Psifiaki Sxediasi

I
HPOOPIKH

A'
I
ANAITH INAPH
E K T A
ATPA 2001

HPOOPIKH

A'
I
ANAITH INAPH
E K T A

KNTANTINO XAATH
K T
A

KPATH KATIKA
T M A

EPAIMO MPATH

EIA BAKAOOY

...

TYPORAMA

/ 2001
ISBN: 9605381958
K : H 21/1
Copyright 2000

& , 26222 : (0610) 314094, 314206 : (0610) 317244
. 2121/1993,
.

K 1
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 11
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
.................................................................................. 13
................................................................................ 15
....................................................................................................... 17
............................................................................................................. 19
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
M ................................................................................... 22
M ............................................... 23
........................................ 26
............................................................................ 28
...................................................................................................... 29
................................................................................................................................... 32
B
................................................................................................................................................
34
K 2
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 35
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
E ......................................................................................................................................... 37
M ................................................................................................... 38
2.2.1 K ........................................................................................ 39
2.2.2 K BCD ............................................................................................................... 41
2.2.3 K K Gray ..................................... 42
....................................................................................................................... 46
A ...................................................................................................... 47
2.3.1 ................................................................................................ 48
2.3.2 ...................................................................................................... 50
2.3.3 2 .................. 55
K ...................................................... 58
2.4.1 K .............................................................................. 60
2.4.2 K ............................................................................... 63
HIAKH XEIAH I
2.4.3 K Hamming ................................................................................................... 63

....................................................................................................................... 69
................................................................................................................................... 72
B ..................................................................................................................... 75
K 3
Boole
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 77
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
E ......................................................................................................................................... 82
Boole ........................................................................................................................... 83
3.2.1 A .................................................................................................... 89
3.2.2 ................................................................................................... 90
3.2.3 B .................................................................................................. 91
....................................................................................................................... 99
Boole ..................................................................................................... 100
3.3.1 .......................... 103
3.3.2
( ) .............................................................................. 108
.................................................................................................................... 112
......................................................................................................... 113
3.4.1 .............................................................................. 115
3.4.2 .............................................................................. 120
.................................................................................................................... 124
E M .................................................. 125
.................................................................................................................... 128
K ....................................................................... 129
.................................................................................................................... 137
......................................... 137
3.7.1 ..................................................................... 138
3.7.2 ............................................................................................................ 139
3.7.3 I .......................................................................................... 142
3.7.4 .............................................................. 144
3.7.5 .................................................................... 145
.................................................................................................................... 148
................................................................................................................................ 149
EPIEXOMENA
B .................................................................................................................. 153
K 4
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 157
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
E ..................................................................................................................................... 159
K .................................................................................................... 159
4.2.1 .......................................................................... 163
4.2.2 MOS CMOS ................................................................ 167
.................................................................................................................... 172
K ......................................................................... 173
4.3.1 ............................................... 176
4.3.2 E .............................................................................................................. 179
4.3.3 ........................................................ 182
4.3.4 A ................................ 183
.................................................................................................................... 184
O ................................................................. 185
4.4.1 O ........................................................... 188
4.4.2 ................................................ 192
.................................................................................................................... 193
B .............................................................................. 194
4.5.1 sa0 sa1 ........................................................ 196
.................................................................................................................... 198
A ................................................................................................ 198
.................................................................................................................... 201
................................................................................................................................ 202
B .................................................................................................................. 203
K 5
A K
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 205
5.1 E ..................................................................................................................................... 207
5.2 M Karnaugh ........................................ 210
5.2.1 X Karnaugh ................................................................................................... 212
HIAKH XEIAH I
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.2.2 A Karnaugh ....................................................... 216

5.2.3 E 5 .............................. 221
5.2.4 E ........................................ 222
.................................................................................................................... 223
....................................................................... 224
.................................................................................................................... 228
......................................................... 228
.................................................................................................................... 233
QuineMcCluskey ................. 234
5.5.1 E ........................................................ 235
5.5.2 ......................................................... 239
5.5.3 M Petrick .............................................................................. 242
5.5.4 H QuineMcCluskey
............................................................................ 245
.................................................................................................................... 248
M Espresso ................................................................................................................ 249
.................................................................................................................... 252
Hazards ................................................................................................. 252
.................................................................................................................... 255
................................................................................................................................ 255
B .................................................................................................................. 258
K 6
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 259
6.1 E ..................................................................................................................................... 261
6.2 A .................................................................................................................................... 261
6.2.1 ..................................................................................... 264
6.2.2 A / A ..................................................................................... 266
6.2.3 K ................................................. 267
.................................................................................................................... 271
6.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 272
.................................................................................................................... 275
6.4 K .............................................................. 275
.................................................................................................................... 278
EPIEXOMENA
6.5
............................................................................................................................. 279
.................................................................................................................... 283
................................................................................................................................. 284
B .................................................................................................................. 285
A A A
E A ....................................................... 287
..................................................................................................................................................... 325
M Pascal Leibnitz,
Charles Babbage A M (1832). X

1930,
, , , , . O

, Colossus A (1943) ENIAC H
(1946).
H (1948) O K
(1958) . , ,
, , .

. K, :
T A .
T ,
, .
T .
T , , .
T .
M ,
, ,
.
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
12
Bit

H K . A ,
,
. T
, .
M , , , bit, ,
, K.
, , , , ,
K, , , ,
. , ..
0 1.
, 0 1, . T, ,
, , ,
.
1.1
1.1
H ,
, . O
,
,
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E :
.
.
T , ,
: A .
A .
1.1. "" , .
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, , .. .
, .
, , . H 1.1
, , . , 1, 2, 3,
,
,
, , ..
,
' , , , ..
.
13
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
14
6
5
4
3
2
1.1
() A
()
()
()
, , . ,
.
. ( ),
( ),
( , ), ..
T , ,
, .. 1.2. a c
, , .. 1.2.,
a, b, c d .
c
b
b
1.2
() ()
.
A
1.1
a
t
()
()
, ,
:
.
1 . 2
15
1.2
T
.
A E :
N .
T : , , .
, ,
.
O , , ,
. 1.3
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"", "", "" "".
N , , N . ,
1.3 1.4 .
3V
5V
| 2V
1V
0V
3V
2V
0V
A
1.4
1.3: E
M
, .. "A", "B", .
,
, .. ,
.
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
16
1.4 (0V
2V) (3V 5V) , .
, ,
.
. ,
, , ,
. E E N ,
=E/N.
, ( N)
( ).
( 1.5.), ,
, .
.
O
( 1.5.). 1.5. 1V
1V.
,
, . 1.5. 0V 2V "A", 3V 5V "B"
2V 3V.
A
"A"
1V
1V + 1V + ???
1.5
5V
B
3V
"?"
2V
A
0V
() |
M
() |

T , ,

1 . 2
17
. , . H ,
,
.
. ,
( ):
)
. O :
)
1.3
( E 1.2),
,
. H .
E :
E bit
K N (N>5) :
. N
.
. .
.
( ) , . 1.6.,
{, , , } ,
{A, B},
1, 2 ( 1.6.)
, . ""=A1A2, ""=A1B2, ""=B1A2, ""=B1B2. E
A
1.2
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
18
. , 2K K .
T , ,
.
"0" "1" bit (binary digit). A, 1 bit .
1.6
2{
B
A
1{
B
A
t
()|
Z
t
()|
T

, .
1.7
A, B bits,
t0, t1, t2, , t7.
1
|
B A|
t5
B
1.7
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
1 . 3
19
A
1.3
. H bit :
)
) "0" "1"
)
. () ()
. . bits
:
)
. 246 . bits
;
1.4
, E 1.1,
. ,
.
M :
.
E .
,
, .
T
, .. , , .. ,
, .
. , ,
.
O A "T A" "" : E c e z
a , . (), (-
20
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
) ( )
( ), (a ). A A "" ,
" ",
, . E

, K 3,
, .
, , ( ), , X, "" F , Y=F(X)
.

, , . , ,
, . T :
) T .
.
) T .
() (),
.
) T . () , , .
, .., , ,
1 . 4
21
) T , ( , )
(),
) T ( ),
,
) T , '
, ()
, .. , , , ..
H ""
, .. , , . H
, , . T , .
, .
" "
, . :
1. P .
2. , ,
3. A , ,
4. A ,
, ( , , , ) ..
;
A
1.4
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
22
1.5 M
H . , .
A :
.
N .
H , N ,
. H N
( 1.8) N , ..
, N N
. H t.
H N . X ( 1.9), , 1, , N t1, t2,
t3, tN () t1+, t2+, t3+, tN+ , .
1.8
E|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, ,
, N , N -
1 . 5 M
23
, . ,
, ,
, (
) ,
,
, .
tk
tk +
1.9
t1
t2
t3
tN
1.6 M
H
.
A :
.
( ) .
A/D,
, .
. 1.10.
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
24
. E
, .. , ,
1.10.. H .
T
1.10
6 9 12 3 6
..
..
()|

6 9 12 3 6
..
..
()|
M
. T , ..
K,
.
1.11. . 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, . 1.11.
1.10..
E
. T , , -
1.11

1.10
0
0
6 9 12 3 6
..
..
()|

6 9 12 3 6
..
..
()|

1 . 6 M
25
. T
. E , .. K,
. K' ,
.
, , ..
.
, M A/D (Analog to
Digital Converters). ,
, M D/A (D/A Converters).
O A/D D/A :
) A , .
( ),
28 216 (8 16 bits),
) T , 102
106 /sec.
. K ,
:
)
. ,
. . . .

;
A
1.5
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
26
1.7
H (E
1.6)
. , ,
; :
.
:
T .
M .
T CD
.
T ""
, . ' ,
, ,
:
A, B, V=A, R=B I,
, I=A/B Ohm.
T ,
, .. , Fourier,
""
.
, , :
1. . ,
, .. , . .

. , ,
1 . 7
27
, ,
,
, K 2.
2. . ,
,
, ( 1.12).

bits .
1.12
10%
1%
0.1%
,
, ,
, 1.13.
A
,
,
, Compact Disc (CD),
.
M
A|
A
D
M
|
D
A
1.13
A|
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
28
1.8
H ,

, , . A
,
, .
:
H .
H (C.
Shannon)
H .
H , ,
,
. O ""
O , , , . O "calculators" 19 , .
,
.
H 19 ,
, ()
( , ) () (,
, ) . M , ,
(
, ,
) ,
, , , . .
M 1938 C. Shannon, , -
1 . 8
,
, " ". H , K 3,
.
H "",
1958
"O K" (IC),
. T , , O
K (OK) 1962
(
Moore). T , OK
. T

.
O OK
1.1. T
OK 1.14. A
,
1.1 1.14 . H
. A .
1.9
E 1.8

. E , ,
. ,
, ,
,
..
29
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
30
1.1
K
OK.
M E A
:
.
T:
A "" .
Y.
( ).
M T
: E
() ()
.
T:
.
(PLA, PROM) .

: T
. ,
, , .
T:
M A E (Design Verification)

K. T : () '

,
() ' .
-
1.9
31
K
T
TTL
MOS
CMOS
PAL, PLA
PROM, PLD
1.14
T
OK
A. M
"",
A "" .
K 2
. K, K 3 Boole ,
.
K 4
,
. K 5

. T, K 6
.
,
K.
(E 1.4) () .
1.1
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
32
1.2
: ()
( ) 250 , ()
, ()
.
( .. 1.13) :
)
(E 1.6).
) bits (E 1.3).
) (E 1.5).
) T , , (E 1.7).
(Y:
.)

T .
.
A .
.
.
.
M , .. . O
.
Bit 0 1 .
K . K () 2K .
-
YNOH

.
.
,
. K
.
O
. T
, , , A/D
D/A. Y ,
.
T A , ,
, .
T , , .
T . O

.
33
KEAAIO 1: EIAH
34
T
. A E
A. E , , ,
.
Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan, 1990.
1 K , , A , O K.
11 K
.
Leach D., Malvino A., H, E TZIOA, 1996
1 K
A ,
. O K.
11 K .

Tokheim R., H, E TZIOA

K
. E
13 K
.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill, 1989
K
.
K 10 ,
11 15 .
H

,
.

(, BCD,
2), (,
, Gray). A, ,
( )
( Hamming) .

K, :
T .
O (Binary, BCD, Gray) .
T
.
N .
T ,
.
N ( ).
T .
( Hamming).

K
Bit
Binary
K E A A I O 2 : YA I K H K I K O O I H H
36
BCD
Gray
2
A Hamming

K Hamming

T K ,
. H ,
(, BCD, Gray). H ( ) ( ). H , ,
(
). H .
T K, , K
.
2.1 E
2.1 E
H .
, :
T .
O
T
.
E (,
, bit) K.
, ..
,
.
.
(.. , ) . ,
.
, , . , , 0, 1,, 9.
, ,
( E 1.2 1.3) "0" "1", bits. E
{0,1}
(binary) bits, ..
011, 110, 000, 1110.

n , . n bits,

37
38
n, 2n. , bits,
: < 2.
2.2 M
H ,
. H
, . A (, BCD, Gray).
A :
T .
.
T BCD.
T (Gray ) ().
T Binary Gray .
Gray .
: ()
()

K. E ()
() , Gray.

:
. H , , , , .. ( ), (
), (.. I
), .. , -
2.2 M
39
, , . , .
. , .

, ASCII. , 7 bits, 128 , :
) , .:
,
,
0 9,
) , . ( , , stop ..).
, .. ..
, ,
.
: .
2.2.1 K
, ,
, .. , ..
:

:
nn1 10
40
i (i=0, , n)
{0, 1, , K} , :
= nwn + + 1w1 + 0w0
O wi (i=0, , n) . i ,
{0, 1, ,
K}. i
{0, 1}, bits.
2.1
, 0 9,
8, 4, 2, 1. , ,
i bit 0 1, ,
, 0 1. O (8 4 2 1)
2.1. (2,
4, 2, 1) (6, 4, 2, 3). 8 1000 1110 1010, :
8 = 8*1+4*0+2*0+1*0 = 2*1+4*1+2*1+1*0 = 6*1+4*0+2*1+(3)*0.

2.1
8421
2421
6 4 2 3
0000
0000
0000
0001
0001
0101
0010
0010
0010
0011
0011
1001
0100
0100
0100
0101
1011
1011
0110
1100
0110
0111
1101
1101
1000
1110
1010
1001
1111
1111
2.2 M
41
. 8, 4, 2, 1, . 23, 22, 21, 20

Bin8421.
. 2, 4, 2, 1
2.1, 7 1101, 0111.
.
A. N {0, 1,
, 15} (8, 4, 2, 1).
B. ,
(6, 4, 2, 3);
. N {8,
7, , 6, 7} (8, 4, 2, 1).
. , {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14};
2.2.2 K BCD
8, 4, 2, 1 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). 10 10 10

( 2.1, 8 4 2 1).
2.2
H BCD 12345 :
1234510 <=> 00010010001101000101BCD
00010010001101000101
A bits 16 , 0000
1111, BCD . O -
A
2.1
42
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 1111

BCD.
E BCD .
A BCD bits
bits .
2.3
O BCD 2469:
0010010001101001
2
A
2.2
. BCD ;
) 1111,
) 53,
) 1998,
) 2469.
. BCD
;
) 00111001,
) 000100110100,
) 001100100100001,
) 0001001101001100.
2.2.3 K K Gray

. ..
, .
Gray. , 2.1
: ( 2.1.) Bin8421 ( 2.1 8,4,2,1) ( 2.1.) Gray,
. X 360
, 3 bits . O . K ,
bit. O
( 2.1) (). T -
2.2 M
43
( 2.1), bit
,
. K , , 1 0,
. O () (
),
( ).
A , Bin8421 (
2.1) 011 100. T
. H ,
, ,
. , ..
,
, 111 ( 3 ) 000
( 4 ) .
O Gray ( 2.1) . 2.1,
bit ( ), .
111
000
000
100
110
001
101
001
101
010
111
011
100
011
()|
Bin8421
010
110
()|
Gray
Gray , (reflection codes). n bit

n1 bit :
2.1
44
) n1 bit
, . ,
) bit, 0

1 .
2.2
Gray 2 3 bit, bit.
Gray : 1 bit
2 bit
3 bit
00
000
01
001
11
011
10
010
110
2.2
111

Gray

101
100

Bin8421 Gray . 2.3
bi (i=0,1,2) Bin8421
gi (i=0,1,2) Gray.
H : gngn1 g1g0 Gray (n+1) bits bnbn1 b1b0 Bin8421
. gi Gray
Bin8421 :
gn = bn
(2.1.)
gi = bi bi+1, 0 i < n
(2.1.)
modulo 2, :
0 0 = 0, 0 1 = 1, 1 0 = 1, 1 1 = 0
2.2 M
45
Bin8421
b2b1b0
Gray
g2g1g0
000
000
001
001
010
011
011
010
100
110
101
111
110
101
111
100
2.3
A Bin8421 Gray
2.4
H Gray Bin8421 101101, 111011:
g5 = b 5
=>
g4 = b4 b5
=>
01=1
g3 = b3 b4
=>
01=1
g2 = b2 b3
=>
11=0
g1 = b1 b2
=>
01=1
g0 = b0 b1
=>
10=1
, Gray Bin8421
:
bn = gn
(2.2)
bi = gi gi+1 gi+2 gn, 0 i < n
(2.2)
O , , bn, :
bn = g n
(2.3)
bi = gi bi+1, 0 i < n.
(2.3)
46
2.5
H 1101 Gray Bin8421 1001:
A
2.3
b3 = g 3
=>
b2 = g2 b3
=>
11=0
b1 = g1 b2
=>
00=0
b0 = g0 b1
=>
10=1
. M Bin8421 Gray:
) 11011,
) 1001010,
) 1111011101110.
. M Gray Bin8421:
) 1010,
) 00010,
) 11000010001.

O : K.
H .
K , ,
(Gray) (BCD).
2 . 3 A
2.3 A
A , .
,
, , . , ,
( 2).
T , :
T , .
T
.
T E .
.
,
, .
.
2
.
E ,
K. Y : ()
, . ( ) ()
( 2). E
. T 2 . M .
,
(), .., .
47
48
. E "digit" "digitus" "".

T , , I (700 .X.). O I
, ,
() (
). E, E , .
, .
2 .X. O,
, . H I
. A E , Fibonacci (K),
Liber Abaci (1202 .X.) E .
, ,
,
. , , .
2.3.1
A ,
,
Y 2.2.1. 1908, :
1*103+9*102*+0*101+8*100
E 103, 102, 101 100, 10,
, 0
.
,
:
2 . 3 A
49
n n1 0 . 1 m
:
n
N=
ab
(2.4)
i =-m
:
(, >1)
i (0 i < )
i
n+1
m .
n n1 0 , 1 2 m .
n (Most Significant Digit),
(MSD), m
(Least Significant Digit), (LSD).
H , , 2.
=2 , =3 , =8 , =10 , =16 ..
O >10 . 10 15
:
:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14, 15
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
2.6
O 1ABC
:
163*1+162*(10)+161*(11)+160*(12) => 684410
, , ,
.. 148.510 = 10010100.12 .
50
A
2.4
. 1 ;
) 10002,
) 10008,
) 100010,
) 100016.
. H 2*101 + 5*100 ( ):
) 250,
) 25,
) 2.5,
) .
. O A01B .
. O A5 . (
16 = 24)
. O 11101100 .
(E 16 = 24).
. O 111011010 .
(E 8=23).
. A (), (),
(E) (T), ,
,
( )
.
.
, b. b,
:
1. 1234 + 5432 = 6666
4. 23 + 44 + 14 + 32 = 223
2. 41 / 3 = 13
5. 320 / 20 = 12.1
3. 33 / 3 = 11
6. T P (41) = 5
2.3.2
, 0 1. X
. ,
, bits.
H
n (bits) 2n1,
1*2n1 + 1*2n2 + + 1*21 + 1*20 = 2n1
2 . 3 A
51
K , n
d , :
2n1 > 10d1 n = d / log102 d / 0.3
.
.

. 2.2
( bit):
Bits
2.2
.
.
O ,
( 2). 2.7 .
2.7
N 1011 111:
N = (23*1+22*0+21*1+20*1) + (22*1+21*1+20*1)
=
23*1
+22*(0+1)
+21*(1+1)
+20*(1+1)
23*1
+22*1
+21*2
+20*2
23*1
+22*1
+21*(2+1)
23*1
+22*(1+1)
+21*1
23*1
+22*2
+21*1
23*(1+1)
+21*1
23*2
+21
= 24
= 24*1 +23*0
+21
+22*0
+21*1
N 100102.
+20*0
52
2.7
, . 2,
()
.
, 2.8.
2.8
N 1011 111:
N = (23*1+22*0+21*1+20*1) (22*1+21*1+20*1)
=
23*1
+22*(01)
+21*(11)
+20*(11)
23*1
+22*(1)
+21*0
+20*0
23*1
+22*(212)
23*1
+22*(12)
23*(11)
+22*1
23*(0)
+22*1
23*0
+22*1
+21*0
+20*0
E 01002.
, , , .
2, .
, , . 2,
:
K
1 1 1
1 0 1 1
+
1 1 1
A:
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1
0 0 1 0
2 . 3 A
53
1100
101
1100 1x1100
00000
110000
111100
111100
1100
0011
00110
001100
001100
000000
1100
101
.
> .
. .
.
2.9
O :
:
910
+ 510
10012
+ 01012
15.2510
+ 7.5010
1111.012
+ 111.102
1410
11102
22.7510
10110.112
2510
710
110012
001112
18.7510
12.5010
10010.112
1100.102
1810
100102
6.2510
00110.012
:
910
510
4510
10012
1012
10012
000012
1001012
1011012
25.510
6.510
127510
1530510
165.7510
11001.12
110.12
1100112
00000012
110011012
1100111012
10100101.112
54
:
46 9
101110 1001
1 5
100110 1012
001010
2925 27
225 108
09
1011011011012 110112
110111011012 01101100
0100101011012
001010
11011011012
1001
0001010011012
0001
110111012
00111011012
110111012
00010011012
H :
.
2.10
M 1101 :
11012 => 23*1+22*1+21*0+20*1 = 8+4+0+1 => 1310.
H
2. A
Y. H :
) 0 , , k=0.
) k 2 Yk k+1 . T Yk k.
) k=k+1 () k =0.
2.11
M 4510 :
0 = 45. A 2 :
k=0 => (Y0=1, 1=22),
k=1 => (Y1=0, 2=11),
k=2 => (Y2=1, 3=5),
k=3 => (Y3=1, 4=2),
2 . 3 A
55
k=4 => (Y4=0, 5=1),
k=5 => (Y5=1, 6=0)
H : 4510 => 1011012.
. T 11010 + 01111 ( ):
) 101001,
) 101010,
) 110101,
) 101000.
. H 110 010 ( ) ( ):
) 001,
) 010,
) 101, )
100.
. M 200010 .
2.3.3 2
,
, 0 1. bit 0
bit 1, .. 01011
11010 .
0 1
, , ,
. 11010 5 , 6 .
011010.

