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0^100
0^100
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64,000,000^000
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13,387,024^000
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50,715,000^000
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6
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19
20
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6,193
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111,055
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YdG d SdG G Yh NGdG
e Y j dG JQjR dG cG
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GR``c ``e``M ```aG FdG ``e ``KO``
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H ```j ```dG hCG ``g ````J IQ`` jR ``f``ch
Y ```e `````f```aCG G ``` aQ `````U hD` ` ` e
H EG GRc H b IQjR H ALh ,1966
dG hdG Y GdG JG M ;fj
.G d
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W VQG e IYOh AdG ShQ `a fH HfG

RjhQ - e

RjhQ - JcL
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e `````dG ```` ``H```b ````Y ```f QO``` Uh ,``jO`````G
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f H JCJh .jOG V HSCG e dG J
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dG A```KCG IQ``Z :Jg jM R``jh``d ``H``Jh
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e ```H a ``j```dG ``` HCG .```dR```e G`````eh
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AOEd G`` bG jOd ,``` eCG ,AdG ````ShQ ```N```dG ``L``J

QdCG FdG b RJ CG LG e fH HfG JUCH
e I``YO ``ZQ ,HdG IdG adG ``dh``dG J Y Tcd
.HfG W G VQG
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Y SG eQU Id j ``dG dG dP WdGh G
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fCG Y ``e``Y 18 e Tcd j ```dG AdG ShQ ``L
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c dG Tcd VQe e GY YGh . 2010 jO HfG
jeG FdG IQGOG Uhh adG dG eM YQe je
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14

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Y H jeG dG e H
G ``bh .FY ```VG``YG ``e ``Z``dG
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Y dG J eSGh ,S 11
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J fCH (EG.EG.S) OQh .hCG Y
e bfG GcG OLh Y eCG OH
G T{ eG jf dh FdG GMG
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Y DhJ G j dG RH g b
j jG LQG IQGRh a Y S
Qzh .zjNG jeGh S dG
IQGRh ``L```J GP`` ``g ```g `````G GD` ` ` dG
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FdG HG f
SCG GjEG
dG EG aQ
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FdG HG EG fGjEG ``YEG FSh db
f aQ Tg cCG SCG GjEG
TCG S dG HY d dG EG
IFa fch .zdhdG V jYO{ f H
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Z Y AfCd fGjEG e dch fh
db GjEG dG je YSEG M
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S ```e EG ``dhD```e ``bh .I````G
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e GjGe V ``j``dG aQ FY
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.1979 Y eSEG IQdG e GjEG

g `a KK HUEG
c Y QfG
jH
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c e dH f a jQfG
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e bh dG EG dG SH G
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dG g a QfG EG H a b d
G HG e KK f :``bh .b
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Y dhDe QdG Y L G J h
dhDe GM cH YL YCGh .OG
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e H GM cH YL bh .dG Gg
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UCGh .```H``gQEG YL ```fG Y I````G
aN A``` MEG ``j``J ```fEG ```J ```dG ``Y```G
Qe ``j````f ``` ` T ````b ``` e``` SEG
e `` dhO ``cG hCG ``` eG ``j````dG
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dG G dG SGh dG gJe
bh .``G dG e HS bh ghf
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OJ d .jj fc je e be
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15

dG

2012 S 24 aGG `g1433 IdG P e 7 KG

dG G
48 e YL
ceCG ANE YS
RjhQ - HGW
G EG ,```eCG ,dG A``` fCG ``d``ch ``d``b
48 G ``Y```Gh G ```eCG dG
dhdG ``eCGh jY A``NE YS
WGh HGW HdG dG OGaCG h
OW H G ``g ``Y `` YEG A``Lh .G
je ``g``YG``b ``e jdG Q````fCG e
d YJ G j OdG H RH
Y J ``dGR e dG G YG e
MWEG e Y e cCG H d Ic AGLCG
AfCG dch dbh .GdG e MGdG YdH
YGh OGaCG H gCG G EG dG
HdG GH IOLGh G dGh
,dhdG SD HdG GGh dG d
48 ``g````bCG I``e ``c``eCG ``g A`` NEG IQh``` V
j ```NCG ````G C` H ``d``c``dG ``a```VCGh z.``Y```S
jdG jdG Y jY dH MG
h .G e hdG HGW Qe EG ODG
G EG db d G SG dcdG cJ
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Y AdGh G ``e WdG T M
G V Ic Ige H G YGb
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I```c ``H````U d O`` G ``` G `` Lhh
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hj gh dG AdEG BG M aJ dG
.eCG d eCG bGh e c Y

