.................................................................................43
Hnh B 2.19: DDR SDRAM.................................................................................43
245
Hnh B 2.20: DDR II SDRAM.............................................................................43

Hnh 2.21: Cu to a cng ...........................................................................45
Hnh 2.22: Track, sector, cluster...........................................................................46
Hnh 2.23: Cylinder, trc quay.............................................................................47
Hnh 2.24: Bng ghi khi ng chnh trn a cng........................................48
Hnh B 2.25: Cu to ca a quang...................................................................51
Hnh B 2.26: a quang v mt c laser.........................................................52
Hnh B 2.27: B ngun ATX...............................................................................55
Hnh B 2.28: Thnh phn c bn ca b ngun.................................................56
Hnh B 2.29: Thng my......................................................................................58
Hnh B 2.30: Mn hnh CRT................................................................................59
Hnh B 2.31: Mn hnh LCD................................................................................61
Hnh B 2.32: Cu to ca mn hnh LCD...........................................................62
Hnh B 2.34: Bn phm........................................................................................66
Hnh B 2.35: Cch b tr bn phm......................................................................66
Hnh B 2.36: Chut c.........................................................................................69
Hnh B 2.37: Cu to ca chut c....................................................................70
Hnh B 2.38: Chut quang...................................................................................70
Hnh B 2.39: Cu to ca card mn hnh............................................................72
Hnh B 2.40: Chip GPU.......................................................................................72
246
Hnh B 2.41: Qu trnh xut hnh nh.................................................................73

Hnh B 2.42: Cng kt ni VGA.........................................................................74
Hnh B 2.43: Khe cm card mn hnh..................................................................74
Hnh B 2.44: Cc cng kt ni trn card mn hnh.............................................76
Hnh B 2.45: Loa my tnh...................................................................................79
Hnh B 2.46: Cc Jack cm sound.......................................................................80
Hnh B 3.1: My b Acer.....................................................................................85
Hnh B 3.2: My b Vibird..................................................................................86
Hnh B 3.3: My second hand..............................................................................86
Hnh B 3.4: Dng lp rp my tnh.....................................................................87
Hnh B 3.5: Kim tra thit b trc khi lp rp..................................................88
Hnh B 3.6: Socket 478........................................................................................89
Hnh B 3.7: Socket 775........................................................................................89
Hnh B 3.8: Keo tn nhit CPU...........................................................................90
Hnh B 3.9: Lp t CPU v FAN......................................................................91
Hnh B 3.10: Lp t b nh RAM....................................................................92
Hnh B 3.11: Lp t b ngun..........................................................................92
Hnh B 3.12: Lp t c mainboard..............................................................93
Hnh B 3.13: Lp t a cng........................................................................93
Hnh B 3.14: Lp mainboard vo case.................................................................94
247
Hnh B 3.15: Lp kt ni ngun.........................................................................94

Hnh B 3.16: Lp bng iu khin Front Panel..................................................95
Hnh B 3.17: Lp t card m rng....................................................................96
Hnh B 3.18: Kt ni thit b ngoi vi................................................................96
Hnh B 3.19: CMOS Phoenix v Award...............................................................98
Hnh B 3.20: Cu hnh Standard CMOS Features................................................99
Hnh B 3.21: Cu hnh Advanced CMOS Features..............................................99
Hnh B 3.22: Thit lp Chipset..........................................................................100
Hnh B 3.23: Cu hnh thit b ngoi vi............................................................101
Hnh B 3.24: Qun l ngun in.....................................................................101
Hnh B 3.25: Cu hnh khe cm m rng.........................................................102
Hnh B 3.26: Theo di nhit v in p my tnh........................................103
Hnh B 3.27: Thit lp xung nhp cho CPU v b nh.....................................103
Hnh B 4.1: Danh mc cc tu chn ca Hirens Boot.....................................107
Hnh B 4.2: Khi ng vo Hiren's Boot...........................................................110
Hnh B 4.3: Tin ch phn vng a cng......................................................111
Hnh B 4.4: To phn vng primary mi cho a cng..................................112
Hnh B 4.5: To phn vng logical mi cho a cng...................................113
Hnh B 4.6: Set Active cho phn vng khi ng..............................................114
Hnh B 4.7: Vo tin ch CMOS........................................................................116
248
Hnh B 4.8: La chn thit b khi ng..........................................................117