.
2.
2 (2's
Complement) n :
' = 2n
'
. 0 1 .
A
2.5
56
n bits
2 :
2n1 N < 2n1

,

:
= + (2n B) 2n = A + B' 2n => + '
O 2n, .
H 2.4:
bit, n=3
2n=8. T 2.4 ,
( )
( ).
.
2.12
2:
) (1)+(2): 7
6 (+ 2.4),
5, 3. I :
(1)+(2) => 6 + 7 = 13 => 13 8 = 5 => 3
) (+1)+(2): 1
6 , 7, 1. I :
(+1)+(2) => 1 + 6 = 7 => 1
) (1)+(+2): 7 2
,
1, +1. I :
(1)+(+2) => 7 + 2 = 9 => 9 8 = 1 => +1
2.13
A 2 ( 2.4):
2 . 3 A
57
0
000
7
111
1
001
+1
+
6 110 2
+2 010 2
3
5 101
2.4
+3
4
011 3
100
4
) (1)(2): (2) 8 6 = 2 =>

(+2). K (1)+(+2) =+1.
) (+1)(+2): (+2) 8 2 = 6 => (2).
E (+1)+(2) =1.
T , , . H
2 :
. bit , . 0 1 1 0,
. .
2.14
A :
(+1)(+2). O (+2) :
(+2) => 010
bit
101
+ 1
110
=> (2)
H , :
(+1)
=>
001
( 2)
=>
101 bit
+ 1 1
111 => (1)
58
2.15
A :
46 17 2 8 bit. E 4610 => 001011102 1710 => 000100012:
(+46)
=>
00101110
( 17)
=>
11101110
+
00011101
A
2.6
=>
(+ 29)
. T 2 11001000 (
):
) 00110111,
) 00110001,
) 01001000,
) 00111000.
. H 11610 12610 2 8 bit.

. O 2.1
;
. O 2.1 2;
2.4 K
( 1.2),
,
. M
bits , ,

. .
H , :
T Hamming
2.4 K
Hamming

,
Hamming
H : .
K.
, , ( )
. .
, '
, : () , , ()
bits .
bit .
, , . .
O . , ()
.
p
, . bit .
p,
, .
,
.
' , n bit ,
59
60
Hamming
bits
, .. 0110 0101 . .
2.4.1 K
n bit
2n bits , .
, () bit
, ,
, .
,

. 00, 01, 10, 11, 00
01 10,
00 .
, , ,
, , (, ),
.

. ..
00 11
, , 00 01, , , .
00 bit (00 => 01)
11 bit (11 => 01).
bit ,
:
1)
000
2)
001
010
100
3)
011
101
110
4)
111
2.4 K
000, 011, 101 110 (), , , 2

4, .
1 3
(), ( 2 4). , , ,
. , 1 3 .
, , ,
. , ,
1 3 bits
.
'
, , ( ).

,
.. 1,
1 .
, 1 ( 000 ).
,
, :
1) ,
(parity bit),
2) , 1
( ) ( ).
, ,
.
61
62
.
.
2.16

:

= 00
001 ( )
= 01
010
= 10
100
= 11
111
, .. 001, (101 011 000 => 1) 1.

, .

, ,
, .
21 2 () .
,
,
' (redundant information).
A
2.7
.
:
) 100110010,
) 011101010,
) 10111111010001010.
. O ,
. E
, :
) 11110110,
) 00110001,
) 01010101010101010.
2.4 K
63
2.4.2 K
, ,
.
:
1)
000
2)
001
010
100
3)
011
101
110
4)
111
000 111. 000 ,

2. , 111
2 111 ,
. , 000.
, , ,
.
, ,
. ' . ,
. , , , 2.

. ,
, .

, Hamming.
2.4.3 K Hamming
Y 2.4.2,
64
. O
Hamming
, . K Hamming,
bits, m1, m2, , mM, ' , p1, p2 ,pK, ( Hamming)
+ :
m1m2mMp1p2pK
+ ,
(position or location number),
1 +
. :
,
, . ,
,
.
.
A K K HAMMING
Hamming,
, :
1. pi 1, 2, 4, ,
2K1 Hamming mi , .. =8 =4
:
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5m6 m7
2. ,
.
2.1 , ,
,
. 2.3 C=c3c2c1c0
( ) .
* () , ( 0).
2.4 K
65

c3 c2 c1c0
0000
* ( )
0001
p0
0010
p1
0011
m0
0100
p2
0101
m1
0110
m2
0111
m3
1000
p3
1001
m4
10
1010
m5
11
1011
m6
12
1100
m7
2.3
2.2 2.3, Hamming c3

, . ' c3= 0 ' c3= 1.
c2, c1, c0.
:
c3= 0
*p0p1m0p2m1m2m3
c3=1
p3m4m5m6m7
c2= 0
*p0p1m0p3m4m5m6
c2=1
p2m1m2m3m7
c1= 0
*p0p2m1p3m4m7
c1=1
p1m0m2m3m5m6
c0= 0
*p1p2m2p3m5m7
c0=1
p0m0m1m3m4m6
3. Hamming, , cj=1 pj.

4. A (3) 2.3 -
66
:
:
pj
' , pj, . cj=1,
: '
,
' (cj=1),
:
,
cj=0,
. .
Hamming p j (j=0,,1)
,
cj=1.
X K HAMMING
H Hamming
2.17
2.20:
2.17
K Hamming :
:
10011010
1. H Hamming pj
2j (j=0, 1, ) bits :
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7
p0 p1 1 p2 0 0 1 p3 1 0 1 0
2. A 2.3 ,
, cj=1 :
2.4 K
67
c3=1: p3m4m5m6m7
=> p3 1 0 1 0
=> p3= 0
c2=1: p2m1m2m3m7
=> p2 0 0 1 0
=> p2= 1
c1=1: p1m0m2m3m5m6 => p1 1 0 1 0 1 => p1= 1

c0=1: p0m0m1m3m4m6 => p0 1 0 1 1 1 => p0= 0
3. H Hamming pj:
011100101010
2.18
Hamming :

:
011110101010
1. , 2.3,
(
):
p3:
01010
=> : c3=0
p2:
11010
=> :
p1:
1 1 0 1 0 1 => : c1=0
p0:
0 1 1 1 1 1 => :
c2=1
c0=1
2. T bits c2=1
c0=1, , . m1. T :
C = c3 c2 c1 c0 = 01012
=>
510
5 Hamming. E
5 :
011100101010
3. H :
10011010
:
c3c2c1c0 = 0000
( ).
68
2.19
Z Hamming
01100101 .
T pj 2j (j=0, 1, )
bits
.
p0 p1 0 p2 1 1 0 p3 0 1 0 1
A 2.3 , c3=1,
<p3, 0, 1, 0, 1>, p3=0,
. O , c2=1
p2=1. c1=1 p1=0
c0=1 p0=1. E, Hamming pj :
Hamming:
p0 p1 0 p2 1
0 p3 0 1
0 1.
0 1
2.20
H 001010101010 Hamming . bit. Z
.
2.18
2.3. M 2.3
:
) c3=1 =>
01010
=>
=> c3=0
) c2=1 =>
01010
=>
=> c2=0
) c1=1 =>
010101 =>
=> c1=0
) c0=1 =>
011111
=> c0=1
=>
:
c3c2c1c0 = 0001
:
001010101010
2.4 K
69
:
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.
H , :

=>
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.
. O
Hamming ( ):
) 110111,
) 00110001,
) 01001000,
A
2.8
) 00111000.
. N ,
Hamming ( ):
) 000011110111,
) 000011101111,
) 111011111111.

,
.
T
Hamming.
H
, ( Hamming).

( 2.5). T
,
. H , , BCD. T 2.5. Z :
) A Y 2.2.3 ( 2.1),
, () , (.. 2.1
). N .
2.1
70
) ()
, BCD. A K 2, ,
,
(), BCD.
) bits ,
(K 1).
bits , ,
.
) , BCD
.
M|
|
|
2.5
0110
BCD
M|
M|
2.2
, ,
( 2.6), 10 +50 K . T

. ()

bit.
, :
) (
); E ( bits) ;
M bits -
2.4 K
71
. ,
.
) X ()
, , ,
(Y 2.4.3).
) A 2.6, , ,
,
. : ()
()
(
).
M|
|
|
M|
M|
A|
2.6
72

K
. E
. T
.
O , 0 1 (), bits. bits
. K n bits
2n .
O ,
: () () . H
, , ,
.
(),
. E
. T
.
O BCD 0 9 . BCD,
.
O ,
bit. , . Gray. O Gray Bin8421
. H Gray Bin8421, , modulo 2.
T ,

, . T -
YNOH

, E.
H 16 A, B, C, D, E, F
10 15.
O ,
i 2i k
2k.
O , , 2.
,
, 1. A,
2.
,

, , ,
0 1 .
T 2 ,
. A :
2 N' N
, : () bits N ()
.
H

( E 1.2), . bits ( )
, ( ), , ( ).
H Hamming :
73
74
N , Hamming
N.
N , Hamming
2N.
H ( ) , .
O Hamming , , , . K Hamming
, bits . K
, ,
bit, ().
B I B I O PA I A

2 K
, ( ) , BCD,
, ASCII Gray. .
Glaser A., A History of Binary and Other Nondecimal Numeration,
Southampton PA, Tomash, 1971.
.
Gregg J., Ones and Zeroes Understanding Boolean Algebra, Digital Circuits
and the Logic of Sets, IEEE Press, 1998.
K 0

.
Ifrah G., From One to Zero: a Universal History of Numbers, New York,
Viking, 1985.
.
Kohavi Z., Switching and Finite Automata Theory, McGraw Hill.
1 K , ( ,
Hamming).
Menninger K., Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of
Numbers, Cambridge, MIT, 1969.
.

Hamming R., Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes, Bell System Tech.
J., vol 29, pp.147160, April 1950.
B .
75
76
Rao T., Fujiwara E., ErrorControl Coding for Computer Systems, Prentice
Hall, 1989.
E ( ).
Boole
H
. H
. H
, ,
Boole. O

, . , ,
, ,
Boole.
A, , . T 1938 C. Shannon . O Boole. H Boole,
( Y 3.3.2) ,
(E 1.4).
K
Boole, ( ) ( ) .

K, :
N A.
T Boole.
N Boole.
K E A A I O 3 : A E B PA B O O L E
78
T .
T OR, AND, NOT.
N (
) .
N , ( ), K,
.
T ,
.
X (K ).
T ,
.
N

() .
N , ,
/ (K ).

AND
NOT
Boole
X Karnaugh
NK
OR
79
XOR
NAND
NOR

K 2 ,
. K , , , . E
Boole,
, .
T K, Boole,
, ,
.
,
. .. x+x=2x x.x=x2 Boole
x+x=x x.x=x. H ,
E K.
K, , K. T K ( E
K) : Boole, , Boole, , , , . H
E
Y K. :
) N
Boole (Y 3.2.3).
) N
( Y 3.3.1).
80
) N , ,
(
Y 3.3.2).
) A A ,
,
(E 3.4).
) N
(E 3.7).
, ,
E
.
81
Boole
Boole
3.2
A

B
3.2.1|
3.2.2|
3.2.3
3.3
3.3.1|
3.3.2
3.4

. E M
K .
3.4.1|
3.4.2|
3.5|
3.6
M

I

E
3.7.1|
3.7.2|
3.7.3|
3.7.4|
3.7.5
82
3.1 E

,
: A.
A E :
T A .
x1
xk
T .
F
xn
n , :
3.1
. xi, i=1,, n , . ,
. y , .
,
. F .
, :
. (Combinatorial). ' ,
yt y t, xit
xi t, .:
yt = F(x1t, x2t, ,xnt)
. (Sequential). yt y
t xit xi
t
. , F
Fy Fs, . F={Fy, Fs},
:
yt = Fy(x1t, x2t, , xnt, st)
st+1 = Fs(x1t, x2t, , xnt, st)
st t st+1
.
3.1 E
83
T , ,
( Fy Fs) ,
st. E,
,
,
:
y = F(x1, x2, ,xn)
t .

, .
, .
( relays)
, o . 1938 C. Shannon
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
(1938) , o
.
O , Boole.
G. Boole "" . 1854
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the
Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities .
Boole, ,
, "" . E
Boole ( ) ( ).
3.2 Boole
H -
84
, . M " "
Shannon (1938) , Boole

. E
Boole, Huntington,
.
T E :
T Boole (, , ).
T .
Boole
.
.
T .
T Boole.
E , , E. E
,
E. H Boole,
,
, . O ,
, A .
H Boole , ,
G. Boole,
A ,
.
H Boole , . , :
) , . T
3 . 2 B O O L E
85
x B : xB. E B,
, .. 1, 2, 3
4, : B
= {1, 2, 3, 4}.
) . M
, x y B, z, ..
, 3
() 4, 7.
) . A , ,
.
A Boole
( BooleSchroeder). E
, , Boole
Huntington (1904).
O BOOLE
Boole , Huntington,
:
= < , +, ., , 0, 1 >,
) , ,
) T +, ., ,
:
+ ,
. ,
.
) T 0 1 (0,1), .
) a, b, c
3.1:
86
0.
a, b B ab,
B .
1.
a+b B,
a.b B
A2.
a+b=b+a,
a.b=b.a
A3.
a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c),
a.(b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c)
A4.
a+0=a,
a.1=a
A5.
a+ a =1,
a. a =0
3.1
, ,
A
Boole (Huntington)
, . a.b ab. ,
a ( a a), a , ,
,
a a'.
:
Boole, A0, , ,
. A ,
:
) T A0 B
. B 0 1. B, ,
() .
) A1
, . a, b B () c (
a b), B. , .. , .
) A A2
a () b b () a.
) T A3
3 . 2 B O O L E
, a.(b+c), , a+(b.c). .
) T A4 , ,
B, 0 1 ,
. 0 1, .
0 1.
) T A5 a B
, a a , a
1 0. : a a, .
a +a 0.
Boole . H Boole, , ,
:
) , .. ,

.
) I ( A3),
. a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c), .
E ,
.
) , .., , . a+c = b+c a = b.
) T ( A5)
.
E ,
:
87
88
) B
) , .
.
O
Boole, ( Boole). E
, .
B , Boole. M
, E 3.3.
E 3.3
Boole. E, ,
Boole :
3.1
I={a, b} , .
A={a} B={b}. I, , A B ={I,,A,B} ,
, 3.2, < , , , >
Huntington Boole.
3.2
.
T
3 . 2 B O O L E
89
N ,
3.1 ( 3.2), Huntington.
A
3.1
A 3.1:
3.1
) N
. (Y: E
).
) N . (Y:
).
3.2.1 A
3.1 A1 A5
. H
,
, ,
, , . ..
+ . A3 :
a+(b.c) = (a+b).a+c)
a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c)
H , Boole, .
H (Duality principle) :
(dual) , :
)
) 0 1.
90
Boole :
: Boole ,
. ..:
(a+a).(b'+1) = a, (a.a)+(b'.0) = a
, :
) 1 5
, ,
)
, .
T ,
.
A
3.2
N :
)
F = (a+b').(b+c+0)
F = a.b'+b.c.1
a+(a.b) = a
a.(a+b) = a
(a+b)' = a'.b'
(a.b)' = a'+b'
a+a'.b = a+b
a.(a'+b) = a.b
3.2.2
M .. a+(b+c).a+a.b+(b+c).b,
, .
B, .. a, b, c,
, .
E, a,b,c / 0, 1 ,
+, ., . .. a+b.c.(a+c)'
, a.b+(a'+b').(a'+b.c').
H Boole.
, , : , ,
3 . 2 B O O L E
91
. .. a.b+a.c
(a.b)+(a.c). Y ab a.b.
N
a=0, b=1 c=1:
) F = a+bc
) F = (a+b)(a+c)
) F = (a+b)c. N F
F .
3.2.3
A0 A5 , E 3.2, ,
Y. T
.
1
a+a = a,
a.a = a
E:
E:
a = a+0
= a+a.a'
= (a+a).(a+a')
= (a+a).1
= a+a
4
5
3
5
4
a = a.1
= a.(a+a')
= a.a+a.a'
= a.a+0
= a.a
4
5
3
5
4
2
a+1 = 1,
a.0 = 0
E:
E:
1 = a+a'
= a+(1.a')
= (a+1).(a+a')
= (a+1).1
= a+1
5
4
3
5
4
0 =a.a'
= a.(0+a')
= a.0+a.a'
= a.0+0
= a.0
5
4
3
5
4
A
3.3
92
3
a+(a.b) = a,
a.(a+b) = a
E:
E:
a = a.1
= a.(b+1)
= a.(1+b)
= (a.1)+(a.b)
= a+(a.b)
4
2
1
3
4
a = a+0
= a+(b.0)
= a+(0.b)
= (a+0).(a+b)
= a.(a+b)
4
2
1
3
4
4
:
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
:
[a+(b+c)][(a+b)+c] = [(a+b)+c][a+(b+c)]
{[a+(b+c)](a+b)}+{[a+(b+c)]c} = {[(a+b)+c]a}+{[(a+b)+c](b+c)}
[a+(b+c)a]+[ab+(b+c)b]}+{[ac]+[(b+c)c]} =
={[(a+b)a]+[ac]}+{[(a+b)b+bc]+[(a+b)c+c]}
{[a]+[ab+(b+bc)]}+{[ac]+[bc+c]} = {[a+ab]+[ac]}+{[(ab+b)+bc]+[c]}3
{[a]+[ab+b]}+{[ac]+[c]} = {[a]+[ac]}+{[b+bc]+[c]}
{a+b}+{c} = {a}+{b+c}
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
: (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) = a+b+c.
4
:
(a.b).c =a.(b.c)
:
[a.(b.c)]+[(a.b).c] = [(a.b).c)]+[a.(b.c)]
{[a(bc)]+(ab)}{[a(bc)]+c} = {[(ab)c]+a}{[(ab)c]+(bc)}
3 . 2 B O O L E
93
{a[(bc)+b]}{[a+c][(bc)+c]} = {[(ab)+a][a+c]}{[(ab)+b]c}
{a[b]}{[a+c][c]} = {[a][a+c]}{[b]c}
{ab}{ac+c} = {a+ac}{bc}
{ab}{c} = {a}{bc}
(ab)c = a(bc)

: (a.b).c = a.(b.c) = a.b.c.
5
a' a:
) a' .
a, a1'=a a2'=a,
.
: a+a1'=1, a+a2'=1 a.a1'=0, a.a2'=0.
E
a2' = 1.a2'
A4
= (a+a1').a2'
A5
= a.a2'+a1'.a2'
A3
= 0+a1'.a2'
A5
= a.a1'+a1'.a2'
A5
= a1'.(a+a2')
A3
= a1'
) a' a, . (a')'=a.
a'=(a)', a a'.
6
de Morgan:
) (a+b)' = a'.b',
) (ab)'
= a'+b'
T 6) (a'.b') (a+b). A
(a+b) (a'.b') A5:
(a+b)+a'.b' = 1
(a+b).(a'.b') = 0
94
E:
(a+b)+a'.b'= [(a+b)+a'].[(a+b)+b'] (a+b).(a'.b') = a.a'.b'+b.a'.b'
= (1+b).(a+1)
= a.a'.b'+a'.b.b'
=1
=0
T 6) , a b a' b'.
T de Morgan
.
7
A.
a+a'.b
= a+b,
a.(a'+b) = a.b
E:
a+b = 1.(a+b)
E:
A4
a.b = 0+a.b
A4
= (a+a').(a+b)
A5
= a.a'+a.b
A5
= a+a'.b
A3
= a(a'+b)
A3
T 1 7
3.3.
3.3
B
Boole
1.
a+a = a
a.a = a
2.
a+1 = 1
a.0 = 0
3.
a+(a.b) = a
a.(a+b) = a
4.
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
5.
a'
6.
(a+b)' = a'.b'
7.
a+a'. = a+b
(a.b).c = a.(b.c)
(a')' = a
(ab)' = a'+b'
a.(a'+) = a.b
T 1 7, ,
. E K,
K.
3 . 2 B O O L E
95
3.2
: ab+a'c+bc = ab+a'c
A:
ab+a'c = (ab+abc)+(a'c+a'bc)
= ab+a'c+abc+a'bc
A2
= ab+a'c+(a+a')bc
A3
= ab+a'c+1.bc
A5
= ab+a'c+bc
A4
3.3
:
F = (x'+xyz')+(x'+xyz')(x+x'y'z)
A:
F = (x'+xyz')+(x'+xyz')(x+x'y'z)
= (x'+xyz').[1+(x+x'y'z)]
= x'+xyz'
= x'+yz'
3.4
: (abcd)' = a'+b'+c'+d'
A: a'+b'+c'+d' = (a'+b')+(c'+d')
= (ab)'+(cd)'
= [(ab).(cd)]'
= (abcd)'
3.5
: F = xy+wxyz'+x'y
A:
F' = (xy+wxyz'+x'y)'
= ([xy+wxyz']+[x'y])'
= [xy+wxyz']'.[x'y]'
= (xy)'.(wxyz')'.[x'y]'
= (x'+y').(w'+x'+y'+z).[x+y']
= (x'+y').[x+y'].(w'+x'+y'+z)
A2
96
= [xx'+x'y'+xy'+y'y'].(w'+x'+y'+z)
A3
= [0+x'y'+xy'+y'].(w'+x'+y'+z)
A5,1
= [(x'+x+1)y'].(w'+x'+y'+z)
= [y'].(w'+x'+y'+z)
= (w'y'+x'y'+y'y'+y'z)
A3
= (w'+x'+1+z).y'
1,A3
= y'
3.6
:
x'y' + x'z + xz' = y'z' + x'z + xz'
A: 3.2 , :
ab+a'c = ab+a'c+bc
. y'z',
, x'y', :
x'y'+x'z+xz'
[x'y'+xz']+x'z
[x'y'+xz'+y'z']+x'z
y'z'+x'z+xz'
[y'z'+x'z]+xz'
[y'z'+x'z+x'y']+xz'
x'y'+xz'+x'z+y'z' = y'z'+x'z+xz'+x'y'
: O ,
.
. , ,
:
x'y'+x'z+xz' = [x'y'+xz']+x'z
= .
= x'y'+xz'+x'z+y'z'
= y'z'+x'z+xz'+x'y'
= .
= y'z'+x'z+xz'
3 . 2 B O O L E
97
3.7
:
xy+x'y'+x'yz = xyz'+x'y'+yz
A: 3.2:
ab+a'c = ab+a'c+bc
3.6:
xy+x'y'+x'yz
[xy+x'yz]+x'y'
[xy+x'yz+yz]+x'y'
[xy+yz]+x'y'
xyz'+x'y'+yz
[xyz'+yz]+x'y'
[xyz'+yz+xy]+x'y'
[yz+xy]+x'y'
xy+yz+x'y' = yz+xy+x'y'
3.8
:
E x+y = 0, x = 0 y = 0
A:
x+y = 0
E:
x+y = 0
x+y+y' = 0+y'
x'+x+y = 0+x'
x+1 = y'
1+y = x'
1 = y'
1 = x'
x+y = 0
x+y = 0
(x+y).y' = 0.y'
(x+y).x' = 0.x'
xy'+yy' = 0
xx'+yx' = 0
x.1+0 = 0
E:
x =0
A5
0+y.1 = 0 ( y'=1, x'=1)
y =0
98
3.9
:
E xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z, y = z
A:
xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z
xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z
(xy'+x'y)x = (xz'+x'z)x
(xy'+x'y)x' = (xz'+x'z)x'
xy' = xz'
x'y = x'z
(xy')' = (xz')'
x'+y = x'+z
(x'+y)x = (x'+z)x
xy = xz
x'y = x'z
:
xy+x'y = xz+x'z
(x+x')y = (x+x')z
y =z
A
3.4
A. N 1 0
B. N : a+ab+ac+ad = a.
. N : (a+b+c+d)' = a'b'c'd'
. N : F = x'+y'+xyz'
E. N : F = a+a'b+a'b'c+a'b'c'd+
T. N F :
F = x'(y'+z')(x+y+z')
Z. N :
(x+y)(x'+y)(x+y')(x'+y') = 0
H. N : E a+b=a+c a'+b=a'+c, b=c
. N : E a+b=a+c ab=ac, b=c
I. N : E ab'+a'b=0, a=b
IA. N Boole,
B , B={1,0,a} (Y: a;).
IB. N
:
x'y' + x'z + xz' = y'z' + x'z + xz'
3 . 2 B O O L E
) X Huntington ( 3.1), a+a = a (1, 3.3), a+a (Y:

).
) x, y, z
, . d ,
=d. (Y:
. .. =xy+yz, ;
;)

H Boole ,
, A0 A5
(Huntington), A1 A5 .
H Boole
,
.
Boole ,
, , .
I , , , .