cJ e OhG Y GdGh G e % 80 Y IdG j QdG dG

SSCG OG ALh .jQdG eRCd SS M EG
JGJeh ReQ aH dG SEG jQS PfEG D
,fG ``` WG``` ``dG `` dh`` dG A``` H `````jh ````j ``
d Lf JGSc dG dG Y cCdGh
dG g S eCG UdG ALQ YOh .IQdG GgCG
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MdG dG bhh QdG WE QdG bdG EG
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Y dG HdG hdG fch .e LGe EG
WV d ,SCG J EG YO b dG NdG
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EG :hc G Y eO ShdG dG bh
H jQS d M Vh g dM FdG dG
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VQG YL eO VQG De Jh z.dG
id WdG dG g ``gh ``NG``dG FdG
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cdG - jQS

AYCG CG jQS ``YEG FSh ``cP ,i``NCG Mf ``eh

eO GQOf YLG GhY jQdG NGdG VQH
ReQ aH (QdG) dG SEG EG IYd eCG
BG S EG OCG dG e QT H ,JGJeh
jQdG dG e cQ LG fGh .dG
VQG T e jdG YG e ZdG Y
YfG j fCH VQG eJGh I``NCG ``jCG
Ud j ```SCG QH Q````dG FdG C` H WN

zY L{ H J jQJ J GQeEH eSEG YL

.SdG IOdG fgEGh LCG U OLHh dhdG eCG J e
fEG -S MUE IYdG g dSQ EG J dG- UEG YL dbh
Y e SCJ dG G G``NG Y dG dH U d d
M FdH MWCG dG VfG H e d YG Uh .1928
e GQeEG e gAh EG dG UEG YL dbh .VG dG Qe
.MCG e gQ hCG W hCG aN dh FdG G YH fEG H
CH HCG HZ GH ILCG EG SQe HO WT Fb N MV bh
.Yd AdH jJ M fCG ebE eBJ G GNG YL
.e SS VQe CG e GQeEG hJ h
VQG H YQS HdG HdG OGeG MG e dG d Gfh
.edG eCH e SC VG dG eSEG S e G Sh
Gfj H e Gfc jdG dG EG G dP GQeEG dbh
jG e jG GQ``eEG eSEG de eh .JGQeEG UCG e SSCG
IQG j ,dG j c gh- OG WdG d cCG Sh fG
.jJ S jd d d ,OdG M jh ,ed

`a UTCG 6 e
e KOM
OGH T
cdG -GdG - jJ
UTCG 6 CG ,```eCG ,bGdG WdG ``cP
HdG WG iMEG e KOM Gb
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bGdG O``` G ``e 5{ EG QO``` ` G ``d``bh
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T h``N ```dG ``j``b ``d```e ```Y ```g
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G LCG hdG H GQS CG
dbh .Xe O``Y H CG`` H AG````G
OLH O`` `aCG ``H````e ``e````e EG A``` fCG ``g
IQdG CG ke ,G``jEG V Y Y QOG``H
,GdG Hhe EG kG``eCG Q```UCG jeCG
HQCG a EG gdH ,IdG S
GJ G````U U ``f``ch .fdGh
HG dG e k SG CG cP fjdG
H G e j jeGh fjdG
LJ SQJ fCG Ie e cCG FGSEG YCG CG
SCd jdG GjEG Be V Fbh HV
eMh QG`` H EG ```````dG ``d``bh .``jh``` dG
N ``e ``` dCG ``` ` S``ch ``` UG``Zh G``F``W
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Y aj fC a da j dG OG
fCG CG b FY eCG V e fCG .JFY
Ea fG QdG UG Hh .G Y
e Oh``G Y jQdG G````dGh ``G ``e %80 G``M
fGa dch SGe O``aCGh .dG ``jCG J cJ
hDT IQGOEG `````dG ```j ``W```G ``g ````d``Z ``fC` H
YCG ``b ``G Q````dG G ``ch .fCH JGH
.QdG NGdG EG cJ e jcG JOb f dG