Hnh B 4.9: Nhn Enter tip tc ci t......................................................118
Hnh B 4.10: Nhn F8 tip tc ci t........................................................119
Hnh B 4.11: La chn phn vng ci t h iu hnh..................................120
Hnh B 4.12: nh dng phn vng ci t h iu hnh.................................121
Hnh B 4.13: Qu trnh sao chp tp tin h thng.............................................121
Hnh B 4.14: in tn v t chc ngi s dng............................................122
Hnh B 4.15: Nhp Key sn phm km theo a ci t...................................123
Hnh B 4.17: Xc lp ngy thng v mi gi hin ti.......................................124
Hnh B 4.18: Tu chn v mng nhn Enter tip tc.................................125
Hnh B 4.19: Windows t iu chnh phn gii ca mn hnh n ok..........125
Hnh B 4.20: Qu trnh ci t HH hon tt...................................................126
Hnh B 4.21: Chn khi ng t a CD-ROM.............................................128
Hnh B 4.22: La chn phng thc Ghost......................................................128
Hnh B 4.23: Cc tu chn ca Ghost...............................................................129
Hnh B 4.24: La chn ni lu tr tp tin nh Ghost......................................130
Hnh B 4.25: La chn a ngun cn sao lu..............................................131
Hnh B 4.26: Qu trnh sao lu hon tt, khi ng li my............................132
Hnh B 4.27: Chn From Image phc hi h iu hnh.............................133
Hnh B 4.28: Chn tp tin nh ghost cn phc hi..........................................133
249
Hnh B 4.29: Chn phn vng ch phc hi...............................................134

Hnh B 4.30: Chn Yes thc hin qu trnh khi phc................................134
Hnh B 4.31: Chn Next ci t driver.........................................................136
Hnh B 4.32: Chn phng thc ci t...........................................................137
Hnh B 4.33: Qu trnh ci t t ng.............................................................137
Hnh B 4.34: Ci t bng tay...........................................................................138
Hnh B 4.35: Xc nh v tr driver cn ci t..................................................139
Hnh B 4.37: Chn thit b cn sao lu driver..................................................140
Hnh B 4.38: Qu trnh sao lu bt u............................................................141
Hnh B 4.39: Chn tp tin cha driver cn phc hi driver.............................142
Hnh B 4.40: Chn thit b cn phc hi driver...............................................143
Hnh B 4.41: Chia phn vng ci hai HH dng MultiBoot........................145
Hnh B 4.42: Chia phn vng ci hai HH dng BootMagic.......................146
Hnh B 4.43: Menu la chn h iu hnh dng MultiBoot............................147
Hnh B 4.44: Cu hnh Menu la chn h iu hnh dng BootMagic...........148
Hnh B 5.1: My quay phim ca hng Sony......................................................154
Hnh B 5.2: My chp nh ca hng Sony........................................................155
Hnh B 5.3: Webcam..........................................................................................156
Hnh B 5.4: Thit b nghe nhc MP3.................................................................157
Hnh B 5.5: Thit b nghe nhc MP4.................................................................158
250
Hnh B 5.6: My ghi m ca hng Sony............................................................159

Hnh B 5.7: My qut (scanner).........................................................................160
Hnh B 5.8: My Fax..........................................................................................161
Hnh B 5.9: My chiu.......................................................................................162
Hnh B 5.10: S kt ni VGA v thit b ngoi vi......................................163
Hnh B 5.11: Thit b nh v USB....................................................................164
Hnh B 5.12: Modem gn trong v gn ngoi...................................................165
Hnh B 5.13: Switch...........................................................................................165
Hnh B 6.1: My in kim......................................................................................168
Hnh B 6.2: My in phun....................................................................................170
Hnh B 6.3: My in Laser...................................................................................170
Hnh B 6.4: Cu to v cch thc hot ng ca my in Laser.......................171
Hnh B 6.5: My in a nng...............................................................................172
Hnh B 6.6: Ci t driver cho my in cch 1....................................................174
Hnh B 6.7: Ci t driver cho my in cch 2....................................................176
Hnh B 6.8: G b driver my in.......................................................................178
Hnh B 6.9: Np mc cho my in......................................................................179
Hinh B 7.1: Dng c bo tr my tnh ..............................................................186
Hnh B 7.2: V sinh b ngun...........................................................................187
Hnh B 7.3: V sinh v tra du cho qut...........................................................188
251
Hnh B 7.4: Dng c v sinh mt c a quang..........................................188

Hnh B 7.5: V sinh bn phm...........................................................................189
Hnh B 7.6: V sinh mn hnh...........................................................................190
Hnh B 7.7: UPS.................................................................................................191
Hnh B 7.8: Vng eo kh tnh in..................................................................192
Hnh B 7.9: Cht c nh card mn hnh...........................................................193
Hnh B 7.10: V sinh thng my.......................................................................193
Hnh B 7.11: Theo di cng sut lm vic ca b nh RAM...........................195
Hnh B 7.12: Theo di dung lng ca a cng...........................................196
Hnh B 7.13: Theo di dung lng ca card mn hnh......................................197
Hnh B 7.14: Theo di cng sut lm vic ca CPU.........................................198
Hnh B 7.15: Bo mch ch v card m rng....................................................199
Hnh B 7.16: BIOS.............................................................................................199
Hnh B 7.17: Tin ch nng cp BIOS trong DOS.............................................200
Hnh B 8.1: My tnh xch tay...........................................................................203
Hnh B 8.2: Thin anh Light, Ultraportables........................................................204
Hnh B 8.3: My Palm/Pocket PC, desknote......................................................205
Hnh B 8.4: RAM Laptop...................................................................................209
Hnh B 8.5: a cng Laptop..........................................................................210
Hnh B 8.6: Ti ng Laptop.............................................................................214
252
Hnh B 8.7: Cng ngh Centrino.......................................................................218