,, / 0, 1 +, ., . K
.
() , 1 7.
99
3.2
100
3.3 Boole
H Boole . A
( ). H () . H
.
O E :
O , . ( A).
O ,
A
.
H ,
.
H ,
(A, K)
.
H
. H
.
Boole,
E Boole. E ,
. K ,
, .
H Boole,
.
Boole.
3 . 3 B O O L E
101
Boole, :
) , 0 1 . ={0,1},
) +, .
, ={0,1}, ( 3.4), :
3.4
OR
+
AND
.
NOT
'
00
01
10
11
O 3.2 , ,
Boole. O ( 3.4) OR (), AND () NOT () Y 3.3.1. OR, AND, NOT, ,
Boole.
O
, B . T , ,
,
. de Morgan (6, Y 3.2.3).
3.10
N de Morgan :
(a+b)' = a'b'
A: -
102
a b :
ab
(a+b)'
a'b'
00
01
10
11

, .
O
, 0 1, . . Y 3.3.1 3.3.2, ,
:
K .
A
3.5
a, b, c, d :
) N a+a=a a.a=a
) E ab'+a'b = c, ac'+a'c = b.
) N a, b, c, d, :
a'+ab = 0
ab = ac
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
) N
:
ab+a'b'+a'bc = abc'+a'b'+bc
3 . 3 B O O L E
103
3.3.1

.

, , . , :
1) OR (A OR B) =( ),
2) AND (A AND B) =( ),
3) NOT , ( ), NOT .
A ,
, . (True) (False). H
A B 3.5:
3.5
A
AB
OR
AND
NOT
FF
FT
TF
TT
: () 1,
, () 0, ,
3.5 3.4, .
Boole.
, 0 1
+=OR, .=AND =NOT, . , ,
, , ..
.

,
(Y 3.2.1), ,
, .
104
3.11
, . :
1) , 35
2) , 35
3) , 35
4) , 35.
Z .
A: , ,
, (). :
,
35
',
',
35
'
T, , , :
1) A AND AND K
2) A AND ' AND K
3) A' AND AND K

4) A' AND ' D K'
H OR 1), 2), 3) 4) :
= ( AND AND K) OR (A AND ' AND K ) OR
(A' AND AND K) OR (A' AND ' D K')
M
:
= (..)+(.'.)+('..)+('.'.')
= ..+.'.+'..+'''
= ..+.'.+..+'..+'''
( 1)
= ..(+')+(+')..+'''
(A A3)
= ..1+1..+'''
(A A5)
= .+.+'''
H :
3 . 3 B O O L E
105
1) 35
2) / 35
3) , 35.
, , .
.
, ' =
NOT(), . :
' = (.+.+''')'
. H
( A 3.6).
M , ,

E T
3.6
Y=E A T B
Y=(E A T B),
A B , ,
A, () B. A A, () Y. E Y ( 3.6),
, A B. E Y, , , :
Y = A'.B' + A'.B + A.B
= A'.(B'+B) + A.B = A' + A.B = (A'+A).(A'+B) = A' + B,
. (Y=1) (=0) Y=E A T B
:
Y = A' + B
(3.1)
H ET, , . E
( 3.1), -
A B
F F
F T
T F
T T
106
, . 3.11 , .
3.12
E 3.11 1)
ET:
, . :
1) , 35
,
2) , 35,
3) , 35
4) , 35.
Z .
A: A 3.11, :
1) (.)' +
2) .'.
3) '..
4) '.'.'
H :
= [(.)' + ] + [.'.] + ['..] + ['.'.']
= [A'+'+K] + A.'.K + '.. + '.'.'
= A'+'+K.[1 + A.' + '.] +A''.'
= A'+'+K + '.'.'
= A'.[1 + '.'] + ' + K
= A' + ' + K
H :
1) , 2) /, 3) 35.
E = A'+'+K = (A.)'+K :
E A , T K 35.
3 . 3 B O O L E
A. 3.11, . ,
.
107
A
3.6
B. Boole
(3.1);
. , B, , E
,
' . H ,
:
) A B ,
) E ,
) A ,
) , E,
) B, A .
Z: () , () () .
K :
E: { ) E B K, A ,
) A }
T: B K.
M , . ,
B K A . . (Y: .
A . T
A; E
1, ;)
3.3
108
3.3.2 K (
)
O , Boole, 1938 C. Shannon

, . O,
Boole .

, , , ' , .
.
( 3.2) : ,
, ,
() . ,
, ,
. E x y ( 3.2, OR) ( 3.2, AND).
K
A
x
x
y
3.2
A|
OR
AND
NOT
O 3.7 A 3.2, .
x y A K.
3 . 3 B O O L E
109
, ( 3.2
NOT).
3.7
A
xy
OR
AND
NOT
AA
AK
KA
KK
3.7 (K),
() ,
1 (K=1) (A) 0 (A=0),
3.7 3.4,
OR, AND, NOT. , ( 3.2):
) , OR
) ,
AND.
) ,
NOT.
M (K=1, A=0) (=OR, =AND) , . A
3.2 .
O , ,
,
.
3.13
3.3 . A, A1
A2. , , A1 A2
110
A ( ), .
: A1=A2=A. , , .
. ,
, . ()
() .
A1
B
A2
3.3
A:
) A, B, , . T M , , A2
.
A1 B ,
AND, . : A1
AND B. (A 1, B)
M, :
= (A1 AND B) AND M.
T M ,
, . AND , A2,
(, ). E:
M = ( AND ) OR A2
A M :
= (A1 AND B) AND ( ( AND ) OR A2).
E A1=A2=A,
:
= (A AND B) AND ( ( AND ) OR A).
3 . 3 B O O L E
111
M AND OR
, :
= (A.B).( (.)+A )
= (A.B).(.+A)
= (A.B)..+(A.B).A = A.B..+A.B.A
= A.B..+A.B
H ,
, : A1, B, , , A2
A1, B, A2. Y A1=A2=A.
) H , , :
= A.B..+A.B
= A.B.(.+1)
= A.B.1= A.B,
. , .
E K ,
, K ,
( E 3.8).
A. A, B, ,
:
= A.(B+).
N
, .
B. A1 A2 , A1 , A2
, . A1 = A2'. Z .
A1
A2
A
3.7
112
3.4
, M A, B, N , E, Z,
:
M = A+B. N = (+E).(+Z)
N , M N , , .
. . (Y:
A. B , . A= ..)

H , 0
1, OR, AND, NOT,
A , Boole.
E Boole ,

.
E 1 0
A , .
M ,
, 1 0 OR,
AND, NOT.
T ( ),
A=0
K=1 (AND)
(OR).
H
. O E,
, .
3.4
113
3.4
M
K , , . K
.
A E :
T K .
T .
M .
O (Shannon, de Morgan)
.
H . T ,
, .
O '
. E , , .

(x,
y), xA yB, . AB = {(x, y) | xA yB}. ..
={a1, ,am} ={b1, ,bn},
(ai, bj), i=1,, m, j=1,, n, .:
= {(a1,b1), (a1,b2), , (am,b1), , (am,bn)}

2 n = AAA, n .

f x1, x2, , xn:

y = f(x1, x2, , xn)
:
f: Bn B ={0,1},
114
.
x1, x2, , xn y .
n , ( ) .
H , .
. O ,
A. ..
3.8 f1(x1, x2)
f2(x1, x2). O A OR,
AND, NOT ( 3.4)
OR(,), AND(,), NOT().
3.8.
O

f1(x1, x2) f2(x1, x2)

x1 x2

f1

f2
00
01
10
11
(0 1), n , ,
2n , 2n 0 1.
, {0, 1}.
2n n
() 2 ( 2
, 2 ( 2
n .
A
3.8
A. ;
B. A
x, y (T 3.8 , ).
3.4
115
3.4.1
O E 3.4 B ( )
( ). Y , .
, :
(Truth Table)

. .. w=f(x,y,z)
A ( 3.9):
/
O A 2n , n . ,
.
bits ( Y 2.3.2)
A
(/, 3.9). H 0 2n1.
KARNAUGH
.
,
3.9
116
. ..
A
3.9, Karnaugh 3.4. O
0.
X Karnaugh 00, 01,
11, 10 ,
( K Gray
Y 2.2.3), . 11 10,
K 5.
Karnaugh u=f(x,y,z,w)
3.4,
.
zw
yz
x
00
01
11
3.4
X Karnaugh:
()
()
10
xy
00
00
01
01
10
1
1
11
10
()
11
()
,
,
. .. w=f(x,y,z) , A 3.9, :
f(x,y,z) = x'y' + x'z + xz'
:
f(x,y,z) = y'z' + x'z + xz'

, ,
( 3.9). -
3.4
117
. (N).
( 3.5).
1,
0. .. 3.9
3.5:
110
1
10
0
()
11
111
100
101
00
z
x
01
3.5
010
000
()
011
y
x
001
()
,
. E , , (subcube), . 2k
N (0k<N) . .. 3.5
{000, 001}
1, {001,
011, 111, 101} ( ) .

. bits , A,
, , . ..
f(0,1,1)=1, f(3)=1,
f(1,0,1)=0, f(5)=0.
N :
() , ()
()
118
M ,
1. , f(x,y,z)
:
f(x,y,z) = (k1, k2,, kn),
k1, k2,, kn
1. ..
3.9 :
f(x,y,z) = (0,1,3,4,6).
:
, . ,
:
) n
, . 2n . , . .. VLSI 30 ()
230109 . ( ).
) ,
()
. ,
,
, ( ).
A
3.9
A. A n
() , n ;
) n = 8,
) n = 10,
) n= 12,
) n = 16
B. N K B 3
3.9.
3.4
119
. ;
. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz f=1.
E. N A
f(x,y,z), . f(x,y,z), 1,
1. M ;
T. M ,
, , . f(x,y) = f(y,x). N
f(x,y) = xy'+x'y .
2.2 (Y 2.3.2)
.
N
K
. E, ()
A () . (Y:
a b, .. 1 1 0 0. K A .)
3.5
120
3.4.2
E Boole, Y 3.2.1, . T A Shannon de Morgan.

A (Shannon)
,
C. Shannon, :
y = f(x1,,xk,,xn)
, ,
xk :
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn)
(3.2)
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)]. x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]
(3.2)
T (3.2)
xk.
3.14
N x f(x,y,z),
A 3.9.
A: H f(x,y,z), 3.2,
:
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'.f(0, y, z),
f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z) f
A ( 3.9, x=0 x=1) :
xyz
f(0, y, z)
xyz
f(1, y, z)
000
100
001
101
010
110
011
111
3.4
121
3.15
H f(x,y,z) = x'y'+x'z+xz',
3.14 ( Y 3.4.1, 3.9),
x, y z.
A: K 3.2 :
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'.f(0, y, z),
f0 f1 :
f(0, y, z) = 0'y'+0'z+0.z' = 1.y'+1.z+0 = y'+z
f(1, y, z) = 1'y'+1'z+1.z' = 0.y'+0.z+1.z' = z'
O f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z)
y :
f(0, y, z) = y.f(0, 1, z) + y'.f(0, 0, z)
f(1, y, z) = y.f(1, 1, z) + y'.f(1, 0, z),
:
f(0, 0, z) = 0'+z = 1
f(0, 1, z) = 1'+z = z
f(1, 0, z) = z'
f(1, 1, z) = z'
E, , f(x,y,z) :
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'f(0, y, z)
f(x,y,z) = x.[y.f(1, 1, z) + y'.f(1, 0, z)] + x'.[y.f(0, 1, z) + y'f(0, 0, z)]
f(x,y,z) = x.[y.z' + y'.z'] + x'.[y.z + y'.1]
:
f(x,y,z) = x.y.z' + x.y'.z' + x'.y.z + x'.y'
T (3.2), ,

xk. 1 0 f.
3.16
H f(x,y,z), A
3.14 ( 3.9), :
122
f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z) A
3.14.
3.17
H f(x,y,z) = x'y'+x'z+xz',
3.15, :
f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],
f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z), 3.15
A
3.10
A. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz
y. H f(x,y,z)
N .
B. H f(x,y,z) = xy'+x'y y.
DE MORGAN
f'
f 0, f
1 . Y 3.2.3 de
Morgan ( 6),
. T .
de Morgan f' f
:
f'(x1,,xn, +, ., 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
O :
) ,
) + . ,
) , , 0 1 .
3.4
E , f'.
T
, , de Morgan (6), Y 3.2.3
.
3.18
3.15 f(x,y,z),
3.9 ( 3.14),
:
f(x,y,z) = [x.y.z'] + [x.y'.z'] + [x'.y.z] + [x'.y']
O . M de Morgan f(x,y,z),
f'(x,y,z).
A: f'(x,y,z)
f(x,y,z) :
f'(x,y,z) = [(x)'+(y)'+(z')'] . [(x)'+(y')'+(z')'] . [(x')'+(y)'+(z)'] . [(x')'+(y')']
E
f'(x,y,z) = ([x'+y'+z] . [x'+y+z]) . ([x+y'+z'] . [x+y])
= (x'x'+x'y+x'z+x'y'+y'y+y'z+x'z+yz+z) . (xx+xy'+xz'+xy+y'y+yz')
= (x'+x'y+x'z+x'y'+0+y'z+x'z+yz+z) . (x+xy'+xz'+xy+0+yz')
= (x'.[1+y+z+y']+z[y'+x'+y+1]) . (x[1+y'+z'+y]+yz')
= (x'+z) . (x+yz')
= x'yz'+xz
H f' f. H , A f' f ( (3.9):
123
124
f' = x'yz'+xz
, f=1, f'=0 .
A
3.11
A. E de Morgan
(E 3.2.1).
B. 3.18:
Z f, . fd, fd, . (fd)'. N (fd)' f.

: AB = {(x,
y) | xA yB}
y = f(x1, x2 , , xn) :
f: Bn B ={0,1}, { } > { }
T : A, X Karnaugh,
, NK, A .
O A (),
. H ,
( ).
3.4
125
A (Shannon):
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn)
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)].[ x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]
de Morgan:
f'(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
3.5 E M
O E M , .
E
:
E .
M .
. E E (E 3.6).
O E M ,
, x:
x0= x x1= x.
a
xi i , i,
ai:
x ai i =
x i a i =1
x i a i = 0
:
E (minterms)
m(x1,x2,,xn)
(minterm), :
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a i x a2 2 x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}
126
m.
2n n
, . ai.
k
ai:
k10 = a1a2an,
mk.
3.19
m(x,y)
:
0. m0(x,y) = x0y0 = x'y'
a1a2 = 00 => 0,
1. m1(x,y) = x0y1 = x'y
01 => 1,
2. m2(x,y) = x1y0 = x y'
10 => 2,
1 1
3. m3(x,y) = x y = x y
11 => 3.
O A o :
m0
minterms
m1
m2
m3
xy
x'y'
x'y
x y'
xy
00
01
10
11
x1, x2, , xn, 1

0. , .
mk :
m k (k) = 0 m k (j) = 1, j k.
3.19 m0(0,0)=1, m0(0,1)=0 ..
3.5
127
M (Maxterms)
(x1,x2,,xn)
(Maxterm), :
(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}
M.
2n n
.
, k
ai .
k10 = a1 a2 an,
k. : (maxterms) M,
(minterms) m.
3.20
O (x,y) :
0
0
0. 0(x,y) = x + y = x +y
a1a2 = 00 => 0,
0
1
1. 1(x,y) = x + y = x +y'
01 => 1,
2. 2(x,y) = x + y = x'+y
10 => 2,
1
1
3. 3(x,y) = x + y = x'+y'
11 => 3.
O A :
M0
Maxterms
M1
M2
M3
xy
x+y
x+y'
x'+y
x'+y'
00
01
10
11
2n
128

, 0
1. , .
k :
M k (k) = 0 M k (j) = 1, j k.
3.20 M0(0,0)=0, M0(0,1)=1 ..

, n , i j
{0, , 2n1}. E, , j i
j i:
1. mi.mj=0 ,
2.
m =1, M = 0
m = (M ) , M = (m ) ,
i
3.
ji
4.
A
3.12
j i
Mi + Mj=1
m i = Mi ,
ji
Mi = mi .
M minterms maxterms ( 3.19 3.20) i=1 :

) m i =
(M )
j
ji
) m i = M i
) Mi =
(m )
i
ji
) M i = m i

E : m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 x 2a 2 x ann
: m k (k) = 1 m k (j) = 0, j k.
M : (x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann
: M k (k) = 0 k (j) = 1, j k.
3 . 6 K
3.6 K
M E M

.
E :
O K .
T .
M
K .
K () K
. E K .
O E M
. Y 3.4.1,
A
. M E
M A
'
. O
:

(Canonical Sum of Products)

A n
minterms:
A(x1,,xn) = i mi(x1,,xn)
T
f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i) . mi(x1,,xn)],
i x1,,xn , f(i) -
129
130
i mi minterm. T ,
k x1,,xn:
) minterm mk 1,
0 ( E E 3.5), .
mk(k) = 1 mi(k) = 0 ( i k )
)
f(k) = f(k) . mk(k) = f(k).1
,
f(k)=0, :
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
m (x ,, x
i
n)
i f(i) =1
. minterms mi, f(i)=1.

3.21
f(x,y), ,
minterms m0, m1, m2, m3:
m0
minterms
m1
m2
m3
xy
x'y'
x'y
x y'
xy
00
01
10
11
, minterm 1 x, y :
f(x,y) = 1.m0(x,y) + 0.m1(x,y) +1.m2(x,y) + 1.m3(x,y)
= x'y'+xy'+ xy

Shannon
.
3 . 6 K
T :
) E A f
, minterms
f=1.
)
, .
. , minterms,
A .
() .

(Canonical Product of Sums)

A n
maxterms:
A(x1,,xn) = i Mi(x1,,xn)
T
f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i) + i(x1,,xn)],
i x1,,xn , f(i)
i Mi maxterm. T ,
k x1,,xn:
) maxterm Mk 0, 1
( M E 3.5), .
Mk(k) = 0 Mi(k) = 1 ( i k )
)
f(k) = 1.1[f(k) + 0]1.1 = f(k)+0.
A , , f(k)=1,
:
131
132
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
Mi (x1 ,, x n )
i f(i) = 0
. maxterms Mi f(i) = 0.
3.22
f(x,y) (
3.19), maxterms M0, M1, M2, M3:
M0
Maxterms
M1
M2
M3
xy
x+y
x+y'
x'+y
x'+y'
00
01
10
11
A maxterm 0 x, y :
f(x,y) = [1+M0(x,y)][0+M1(x,y)][1+M2(x,y)][1+M3(x,y)] = M1(x,y)
= x + y'

Shannon
.
, :
) E A f
,
maxterms f=0.
)
, .
. , maxterms,
A .
() .
3 . 6 K
T f' f, :
1. f K :
f(x1,,xn)
= i [f(i).mi(x1,,xn)]
f(x1,,xn)
= i [f(i) + i(x1,,xn)]
f :
f'(x1,,xn)
= i [f'(i) + i(x1,,xn)]
f'(x1,,xn)
= i [f'(i).mi(x1,,xn)]
T de Morgan
4 E 3.5.
2. (),
.
.
A K
f(x1,,xn)
, A (
3.21). E , . Y, , :
1. Shannon
.
2. ,
minterms, f(i)=1, .
3. ,
:
. (
),
. , minterm, ,
133
134
. , minterm,
xi (xi+xi'),
.
.
3.23
Z :
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
A: , () ()
x y, z
:
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
= z'+ x'y + xyz
= (x+x')(y+y')z' + x'y(z+z') + xyz
= xyz' + xy'z' + x'yz' + x'y'z' + x'yz + x'yz' + xyz
= x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz' + xyz
A K A
f(x1,,xn)
:
1.
Shannon .
2. ,
Maxterms, f(i)=0, .
3. ,
:
. , ,
(A A3, E 3.2),
. , Maxterm, ,
3 . 6 K
. , Maxterm,
xi ( xi . xi'),
. xi . xi'
.
3.24
Z :
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
A: E .
:
f(x,y,z) = x'y + z' + xyz
E :
f(x,y,z) = x'y + z' + xyz
= x'y + [z'+xyz]
= [x'+z'+xyz] [y+z'+xyz]
= [(x'+z'+x)(x'+z'+y)(x'+z'+z)] [(y+z'+x)(y+z'+y)(y+z'+z)]
= [(1)(x'+z'+y)(1)] [(y+z'+x)(y+z'+y)(1)]
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(xx'+y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(x+y+z')(x'+y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
M K M
K
f(x1,,xn),
de Morgan,
f = (f')', :
1.
f'(x1,,xn)
2. (f').
135
136
3.25
3.23 :
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
, , :
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz' + xyz
Z K .
A: de Morgan,
:
f'(x,y,z) = (x+y+z) (x+y'+z) (x+y'+z') (x'+y+z) (x'+y'+z) (x'+y'+z')
= (x+xy'+y'z+z) (x+y'+z') (x'+x'y'+y'z+z) (x'+y'+z')
= (x+xz+y'z) (x'+x'z+y'z)
= (x+y'z) (x'+y'z)
= xy'z+x'y'z+y'z
= y'z.(x+x')
= xy'z+x'y'z
K f' :
f = (f')' = (xy'z+x'y'z)' = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
3.24.
A
3.13
A. N () K () K A :
f(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
B. N K
f1 f2 , :
f1(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
f2(x,y,z) = y+z'
YNOH
137

:
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
m (x ,, x
i
n)
i f(i) =1
. minterms mi f(i)=1.
H .
A :
, xi, ( xi + x1i ) .
:
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
M (x ,, x
i
n)
i f(i) = 0
. maxterms Mi, f(i) = 0.