QdG G CG G QdG G Y YCG

`` VQCG Y ``jG```e H IdG j edG
GcDe ..AdG d J a jG JGQb CGh ,jQS
.TCG dCe dG S CG
jdG WCG jb gdG Y MCG dG bh
k 850 e c eBGh ,cdG OhG e
hCG e :LQ
S E`a ,dEG J CG LQN IYe h``H
.GS dh TCG dCe dG
HHdh Gd GOe jd fc d :VCGh
LQG hdG d ,dG e k jS d ,da
dP S .S fhH Mh ,GG g d J
.eCG e c Gg ,WG
h .O``` dG ``e `` cCG `````dG ```Y f :``H``Jh
Lj .JK NGO j OG WG dZ
ceCG c jf c f fh ,Ib Gd EG
TCG J M c fCG VhCGh .eO ASH ,jJ
FGL eV H fG K ,dG S GY N
IOb j fCG dG cDjh .T j dG dG
M jdG U UdG c V ``a ``HQCG
IOd edG LG Qj ``fEG jh .MGVh
j dGh ,dG bGdG idG jG g QGdG
.Jd dG QGUEG dN
G G``` ` H ``` ` V `` e ``` ` JG ``` Y `` `fEG `` `bh
c GPEGh .``````V Jje CG ```k ``V``e ..``e``` ` dG

RjhQ - HO
GT gAYCG CG Y jQJ IG HdG GQ``eEG eSEG YL f
.GQeEG eSEG dhO ebEGh dG Y ASG H ke kML
GQeEG S YG eSEG CG Y ,Gk NDe , YEG FSh Kh
YL dbh .e L d S J ebEH GaYG VG dG TCG
dh dG Y jQY IQcG dG g eCG RjhQ EG SQCG H UEG
IJSCG e fG e Y CG j a ..NG e ``gP EG SSCG d
Y J EG Gd QOb IQH YCG LQh eGh jHdGh eG
YL GkY 60 f GQeEG CG UG G U cPh .?e
.GQeEG IQG G G``NG YH U d CG j dG UEG
h .K jQJ dhd cG dG U gMCG jNCG U OQhCGh
g EG :Fb ;jQdG Y dG JGQeEG hDe aQh .QOe e CG cJ
.ffdG GAGLEd VN dG
SCH jd eJG Lh GQeEG dG FdG EG G U dbh

dG Y JGh OhG eCG j cSh GOdG FdG

hH dh ,```j``aG O``G WSH bJG GO````dG bh .GO````dG Ob
dG Yhe jOhM e ebEH dH GOdG L eM Y aGh
dh IQdG jd bJG dGh c bj CG G eh .OhG OGeG Y
HG j dG JQG dM j ebEG iNCG WGe dhO c
bh d JG L 2011 dj dT Y GOdG L fGh .GOdG
jdG e jW Fb fG Jh .gCG G e GOY fCG 2005 Y
dhO ``c YH ``e```JG A```fEGh ```G f ```SQh Oh``G SJ e ``M hO
GR h HS bJG J dhdG ah .i``NCG VGQCG jOd
Gg Sh .Y Re jOhM We N CH KOG N Gc eJ
HG ``M FdG j CG G ``eh .e de d
dhdG C ASG AG``LE HS h a M Y RG jOhG
J RG``MEG Y eY LJ h .jdG d j e Y JG J
jd dG cGh GOdG H HHG jOG L dG ITG Z KOG
Ne e GOdG L JJ dG IOG T - GOdG
jh .T-GOdG jd dG cG YH HL WG Jh .GOdG
.IjG jQG e YH GOdG QL GOdG L

RjhQ - HHCG jOCG

Y Jd ,Y e hCG Id ,dG ,GOdG Lh GOdG FQ j
dG jL e dG jJ SG GOdG L j M Oh``G ``eCG
dG M Y GOdG FQ jh .jdG Ob IG Y
OG c M ;HKEG VhG e YSCG cS GOdG L FQh
.ec 1800 dW ddG OhG Y dG bh dh WSdH j jaCG
Vj CH aR CGh ,SG Gg eT S JG EG dhdG UJ CG jh
dG GFdG dhd JG Gg aSh .Y HY hdG eCG
jb jJ jCG Y d ,ObG QfG Od e ``c L dG
bDe JG EG dhdG UJh . 2011 dj fG Y e cJ iNCG
hCG QH Y j ``dG GOdG L e dG GQOU S ZCG
HL bhCG CG H ,MCG dG Y G fGe Y GOdG N e QfCG
eCG J UdG Y j GOdG CG EG ,jdG SQ CH N KEG LfEG
dCG d ,jHCG GOdG L UY HL dG Y QG e ch .hCG
M f M Y Ib Id GOdG L Sh cTG dfG M