Hnh B 9.1: Chng trnh Ontrack Easy Recovery............................................227
Hnh B 9.2: La chn phn vng cn khi phc...............................................228
Hnh B 9.3: La chn th mc cn khi phc.................................................229
Hnh B 9.4: La chn ni lu tr d liu khi phc.......................................229
Hnh B 9.5: Qu trnh khi phc hon tt..........................................................230
Hnh B 9.6: Thit lp tu chn.........................................................................231
Hnh B 9.7: Qu trnh khi phc bt u..........................................................231
Hnh B 9.8: La chn phn vng khi phc......................................................232
Hnh B 9.9: Qu trnh khi phc bt u..........................................................233
Hnh B 9.10: La chn tp tin cn khi phc..................................................233
Hnh B 9.11: La chn ni lu tp tin c khi phc..............................234
Hnh B 9.12: Chng trnh Prosoft Media.........................................................235
Hnh B 9.13: La chn ni lu d liu sau khi khi phc...............................236
Hnh B 9.14: Khng lu tr d liu trn C....................................................238
Hnh B 9.15: Tin ch sa li h thng............................................................239
Hnh B 9.16: Chng trnh dit virus................................................................240
TI LIU THAM KHO
253

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BI 4: CI T MT H THNG MY TNH

Khe cm trn bo mch ch...............................................................24

BI 3: LA CHN CU HNH V LP RP MY TNH.............................84

8.3. c trng ca my Laptop.......................................................205

BI 1: GII THIU V MY TNH

Kin thc tng qut v my tnh

1.1. Gii thiu

Hnh B 1.1: My tnh v my tnh c nhn

1.1.2. My tnh c nhn g ?

Phn cng l nhng linh kin thit b lp rp hon chnh thnh mt my

Phn mm l mt chng trnh c vit ra bi con ngi bng cc ngn

Hnh B 1.2: My tnh bn

My tnh Machintosh l loi my tnh c nhn c pht trin bi hng Apple

Hnh B 1.3: MTXT v Macintosh

My tnh PDA ( Personal Data Assistant) l loi my tnh c nhn, thng

Hnh B 1.4: PDA

1.1.3. Cc loi my tnh khc

Workstation l my tnh c kch thc v cu hnh phn cng ln v mnh

Hnh B 1.5: Workstation

Mini-Computer l may tinh

Hnh B 1.6: Mini - Computer

Mainframe l my tnh ln rt mnh c th phc v ln n hng nghn ngi

Hnh B 1.7: Mainframe

Ngoi ra cng cn mt s loi my tnh khc nh: My tnh x l xong xong

c s dng trong mt s lnh vc rt hn ch nh nghin cu khoa hc,

Hnh B 1.9: Khi thit b nhp

Khi x l ( Processing Unit): l u no trung tm ca my tnh c chc nng

Hnh B 1.10: Khi x l

Hnh B 1.11: Khi thit b xut

Khi b nh v thit b lu tr ( Memory Storage Unit): l cc thit b lu

Hnh B 1.12: Khi thit b lu tr

Khi thit b nhp v xut c th gi chung l cc thit b ngoi vi

Hnh B 1.13: Cc thit b ngoi vi

(Perihperals), ngoi ra kt ni cc khi thit b li hay m rng thm cc

Hnh B 1.14: H iu hnh

1.3.2 Trnh iu khin thit b ( Driver)

Hnh B 1.15: Trnh iu khin thit b

1.3.3 Phn mm ng dng ( Application Software)

Hnh B 1.16: Phn mm dn trang v office 2003

+ Phn mm lp trnh ( Programing Software) l loi phn mm dng vit

Hnh B 1.17: Phn mm lp trnh

1.4. Nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh

Hnh B 1.18: S khi my tnh

biu din 2 trng thi s hc th ngi ta dng h nh phn vi 2

= 8 bit (tng ng 1 k t trong m ASCII)

V mt s thng s o lng nh: cng 120GB, ATA 100MB/s; Card mng

Hnh B 1.19: Nguyn l hot ng

Bc 2: khi x l s gii m v thc hin cc php tnh s hc, logic x

Bc 3: nhng thit b xut c nhim v gii m thng tin xut ra ph hp vi

Hnh B 1.20: Nguyn l hot ng 2

Bc 4: cui cng thng tin kt qu c th c chuyn vo khi thit b lu

u tin ROM BIOS s hot ng, kim tra li vic cp in ca b ngun

20. Khi my tnh bt u khi ng th n c chng trnh no u tin

BI 2: LINH KIN CU THNH H THNG MY

Kin thc chn on v iu tr cc s c ca cc thnh phn linh kin ny.

Khe cm m rng dng kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi khc vo

Hnh B 2.1: Cc thnh phn trn mainboard

2.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca bo mch ch

Hnh B 2.2: Cc chips trn mainboard

Hnh B 2.3: Cc cng kt ni trn mainboard

Khe cm trn bo mch ch

Khe cm l mt dy c gn dnh vo pha di bn tri ca bo mch ch

Hnh B 2.4: Khe cm trn mainboard