ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2012

TITLE: HEALTHY DIET

NAME: DANIEL LIM JHAO JIAN CLASS: 5SC1 I/C NUMBER: 950323-10-6045 INDEX NUMBER: KM112A003 TEACHERS NAME: PUAN ZANARIAH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PART II PART III FURTHER EXPLORATION REFLECTION

PAGE 1 2-3 4-9 10 - 14 15 - 16 17

PART I 2

(i)

History about statistic

The earliest writing on statistics was found in a 9th century book entitled: "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", written by Al-Kindi (801873 CE). In his book, Al-Kindi gave a detailed description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages, this was the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis, according to Ibrahim Al-Kadi. Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat-etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and the natural and social sciences. Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Probability theory arose from the study of games of chance. The method of least squares was first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794. The use of modern computers has expedited large-scale statistical computation, and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually.

(ii) Application of statistic in everyday life

Statistics is used to forecast weather. Weather models are built using statistics that compare prior weather conditions with current weather to predict future weather. Statistics is also used to prepare for emergency. If the forecast indicates that a hurricane is imminent or that tornadoes are likely to occur, emergency management agencies move into high gear to be ready to rescue people. Emergency teams rely on statistics to tell them when danger may occur. Besides, statistics is used for predicting disease. Lots of times on the news reports, statistics about a disease are reported. People have a better idea of how that disease may affect them. Statistics is used in medical studies. Scientists must show a statistically valid rate of effectiveness before any drug can be prescribed. Statistics is also involved in genetics. Many people are afflicted with diseases that come from their genetic make-up and these diseases can potentially be passed on to their children. Statistics are critical in determining the chances of a new baby being affected by the disease. In addition, statistics is used in political campaigns. Whenever there's an election, the news organizations consult their models when they try to predict who the winner is. Candidates consult voter polls to determine where and how they campaign. Statistics is used in insurance. The rate that a car or house insurance company charge customers is based upon statistics from all drivers or homeowners in a particular area. Moreover, statistics is involved in quality testing. Companies make thousands of products every day and each company must make sure that a good quality item is sold. The company uses statistics to test just a few of what they make. If the sample passes quality tests, then the company assumes that all the items made in the group are good. Furthermore, statistics is used in the stock market. Stock analysts use statistical computer models to forecast what is happening in the economy.

PART II

a) Frequency table Mass of students (kg) 30-44 45-59 60-74 75-89 90-104 Tally IIII IIII IIII IIII I IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII III III Table 1 Frequency 21 54 19 3 3

Mode mass = 52

b) Mass of students (kg) 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Mass of students (kg) 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 Frequency 5 33 37 16 6 0 3 Frequency 5 16 17 26 11 11 5 3 3 0 0 0 3

Mode = 51

Mode = 51

(i) As the class size decreases and the number of classes increases, the class width of each class interval decreases. The frequency of every class interval also decreases. The area of every bar in the histogram decreases. Besides, the amount of data that each class interval contain decreases. The frequency of the modal class also decreases. Moreover, class intervals with zero frequency (empty class intervals) appear. (ii) Mode for 1st histogram = 51 Mode for 2nd histogram = 51 The estimated value of mass of students that occurs most frequently in the set of data is 51. The mode obtained from the histogram is not 100% accurate since the data is grouped into class intervals. The smaller the class size, the higher the accuracy of the value of mode. The class size of the 1st histogram is 10 while the class size of the 2nd histogram is 5. Therefore, the mode obtained from the 2nd histogram is more accurate since the class size of the 2 nd histogram is smaller compared to the 1st histogram.