e ````e d```` A````MEH j````eCG d````j G `````FdG

GhQCG EG :Fb ..jeG dG GbMh jeCG IQdG QS GJ jdG
Gg f CG GHCG fCGh ,N GHCG J jeCG SeHdG
d HJ J d fCG c ,d jOe J d e CG Y OTh .dG
aGO GeCH TCG bG jeCG GQGOEG CG EG a ,Qe c e
T fL e gGdG j EG dH QdG jeCG FGdG
jCGh ,jgG VQG M Y jQJjdG eG jCGh ,G
J Qjf d jM cCGh .dG M Y FGSEG
YCG FdG g FQ Ea ,G IOb gGLCG dG GdG H fCG
.jQSOh IM WGO fe jM ``dhO BG eh ,G JGd
jeCG CG j ``fCGh ,HdG HdG GQd eHhCG jCH Se OTCGh
Y He ,jeCG H j e jH dG dG M Gh``jCG
.IG jdGh dG H ZG dG jdG EG J

cdG - IgdG
J EG LM IG jdG CG Se G FdG YG
GMG e cCG GkQb J CG EGh ,HdG dG e eJ SC QL
c Y dG eCJ fc GPEG a dhO ebEG Y J CGh ,dd
U Jf jM Se FdG bh .JSS e dG OY
Fd dG JG IQjdG b ,jeCG J Qjf U eCG
AMEGh HdG dG e JbY UEG TGh Y EG ,Qjd Se
Se VCGh .bEG QGSG jhGdG M dG e e d
Ea ,FGSG e dG bJG GMH e dJ TGh fc GPEG fCH
.d JGP M ebEH jO ec JeGdH J CG Y
jgG fGOE jdG dG H HCG dG eJG Se aQh

jQJ

2012 S 24 aGG `g1433 IdG P e 7 KG

16

jdGh dG H GdG LDJ NdG GeCG

FdG OeQ G TG e fdG HGW OJ QG Qf

JG dG ``eh .YR ``M Y- FGSEG V cG
NS SdG GQSG fh eG J M ;HGW
dfG dG cG h Je ```eCGh .AdG ``LCG e ajh
OJ SCG j Y edG hO WCG gT INCG fhBG
dd jQL GOGSG{ Y Y Fb bh .dGWCG OJ
,zdG SCG dJ fg g g jd e{ :Fb HJh .zddG
bEG YCG hGH Uh e jd eSE dhDG
QT S Y Fb fCGh .HGW Y hj fEG ``bh
FdH dG G``g HGW QG```T dfG dG Q```G L
JdG H H f{ ``bh .dG LCJ SdG Y
GPEG ..fCG Y ad dG f CG jh FdGh SdG
UCG d .``MCG Qj a SCGh G``eCG SdG e
e BG e EG IO``b ```jh .z``b``G TEG SS e
NhQU FGb H e IjL SCG AGT Y fG GQh``dG
S ``MCG ``bh .d e AL H Ub OHh JQe FGbh
SdG .Me G``J G``G{ :H SH f ``Y G
eG CG EG AT j d{ j eh .zeJ h J
e H a edGh SdG H QGd eGH N e dCG
e ZE VG dG- OGe Uf bh .zjaCG L M
-VG dG dG IhQP HGW FQ QT jMCG d
Gj ```G{ ``bh .a ``bh dCe GO`` ````dG ``fG EG
..Fb G``J dP EG OCG dG eGdG ch OedG ge Hh .SS ``H```fG ``gQ````Y``H ``j``G Q````fCG ```H O``f I```N
.zdG gGdG Oj zHY eb YR{ h``NBG G``j ,```SCG dG dZ VQj

LDj SS EG IMG idG e jY IO``b jh

VQG idG dG jh ad dGh G H dG
.HGVG IQKEH d IjDGh SCd
d GU J hjj d jQS AM EG djh
CG eN ``eC`j ``M Y ````fG H ```SCG ``Y dG
jDG dG G M gOj dG fdG eG dG j
.DhMh SCd
dG e YO Y GJdG jQS QhO CH YGG Mh
HY H JG jQd jDe HS jRh gh MS e Y
jCG ``e```JG ```Lhh .````d T FW ```b IQ`` KE e
NBG fG Yh .JGP dG jQdG dhDG e K
S jh d d GRQH GjDe jOdG J LGG e
.OS YH j jG dG jOG JG EG HGW
d EG Ie ,jdG H SCG e VjdG f Wh
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j FdG GdG Gg AGQhh .jOdG dG bCG Hh
dG J dG FdG IOd dG H a dG Y GU
FdG dG L AGQR`` dG FQ e ``N ``e jdG
hCG LY EG S-S YGU S GdG{ OY HCG bh .dG
jG d dGe dG e ch .za bh dCe fEG .LBG
SCG AGQR``dG FQ jG aQ h HdG d AGQRh FQ
dG Je G AGQR``dG FQ h``NBG jDjh .ZCG dG
jG H DhMh G ``M ``WCG CG H dG EG U

RjhQ - (d) HGW

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