H .
A : , xi, (xi.xi').
3.7
M ,
. E
(Y 3.3.2).

, .
T E, :
T , .
T .
T NAND, NOR, XOR.
T I
.
138
T ,
.
T .
E
. , . A
,
( ).
y|
O
. A :
f(w,x,y,z) = w(z+y+x)+z
w|
x|
3.6

T 3.6.
f(w,x,y,z). T w, x, y, z
. E, ,
, , . E
, Y 3.3.2.
O , , . H A (Y 3.4.2) K (E 3.6) ' . O , (E 3.4),
.
3.7.1
M
Boole. O ,
3 . 7
139
. M '
Boole.
(22)2=16. 3.10 16 .
xy
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
f9
f10
f11
f12
f13
f14
f15
00
01
10
11
, ( )
, , ,
. .
, ,
. 3.7
3.10 .
16
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR ( 3.7).

.
3.7.2
O . A ,

. ,
, .
'
3.10
140
,
. 3.7
, .
' .
T
, ,
,
.
,
. O -
3.7
A h
f0 = 0
f1 = xy
xy
AND
x|
y
f2 = xy'
x/y
x "" y
x|
y
f3 = x
f4 = x'y
y/x
y "" x
x|
y
f5 = y
f6 = xy'+x'y
xy
XOR
x|
y
f7 = x+y
x+y
OR
x|
y
f8 = (x+y)'
x'y'
NOR
x|
y
f9 = x'y'+xy
xy
XNOR
x|
y
f10 = y'
y'
NOT
f11 = x+y'
x+y'
E y T x
x|
y
f12 = x'
x'
NOT
f13 = x'+y
x'+y
E x T y
x|
y
f14 = (xy)'
x'+y'
NAND
x|
y
f15 = 1
3 . 7
141
( K 4). E
3.3 ( 3.13).

.
3.26

:
H f(w,x,y,z)
3.6.
A: 3.6
, 3.8:
w|
w(y+z+x)
x|
x+(y+z)
y|
w(y+z+x)+z
y+z
K 4
.
NAND NOR
K
. AND,
NOT, OR,
NOT. O :
NAND(x,y) = (x.y)'
3.8
NOR(x,y) = (x+y)'
. .. ( Y 3.7.1)
de Morgan.
142
XOR
XOR, , , , :
1) x y =
1 x y
0 x = y
2) x 1 = x x 0 = x.
3) x y = y x
4) x(y z) = (x y) (x z)
5) (x y) z = x ( y z ) = x y z
H 1) . E x y
, , (x XOR y) = 0, x y .
T ,
XOR
x y, , x y XOR.
3.7.3 I
1=<S1,F1,1> 2=<S2,F2,2>, S1 S2, F1 F2 1 2, , S1

S2 F1 F2 , :
S1 S2 F1 F2, 1 2.
, , (Y 3.3.1),
K (Y 3.3.2). O
.

,
, . X '
.
3 . 7
143

,
. H K 4.
X 3.7:
) N :
A
3.14
f(x,y,z) = xy'+z+x'y
M ;
) :
f(w,x,y,z) = (wx'+yz)'
) ' A, B . K 0 1.
, 1.
0. H
. N ,
1, , 0, .
) N ,
f(w,x,y,z), f=1, w=y
xz, f=0.
) N XOR :
x(y z) = (x y) (x z)
) N XOR :
(x y) z = x ( y z ) = x y z
3.5
K -
3.6
144
(Y 2.3.2 2.2).
N

K . K,
K K . E, K , , XOR. (Y:
A,
, .. K M. XOR minterms .).
3.7.4
K
Boole, +, ., .
,

. '
. Boole .
, Boole.
3.27
T {+, } {., } .
A:
Boole:
{ +, },
{ ., }
x+y,
(x'.y')'
x.y
(x'+y')',
x.y
x'
x',
x'
Boole
x+y
3 . 7
145

. .. NAND
NOR. , , , ..
.
N , 3.7, .
) {NOR}
) {NAND}
) {OR, NOT}
) {AND, NOT}
3.7.5
, . , ,
(). , ,
, .
.
M OR OR , 3.9. T

((a+b)+c)+d = a+b+c+d = c+b+a+d
,
(4, Y 3.2.3)
(A2, E 3.2)
. E,
OR ,
,
A
3.15
146
. H OR .
3.9
OR

a|
b|
c|
d
a+b+c+d
a|
b|
c|
d
AND , 3.10, AND . T

((a.b).c).d = a.b.c.d = c.b.a.d
AND AND .
3.10
AND

a|
b|
c|
d
abcd
a|
b|
c|
d
, , : () ()
.
AND OR , , .
AND OR 2, 3, 4 8 .
NAND NOR , ..
NAND( NAND(x,y), z ) = ((x y)' z)' = ((x'+y') z)' = (x'z + y'z)'
:
NAND( x, NAND(y,z) ) = (x (y z)' )' = (x (y'+z') )' = (xy' + xz')'
O , , :
NAND(x,y,z,w,) = (x y z w )'
NOR(x,y,z,w,) = (x+y+z+w+)'
M NAND NOR .
3 . 7
XOR , .
3.11 . M
XOR "1",
"1" .
.
x
z
x
y
z
3.11
I XOR
O K:
) N :
xyz+wy'z'+wxz = xyz+wy'z'+wxy'
) f(x,y,z) :
f(x,y,z) = x'yz+xy'+y'z'
) H M(x,y,z) 1, 1, :
M(x,y,z) = xy+xz+yz
M(x,y,z) 0 .
)
, . .
M ,
.
147
XOR

xyz
XOR
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
A
3.16
148
3.7
3.6 ,
K (Y 2.3.2 2.2), K .
K
K
NAND. (Y: H NAND . N
NAND.
.)

O .
O , .
/ .
O : OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR.
H I K, .
O
. K .
Y .
YNOH

T K , . O Boole.
T A. .
H Boole 19 ,
.

.
H Boole, Huntington, B, (,
) .
. T Boole ,
,
.

/ . M
, . :
, , .
H Boole . O Boole, , de
Morgan, a+a=a, a+1=1, a+(a.b)=a, a+a'.b=a+b ..,

.
H Boole , ,
0 1, (+=OR, .=AND, =NOT).
O .
H -
149
150
, (T1)
(F0)
(OR, AND, NOT) '
, .
H , . O (=1, =0)
( ,
bit=1 0) . H ,
(AND) (OR), () .
H
(: =1, =0,
AND, OR)

. H ( ) . A,
.
O ( ) ,
( ) ( ).
(22)n n .
M . O : A, A, . O A
,
. H , ( ).
T A (Shannon)
xk:
YNOH
151
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn),

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)].[ x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]
T de Morgan f' f
f, :
f'(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
E (minterm) m(x1,x2,,xn)
:
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a 1 x a2 2 x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}.

x1, x2, , xn, 1
0.
:
m k (k) = 1 m k (j) = 0, j k.
M (Maxterm) (x1,x2,,xn)
:
(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann ,
ai , ai={0,1}.

,
0
1. :
k (k) = 0 k (j) = 1, j k.
(Canonical Sum of Products) f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
m (x ,, x
i
i f(i) =1
n)
152
. minterms m i f(i)=1. H
.
M ,
, minterm,
xi (xi+xi').
(Canonical Product of Sums)
f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
(x ,, x
i
n)
i f(i) = 0
. maxterms M i f(i) = 0. H
.
M ,
, Maxterm,
xi
( xi . xi' ).
H ( )
K
. O
.
O , , ..,
.
, .
A , ,
: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR.
K , ,
' Boole ( A Shannon, K ). ,
.
YNOH
Y , (AND, NOT), (OR, NOT), , NAND, NOR, . T

. H ,
,
.
A , , ,
.
B
Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991 (E )

2 K Boole, ,
.
4 K , , Boole. :

. .
Gregg J., Ones and Zeroes Understanding Boolean Algebra, Digital Circuits
and the Logic of Sets, IEEE Press, 1998.
T K 1 8 Boole,

.
3 K Boole
. H , -
153
154
. H Boole .
K 2 , ,
Boole .
Gajski D., Principles of Digital Design, PrenticeHall 1997.
3 K Boole
. E
.
Schaum's Series, Boolean Algebra and Switching Circuits, McGraw Hill
Boole,
,
.

Sandige R., Modern Digital Design, McGrawHill, 1990.

.
Davio, Deschamps, Thayse, Digital Systems with algorithm
implementation, Wiley & Sons (1983).
A Boole
.
Bryant R.E., Graphbased algorithms for Boolean function manipulation,
IEEE Trans Computers, vol C35, no 8, pp. 677691, August 1986.
BDD, ,
( ).
Harrison M., Introduction to Switching and Automata Theory,
McGrawHill, 1965.
M Boole ( )
Rosenbloom P., The Elements of Mathematical Logic, Dover, 1950.
Boole
B I B I O PA I A
M ( ).
Boole G., An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover, 1954
A G. Boole.
Huntington E., Sets of independent postulates for the algebra of logic,
Trans. of the American Mathematical Society vol 5 (1904), pp. 288209.
T Huntington .
Shannon C., A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Trans.
of the AIEE, vol 57 (1938).
H .
De Morgan Augustus, On the Syllogism and Other Logical Writings, New
Haven, Yale, 1966.
T de Morgan.
Couturat L., The Algebra of Logic, Chicago, Open Court, 1914.
M P. Ehrenfest,
(1914), .
155
E 3.1
. H (E 3.3), . A

(E 3.7). Y , (Y 3.7.4),
, .
.
E
, K , , ,
, .

K, :
N () .
.
T MOS CMOS .
N
.
T O K,
.
M O H .
.
T .

A
K E A A I O 4 : Y N YA T I K A K Y K M A T A
158
FanOut, FanIn
MOS, CMOS
7400
4000
ECL
Stackat
SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI

K 3 . T
K ,
, , (, ).
, (K 6)

Boole. T K , , K 3.
(Y 4.4.1).
.
4.1 E
159
4.1 E
(E 3.1) :
y1
x1
E
xi
xn
yk
ym
(E 3.4) yk = fk(x1, , xi,xn), k=1, , m .

.
(design)
,
, .
,

(Y 3.7.1). , ,
..,
.
,
, :
.
' K '

.
4.2 K
K VLSI, .. . E
, , .. .
A E :
4.1
160

VLSI, MOS CMOS.
T .
N .
N .
T .
T MOS VLSI.
E Y 3.3.2. M . , ,
.
. E

( ),
, ( ).
,
..
K M K O (VLSI), MOS (Y 4.2.2). MOS VLSI
( m),
.

(Y 3.3.2). Y
:
x,
x=1 , x=0 . 4.2 Y 3.3.2.
4 . 2 K
161
y
x
x+y
xy
()
()
()
()
4.2
B
:
() ,
()
() ,
()
FAB (x1,,xn)
1,
, 0, . , F1 F2
4.1:
F1 F2
OR F1+F2
AND F1.F2
. NOT F1'
00
01
10
11
4.1

:
x
y
F1
F1
z
F2
F3
F4
: . K
.
A. X '
F1 F2. O F2 : F2=F3.F4.
F :
4.1
162
F = F1 + F2 = F1 + (F3.F4) = x.y'+(x'+y).z
A. (E
3.3), F ( 3.2):
F = xy'+x'y+yz = xy'+xy'z+x'z+x'y'z+yz = x.y'+z
: :
y
x
F = xy' + z
z
K
x1
x2
x5
A
x4
B
x3
4.3

,
4.3. :
A B. F1,,Fn .
F
Fi:
n
F=
i =1
4.2
H FAB 4.3 :
FAB = x1 x2 + x1 x5 x3 + x4 x3 + x4 x5 x2
A
4.1
x
y
x
z
4 . 2 K
163
N
( ). '
F
(f=1) (f=0) F
. Y
X Y x y
. N
.
(Y: A xy/f,
,
, , f. A 00/0

. A '
x '
y).
4.2.1
3.13 ( 3.3) , ( )
.
, ( E 1.2)
, Ampere (A), , , Volt (V). O
Ampere Volt . ..
, 0 A.
T Ohm (). E
AB 4.4 I
VAB, R W :
R=
VAB
I
W = VAB * I
4.1
164
I
4.4
() H
(), ()
VAB
()
()
()
T () , , , 109 . E , . (), . 4.4

4.4. M

, .

E R1 R2 , 4.5
( ), VZ
Z :
Vz =
R2
E fi Vz =
R1 + R 2
4.5
()
,
() ,
()
1
E
R1
1+
R2
Z:
) 1, E/2<VZ<E ( VZ=H)
) 0, 0<VZ<E/2 ( VZ=L).
E
X VZ Z
R1
R1
0| H| 1|
1 L 0
Z
R2
0| L| 0|
1 H 1
Z
I
X
VZ
()
X VZ Z
X
R2
VZ
()
VZ
()
4 . 2 K
165
E R2 ( 4.5) X (
4.5) :
) (X=1), R2
R1, .
R1/R2 => VZ 0 => VZ=L
) (X=0), R2
R1, .
R1/R2 => VZ E => VZ=H

Z . E, , R1 (
4.5) X ( 4.5),
, (/ I R2)
( ).
M
(ratio logic),
. 4.6 ,
, NAND, NOR XOR.
E
x y VZ Z
Z
y
0| 0|
0| 1|
1| 0|
1 1
H|
H|
H|
L
Z
x
0| 0|
0| 1|
1| 0|
1 1
H|
L|
L|
L
1|
0|
0|
0
K :
() NAND,
() NOR () XOR.
E
x y VZ Z
1|
1|
1|
0
4.6
x y VZ Z
0| 0|
0| 1|
1| 0|
1 1
Z
()
()
E , 4.5 4.6, ,
() . 4.7
y x. H x
, '
()
L|
H|
H|
L
0|
1|
1|
0
166
x A.
( 4.5)
E, ( 4.5, 4.6),
EA,
A. E, R ( 4.7)
VZ Z , y, VX=EA A (EA=H EA=L). A
A 4.7 AND .
y
x
A
Z
R
EA
VX x y
L| 0|
L| 0|
H| 1|
H 1
0|
0|
0|
1
0|
1|
0|
1
y
Z
()
4.7
() AND
() XOR

xy
0| 0|
0| 1|
1| 0|
11
0|
1|
1|
0
()
M 4.7 XOR,
x y ' ( )
A B. XOR 4.6 ( ). H , MOS,
Y 4.2.2, (pass
transistor logic).

. M
, , , . AND 4.7 y r. T,
ZV>E/2 (Z=1), x=y=1, :
R
E
E r+R
E A > fi E A >
r+R
2
2 R
n , n
() ZV>E/2, , EAi
4 . 2 K
167
(i=n1,,1), E>EA1>E/2, .:
E r + R
2 R
n -1
r + R
< E fi
n -1
<2
A , ,
r+R>R, ( 4 5)
.
4.2.2 MOS CMOS
Y 4.2.1
MOS CMOS ,
, ,
O K.
Y , metaloxide silicon (MOS)
(bipolar). T ,
(silicon chip).
T VLSI MOS, chip 100 mm2.
MOS
.
Y , p n. p
(majority
carriers) (pcarriers )
(minority carriers) (ncarriers
). n . ,
MOS , majority carriers
pMOS, , nMOS.
4.8 . Y p.
( ) n.
source drain. E
E, 4.8, . H , -
168
n .
.
source
drain
source
p|
drain
n
p|
()
()
4.8
4.8 , n. E E,
, drain , .
H ()
, ()
T nMOS , 4.8 , gate ( 4.9). M

gate
(),
gate . H
gate ,
.
VG
gate
source
drain
n
p|
()
4.9
()
nMOS,
() nMOS () pMOS
gate
gate
drain
source
()
drain
source
()
drain E
gate source VG ( 4.9). E
VG=0, , 4.8,
. E VG>0, minority carriers p gate. E VG ,
4 . 2 K
169
VTH (threshold voltage), (population inversion).

gate ( 4.9)
n () p (). n n source
drain. 4.8, . T nMOS
4.9.
, MOS gate
VG
. nMOS
VLSI, E 3 Volt
VTH 1 Volt. E VG<VTH,
. VG>VTH, ,
. . T ,
,
4.10,
G, gate
r.
gate
r
4.10
fi
M MOS
VZ
VA
VZ
VB
VA
VC
4.11
()
()
O Y 4.2.1
MOS, .
, Z=(A+BC)'
() Z=(A+BC)',
()
170
4.11. , ,
. , , B
C 4.11, R2
( 4.5), VZ ,
E/2. E 4.11
VZ<EVTH, , VTH
gate (VA) source (VZ), .
E MOS ,
Boolean
(switch level),
( 4.10)
Y 4.2.1.
E 4.8 4.9 n p,
pMOS . pMOS
p (). nMOS, ,
VG<VTH<0. nMOS,
() gate ( 4.9), ,
VG<0. E p ( 1/3)
n, pMOS . , nMOS,
CMOS (Complementary MOS) .
CMOS
4.12

CMOS:() ,
() ()
, VG=E
VG=0
T MOS
, nMOS pMOS .
H R1
( 4.5) pMOS R2 nMOS, -
source
drain
r
VZ
VG
VZ = 0
VG = E
drain
source
()
VZ = E
VG = 0
()
()
4 . 2 K
171
CMOS ( ) 4.12.
O VG=E, pMOS , nMOS VZ=0 ( 4.12).
VG=0, pMOS , nMOS VZ=E ( 4.12).
M CMOS . O
. O
r ( 4.10).
T CMOS
, , VZ .
M , , CMOS
( ) . A
4.5. X=1 R1
I=E/R1, . W, :
W = E*I =
E2
R1
CMOS ( 4.12 VG=E)

, W=0. O VG=0 ( 4.12). CMOS,
pMOS nMOS, W=0.
A CMOS
. H (VLSI),
E
4.13
CMOS: () NOR,
() NAND, () XOR

E
Y
A
B
VZ
VZ
()
()
()
172
, .
CMOS. 4.13 NOR, NAND , Y 4.2.1. X
E .
, CMOS
MOS, :
. E .
. H .
. E ( ).
. H ,
.
T .
(), chip.

O
( ).
H
(Y 3.3.2)

1 0,
.
H , ,
.
E
, ( ),
.
O
4 . 2 K
. M
.
T MOS
p n. majority
minority ,
VG gate.
K MOS , nMOS pMOS. T
nMOS , VG>VTH, pMOS, VG<VTH, VTH
. M VG .
MOS VLSI.
E nMOS pMOS ()
CMOS. T CMOS,
MOS ( ), , VLSI.
4.3 K
H () ,
. T
, 0
1.
E :
T
.
T .
T .
T .
.
T .
T .

, .
173
174
( ) ().
, (
), ,
( ). O
. O Y 4.2.2 ( 4.11 4.13).
,
.
0 (V) 4.14
High Low, H L.
4.14 4.14 .
(
).
VCC
V1
V0
V0
4.14
V1
V2
E/2
V2
0
()
()
()
V1 V2 4.14 4.14
H L, V0
( 4.14 4.14) H L,
4.2:
4.2
(4.14)
V1 V2
V0
4.14
V0
4.14
LL
LH
HL
HH
4 . 3 K
175
H L
H=1 L=0 H=0 L=1, ,
,
:
L=0
H=1
4.3
L=1
H=0
V1 V2
V0
4.14
V0
4.14
V0
4.14
V0
4.14
00
01
10
11
, L=0, H=1,
4.14 4.14 OR AND , , L=1, H=0, AND OR . , .
,
L=0, H=1,
, L=1, H=0.
,
H, L .
O MOS CMOS (bipolar) . Y 4.2.2
, MOS . E MOS , MOS
CMOS. , 4.11, 4.12 4.13
,

176
. Y 4.3.1 , , , .
.
4.2
v1 v2
v0
LL
LH
HL
HH
f(x,y,z)=x'y'+z ,
. ,
.
(Y: E .
Y 3.7.4. K .
).
4.3.1
Y 4.2.2 p n
MOS . E (bipolar) , .. npn, 4.15.
IC
IB
4.15
() npn , () npn
() pnp
C
C
n
IE
B
E
E
()
npn
pnp
()
()
Y , npn
pnp, :
) T npn ,
4.15 4.15.
) T pnp , 4.15
p n , 4.15. E
pnp npn .
4 . 3 K
177
H
. npn ( 4.15) pn B E
np C B. T : E (emmiter), B (base) C
(collector). M IE, IB IC ( 4.15), ( ) npn (pnp) , :
IB + IC = IE
E IC IB

IC = IB

10<<100. H IC IB ,
IB ( .. gate,
MOS 4.9).
4.16 npn
. ( 4.16):
) A. H Vi Vi0.6V. T IB=0 (), (IC=0) V0 VcV0E.
) E . E , ( ) ,
.
IB V0:
V0 = C IB
) K. T IC ,
RC ICRC=E, . IB :
IB =
E
R C
T . I B
IC. H Vo VsVo0
(Vo 0.2 V).
178
E
VC
VO
E|
IC
RC
VO
IB
Vi
4.16
() K
npn ,
() K
4.4
VS
IE
RB
K
0.6
1.0
2.0 V
Vi
()
()
4.4
4.16. E ( IB Vo)
High Low,
. H

. , ,
( )
.
P IB
K IB
T V0
K V0
IB = 0 (Vi<0.6 V)
Low
VcV0E
High
0 < IB <E/(RC)
A IB
IB > E/RC (Vi>0.8 V)
High
V0 0.2 V
Low
, , . E ,
,
IB . T
. T
, , FanOut
( E 4.4).
A
( 4.17):
4 . 3 K
179
1) RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic). E (

4.17), . .
2) DTL (Diode Transistor Logic). T ( 4.17)
( 4.14)
( 4.16). E
High Low DTL
( 4.4).
3) TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic). A
DTL. ( 4.17),
DTL T1,
(). E
T2, T3 T4, . O TTL
,
. '
4.17,
.
E
4.17
T : () RTL,
() DTL () TTL
E
Z = (A+B)'
Z
A
Z = (A B)'
Z
A
B
B
RTL
A
B
DTL
()
T3
T1
Z
Z = (AB)'
T2
T4
TTL
()
4.3.2 E
, , . ,
, (
). O
MOS CMOS . .
()
180
O , '
( 4.18). ( ). T
K (Common Bus
Architecture), , ,
CPU, K M
M E .
E
B
4.18
()
, ()

E
|
Z
()
()
E A, B, C
, (conflict) ,
, , , (0 1).
( 4.18),
, ..
E (Enable). E=1,
, , E=0, . O , , 0, 1 , .
K
4.6 NOR .
M ( 4.19)
(x R1 y R2)
Z. H NOR ( 4.19) :
R=
R 1R 2
R1 + R 2
.
,
4 . 3 K
181
R1
R2
()
fi
Z
x
y
4.19
()
( ) .
T Z. O
MOS, (open collector).
H 4.19 : () , Z=1, ()
, Z=0.
H
,
( 4.18),

. T ( ) ' . O ,
.