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PART III

a) Mass of students (kg) 30-44 45-59 60-74 75-89 90-104 Upper boundary 44.5 59.5 74.5 89.5 104.5 Table 2 Frequency 21 54 19 3 3 Cumulative frequency 21 75 94 97 100

b)

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c) 12

Median = 51.25 First quartile = 46 Third quartile = 59.5 Interquartile range = Third quartile First quartile = 59.5 46 = 13.5 d) Median class = th observation

= 50th observation = 45-59 Median =

= = 52.556 Q1 class = th observation

= 25th observation = 45-59 First quartile (Q1) =

= = 45.611 Q3 class = th observation

= 75th observation 13

= 45-49 Third quartile (Q3) =

= = 59.5 Interquartile range = Third quartile First quartile = 59.5 45.611 = 13.889 e) Range = Highest class mark Lowest class mark = 97 37 = 60 Interquartile range = 13.889 Difference between range and interquartile range = 60 13.889 = 46.111 f) Mean = = = 53.95

Variance =

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= = 173.9475

Standard deviation =

= = 13.189 Mean is used to interpret data because it is a measure of average that show the central location of a data distribution. Mean is useful for predicting future results when there are no extreme values in the data set. Standard deviation and variance are used to interpret data because they are the measures of the degree of dispersion that determine how far the values of data in a set of data scatter or spread out from its average value. A low standard deviation or variance indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean, whereas high standard deviation or variance indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values.

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FURTHER EXPLORATION (i) BMI Categories Underweight Normal Overweight Obese BMI < 18.5 18.5 24.9 25 29.9 30 Percentage (%) 31 59 7 3

(iii) An obese person is more prone to develop diseases such as diabetes, stroke and heart attack Obesity is caused by excessive intake of fats and carbohydrates. An obese person weighs 20% more than the average weight that corresponds to his height. Taking too much carbohydrates is associated with diabetes mellitus. The presence of excess glucose in the blood raises the blood glucose level above the normal value. Excess fats in the diet are converted into body fat. A diet high in fats can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a condition where deposits of plague develop on the inner lining of blood vessels. Plagues consist mainly of fats such as cholesterol which deposit in the arteries. Plagues slow down blood flow and reduces the ability of the blood vessels to function normally. As arteries become blocked by plagues, the threat of heart attacks and strokes become even greater. If the coronary artery is partially blocked, the person may have chest pains. A fully blocked coronary artery will result in a heart attack. A diet high in fats can also result in high blood pressure. The narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels due to atherosclerosis impedes blood flow and raises the blood pressure. High blood pressure can cause the arteries to burst and can lead to strokes if these occur in the brain. Stroke occurs as a result of the death of nerve tissue in the brain, usually caused by a blockage of the arteries in the brain. In order to live a healthier life, a person should practice a balanced diet. A person should eat according to the food pyramid. Foods located at the base of the food pyramid should be taken in large 16

quantities, while foods located at the tip of the food pyramid should be taken in small quantities. A person reduce the intake of fats and carbohydrates. Oily food, junk food and fast food such as burgers, fried chicken and french fries are contain large amounts of fats and therefore should be avoided. A person should also reduce the intake of salt and sugar. Salty food and sweet food such as ice cream and cakes should be avoided. Besides, a person should eat more fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals which are essential to maintain good health. Sufficient amounts of proteins is also required in the diet. Meat, poultry and fish are good sources of protein. A person should also drink sufficient amount of water every day. The human body requires a minimum of 8 glasses of water per day. A person should also exercise regularly. Exercise should be done at least three times a week and 30 minutes each time. Examples of good exercises are swimming, running, playing football and playing badminton. In addition, a person must not smoke and should avoid taking alcoholic drinks.

REFLECTION

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While conducting the project, I learnt many moral values. First, I learnt the value of cooperation. I cooperated with my friends to complete this project. Without cooperation, it is not possible to complete this project. I also learnt to be perseverant. I faced some problems while conducting this project, but I never gave up. My perseverance finally pays off when I successfully completed this project. Besides, I learnt to be confident. Although this project seemed to be challenging, I was confident enough to do it. I realised that confidence is very important when we are carrying out a task. In addition, I learnt the value of responsibility. I was responsible when I conducted this project by obeying the rules and making sure that every part of the project is complete and correct. Moreover, I learnt to be precise. When I am making calculations and looking for information for this project, I did it carefully and precisely. I made sure that all the calculations and information are correct, relevant and do not contain mistakes. Furthermore, I learnt to be appreciative. My parents, teachers and friends gave me some help when I was conducting this project. I appreciated their help very much.

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