(interrupt) . O
. , 1 (
). , , 0 ( ) .
H Ethernet,
(collision
detection). , 1.
K NOR:
() , ()
182
, . O
, ,
.
4.3.3

. ( Y 3.7.1), :
1. AND, OR, NOT, XOR :
AND
OR
NOT
XOR
, () ().
, ..
f1=(ab)' f2=a'+b :
x1
a|
b
a|
b
f1
f1 = a b
f2
f2 = a'+b
f3
x2
2. f3=f(x1,,xn)
. , .., ' .

(E 3.7). .. T=x.y'+z .
x|
y
z
T = x.y'+z
4 . 3 K
183
4.3.4 A
H , , '
. H
, : A
,

,
. H ( )
. E ,
.
4.3
4.20 S C .
C B A
AB
AB+(A+B)C
A+B
CO
{AB+(A+B)C}(A+B+C)
(A+B)C
A+B+C
ABC
CO = AB+(A+B)C = AB + AC + BC
S = {AB+(A+B)C}(A+B+C) + ABC = A B'C'+A'B C'+A'B'C + A B C
K

,
. K
. E
'
( ),
4.20
184
( ), ,
. .. 4.20 AB A+B
, (A+B)C, A+B+C ABC , AB+(A+B)C
. A N ,
N . 4.21
S C 4.20 .
4.21
A|
B
C'
A|
C
C'
B|
C
CO
C
C
B'
B
B'
B
A
A'
A'

() ,
. :
O
.
O , .
OR
AND, .
T npn pnp (),
.
O RTL, DTL TTL.
O .
O .
H , . .
4 . 3 K
H
.
4.4
O
O K. H
.
. O
.
A E :
.
T O K.
K O.
T O ,
.
T ,
.
1960 , . , , , ,
. , , .
(O.K.) Integrated Circuit (IC)
(chip) . . (1960)
chip, .
, ,
chip 100 mm2.
:
.
185
186
mm2 ,

, .
. ( ),

.
.
.
K O

. :
. (Small Scale Integration SSI),
10 chip,
. (Medium Scale Integration MSI),
10 100 chip , .. , ,
. (Large Scale Integration LSI)
100 5000
. (Very Large Scale Integration
VLSI) 5000
, .. .
.. . , , ,
, , ..
,
.
() () .
K O.K.

..
:
4 . 4
187
1. (Speed) .
tD (propagation delay)
, .
( 4.22).
. , , 2 100 ns.
,
(hazards, races).
A
B
4.22
2. FanOut (
)
, . FanIn
.
3. (Noise Immunity). . , (). O. K. , ,
.
4. (Failure Rate).
(E 4.6). .. Y Z .
5. (Supply Voltage) (Power
Dissipation). , , . E
.. , ,
.
188
6. T (SpeedPower Product), . (
pJ). E
(.. TTL CMOS)
.
7. .
4.4.1
.. chip ,
SSI . chip
,
,
().
chip ( 4.23).

.
8
GND
7
10
clear
J
C
11
10
12
11
GND 13
preset
14
6
5 VCC
4
clear
12
4.23

O. K.
13
15
14
16
preset
2
1
VCC
TTL 7400
TTL 7476

. ()
.
4 . 4
189
1. 7400 Texas Instruments. TTL.

SSI MSI.
, , , , , ..
7400, ,
74LS00, , 74S00,
.. (.. 74ASxx, 74ALSxx, 74Fxx).
M 74xx CMOS
(74HC, 74HCT).
O 10 20 ns. FanOut 10.
50.25 V. 4.5 , ,
(VIH min High, VIL max Low) (VOH min
High, VOL max Low) ( ). 4.5, , .. 74LS (VOH min=2.70V)
74HC (VIH min=3.50V).
4.6 ,
TTL CMOS. H TTL
CMOS, .
E
Vcc
74LS|
74HCT|
74HC|
1|
VOH min
5.00|
5.00|
5.00|
2.70
3.84
3.84
VIH min
2.00
2.00
3.50
VIL max
0.80
0.80
1.50
VOL max|
0.50
0.33
0.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
1|
0|
Ground
AND NAND TTL 4.24.
4.5
T

74XX
190
. ,
TTL NAND,
4 , AND 6
( Y 3.7.4).
VCC
VCC
a
b
a
b
AND
4.24
K
AND NAND
TTL
a.b
a.b
NAND
2. 4000. CMOS (Complementary

MOS), nMOS pMOS .
SSI VLSI.
100 ns. FanOut
.
5 15 V.
4000 :
() Low: 0 30% ,
() High: 70% 100% .

.
Y ( CMOS),
( CMOS ).
4.6 CMOS, TTL.
NOR NAND
CMOS 4.25. , NOR NAND
OR AND ( Y 3.7.4).
4 . 4
K TTL
tp
P
(nsec)
(mW)
t P
(pJ)
K CMOS
tp
P
(nsec)
(mW*)
tp P
(pJ*)
74S
19
57
HC
0.56
5.1
74LS
18
HCT
10
0.39
3.9
74AS
1.7
13.6
VHC
5.2
0.50
2.6
74ALS
1.2
4.8
VHCT
5.5
0.45
2.5
74F
Vdd
191
12
*1MHz
4.6
Vdd
K
(tp)
K I (P)
a.b
b
a
a+b
b
4.25
NOR
K
NOR NAND
CMOS
NAND
3. ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic). X .

. 2 ns,
. 4.26. T
(.. CRAY) ECL.
+VCC
b
0
a+b
VCC
ECL
a+b
4.26
E
OR NOR
ECL
192
4.3
6 volt. H ,
5.5 volt. ( 7400
4000)
;
(Y: E . K;)
4.4.2
O ,
, : ()
O. K., . ,

TTL 7400, CMOS 4000 .. (Y 4.4.1), () O. K., () O. K. () O. K.
K O. K (ASIC)
M ,
, ,
,
O. K. chip
, . E
, , ,
(layout) chip,
(routing) ,
, (simulation).
, M
Y (Silicon Compilers).
A chip , O. K. .
4 . 4
H O. K. (SEMICUSTOM ICS)
T O. K. chip 100.000
1.000.000 (gate array), . O
NAND NOR 3 4 . H
.
T O. K.
O. K.
. M
, . chip
O. K. (NAND NOR).
O. K.
H M (PROM) FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). K

, .
, . M A . O FPGA minterms ,
.. 4 , FPGA, minterms 4
FPGA minterms.
A , ,
. T PROM FPGA , PROM (EPROM)
.

H , ,
, , .
193
194
H ,
.
T O K
' .
H K O
(SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI).
O ' O. K. ,
FanOut, , ,
.
H O , . 7400 (TTL), 4000 (CMOS) ECL.
E ,
( ),

( ).
4.5 B
O . E ,
, .. , . E :
T .
T ' .
T sa0 sa1 .
,

. ,
(intermittent soft fault) (permanent hard fault).
:
1. . :
. Fan Out -
4 . 5 B
195
.
. .
4.27. f(x)=0.
AND
, (hazard).
X
X
f(X) = X . X = 0
X
X
X|
.
4.27
2. .
"" .
() "" ()
, , .

(reliability) , . . .
' ,
,
.
'
. ,
, ' .
E
Hazard
196
, ..
, (testing) .

, ,
, .
, ()
()
(Design for Testability).
, Y 4.5.1, .
4.5.1 sa0 sa1
F A B Z. : = F(A,B). , , , :
. 0 ( 1)
. 0 (
1) stackatzero (
stackatone). : sa0
sa1.
. , ..
, 0 ( 1). 0 (
1) A stackat0 ( stackat1). ..
OR "" , .
= , " sa0",
AND = , "A sa1".
sa0 sa1
, ' . .
4 . 5 B
197
n , 2n ( ) .
OR , , . 4.7
OR
sa0 A sa1. M [0] [1]
stackat .
OR
Z
sa0
Z
sa1
A sa0
A sa1
0 0
[1]
[1]
[1]
0 1
[0]
[1]
1 0
[0]
[0]
[0]
1 1
[0]
[0]
H Z, "A sa0",
OR =10 ( 4.7, / 2). ,
A sa0, , .
Z "A sa1"
=00 ( 4.7, / 0), =00. T =10 Z sa0 =00 Z sa1. A,
(=00, 10) .

,
. ,
,
(Essential Test Set). , ,
.
4.7
A
OR
sa0 sa1
198
A
4.2
N AND,
Z sa0 sa1 A sa0
sa1.

B .
O
.
H ,
.
O. K., .
sa0 (sa1) ,
0 (1).
4.6 A
H
. ' E
:
T .
T : .
N .
. ,
(Reliability)
. , .
, .. , . O , ,
. ,
.
4 . 6 A
199
t, t
, :
R(t) = e - t
E, :
R(t) = e - tm ,
m = 1/ (MTBF).
4.4
= 104 / .
() 1000 , , :
R(1000) = e -10
-4
.1000
= 0.9048 90.48%
n ,
i i=1n,
n ,
, :
R = R1. R2. Rn
:
= 1+2+ +n

. VLSI , .. ,
. R (compound probability) .
4.5
2000
= 104 / .
, , :
200
= 2000 . 104 = 0.2 /

:
m = 1/ = 5
1000 :
R(1000) = e -(0.2).1000 = (0.9048)2000 = (1.38).10 -87 ,
. 0.9048 ( 4.4),
(0.9048)2000,
. .

.

.
,
(E 2.4), . (fault tolerant) ' , , '
, . , .
A
4.3
4.4
O (ENIAC, 1946) 18.000 . E =1/50000,

1, 2, 3, 4 5
.
f(x,y).

.
) N

.
x
y
4 . 6 A
) .
(Y: B f(x,y). ( E 3.2). A ).

A
.
O
.
O
.
H .
201
202

T K ()
() .
:
.
,
( ).
H MOS (nMOS, pMOS) CMOS VLSI, MOS
CMOS
.
H ( ).
T . A RTL, DTL TTL.
O
.
O ,
() (). O .
O
. K . E ' ( )
( ).
T O K
' . H
K O (SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI).
H O . : 7400 (TTL), 4000 (CMOS) ECL.
YNOH
: ,
.
B .
T :
sa0 (sa1) , 0 (1).
A
. H

.
R. Tokheim, , McGraw Hill, E TZIOA.

3 K ,
. K 5
,
.
Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991, .
K 10 O K. E , , ( ..)
O. K.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill (1989).
K 5 .
3 K .
S. Unger, The Essence of Logic Circuits, IEEE Press 1997.
. , , MOS CMOS.
203
204

.
M. Breuer, A. Friedman, Diagnosis and Reliable Design of Digital
Systems, Computer Science Press (1976).
K ( ).
M. Abramovici, M. Breuer, A. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing and
Testable Design, IEEE Press (1990).
( ).
H
(Y 3.4.1 E 3.7). M
Boole
, ..
. M
, . ,
.
H .
E
. , Karnaugh QuineMcCluskey,
. M hazards
K.

K, :
T .
T .
T .
Karnaugh A

.
M ()
Karnaugh.
K E A A I O 5 : A O O I H H Y N YA T I K N K Y K M A T N
206
T
.
T
.
QuineMcCluskey.
.
M ESPRESSO.
hazards ' .

E
X Karnaugh

O 1
O K
K
QuineMcCluskey
M Petrik
M K
ESPRESSO
Hazard

H K
minterms
. X
Y 3.4.1 E 3.4 3.5, Boole (Y 3.2.3).
, , .
H Karnaugh
. H , ' , , -
. , , Karnaugh, ,
.
H QuineMcCluskey , . , ,
, ,
, ,
. E
.
K Espresso
. E ,
. T hazards
(Y 4.3.4).
5.1
H
. A ,
( O. K),
, ,
. A,
. M
(E 4.4).

, O. K., ' . (VLSI E 4.4)
O. K. (ASIC Y 4.4.2) . E
chip. E, (, )
, chip, (), .
:
207
208
1) ( ) .
2) , .
3) , ,
, .. .
4) , .. AND, OR, NOT, .
, , .
. .. :
1) , .
2)
3)

4) , ..

.
,
.
, .
, ,
, .
, Boole,
5.1
209

:
1) (),
2) (literal) .
.

, , . AND
OR, , OR AND, .

,
, . .. :
f(x,y,z) = x y+y z
(5.1)
= (x+z) y
(5.2)
(5.1) AND OR (
3 ), (5.2), , OR AND ( 2 ).
, (5.1)
, .
E ,
, , .
, , , ,
.
Boole,
. .. :
f(x,y,z) = x'y z + x y z + x y'z + x y z'
= x'y z + x y z + x y'z + x y z + x y z' + x y z
210
= y z (x'+x) + x z (y'+y ) + x y (z'+z )

=yz+xz+xy
,
xyz ,
,
.
. .
, :
)
)
.
( ) Karnaugh QuineMcCluskey.
5.2 arnaugh
( ) (NKY 3.4.1), . , . H , , .
,

.
A E :
T .
O (minterms) Karnaugh
.
O 2k 1 k .
5.2 ARNAUGH
211
Karnaugh.
T
Karnaugh.
A.
H Karnaugh . E , '
.
Karnaugh Venn Veitch,
Karnaugh. E ,
, 5.
Y 3.4.1 (NK), n
f(x0, x1 , xn1) n (2n ), , 1. K minterm
(E 3.6). m () n
(m<n) 2n , nm
,
m
. , x0, x1 , xn1 , lj j minterm
nm , .. x0, , xnm1, mk k minterm
xnm xn1, m
:
m -
= lj
= lj
2 m -1
(5.3)
A, m f(x0, x1, , xn1)

, minterms
nm (E 3.5) m . ..
0 minterm f(x0, x1 , xn1),
212
1 n1 ( minterms 0 1)
n f(x0, x1, , xn1)=1
. E 5.4,
.
E K A (E 3.6), m
2m minterms nm
, . 2m (). H
Karnaugh () , , ()
( ) .
Karnaugh ' .
5.1
f(w,x,y,z) = (x+w)(y+w)(x+z)(y+z). Z:
) N
.
) minterms .
) N , , 4
.
(Y: N
minterms (E 3.6). O 4 3 (Y 3.4.1),

. K .)
5.2.1 X arnaugh
Karnaugh
n, . H Y 3.4.1, A ( 5.1). E ()
,
( GRAY Y 2.2.3).
5.2 ARNAUGH
213
Karnaugh ( 5.1)
minterm, . k 2k
minterms.

( 5.1), , , .. x x', y y',
z z'.
,
, , ,
.
minterm
"" minterms ( E 3.5) ( 5.1).
"" ""
( )
. ,
, ,
minterms . "" , Karnaugh ( 5.2), .
Karnaugh
' "1", ,
E
xy
x
00
zw
xy
00
01
11
10
0
2
6
4
xyz xyz xyz xyz
1
3
7
5
xyz xyz xyz xyz
x
01
11
12
10
8
00 x y z w x y z w x y z w x y z w
1
13
11
3
7
15
2
6
14
10
w
5.1
Karnaugh
()
()
214
12
13
5.2
11 15

Karnaugh
10 14
13
12
14
10
15
11
, minterms
.
, ,
:
:
f(x,y,z,w) = x z'+
xz' "1" (
) x z',
.
5.1
:
F(x,y,z,w) = (0,2,3,7,8,10,11,15)
( )
= y' w' + z w
( )
5.3, y'w' zw.

xy
x
01
00
zw
0
11
12
10
8
00
z
01
13
15
11
11
z
5.3
F = y'w' + z w
1
2
10
yw
14
1
y
1
zw
10
1
y
5.2 ARNAUGH
xy
x
01
xy
00
zw
11
10
12
01
13
15
11
x
01
x
00
zw
w
00 axyzw axyzw
215
11
10
12
00 axyzw axyzw
01
13
15
11
14
10
11
z
11
2
14
10
10
axyzw
10
axyzw
5.4
Karnaugh
5
5 , .. F(a,x,y,z,w), ( 5.4),
a' a.
M Karnaugh 5
5.5. M 4 , ( ). A a'
a. T
( ) .
a
axy
000
zw
0
x
001
011
12
x
110
010
24
x
111
28
00 axyzw axyzw
01
101
20
100
16
axyzw axyzw
13
25
29
21
17
15
11
27
31
23
19
14
10
26
30
22
18
w
11
z
10
axyzw axyzw
, . ,
Karnaugh ' , .
5.5
E
Karnaugh 5
216
, minterms "1" ,
, maxterms "0" .
A
5.1
N Karnaugh :
) F(x,y,z,w)
= x'w' + yz
) F(a,x,y,z,w) = ax + y' w' + z w
5.2
Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w
. Z:
) N Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w,
x, y, z, w.
) N xz z'.
(Y: T 4 uv=00, uv=10
4 uv=01 uv=11. , 4 , xz z', .)
5.2.2 A Karnaugh

a'B+aB=B. Karnaugh ""
minterms
, . , ,
"1" .
:
) "1" .
) () "1". , . .
) , .
,
5.2 ARNAUGH
217
, . ().
) O ()
,
, . O
, .
,
, .
().
) 1 .
(), ,
, "1".
(), 2k,
k=0,1,2, "1". 2k minterms
' k .
5.2
f(x,y,z,w),
:
, .
a=a+a (1, Y 3.2.3). 22 "1",
x w yz'.
22 "1", z w
xy. y xz'w'.
:
f(x,y,z,w)= xy + yz'+ xz'w'
, :
xy
zw
00
01
00
01
11
10
11
10
218
xy
xzw
f(x,y,z,w) = xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw

yz
=xy+yz+xzw
Karnaugh
.
, .
,
:
) N ,
.
) N , .
"1" ,
, ,
.
:
1) "1" .
2) 2k "1".
3) "1" .
1) , ,
1 , . M () . E 1
1,
.
5.3
f(x,y) f(x,y,z), -
5.2 ARNAUGH
219
5.6:
x
xy
y
0
00
01
f(x,y) = y'
11
10
5.6
f(x,y,z) = x'y+yz.
5.4

( 5.7):
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
1
01
xy
00
zw
00
01
11
10
f(x,y,z,w) = x'yz'w+y'w'
01
11
10
11
10
f(x,y,z,w) = xy+yz'+xz'
5.7
5.5
5.8 . .
) ,
.
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
1
01
11
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
1
01
11
10
10
5.8
yw+x'yz'+xz'w+y'z'w'
yw+x'z'w'+xy'z'
()
()
A: ) , )
220
5.6

5.9. ) , , ,
.
xy
00
zw
00
01
01
11
10
11
10
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
1
01
1
11
10
f = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz'
f = xz+y'w'+x'z'w'
()
()
5.9
5.7
( 5.10):
xy
00
zw
00 1
5.10
01
11
10
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
01
11
11
10
10
01
f = x'y'+xz'+yz
f = z+w'
()
()
5.2 ARNAUGH
221
A. f1(x, y, z, w) f2(x, y, z, w),

:
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
01
11
10
01
1
1
xy
00
zw
00
01
11
A
5.2
10
1
1
11
1
10
f1(x, y, z, w)
f2(x, y, z, w)
B. :
f1(w, x, y, z) = w'x'z' + w'x y + w x z +w x'y +w'y z'
f2(w, x, y, z) = y'(z' + x) + w (y' + x + z')
5.2.3 E 5
5 f(u,x,y,z,w) x,y,z,w ( 5.11). u=0

u=1. () 5 , 4 5 .
: 3 .
xy
zw
00
xy
00
01
11
10
zw
00
00
01
11
10
01
01
11
11
10
u
10
u
M f(u,x,y,z,w) = (2, 5, 7, 8, 10,

13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 29, 31) = yw+ux'w+xy'z'w'+u'y'zw', -
5.11
f(u,x,y,z,w)=
= y'wu' + xy'w + xyzw'
222
n = 0 xy
00
zw
.
01
11
10
1
00
01
1
1
11
1
1
6 , ,
. T 1
Karnaugh 5 .
10 1
A 5.3
:
n=1
xy
00 01
zw
00
01
11
f(v, w, x, y, z) = y'z + w y z +w'(y' + v + z')
1
1
11 10
1
1
1
1
10
5.2.4 E
.
"0". "0" maxterm.
2k, k=0,1,2 "0" k .
.
:
) "0"
) "0" .

.
5.8
N f(x,y,z,w), ( 5.12).
, .
5.2 ARNAUGH
xy
00
zw
00
01
01
11
10
Y :

11
10
223
0000|
x+y+z+w|
1111
x'+y'+z'+w'
f(x,y,z,w) = (z+w)(z'+w')(x+y)(x'+y')
()
()
5.12
() A,
() E
. ..
8 :
f = x'yz'w + x'yzw' + xy'z'w + xy'zw'
, .

f(w,x,y,z) = w(y'+x+z')
() f2(w, x, y, z)
A A 5.2B.

m n (m<n) 2n nm
, m .
O m n f(x0, , xn1)
m, f(x0,, xn1)=1
(minterms ).
O Karnaugh A ,
()
.
M Karnaugh
N, '
minterms.
A
5.4
224
H ( ) Karnaugh
:
() () 1,
() .
O Karnaugh 4 .
H Karnaugh , 0.
5.3
A
( ).
1 0 X A . T X
,
.
E :
.
T .
H E Karnaugh.
E 5.2 . O , ,
, ( X), ( ) .
, .
.
, ,

. .. BCD (Y 2.2.2)
5.3
bits, .
, . n n, ={0,1} (E 3.4).

, . O , , (Don't Care), ,
'
. , 0 1, A .
5.9
O BCD 4 bits ,
24 . ,
09, . .
,
() . ,
, ,
, , .
.
E ,
, (E 5.2), . , .
O ,

225
226
,
X, .

.
5.10
BCD GRAY (Y 2.2.3). BCD a, b, c, d
GRAY ,
bit , g3(a,b,c,d), g2(a,b,c,d), g1(a,b,c,d) g0(a,b,c,d)
5.13. Karnaugh g3, g2, g1 g0
5.13.
, ,
1, ,
0.
,
X Karnaugh :
B 1. X Karnaugh:
A A X
Karnaugh.
B 2. :
. , , , .
. "1".
,
.
. "1",
"0".
B 3. E :
E minterm (1) , .
5.3
227
B 4. E :
. E minterms
.
. E minterms (1)
.
BCD
. a b c d
ad
GRAY
g3
g2
g1
g0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
10
1010
1011
12
1100
13
1101
14
111 0
15
1111
ad
00
cd
01
11
10
10
00
01
11
00
01
11
00
cd
01
11
10
g0 = c'd + cd'
g1 = bc' + b'c
ad
ad
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
cd
10
00
00
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
cd
g2 = b + a
g3 = a
5.13
5.13
M BCD GRAY
X Karnaugh g3, g2, g1, g0
Z BCD (2, 4, 2, 1)
(Y 2.2.1 2.1). BCD
a, b, c, d (2, 4, 2, 1) , bit , f3(a,b,c,d), f2(a,b,c,d), f1(a,b,c,d)
f0(a,b,c,d). N f3, f2, f1, f0.
A
5.5
228

T n
n, ={0,1}.
O .
H Karnaugh
,
, .
5.4
(E
5.2),
,
. E 5.2
. E

.
A E :
T .
.
T : .
T
.

.
E 5.2 .
, ,
' . M
.
.
M A E
M f(x1, ,xn) -
5.4
229
(irredundant), ,
, f(x1, ,xn). M

. E (minimal) f(x1,
,xn) . ..
:
f(x,y,z) = x'z' + x'y + xz + xy'
(5.4)
= x'z' + yz + xy'
(5.4)
H (5.4) , ,
(5.4) .
K
g(x1, ,xn) (covered) f(x1, ,xn,) g=1

f=1, . f "1"
g "1". H g f : g f ( ). E, f g. , g f f g f
= g. , AND OR,
OR 1 AND:
xy
OR
AND
00
01
10
11
OR AND
AND OR
g(x1, , xn) f(x1, , xn). E g(x1, ,

xn)=1, T f(x1, , xn)=1, g (implies) f. M
g f, g f. K minterm minterm f f.
Boole,
q
q
q
() p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1 1 x 2 2 ... x n n ,
q1,,qn (E 3.5), . p f,
230
p (implicant) f. K minterm
(E 5.2) f f. .. p1=wxy' p2=wx f(w,x,y,z)=wx+yz
f(w,x,y,z)=wx(y+y')+yz.

p(x1, , xn) f. O p (prime implicant) f,

xk p f. .. f(w,x,y,z)=wx+yz p1=wxy' , y', p2=wx , w x f. K f :
. .
. .
. E ( f).
O Karnaugh .
M :
: f f.
: , ,
,
.
E , ,
f f.
, :
)
)
.
5.4
231
3.2 ab+a'c=ab+a'c+bc. O
:
aB+a'C=aB+a'C+BC,
(5.5)
B C a
a'. H (5.5) (consensus). O
aB a'C ( a a' )
BC ( ).
Y 3 7 Y 3.2.3:
a+ab = a
a(a+b) = a
(5.6)
a+a'b= a+b
a(a'+b) = ab
(5.7)
T 1937 Blacke ,
f:
: K F f f,
F , ,
:
1. A (5.6) (5.7).
2.
.
T 1 2 . , Blake f minterms :
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz

:
f(x,y,z) = [x'y'z'] + [x'yz'] + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz
+ x'z'
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + [x'yz] + xy'z' + [xyz] + x'z'
+ yz
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + [xy'z'] + xyz + [x'z'] + yz
+ y'z'
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz + [x'z'] + [yz] + y'z'
+ x'y
f(x,y,z) = x'z' + yz + y'z' + x'y

Karnaugh f, Blake
,
.
232
yz
00
01
11
10
1
f(x,y,z) = yz + y'z' + x'y
H Blake, , , . E . '
(E 5.5).

: f ,
minterm f (. "1" )
. , f , "1" .
5.11
N 5.14 ,,.
xy
00
zw
00
01
01
11
10
11
10
5.14.

5.14
xy
w
0
1
00
01
1
1
11
10
1
. O

. E

5.4
xy
00
zw
00
01
01
11
1
11
10
10
5.14

:
1.
.
2. .
3. 1 minterms
, .
.
3 ,
.
Karnaugh ,
, . QuineMcCluskey (E 5.5).

g f,
f=1, g=1 (E, f g).
H p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1q 1 x q2 2 ... x qn n f, p f.
O p f, f.
H Blake .
233
234
O minterm
f .
f
f.
5.5 QuineMcCluskey
O Karnaugh . H
. E , , ,
. E ,
.
H QuineMcCluskey
:
. E minterms .
T E :

.
T ( minterm Petrick)

.
M
.
H . H
,
minterms . M
. H , ,
: () , , () -
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
. , ,
.
, Karnaugh (Tabular) ,
Quine McCluskey (1956).
.
, aA+a'A=A. , .
"", . .
:
)
)
.
Y 5.5.1 5.5.2 .
5.5.1 E
. ,
aA+a'A=A.
minterm
h(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1p1 x 2p 2 ... x pn n ,
p1, ,pn (E 3.5).
"1".
, aA+a'A=A,
235
236
(),
. (
)
.
( ) ( E 2.4), :
. , .
. .
QuineMcCluskey ,
() . ( )
, G1,,Gk,,
Gk
Gk+1.
.
,
.
5.12
F, :
F(x,y,z,w,v) = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 20, 22, 28)
1. ( )
"1" .
minterm 0 1. "1" ( ),
1 .. F
5.15. minterm 0,
1, 2 4, ..

:
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
. O .
. O
.
. O ' .. .
2. ()
. ,
( , 5.15) :
. ,
.
,
. +
.
( 5.15), 0 ( , ) 1 ( , ), v. 0000,
0,1, , 0 1 +. K
0 2 4
II. M

. "1" "5", 0001. "1" "6" .
,
.
, , +, .
3. B 2 , . ..
II IV,
( 5.15).
237
238
II
xyzwv
III
xyzwv
xyzwv
00000
0,1
0000
0,1,2,3
000
00001
0,2
0000
0,1,4,5
000
00010
0,4
0000
0,2,1,3
000
00100
1,3
0001
0,2,4,6
00 0
00011
1,5
0001
0,4,1,5
000
00101
2,3
0001
0,4,2,6
000
00110
2,6
0010
1,3,5,7
00 1
10
01010
2,10
0010
1,5,3,7
00 1
20
10100
4,5
0010
2,3,6,7
001
00111
4,6
0010
2,6,3,7
001
14
01110
4,20
0100
2,6,10,14
0 10
22
10110
3,7
0011
2,10,6,14
0 10
28
11100
5,7
0011
4,5,6,7
001
6,7
0011
4,6,5,7
001
6,14
0110
4,6,20,22
010
6,22
0110
4,20,6,22
010
10,14
0110
20,22
1010
20,28
1100
IV
xyzwv
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
00
5.15
0,1,4,5,2,3,6,7
00
0,2,4,6,1,3,5,7
00
4. B 3,
+,
. . ..
1100 , 0 10 ..
.

5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
239
, .. 0 10
2,6/10,14
2,10/6,14.
.
F, B 4
, Karnaugh ( 5.16).
xy
00
zw
00 1
11
01
01
11
10
10
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
11
01
10
5.16
5.5.2
, ,
. ,
minterm .
,
minterms . H
.
5.13
5.12. O
A D 5.15.
5.17, minterms ,
minterm . .. ( 5.15)
240
minterms 20 28 ( 5.17) 20 28.

+| +|
0 1
5.17
+|
2
+|
3
+|
4
+|
5
+|
6
+| +| +| +| +| +|
7 10 14 20 22 28
+A 20,28
+B 2,6,10,14
+C 4,6,20,22
+D 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
:
1. , .
, + : ()
minterms () () ().
.
minterms, +
.
5.17 minterm
28, 10 14, C 22 D 0 1 3 5
7. (minterms) .
:
F(x,y,z,w,v) = xzw'v' + x'wv' + y'zv' + x'y'
2. ,
minterms.

,
minterms. minterms, ' ( ).
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
241
5.14
:
F(x,y,z,w,v) = (1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,17,18,21,22,29)
O (A I) 5.18.

xyzwv
xyzwv
xyzwv
00001
1,5
0001
1,5,9,13
0 01
00010
1,9
0001
1,5,17,21
001
01000
1,17
0001
1,9,5,13
0 01
00101
2,6
0010
1,17,5,21
001
00110
2,10
0010
2,6,18,22
010
01001
2,18
0010
2,18,6,22
010
10
01010
8,9
0100
5,21,13,29
101
17
10001
8,10
0100
5,13,21,29
101
18
10010
5,7
0011
00111
5,13
0101
13
01101
5,21
0101
21
10101
6,7
0011
22
10110
6,22
0110
29
11101
9,13
0101
17,21
1001
18,22
1010
13,29
1101
5.18
21,29
1101
( 5.18). G, H I. (minterms) 7, 8, 9 10
, . 7 D , 8 B C,
9 B F 10 A C.
242
+|
1
5.18
+|
2
+|
5
+|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
| +| +| +| +| +| +|
10 13 17 18 21 22 29
A
B
** C
*** D
E
** F
+G
+H
+I
( 5.18), C minterms, 8 10,

. minterm 9 B F F,
, 2 . 7
D E, D.
B C minterm 8, ,
F .
F
, .:
F = G+H+I+C+D+F
F
= y'w'v + y'wv'+zw'v+x'yz'v'+x'y'zv+x'w'v
, , .
, Petrick, Y 5.5.3.
A
5.6
N :
F(w,x,y,z) = (0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
5.5.3 M Petrick
,
,
Petrick (1956), .

5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
.
Petrick
,

.
,
(Prime Implicant Function), P. P
,
:
. ,
. minterm , ( ..)
minterm,
. P (), minterms.
P Boole. () P ,
.
F
P :
. P (). F
.
. P () ,
.
Petrick 5.18
F P:
P = (F+G)(A+H)(D+F+G+I)(E+H)(D+E)(B+C)(B+F)(A+C)(F+I)GH(G+I)HI
:
P = BCDGHI+ABDGHI+CDFGHI+BCEGHI+ABEGHI+CEFGHI
243
244
, P
(6 ). '
CDFGHI CEFGHI,
F, ,
. , ,
F:
F = C+D+F+G+H+I
F = C+E+F+G+H+I.
5.15
:
F(x,y,z,w) = (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14)
H
5.19 5.19.

+|
1
xyzw
xyzw
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
8
|
9
|
|
10 14
+A
0001
1,3
001
0100
1,5
001
1000
1,9
001
** D
0011
4,5
010
0101
4,6
010
E
*** F
0110
8,9
100
1001
8,10
100
10
1010
6,14
110
14
1110
10,14
110
5.19: E
+|
3
** G
** H
I
5.19

( 5.19)
, . ,
,
minterms, . .
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
245
.
, .. D,
. , , .
Petrick. P :
P = (A+B+C)(A)(D+E)(B+D)(E+H)(F+G)(C+F)(G+I)(H+I)
:
P = A(BD+BE+D+DE)(E+H)(F+FG+CF+CG)(GH+GI+HI+I)
:
P = ABCEGH+ABCEGI+ABEFGH+ABEFI+ACDEGI+ACDGH+
+ADEFI+ADFGH+ADFHI
P, ,
ABEFI, ACDGH, ADEFI, ADFGH, ADFHI, . .
, .
N :
F(w,x,y,z) = (2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15)
5.5.4 H QuineMcCluskey

.
:
.
.
.

minterms .
g1 -
A
5.7
246
GRAY, BCD.
5.16
N g1 GRAY,
BCD GRAY. 5.10
g1 Karnaugh (
5.13). 5.20,,,, A g1(a,b,c,d), ,, .
( 5.20) A B,
. :
g1(a, b, c, d) = b' c + b c'
BCD
GRAY
abcd
g1
0000
abcd
0001
0010
2,3
001
2,3,10,11
01
0010
0100
2,10
010
2,10,3,11
01
0011
0011
4,5
010
4,5,12,13
10
0100
0101
4,12
100
4,12,5,13
10
0101
10
1010
3,11
011
10,11,14,15
11
0110
12
1100
5,13
101
10,14,11,15
11
0111
11
1011
10,11
101
12,13,14,15
11
1000
13
1101
10,14
110
12,14,13,15
11
1001
14
1110
12,13
110
10
1010
15
1111
12,14
110
11
1011
11,15
111
12
1100
13,15
111
13
1101
14,15
111
14
1110
15
1111
5.20
5.20
abcd
5.20
abcd
5.20
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
247
+ A 2,3,10,11
+ B 4,5,12,13
C 10,11,14,15
D 12,13,14,15
Karnaugh
( 5.14, g1). 10 15,
Karnaugh .
QUINEMcCLUSKEY
H QuineMcCluskey
, ,
:
B 1. .
B 2. :
. minterms () "1" .
, .
. ,
"1" .
. () .
, (minterms) .
. () .
.
.
B 3. .
, .
5.20
248
B 4. :
. .
.
. :
1. .
2.
.
Petrick.
B 5.
.
A
5.8
N QuineMcCluskey g2 5.10.

QuineMcCluskey
.
E , . E
, .
H QuineMcCluskey :

.
QuineMcCluskey , ,
, .
H , ,
aA+a'A=A. H
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY
: ()
, ()
.
T :
1
. K .
QuineMcCluskey
/minterms .
E ,
Petrick.
. : ()
, ()
minterms .
5.6 M Espresso
QuineMcCluskey
() minterms () . E ESPRESSO.

ESPRESSO.
H QuineMcCluskey, , , , .. 10 , 100 minterms . n 3n/n
. E, ,
CAD
.
T -
249
250
O K ,
, , .
H ESPRESSO,
,
. K
, QuineMcCuskey,
, , .
Y ESPRESSO,
ESPRESSOEXACT,
ESPRESSO II,
. E
( ),
.
H ESPRESSO, , :
ESPRESSO(FON, FDC)
{
FOFF = complement(FON U FDC);
F = expand(FON, FOFF);
F = irredundant(F, FDC);
E = essentials(F, FDC);
F = F E;
FDC = FDC U E);
repeat {
c = cost(F);
F = reduce(F, FDC);
F = expand(F, FOFF);
F = irredundant(F, FDC);
}
until (cost(F) < c);
F = F U E;
FDC = FDC E;
}
5.6 M ESPRESSO
251
:
1. FON, FDC FOFF , , f f=1, f
f=0.
2. Complement .
3. Expand . O . K
.
.
4. Irredundant . E ,
.
5. Essentials .
6. Reduce
. H n , n+1
.
5.17
5.21
ESPRESSO A 5.21
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
01
11
11
10
10
1
()
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
01
11
10
11
10
1
()
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
01
11
10
11
10
E
ESPRESSO
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
01
11
10
()
T 5.21 , 4 , -
11
10
1
()
252
. T 5.21 ( reduce) . 5.21 ( expand). T 5.21. , ( irredundant).

H ESPRESSO, QuineMcCuskey, ,
. E , ,
.
H ()
QuineMcCuskey ()
.
5.7 azards
M ,
.
M ,
. H
. H , Hazard,
, .
E
hazards .
K , , ,

.

hazard.
T ,
5.7 AZARDS
253
, (Y 4.3.4). T
hazards , , .
hazard .
5.18
5.22,
F(x, y, z) = xy'+yz. T F(1, y, 1) = y'+y = 1 y. '
. T y ( 5.22), a ( 5.22) b . a b OR,
, , F(1, y, 1) = 1 F(1, y,
1) = 0 ( 5.22). H F(1, y, 1)=0 hazard.
hazard

x
yz
00
x
0
01
2
11
6
0
1
5.22
1
1
10
1
0
z
1
a
b
1
0
F
1
()
()
O 101 F,
( ) F 111,
1hazard. X Karnaugh ( 5.22) hazard minterm
m3 m7 ,
, . minterms m3 m7.
1hazard, minterm ,
.
()
254
, 0hazard,
010, 000.
O maxterm , .
H hazards . hazard, ,

.
5.19
hazards 18 (
5.22).
A: 5.23 . H F(x, y, z) = xy'+yz+xz (
5.23). M xz m3 m7 1hazard.
H ( F)
5.23.
5.23
K hazard
yz
x
01
11
0
1
x
00
1
1
10
4
1
0
y
a
F
z
c
1
a
b
1
0
c
1
F
1
()
()
()
M , ,
. , hazards
,
. A, , ,
5.7 AZARDS
255
,
.
A
5.9
Z hazards
f(w,x,y,z) = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz'.
N hazards , ,
.
5.3
x y z w
(Y:
Karnaugh .
, . K .)

T hazards

.
0hazard (010) 1hazard (101).
H hazard Karnaugh.
O minterm (maxterm)
, .
M hazard, , ,
.

K
. O .
256
O m f(x0, x1, , xn1)

, minterms nm
m
.
O Karnaugh A minterm
""
minterms . "" minterms ""
.
H ( ) Karnaugh
:
() () 1,
() .
H Karnaugh , 0.
H Karnaugh
5 .
T n
n, ={0,1}. O
.
H
Karnaugh , , ,
.
q
q
q
H p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1 1 x 2 2 ... x n n -
f, p f, p f.
O minterm
f, .
f
f.
QuineMcCluskey
YNOH
.
. E .
H QuineMcCluskey
.
H QuineMcCluskey
: 1
. K .

Petrick.
QuineMcCluskey
. : () , ()
minterms .
H ESPRESSO , , QuineMcCluskey, . E
, , , .
E () QuineMcCluskey ()
.
T hazards

. 0hazard (010) 1hazard
(101).
H hazard ,
Karnaugh, minterm (maxterm)
, . M
hazard, , , .
257
258

K 3 , , .
A .
K 4
.
.
McCalla T. R., Digital Logic and Computer Design, MaxwellMacmillan
(1992).
K 3 .

Karnaugh M., A map method for synthesis of combinatorial logic circuits,

Trans. AIEE, Communications and Electronics, vol. 72, Part I (November
1953) pp. 593599.
H Karnaugh.
McCluskey E., Logic Design Priciples, Prentice Hall 1986
.
Quine W., The problem of simplifying truth functions, American
Mathematical Monthly, vol. 59 (October 1952) pp. 521531.
H .
Brayton R., Hachtel G., McMullen C., SangiovanniVincentelli A. Logic
Minimization Algorithms for VLSI Synthesis, Kluwer 1984.
A ESPRESSO. .
T , ,
(E 1.4). K
(E 3.4). O

. E
, .. , ,
.., ' ,
.
' , , , ..
' () , (E 1.4). ..
n bit
n bit,
1 bit.

T K , :
T (H, A,
K ).
T K.
T .
T K A.
T .

H
K A
K E A A I O 6 : Y N E TA O I K A K Y K M ATA
260

T Boole (K 3), (Y 2.3.2)
2 (Y 2.3.3). M
(Y 6.2.3).
6.1
A

(E 3.1), .
. T ,
,
(standard) , .
, (specific) , . ' .
T
O K MSI (E 4.4). H O. K.
O. K. , ( )
(O. K.).
O. K.
. T
O. K.
Data Books .
K ,

( ).
6.2
O
'
.
. ,
,
.
262
A E :
T H A.
T bit ( )
2 A/A.
T K () .
O
, E 2.3, A , E. ,
, , ,
, . M
1 bit bit ( n bit).
n bit
. H ,
: (E 3.4), (K. 5) ' (Y 4.3.4, E 4.4 T O. K.).
H
. E

.
, , X = xn1 x1x0 Y = yn1
y1y0. H xi
yi (i=0, , n1), si ci (Y 2.3.2). T '
.
H
O (Half Adder) x y
s c. O A s c 6.1.
6.2
263
O bit. c1 , .
xy
00
01
10
11
x
y
s
6.1
H.A.
c
A,

bit,
c1 . T ,
i, si ci bit
xi, yi ci1 ( 6.2). T ( 6.3) (xi, yi,
ci1) (si, ci) (Full Adder).
xi yi ci-1
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1
0|
0|
1|
1|
0|
0|
1|
1
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1
0|
1|
1|
0|
1|
0|
0|
1
0|
0|
0|
1|
0|
1|
1|
1
xi
ci-1
0
1
xi yi
00
01
11
1
1
10
1
ci-1
0
xi yi
00
11
10
01
si = xi yi ci-1
ci = xi . yi + ci-1 . (xi yi)
6.2

yi
x
y
ci
ci-1
c-1
s
F.A.
c
6.3
si
264
A
6.1
6.1
N A OR.
N A ( 6.3) hazards (E 5.7) s

c.
. H EXOR .
(Y: T hazards. ,
Karnaugh, AND, OR, NOT
, EXOR. N , bit .)
6.2.1
O bits. E
() n bits (n>1) n , 6.4.
c0, ,
c0 = 0. H cn
. bit cn (cn =1).
xn-1 yn-1
cn
F.A.
x1 y1
cn-1
c2
F.A.
x0 y0
c1
F.A.
6.4

n bit
c0
c0 = 0
sn-1
s1
s0
6.4
, , -
6.2
265
bits. A '
n bit, () n bit .
E 6.4 bits xi yi
ci,
sn1 cn. E
, ,
. E ,
, .
bits x0, y0, n . H ,
, '
. ,
.
6.1
1111 0001
4 bit, 6.4. E
,
s ( xi, yi si)
c ( ci1 ci) ' 1 bit
( 6.3) . O bit s0, s1, s2, s3 c1, c2, c3, c4,
, T0 T8, 6.5.
s0
c1
s1
c2
s2
c3
6.5
s3
c4
T0
T2
T4
T6
T8
266
(c1, c2, c3)

c4
8 . E bit s0 0,
bits s1, s2, s3 1 (T2)
0 .
6.2.2 A /
Y 2.3.3
2. E . E
, 2
,
.
O Y = yn1 y0 2 ( Y 2.3.3) () bit Y
() 1. , Z = XY,
X = xn1 x0, :
xn1
y'n1
x1
y'1
x0
y'0
1
zn1
z1
z0
H bits XOR
(Y 3.7.2). 6.6
/. xi (i=0, , n1) bits X,
yi (i=0, , n1) bits Y
S (S=0) (S=1).
S=0, X+Y, bits yi
(i=0, , n1) Y
(XOR(yi,0) = yi) c0 = S = 0. S=1, XY, bits yi (i=0, , n1) Y (XOR(yi,1) = y'i)
c0 = S = 1. Y zn1 Z
6.2
267
xn1 yn1. H
V (V=1) .
x1 y1
xn-1 yn-1
x0 y0
S
cn
F.A.
cn-1
c2
F.A.
c1
F.A.
c0
sn-1
s1
s0
6.6
,
/.
6.2.3 K
T n bit
( 6.4 6.6), n,

n. E , .. 32 64 bit , . E

, .
H

. 4 bit X=x3x2x1x0 Y=y3y2y1y0.
( 6.2) xi, yi
:
si = (x i y i ) ci -1
(6.1)
ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i )
(6.2)
A / A
268
A (6.1) (6.2) , :
gi = xi yi
(6.3)
pi = x i y i
(6.4)
s c X+Y :
s0 = p0 c -1
c0 = g 0 + p0 c -1
(6.5)
s1 = p1 c0
c1 = g1 + p1 c0
(6.6)
s2 = p2 c1
c2 = g 2 + p2 c1
(6.7)
s 3 = p 3 c2
c 3 = g 3 + p 3 c2
(6.8)
E (6.5)(6.8) c , :
c0 = g 0 + p0 c -1
(6.9)
c1 = g1 + p1 g 0 + p1 p0 c -1
(6.10)
c2 = g 2 + p2 g1 + p2 p1 g 0 + p2 p1 p0 c -1
(6.11)
c 3 = g 3 + p 3 g 2 + p 3 p2 g1 + p 3 p2 p1 g 0 + p 3 p2 p1 p0 c -1
(6.12)
O (6.9)(6.12) c1.
ci bits xi, yi
c1. H
ci , .
gi, pi, ,
. si (6.5)(6.8) . M ,
, bits si (i=0, , n1) , n.
H ,
bit, 4
8 bits . A
(6.9)(6.12)
ci+1 AND OR , ci. n -
6.2
269
n (fanin, E 4.4. K O. K.). T fanin

4 8. E (fanout). H pi (0 i < n) (i+1)(ni) , n ,
fanout n(n+2)/4,
.
4 bit.
T (6.12) :
c 3 = G + P c -1 ,
(6.13)
G = g 3 + p 3 g 2 + p 3 p2 g1 + p 3 p2 p1 g 0
(6.14)
P = p 3 p2 p1 p0
(6.15)
O (6.9)(6.12) (6.14), (6.15)

( 6.7). E, (6.14) (6.15)
(G) (P)
4 bit. O G P
, .
g3 p3
g2 p2
g1 p1
6.7
K

4 bit
g0 p0
c-1
c3
c2
c1
c0
270
6.8
K 4 bit

H
.
4 bit, (6.9)(6.12),
s
(6.5)(6.8) ,
( 6.8).
y3
x3
g3
x2
y2
g2 p
2
p3
s3
x1
g1
y1
g0
p1
s2
x0
y0
c-1
p0
s1
s0
c3
c2
c1
c0
G P
O 4 bit
, .
6.2
16 bit .
T .
6.9 16 bit . A ,
4 bit , G30, P30, G1512, P1512

. H c4, c8, c12, c16 . H 16 bit :
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8 ,
2x16=32 .
6.9 5
6.2
271
G150 P150 16 bit.

E, 16 bit ,
6.9, 64 bit 5+2+2+2+1=12 128. , n bit
4 bit log4(n)
4.log4(n) , 2n .
x15 y15
x12 y12
x8 y8
6.9
A 16 bit

x4 y4
x0 y0
S
G15-12
G11-8
P15-12
G7-4
P11-8
G3-0
P7-4
P3-0
c16
c12
G15-0
c8
P15-0

O x y
s c.
O bit, x, y c 1,
s c.
n bits . O ()
n bit.
H 2 ,
EXOR y.
T
( ) bit.
c4
272
6.3
M
, .

E :
.
bit
1 bit.
K , bits,
bit. O
(Y 2.3.2) (E 3.4).
O X Y,
() :
X>Y, X=Y, X<Y XY, XY
XY . T
0 () 1 ().
T
. E
,
. T , (), X=xn1 x0 Y=yn1 y0.
E X>Y X=Y X<Y,
. T G
L, :
G L
X,Y
0 0
X=Y
0 1
X<Y
1 0
X>Y
M : ()
G=0, XY, () L=0, XY () G=1 L=1, XY.
6.3
273
H nbit X Y
bits, .
x0 y0
(G0, L0), x1, y1, G0, L0
(G1, L1) .. , Xi=xi x0 Yi=yi
y0, i=0, , n1, X Y,
Gi Li
Gi, Li, :
E (xi > yi) [(xi = yi) (Gi1 > Li1)]
Gi = 1
Gi = 0.
E (xi < yi) [(xi = yi) (Gi1 < Li1)]
Li = 1
Li = 0.
M nbit
2bit xiGi1 yiLi1. M, , 2 bit, a1a0
b1b0, bit. 6.10 A G L 2bit.
a1
b1
a0
b0
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1|
1|
1|
1|
1
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1|
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1
0|
0|
1|
1|
0|
0|
1|
1|
0|
0|
1|
1|
0|
0|
1|
1
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1|
0|
1
0|
0|
1|
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1|
0|
0|
1|
0
0|
1|
0|
0|
1|
1|
1|
1|
0|
0|
0|
0|
0|
1|
0|
0
()
a1
6.10
A ()
()
2bit
b1
a0
b0
()
274
T 8 bit
6.11. A 7 2 bit ,
,
. , n bit
n1.
6.11
8 bit
x7
G7
y7
G6
L7
x6
L6
y6
G5
L5

8 bit
y7
x6
x4
y5
G4
L4
x3
y4
G3
L3
G
L
x2
y3
G2
L2
G
L
y2
G1
L1
x1
y1
a1
G
b1
a0
b0
x0
y0
6.12 , . A , log2n.
6.12
x7
x5
y6
x5
y5
x4
y4
x3
y3
x2
y2
x1
y1
a1
b1 a0
L b0
x0
y0
G7 L7
A
6.2
A. N G L
2 bit, A
6.10.
B. N
n bit log2n.
6.3 .

4 bit 2. X
. E .
(Y: / 4 bit.)

O , ,
X>Y X=Y X<Y .
H ( bit)
bit
.
O n bit log2n.
6.4 K
X , .. K M . T
E :
T .
( ).
T , (E 3.4).
O , ,
n () , ,
n ()
A
O , , K M ,
M
275
6.2
276
M. M ,
, .
O m n ,
n 2m, m n.
E, . O
Ai (i=0, , m1) A=Am1 A0. O Ck k=0, , n1. O :
E=0, Ck=0 (k=0, , n1).
E=1, CA=1, A , Ck=0,
k=(0, , n1) kA.
, A=0, C0=1 Ci=0 (i=1, , n1),
m , n, .
m n, n=2m,
2m minterms m .
6.13 A 2 4. , A
6.13 , . X 0
1, .
A0
6.13
A ()
() 2 4
A1 A0
C3 C2 C1 C0
1|
1|
1|
1|
0
0|
0|
1|
1|
X
0|
0|
0|
1|
0
0|
1|
0|
1|
X
0|
0|
1|
0|
0
0|
1|
0|
0|
0
1|
0|
0|
0|
0
C0
A1
C1
C2
C3
E
()
()
E
, .. 6.14 -
6.4 K
277
4 16 2 4.
A3 A2
A1 A0
3 2 1 0
6.14
3 2 1 0
15 14 13 12
3 2 1 0
11 10 9 8
3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0
3 2 1 0
4 16
2 4
T m n
minterms m m ,
.
6.3

.
A: A A
A
6.2 0
s A1
minterms m1, m2, m4 m7, A2
c minterms m3, m5, m6 E
m7. 6.15

3 8 OR.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
6.15
O . m Di (i=0, , m1) n Ai (i=0, , n1),

m=2n. O 0 m1 , i, . Di=1, n
bits i . Y

Y s
c

278
Dji= 0. O ( )
.
E
, '
.
,
,
. , D3, D5 D2,
5. O S,
S=1, .
O 2 1. 6.16
, 4 2.
D0
6.16
A ()
()
4 2
D3 D2 D1 D0
A0 A1
0| 0| 0| 0|
0| 0| 0| 1|
0| 0| 1| X|
0| 1| X| X|
1 X X X
0|
0|
0|
1|
1
0|
1|
1|
1|
1
0|
0|
1|
0|
1
D1
A0
D2
A1
S
D3
()
()

O m n , n2m, m n. A i
A=Am1 A0, CA, .
A.
O m Di 0 m1 n
Ai, m=2n. i, n bits
i. M .
O
. -
6.4 K
279
,
.
O m n,
minterms, OR m .
6.5
, . E :
.
E
.
M
, ,
.
O ,
n
. H , .
, ,
.
O n Di (i=0, , n1) m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. O k, 0 2m1,
Dk . ,
' E (E=1).
T . E 4 1 4 , 2 = log24 . E
.. 4 2 , . ( , )
. 6.17 A-
D0
Dn-1
280
, , 4 1.
E
E
S1 S0
1| 0| 0|
1| 0| 1|
1| 1| 0|
1| 1| 1|
0 X X
D3
D2
D1
D0
S1
S0
Y
D0|
D1|
D2|
D3|
0
6.17
A ()
() 4 1
Y
()
()
H 6.17
:
Y = E S1 S0 D3 + E S1 S'0 D2 + E S'1 S0 D1 + E S'1 S'0 D0
(6.16)
A 6.17 6.13,
. , ,
.
, :
Y=
2 m -1
Em D
i
(6.17)
i =0
mi minterms , Di E .
O , , . n n1
Sj (j=0, , n2) 2n1 Di
(i=0, , 2n11), .
6.5
281
6.4

w=f(x, y, z), A , , 6.16.
A: H f 22
. x y
z. A f, 6.18, . , z=0 z=1, x, y. T
(6.16):
w = x'y' 0 + x'y z' + x y 1 + x y' z,
. 0 1, 0 1 z z', 6.18
z
xy
00 01 11 10
z 0|
1
0|
0
()
1|
0
1|
1
0|
1
0
x
0 1
2 3
()
n 2n 1, n . . 2n (minterms), 1 ( minterm),
1 0. M
,
A n . M M A (ROM)
6.18
() A

()
282
. A
,
bit.
A
D0
Dn-1
O , . E
, n Di (i=0, , n1) m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. O k, 0
2m1, ,
Dk.
O
(K M, ,
bits
..), . E , 1.9, (E 1.5)
1 N.
A
6.3
6.3
N :
f(x, y, z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z')(x'+y+z')(x'+y'+z)
M A M (ALU) , , AND, OR, NOT . N ALU 4 bit,

, .:
) N
( ),
() .
) N , , ALU.
) ALU () .
6.5
(Y: X 4+4 X Y
4 +1 . Y
,
. E . X .)

O n ( Di, i=0, , n1)
. H m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m.
O . n
n1 .
O .
( ) n ( Di, i=0, , n1). H m , n=2m.
283
284

T K ,
.
O (Half Adder) x y
s c. E
.
O bit: x, y c1.
s c.
O n bits
.
O ,
,
bit.
O /
XOR
.
O
, ,
,
. A
.
O X Y X>Y, X=Y, X<Y . Y () ()
O m n n m, m=2n,
minterms n .
O , .
O n . E
n Di (i=0, , n1) -
m S j (j=0, , m1),
n=2m. E Dk, k o .
O . E , n Di (i=0, , n1)
m Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m.

K 4 5 ,
, .
K 5 , ,
.
Leach D., Malvino A. H E,
E TZIOA (1996).
K 6 A K
K 4
Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan 1990.
, ,
.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill (1989).
K 7 .
McCalla T. R., Digital Logic and Computer Design, MaxwellMacmillan
(1992).
K 4
K, .. K 5
A K 6 A
M.
285
286
Sandige R., Modern Digital Design McGrawHill, 1990.

.
A A A
E A
A A 1.1
. A
A A 1.2
A. . .
B. .
A A 1.3
A. . () ()
B. . 23 < 30 < 25
. 8 bits 27 < 246 < 28
A A 1.4
A:
1. E .
2. E .
3. K .
4. E .
A A 1.5
A. . .
B. T :
1 .
1 .
1 .
HIAKH XEIAH I
288
A A 2.1
A.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8421
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
/
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
8421
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
B. O 1 0 ,
. 1 1 1 0. O 0 1 . 0 0 0 1.
. E:
8: 1000
7: 1001
.
2: 1110
1: 1111
0: 0000
1: 0001
.
6: 0110
7: 0111
. T (8, 4, 2) .. 2=001, 6=011 ..

A A 2.2
A. : 0001000100010001
: 0001100110011000
: 01010011
: 0010010001101001
B. N () (), bit 4
0 9. (),
bit 4. (),
0 9.
A A 2.3
A. Bin8421 Gray:
) 10110, ) 1101111,
B. Gray Bin8421:
) 1100, ) 00011,
) 1000110011001.
) 10000011110.
A A N T H E I A K H E N AY T O A I O O H H K A I E N E I K T I K E A A N T H E I PA T H P I O T H T N
A A 2.4
. T : () 23 = 8, () 83 = 512, () 103 = 1000, () 163 = 4096
. I 2*10 + 5 = 25 ()
. 163*(10)+162*(0)+161*(1)+160*(11) = 40960 + 16 + 11 => 4098710
. 16 = 24 (16)k (k=0, 1, )
(24)k , .. A = 1010 5 = 0101, . . E :
(24)1 * A + (24)0 * 5 = 1010 0101 => 10100101
. A 16 = 24,
(
()). X
:
11101100 = 1110 1100 => EC
. A 8 = 23,
(
() 16). X
:
111011010 = 111 011 010 => 832
. A (), (), (E) (T) :
B
()
16
()
16
(E)
2
(T) 2
.
4
2
8
9
B
10
2
16
8
.
5
8
2
3
, ,
.
. H b :
1. O 7. :
(1+5)b3 + (2+4)b2 + (3+3)b1 + (4+2)b0 = 6b3 + 6b2 + 6b1 + 6b0.
289
HIAKH XEIAH I
290
2. B 8. 4b+1 = (1b+3)3 => 4b = 3b+8 => b = 8.

3. O 4. 3b+3 = (1b+1)3.
4. B 6. 2b+3 + 4b+4 + 1b+4 +3b+2 = 2b2+2b+3 =>
=> 2b28b10 = 0 => b = 6 (b= 1 ).
5. B 4. 3b2 + 2 = (1b + 2 +1/b)(2b) => b = 4 (b = 0 ).
6. B 6. 4b+1 = 25 = 5*5 => 4 b = 24.
A A 2.5
A.I
11010
) 110
01111
010
101001
()
100
()
B. 200010 2
:
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 02.
A A 2.6
A.T 2 11001000 :
00110111
+
1
00111000
()
B.E: 11610 => 011101002, 12610 => 011111102

116
01110100
126
10000001
+
10
1
11110110
. N (E )
.E :
' = 2n
A A 2.7
A.() 4 1 , () 5 1 , () 10 1
B. 1: () 6, () 3, () 8. ()
.
A A 2.8
A. M 2.3 bits :
p0
p1
m0
p2
m1
m2
m3
p3
m4
m5
m6
m7
B. E ( 2.3),
(/) :
/
p0
p1
m0
p2
m1 m2
m3
p3
m4
m5
m6 m7
K :
m0
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
A A 3.1
) A 3.1 3.2.
Huntington 3.1. E A0
A5 :
A0. T .
A1. O ( 3.2)
.
A2. O
.
291
HIAKH XEIAH I
292
A3. : a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c).
M=a+(b.c) N=(a+b).(a+c). Y a, b, c M N a, b, c,
( 3.2), . M=a(bc)
N=(ab)(ac). x M (x M), x:
1) a, b, c, (ab)
(ac) N,
2) , (ab) (ac)
N,
3) (bc), . b
c, (ab) (ac) N.
, M N. M , . N
M.
A M N ,
, . M=N.
M a.(b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c).
A4. E 0=,
a+=a. E, 1=I,
I a.I=a.
A5. A 1=I 0= 3.2 () (, I) (A, B) +I=I, A+B=I .I=,
A.B=.
A A 3.2
H :
)
F = (a+b').(b+c+0) F = a.b'+b.c.1
: Fd= (a.b')+(b.c.1)
Fd=(a+b').(b+c+0),
. .
)
a+(a.b) = a
a.(a+b) = a
: a.(a+b) = a
a+(a.b) = a
(a+b)' = a'.b'
(a.b)' = a'+b'
: (a.b)' = a'+b'
(a+b)' = a'.b'
a+a'.b = a+b
a.(a'+b) = a.b
: a.(a'+b)=a.b
a+(a'.b)=a+b
A A 3.3
Y A4 ( 3.1). O
a=0, b=1 c=1 :
) F = a+bc = 0+1.1 = 1.1 = 1
) F = (a+b)(a+c) = (0+1).(0+1) = 1.1 = 1
) E F = (a+b)c = (0+1).1 = (1).1 = 1
H F Fd = (a.b)+c = (0.1)+1 = (0)+1 = 1
A A 3.4
A. A4:
1+0=1 0.1=0,
A5: 1+0=1 0.1=0 1=0'

B. E 3:
(a+ab)+ac+ad = a+ac+ad = (a+ac)+ad = a+ad = a
. E de Morgan:
(a+b+c+d)' = ([a+b]+[c+d])'
= [a+b]'.[c+d]'
= [a'b'].[c'd']
= a'b'c'd'
. E 7:
F = x'+y'+xyz'
F = x'+(y'+xyz')
F = x'+y'+xz'
F = x'+y'+z'
E. : F = a+a'b+a'b'c+a'b'c'd+ .
, , a'. E,
a':
293
HIAKH XEIAH I
294
F = a+b+b'c+b'c'd+ .
b':
F = a+b+c+c'd+ .
T :
F = a+b+c+d+ .
T. T :
F' = [x'(y'+z')(x+y+z')]'
= [x'(y'+z')]'+(x+y+z')'
= [x']'+(y'+z')'+(x+y+z')'
= [x']'+(y'+z')'+(x+y)'.(z')'
= x+(y.z)+(x'.y'.z)
= x+y.z+x'.y'.z
= x+y.z+y'.z
= x+(y+y').z
A3
= x+z
A4, A5
Z. H :
(x+y)(x'+y)(x+y')(x'+y') = [(x+y)(x'+y)][(x+y')(x'+y')]
= [xy+x'y+y][xy'+x'y'+y']
= [y][y']
= 0 (A5), .
H. :
(a+b).(a'+b) = (a+c).(a'+c)
aa'+ab+a'b+b = aa'+ac+a'c+c
ab+a'b+b
= ac+a'c+c
=c
. a':
a'.(a+b) =a'.(a+c)
a'.a+a'.b =a'.a+a'.c
a'.b
=a'.c
a'b + ab =a'c + ac
(a'+a)b =(a'+a)c
b
=c
I. :
ab'+a'b = 0
ab'+a'b = 0
a+ab'+a'b = a
b+ab'+a'b = b
a, b
a+a'b =a
b+ab' = b
a+b =a
a+b = b
E: a = a+b = b
IA. 4 1=0'. T a
1 0 a ( ). A
5 , 1
0 a. E , (A5):
a+a=1 a.a=0,
1 a+a=a a.a=a,
1 = a+a= a = a.a = 0 .
IB. H :
x'y' + x'z + xz'= y'z' + x'z + xz'
:
(x'+y').(x'+z).(x+z') = (y'+z').(x'+z).(x+z')
[(x'+y').(x'+z)].(x+z')
(y'+z').[(x'+z).(x+z')]
[x'+x'z+x'y'+y'z].(x+z')
(y'+z').[x'z'+xz]
[x'+y'z].(x+z')
(y'+z').[x'z'+xz]
x'z'+xy'z
x'y'z'+xy'z+x'z'
x'z'+xy'z = xy'z+x'z'
A A 3.5
a, b, c, d :
) A A ( 3.4) :
a
a+a=a
a.a=a
0+0=0
0.0=0
1+1=1
1.1=1
295
HIAKH XEIAH I
296
) A ab'+a'b=c:
abc
ab'+a'b
ab'+a'b=c
ac'+a'c
ac'+a'c=b
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
A ac'+a'c = b ab'+a'b = c,
.
) T :
a'+ab = 0
ab = ac
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
:
a'+b = 0
=>
a'+b = 0
=>
a'+b = 0
a'+ab = a'+ac
=>
a'+b = a'+c
=>
0 = a'+c
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
=>
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
=>
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
3.8, a'+b = 0 a'+c = 0 a'=0, b=0, c=0. A a, b, c

: 1.0+1.1+0.d = 1.d 1 = d. , a=1, b=0, c=0 d=1.
) A
:
abc
ab+a'b'+a'bc
abc'+a'b'+bc
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
O , .
A A 3.6
A. 3.11, :
=
.+.+'''
H :
' = (.+.+''')'
' = (.+.)'.(''')'
' = (.)'.(.)'.(['']'+[']')
' = ('+').('+').(++)
' = (''+A'K'+''+K'K').(++)
' = (''+[A'+'+1].K').(++)
' = (''+K').(++)
' = ''K+AK'+K'
E , :
1) , , 35,
2) , 35,
3) 35 /.
B. (3.1) :
297
HIAKH XEIAH I
298
Y = A'.B' + A'.B + A.B

= A'.(B'+B) + A.B
A3
= A' + A.B
A5
= (A'+A).(A'+B)
A3
= 1.A' + B
A5
= A' + B
A4
. , B, , E :
) A+B
) (+E)(E)' = (+E)('+E') = E'+'E
) A+A''
) '+E
) B'+A
H , :
= (A+B)(E'+'E)(A+A'')('+E)(B'+A)
= (AE'+A'E+BE'+B'E)(A+A'')('B'+A'+B'E+AE)
= (AE'+A'E+BE'+B'E)(A+A'')(B'E+'B'+AE)
= (AE'+0+ABE'+0+0+0+0+A'B'E)(B'E+'B'+AE)
= AB''E'
K () ()
() : A B, E.
A A 3.7
A. T A, B, ,
:
B
A
= A(B+)
AB
= A.(B+).
AB
= A.(B+).
0000
1000
0001
1001
0010
1010
0011
1011
0100
1100
0101
1101
0110
1110
0111
1111
B. H , A1 = A2', :
= A1.B.(.A2 + )
A = A1. A' = A2 :
= A.B.(.A' + ) = ABA' + AB = AB
E, .
A A 3.8
A. Y (22)2 = 16 .
B. O A fi(x, y) (i=0, ,15)

. O A 3.10
Y 3.7.1,
( 3.7).
A A 3.9
A. O A n 2n :
. n = 8
28 = 256
0 255
. n =10
210 = 1024
0 1023
. n= 12
12
0 4095
16
0 65535.
2 = 4096
. n = 16 2 = 65536
B. T K B3 = BBB B3 = {(0,0,0),
(0,0,1), (0,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,0), (1,0,1), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)}. T
299
HIAKH XEIAH I
300
B3 x, y, z
3.9.
. Y (22)3 = 64 .
. A
f(x,y,z) = x+yz:
xyz
x+yz
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
011
111
001
z
101
010
110
y
000
100
NK x+yz |

E. O A f(x,y,z) :
xyz
f(x,y,z)
= xy+yz+xz
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
E f=1, 1, f=1, x y
1 y z 1 x z 1 x y z
1. E, :
f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xz+xyz
:
f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xz
T. E f(x,y) = xy'+x'y ,
:
f(y,x) = yx'+y'x = xy'+x'y,
, .
A A 3.10
A. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz, y, :
011
f(x,1,z) = x+z f(x,0,z) = x
101
010
f(x,y,z) = y.f(x,1,z) + y'.f(x,0,z)

:
111
001
z
110
y
000
100
NK f = x+yz |

B. H f(x,y,z) = xy'+x'y, y, :
f(x,y,z) = (y+f(x,0,z)).(y'+f(x,1,z))
:
f(x,0,z)) = x f(x,1,z) = x'
A A 3.11
A. E f(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) f' fd
f, :
f'(x1,,xn, + , . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
fd(x1,,xn, + , . , 0, 1) = f(x1,,xn, . , +, 1, 0)
E,
.
B. H
:
fd(x,y,z) = [x+y+z'].[x+y'+z'].[x'+y+z].[x'+y']
301
HIAKH XEIAH I
302
H fd :
fd'(x,y,z) = [x'.y'.z ]+[x'.y.z]+[x.y'.z']+[x.y]
H fd' f .
A A 3.12
O minterms maxterms i=1 :
m1(x,y) = x'y M1(x,y) = x+y'
) M0.M2.M3 = (x+y)(x'+y)(x'+y') = (xy+x'y+y)(x'+y') = x'y = m1(x,y)
) m0+m2+m3 = (x'y')+(xy')+(xy) = x'y'+x = x+y' = M1(x,y)
) M1'(x,y) = (x+y')' = x'y = m1(x,y)
) m1'(x,y) = (x'y)' = x+y' = M1(x,y)
A A 3.13
A. A
f(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
() K :
f(x,y,z) = z'+x'y+yz
f(x,y,z)= (x+x')(y+y')z'+x'y(z+z')+(x+x')yz
f(x,y,z)= (x+x')(yz'+y'z')+(x'yz+x'yz')+(xyz+x'yz)
f(x,y,z) = xyz'+xy'z'+x'yz'+x'y'z'+x'yz+x'yz'+xyz+x'yz
f(x,y,z) = xyz'+xy'z'+x'yz'+x'y'z'+x'yz+xyz
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
() K A:
f(x,y,z) = z'+x'y+yz
f(x,y,z) = (z'+x')(z'+y)+yz
f(x,y,z) = [(z'+x')(z'+y)+y].[(z'+x')(z'+y)+z]
f(x,y,z) = [(z'+x'+y)(z'+y+y)].[(z'+x'+z)(z'+y+z)]
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(y+z')(1)(1)
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x.x'+y+z')
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(x'+y+z')
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
B. ,
K A minterms
. H f1(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z) A 13A ():
f1(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
H f2(x,y,z) :
f2(x,y,z) = y+z'
f2(x,y,z) = (x+x')y(z+z')+(x+x')(y+y')z'
f2(x,y,z) = (xy+x'y)(z+z')+(x+x')(yz'+y'z')
f2(x,y,z) = (xyz+x'yz)+(xyz'+x'yz')+(xyz'+xy'z')+(x'yz'+x'y'z')
f2(x,y,z) = xyz+x'yz+xyz'+x'yz'+xy'z'+x'y'z'
f2(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
O (minterms) , . f1(x,y,z) = f2(x,y,z).
A A 3.14
X 3.7:
) T :
x
f(x,y,z) = xy'+z+x'y
y
z
E , f(x,y,z) = (xy'+x'y)+z,
XOR, OR:
x
f(x,y,z) = (xy'+x'y)+z
y
z
) T :
303
HIAKH XEIAH I
304
f(w,x,y,z) = (wx'+yz)'
w
x
y
z
) A
f(A,B,), :
AB
f(A,B,)
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
A K A , :
f(A,B,) = A'B+AB'+AB'+AB
= A'B+AB+AB'+AB+AB'+AB
= (A'+A)B+A(B'+B)+AB('+) = AB+(A+B)
AB
A
f(A,B,) = AB+(A+B)
(A+B)
) , f=1, :
1) w=y : wy+w'y'
2) x z : xz'+x'z
E, :
f(w,x,y,z) = (wy+w'y')(xz'+x'z)
= (w y)(x z)
= (XNOR(w,y))(XOR(x,z))
Y (wy+w'y')
XNOR (xz'+x'z) XOR ( 3.7). E ,
:
w
x
(wy+w'y')(xz'+x'z)
y
z
) H XOR :
x(y z) = (x y) ( x z)
= (xy)(xz)'+(xy)'(xz)
= xy(x'+z')+(x'+y')xz
= xyz'+xy'z
= x(yz'+y'z)
) H XOR :
(x y) z = x (y z) = x y z
(xy'+x'y)z'+(xy'+x'y)'z
x(yz'+y'z)'+x'(yz'+y'z)
(xy'z'+x'yz')+(xy')'.(x'y)'z
x(yz')'.(y'z)'+(x'yz'+x'y'z)
xy'z'+x'yz'+(x'+y).(x+y')z
x(y'+z).(y+z')+x'yz'+x'y'z
xy'z'+x'yz'+(x'y'z+xyz)
(xy'z'+xyz)+x'yz'+x'y'z
x'y'z+x'yz'+xy'z'+xyz = x'y'z+x'yz'+xy'z'+xyz
A A 3.15
O , 3.7, :
) H NOR(x,y) = (x+y)':
: NOR(x,x) = x'
:
NOR(NOR(x,y), NOR(x,y)) = [(x+y)'+(x+y)']' = x+y
305
HIAKH XEIAH I
306
NOR(NOR(x,x), NOR(y,y)) = [x'+y']' = x.y
) H NAND(x,y) = (x.y)':
: NAND(x,x) = x'
:
NAND(NAND(x,x), NAND(y,y)) = [x'.y']' = x+y
NAND(NAND(x,y), NAND(x,y)) = [(x.y)'.(x.y)']' = x.y
) H OR(x,y) = x+y :
:
:
OR(x,y) = x+y
[OR(x',y')]' = [x'+y']' = x.y
) H AND(x,y) = x.y .
:
:
[AND(x',y')]' = [x'.y']' = x+y
AND(x,y) = x.y
A A 3.16
) ,
K :
xyz+wy'z'+wxz
xyz+wy'z'+wxy'
(w+w')xyz+w(x+x')y'z'+wx(y+y')z (w+w')xyz+w(x+x')y'z'+wxy'(z+z')
(wxyz+w'xyz)+(wxy'z'+wx'y'z')+(wxyz+wxy'z)
(wxyz+w'xyz)+(wxy'z'+wx'y'z')+(wxy'z+wxy'z')
wxyz+w'xyz+wxy'z'+wx'y'z'+wxy'z =
wxyz+w'xyz+wxy'z'+wx'y'z'+wxy'z
, .
) f(x,y,z) = x'yz+xy'+y'z'
, :
: f(a,a,a) = a'
:
f(f(a,a,b), f(a,a,b), f(a,a,b)) = (a'b')' = a+b
f(f(a,a,a), f(a,a,a), f(b,b,b)) = (a')'.(b')' = a.b
) M(x,y,z) = xy+xz+yz
0
:
: .
:
M(a, b, 0) = a.b.
M(a, b, 0') = ab+a+b = a+b.
) A,
, ,
, . O
B, , . 0 , , 1,
() . A ()
1 ,
, 0 .
/
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
10
1010
11
1011
12
1100
13
1101
14
1110
15
1111
307
HIAKH XEIAH I
308
/ 0 (0000 = )
15 (1111 = ).
:
) bit B.
) ,
bits , , .
) O
(F=1).
/ 0 ,
:
11
0
10
13
5
14
15
13
A A 4.1
E , ,
, ' ( 4.3), . . H F
:
F = xy' + xx + xyz + xyzxy' + z
E Boole (E 3.2) F :
F = xy' +x + xyz + z = x+z
A A 4.2
AND
sa0 A sa1,
A:
309
A AND sa0 sa1.

AND
Z
sa0
Z
Sa1
A sa0
A sa1
0 0
[1]
[1]
0 1
[1]
[1]
[1]
1 0
[1]
[0]
1 1
[0]
[1]
[0]
[0]
A sa0 AB=11.
A sa1 AB=01.
T AB=01 11
Z.
A A 4.3
H :
A.
70 %
49 %
34 %
24 %
17 %
E A 4.1
:
A , ,
' ,
.
A:
f(x,y) . E
, f(0,0)=0,
. A ,
HIAKH XEIAH I
310
x f(1,0)=1 y f(0,1)=1. M
f(1,1) A.
x
H :
f(x, y) = x'y + xy'
T :
X
220V
H f(x, y) = x'y + xy' XOR,

, , :
X
Y
x
220V
A A 5.1
O Karnaugh :
) F(x,y,z,w) = x'w' + yz
xy
x
01
00
zw
0
11
00
10
12
z
01
13
15
11
11
z
1
2
10
14
10
1
y
) F(a,x,y,z,w) = ax + y' w' + z w

xy
x
0
xy
00
zw
01
11
10
12
00
x
0
00
zw
01
11
12
00
10
8
z
01
13
01
13
w
3
11
z
15
14
11
z
10
10
w
3
11
10
15
11
14
10
A A 5.2
A. O :
xy
00
zw
00 1
01
11
10
01
11
10
01
1
1
xy
00
zw
00
f1(x, y, z, w) = z'w'+zw+x'y'+xy
01
10
1
1
1
11
10
11
f2(x, y, z, w) = x'z'w+x'yw'+xyzw
311
HIAKH XEIAH I
312
B. O :
yz
yz
00
wx
00
01
11
1
1
01
1
11
10
01
00
01
11
10
10
00
wx
f1 = w'x'z'+w'xy+wxz+wx'y
11
10
1
1
f2 = y'z'+xy'+wx+wy'+wz'
A A 5.3
H :
yz
00
wx
00 1
01
01
11
yz
00
wx
00 1
10
01
01
11
10
11
11
10
10
v'
f = w'y'+wz+w'y'+vw'
A A 5.4
H ( X) , 3 OR AND
f2(w, x, y, z) A A 5.2,
5 AND OR.
yz
wx
00
00
01
01
11
10
11
10
f = (w+y')(w+x+z')(x+y'+z')
A A 5.5
M BCD (2, 4, 2, 1).
f3(a,b,c,d), f2(a,b,c,d), f1(a,b,c,d) f0(a,b,c,d).
cd
cd
00
ab
01
11
10
00
00
ab
01
11
10
00
01
01
11
11
10
10
f3 = a+bd+bc
f2 = a+bc+bd'
cd
ab
cd
00
01
00
11
10
01
01
11
00
01
ab
11
11
10
10
f1 = a+b'c+bc'd
00
10
f0 = d
A A 5.6
A F(w,x,y,z) = (0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
313
HIAKH XEIAH I
314
w'z'
w'y
O : w'z' wz. Y minterms:

F(w,x,y,z) = w'z' + wz + w'y
F(w,x,y,z) = w'z' + wz + yz
A A 5.7
A : F(w,x,y,z) = (2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15)
O A=w'yz' B=wx'y'. O
minterms 7, 13, 15 (C+E), (D+F), (E+F),
. :
(C+E)(D+F)(E+F) = CDE+CEF+DE+EF+CDF+CF+DEF
O ( ) : DE=wy'z+xyz,
EF=xyz+wxz, CF=w'xy+wxz. E, minterms:
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + wy'z + xyz
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + xyz + wxz
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + w'xy + wxz
A A 5.8
QuineMcCluskey g2 5.10.
O IV minterms , . g2 = b + a.
A A 5.9
hazards :
f(w,x,y,z) = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz'
Karnaugh
yz
wx
00
01
11
1
00
01
1
11
10
10
f = wx'z' + wxz + x'yz + xyz' + wy
315
HIAKH XEIAH I
316
H . hazards wy.
E A 5.2
X Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w.
u=0
xy
zw
00
01
u=1
11
10
00
01
11
10
12
32
36
44
40
13
33
37
45
41
15
11
35
39
47
43
14
10
34
38
46
42
16
20
28
24
48
52
60
56
17
21
29
25
49
53
61
57
19
23
31
27
51
55
63
59
18
22
30
26
50
54
62
58
00
01
z'
v=0
11
10
00
01
v=1
11
xz
10
A A 6.1
(H.A.)
OR :
H.A.
y
c
H.A.
y
c-1
A A 6.2
A. O Karnaugh G L
:
a1b1
a0
00
b0
01
11
00
10
a1b1
00
01
01
11
10
11
10
G = a1b1'+a1a0b0'+b1'a0b0'
a0
00
b0
01
11
10
1
1
1
1
L = a1'b1+a1'a0'b0+b1a0'b0
B. A 6.12
2 bit . K,
, 4 bit. 8 bit ..
E bits
, , log2n n bits. E
log2n.
A A 6.3
:
f(x, y, z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z')(x'+y+z')(x'+y'+z)
A :
xy
00 01 11 10
z 0|
1
|
1
A A
f(0, 0, z) = f(1, 1, z) = z
f(0, 1, z) = f(1, 0, z) = z'.
1|
|
|
1
1|
|
317
HIAKH XEIAH I
318
4 1:
z
0 1
2 3
E A 6.1
T hazards , E 5.7. T
. , ,
, () , ()
()
hazards.
E
Y 4.3.4 ( )
' . E

.
T A ( 6.3) s c
x, y c1.
s c.
x, y c1,
s, s . () dk1/k2/, k1, k2, K1, K2, (
). H s d0. E dk1,
d(k1+1).
, .
dk1/k2/,
s . ,
s hazards.
x
y
d2
d2
d1
c-1
d1
d0

x, y c1 c.
, , c . x
c , x d2/3. , {x, a, c}
2 {x, b, c} 3 . O, y c , y
d2/3 ( {y, a, c} {y, b,
c}). H c1 c (d2).
x
y
d2/3
d2
d2/3
d2
d3
d3
a
d2
d1
c
d0
d1
d2
c-1
319
HIAKH XEIAH I
320
E
A A ,
c1=0, {x, b, c} {y, b, c} () hazards
x y.
, c1 = 1. E,
x , y = c1 = 1, y , x = c1 = 1. E, ,
.

x, , y.
K x (y = c1 = 1).
( 6.2), c=1 x. A
1hazard T4 T5 (c=101).
x
y
c-1
a
b
c
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
K y (x = c1 = 1).
( 6.2), c=1 y. A
1hazard T4 T5 (c=101).
x
y
c-1
a
b
c
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
E A 6.2
4 bit
2 (Y 2.3.3). H
E 6.3
. (E 1.4), .

O 4 bit X=x3x2x1x0 Y=y3y2y1y0
2.
, X Y, G
L (E 6.3), .
G L
X,Y
0 0
X=Y
0 1
X<Y
1 0
X>Y
A
Z=z3z2z1z0 4 bit 2 ( Y 2.3.3). T z3 , : 0,
, 1, .
|Z| Z, . z3 .
321
HIAKH XEIAH I
322
E Z2 Z, . Z2=z2z1z0. E Z
, Z=|Z|=Z2. Z+
Z+ 2, Z, :
|Z | = 24|Z+|.
E X Y :
) X0 Y0 ( ). T .. X>Y
|X|>|Y| X2>Y2 X2
Y2 3 bit g l (E 6.3) G=g L=l.
) X0 Y<0 (). T X>Y. E x3=0, y3=1,
G=y3 L=x3 G=1 L=0.
) X<0 Y0 (). T X<Y. ) G=y3 L=x3.
) X<0 Y<0 ( ). 2
, . , X>Y, |X|>|Y|. X+ Y+ () X Y. E X>Y,
X+<Y+ .. 2>3 => 2<3. A X+<Y+
X+>Y+ => 24|X+|>24|Y+| => |X|>|Y|.
X Y
|X|=x3X2 |Y|=y3Y2, .. X>Y |X|>|Y|,
, X2>Y2, x3=y3=1. E
X Y, X2
Y2 ).

A : () 3 bit
X Y () G=x3' L=y3', X Y .
, :
) 3 bit g l,
x2, x1, x0 y2, y1, y0 X
Y .
) G L
:
E x3=y3 T G=g L=l
A G=y3 L=x3.
T 6.10 , a1, b1 a0, b0 ( A 6.10):
a1 = y3, b1 = x3 a0 = g, b0 = l
E :
x3 y3
x2
a1 b1
a0
G
b0
y2
x1
y1 x0
a
G
b
a
y0
H
:
) O x2, x1, x0 y2, y1, y0 E 6.3.
) H x3 y3 ,
A 6.10
:
a1 = y3, b1 = x3 a0 = g, b0 = l.
323

A (Don't Care term)
O
.
X [5.3].
A (sequential circuit)
T [3.1].
(switching algebra)
M
. H
,
A=0 K=1 (AND) (OR)
[3.3.2].
Boole (Boolean algebra)
O, Huntington, ,
B, (+, ., ) ,
[3.2].
A (bidirectional gate switch)
[4.2]. Y MOS
.
A (analog quantity)
M .
[1.1].
A (decoder)
K m n , n2m, (
m n) Ai
A=Am1 A0 CA .
A [6.4].
HIAKH XEIAH I
326
A Hamming (Hamming distance)

T bit [2.4].
A (duality principle)
A Boole
B () A, [3.2.1]:
) ,
) 0 1.
Bit (Binary Digit)
("0" "1"). H /
. M [1.3].
(carry generator)
H g i = x i y i ( ), (gi=1) , .
bit xi, yi ( ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i ) ) [6.2.3].
(hexadecimal)
A 16 [2.3.1]
(carry propagator)
H pi = x i y i ( ) (pi=1) ci1 bit xi, yi ( ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i ) ) [6.2.3].
(twovalued algebra)
M Boole , 0 1, OR, AND, NOT A
Boole [3.3].
(binary signal)
T [1.2].
E (minterm)
:
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a 1 x a2 2 x ann

ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1} [3.5].
E (gate level)
. E '
( )
( ), , [4.3.4].
E (description level)
, , / [1.4].
Hazard
,
[5.7].
H (Half Adder)
K (x, y) (s, c),
s c x y [6.2].
/A (positive/negative logic)

High (H) Low (L) .
L=0, H=1 L=1, H=0 [4.3].
K (wired logic)

( ) . T
[4.3.2].
K (canonical form)
[3.6]:
( minterms):
i mi(x1,,xn)
( maxterms):
327
HIAKH XEIAH I
328
i Mi(x1,,xn)
K (cartesian product)
: AB = {(x, y) | xA yB}
[3.4].
K ( SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI)
( )
. [4.4]:
. (SSI) 10 chip,
. (MSI) 10 100 chip,
. (LSI) 100 5000 ,
. (VLSI) 5000
.
K BCD (BCD code)
[2.2.2].
K Gray (Gray code)
, ()
' bit [2.2.3].
K Hamming (Hamming code)
K . K pi (i=0, , K1)
2i (i=0, , K1). K

bit [2.4.3].
K B (weighted codes)
M , ()
i (i=0, , n) wi (i=0, , n),
, :
= nwn + + 1w1 + 0w0
[2.2.1].
K (encoding)
-

(, ) [2.1].
K (encoder)
K m Di (i= 0, , m1) n Ai, m=2n.
i n
bits i. M [6.4].
K (priority encoder)
K , m Di (i= 0, , m1) n
Aj,
i [6.4].
K A (Ripple Adder)
n bit,
A () bit i bit i+1 . M , ,
n [6.2.1].
(logic expression)
O a,b,c
/ 0, 1 Boole
+, ., [3.2.2].
(logic gate gate)

[3.7.2].
(logic function)
f: Bn B, ={0,1} [3.4]
(propositional logic)
O 1 0
A
[3.3.1].
M (Maxterm)
:
329
HIAKH XEIAH I
330
M(x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 +,..., + x ann

ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1} [3.5].
X Karnaugh
f.

1 f [5.2.2].
QuineMcCluskey ( Tabulation method)
f.
f
[5.5].
M K (incompletely specified function)

,
'
[5.3].
MOS, CMOS
MOS , ,
gate, ( ). , nMOS
pMOS, . CMOS nMOS pMOS [4.2.2] [4.4.1]
NK (Ncube)
,

1 [3.4.1 5.2]
O (Integrated Circuit IC)
() (chip)
. [4.4].
O ( 7400, 4000, ECL)

, ,
, , ..

[4.4]. : 7400, 4000, ECL [4.4.1]:
O (essential prime implicant)
f minterm f f [5.4].
(parallel transfer)
T bit , [1.5].
(table)
K
[2.2].
ASCII (ASCII table)

[2.2].
(truth table)

[3.4.1]
(Most Significant Digit)
T [2.3.1]
A (Full Adder)
bit '
c1 . O A (x, y, c1)
(s, c), s c
bit x, y c1 [6.2].
(multiplexer)
K -
331
HIAKH XEIAH I
332
n ( Di,
i=0, , n1) . H
m Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. , ( n ) [6.5].
K (carry lookahead)
M ( ) ( )
bit [6.2.3].
(primitive)
' (functionally
complete) (universal) . '
[3.7.4].
(prime implicant)
:
p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1q 1 x q2 2 ... x qn n
x1, , xn f, xk p f, . p "1" f [5.4].
P (failure rate)

. ,
[4.6].
(serial transfer)
M bit .. [1.5].
(signal)
H [1.1].
Stackat (stackat fault)

,
0 (stackat0) 1 (stackat1) [4.5.1]
(comparator)
K X Y, , X>Y X=Y X<Y
[6.3].
2 (2's compliment)
, N,
n , N' = 2nN. O N' , bits N [2.3.3].
(transfer function)
M , 1
0
[4.2].
(combinational circuit)
T
[3.1].
FanOut
( )

[4.4].
FanIn
[4.4]
X Karnaugh (Kmap)
n m ,

(i, j)
[3.4.1 5.2.1]
(digital quantity)
M .
333
HIAKH XEIAH I
334
[1.1].
(parity bit)

. (even) (odd)
[2.4.1].
(A/D conversion)
H [1.6].

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I

2.4.3 K Hamming ................................................................................................... 63

5.2.2 A Karnaugh ....................................................... 216

Tokheim R., H, E TZIOA

. 8, 4, 2, 1, . 23, 22, 21, 20

8, 4, 2, 1 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). 10 10 10

1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 1111

Gray , (reflection codes). n bit

bi = gi gi+1 gi+2 gn, 0 i < n

. E "digit" "digitus" "".

k=1 => (Y1=0, 2=11),

k=2 => (Y2=1, 3=5),

k=3 => (Y3=1, 4=2),

k=4 => (Y4=0, 5=1),

k=5 => (Y5=1, 6=0)

H : 4510 => 1011012.

) (1)(2): (2) 8 6 = 2 =>

. H 11610 12610 2 8 bit.

000, 011, 101 110 (), , , 2

, .. 001, (101 011 000 => 1) 1.

000 111. 000 ,

2.2 2.3, Hamming c3

3. Hamming, , cj=1 pj.

c1=1: p1m0m2m3m5m6 => p1 1 0 1 0 1 => p1= 1

Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan, 1990.

0+y.1 = 0 ( y'=1, x'=1)

) X Huntington ( 3.1), a+a = a (1, 3.3), a+a (Y:

3) A' AND AND K

O , Boole, 1938 C. Shannon

f x1, x2, , xn:

E Boole, Y 3.2.1, . T A Shannon de Morgan.

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)]. x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]

f(1, y, z) = 1'y'+1'z+1.z' = 0.y'+0.z+1.z' = z'

f(1, y, z) = y.f(1, 1, z) + y'.f(1, 0, z),

f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

1. m1(x,y) = x0y1 = x'y

2. m2(x,y) = x1y0 = x y'

x1, x2, , xn, 1

M minterms maxterms ( 3.19 3.20) i=1 :

(Canonical Sum of Products)

. minterms mi, f(i)=1.

(Canonical Product of Sums)

. maxterms Mi, f(i) = 0.

1=<S1,F1,1> 2=<S2,F2,2>, S1 S2, F1 F2 1 2, , S1

AND , 3.10, AND . T

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn),

Y , (AND, NOT), (OR, NOT), , NAND, NOR, . T

Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991 (E )

Sandige R., Modern Digital Design, McGrawHill, 1990.

SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI

(E 3.4) yk = fk(x1, , xi,xn), k=1, , m .

T () , , , 109 . E , . (), . 4.4

T nMOS , 4.8 , gate ( 4.9). M

VTH (threshold voltage), (population inversion).

CMOS ( 4.12 VG=E)

IB > E/RC (Vi>0.8 V)

1) RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic). E (

1. 7400 Texas Instruments. TTL.

AND NAND TTL 4.24.

2. 4000. CMOS (Complementary

3. ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic). X .

H M (PROM) FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). K

= 2000 . 104 = 0.2 /