LINUX V CC LNH C BN I. Cc khi nim c bn - Users (Ngi dng): c th s dng c Linux, bn phi c cp ti khon (account) ng nhp vo my Linux.

. Thng tin v ti khon bao gm tn ng nhp (username), mt khu ng nhp (password), v cc quyn truy xut tp tin v th mc m bn c c da vo ti khon m bn ng nhp v my. - Group (Nhm): Cc ngi dng lm vic trn cng mt b phn hoc ang lm vic chung trn cng mt d n (project) c th c a vo cng mt nhm. y l mt cch n gin ca vic t chc qun l ngi dng. - File (Tp tin): Tt c cc thng tin trn Linux c lu gi trong cc tp tin. Cc tp tin c to ra bi ngi dng v ngi ch tp tin c quyn truy xut, to, sa i, thit lp kch thc ca tp tin v phn phi quyn cho php ngi dng khc c th truy xut tp tin. - Directory (Th mc):Th mc ging nh Folder trong Windows. N c dng cha cc tp tin v th mc khc, v to ra cu trc cho h thng tp tin. Di Linux, ch c mt cy th mc v gc ca n l /. Ging nh tp tin, mi th mc c thng tin kt hp vi n, kch thc ti a v nhng ngi dng c quyn truy xut th mc ny, - Path (ng dn):ng dn l 1 chui cc th mc v c th kt thc bng tn ca mt tp tin. Cc th mc v tn tp tin c phn cch bi k t /. V d : /dir1/dir2/file l mt ng dn tuyt i ti file c cha trong dir2, vi dir2 c cha trong dir1, v dir1 nm trong th mc gc. V d khc: ~/homework l mt ng dn tng i, tnh t th mc ng nhp ca ngi dng, vo th mc homework. - Permissions (Quyn): Quyn l mt c tnh quan trng ca Linux. Chng to ra s bo mt bng cch gii hn cc hnh ng m ngi dng c th thc hin i vi tp tin v th mc. Cc quyn c (read), ghi (write) v thc thi (execute) iu khin vic truy xut ti vic truy xut tp tin ca ngi to ra n, nhm v cc ngi dng khc. Mt ngi dng s khng th truy xut ti tp tin ca ngi dng khc nu khng c quyn truy xut. - Process (Tin trnh): Khi ngi dng thc thi mt lnh, Linux to ra mt tin trnh cha cc ch th lnh. Mt tin trnh cn cha cc thng tin iu khin nh thng tin ngi dng thc thi lnh, nh danh duy nht ca tin trnh (PID process id). Vic qun l ca tin trnh da trn PID ny. - Shell:Trong ch console, ngi dng giao tip vi my thng qua shell (h v). Mt shell l mt chng trnh thng c dng bt u mt chng trnh khc t du nhc ca shell. Mt shell c cu hnh bng vic thit lp cc bin mi trng cho n. Khi ng nhp vo Linux, mt shell s c t ng to ra, v cc bin mi trng mc nhin (default) s c thit lp. y, ta s s dng shell BASH (Bourne Again SHell), l shell thng dng ca hu ht cc h thng Linux. II. Thc thi Lnh - Nhp lnh: nhp lnh, n gin bn ch nh vo tn ca lnh sau du nhc ca shell ri nhn Enter. Du nhc ca shell thng c dng [user@host directory]$, n c th c thit lp li, v c th khc nhau i vi cc my khc nhau. Hu ht cc lnh thng chp nhn nhiu i s (argument) hoc la chn (option) (thng c gi l flag c). Thng thng cc i s c a vo bng cch s dng 1 hoc 2 du -. Nu

mt lnh yu cu i s v chng ta khng a vo, lnh s t ng hin th mt m t ngn v cch s dng cc i s kt hp vi n. Mt lnh v cc i s thng c dng nh sau: command a1 a2 command --long_argument_name - Bin mi trngPATH: y l bin mi trng ca shell m cho php cc th mc m Linux c th nhn thy c khi thc thi lnh nu ng dn y ca lnh khng c ch nh r rng. Bin mi trng PATH bao gm 1 chui tn cc ng dn th mc, phn cch bi du ':". Hu ht cc lnh m chng ta s thc hnh u nm trong cc th mc m c a vo bin mi trng PATH v c th thc hin n gin bng cch nhp tn ca n ti du nhc lnh. V l do bo mt, th mc hin hnh s khng c a vo bin mi trng PATH, do , chy mt chng trnh nm trong th mc hin hnh, chng ta phi thm './' vo trc tn chng trnh: ./command III. Mt s lnh c bn - Gi s tr gip: Hu ht cc console Linux u cha mt chng trnh tin ch nh in ra mn hnh thng tin v cch s dng lnh khi mt c "-h' hoc 'help' c truyn vo cho chng. Ngoi ra, chng ta c th s dng lnh man (manual) tm hiu v mt lnh. command h Hin th thng tin tr gip ngn gn v lnh. command -help Hin th thng tin tr gip ngn gn v lnh. man command Hin th trang tr gip y ca lnh. - Cc lnh lit k tp tin (file): Mt trong nhng tc v c bn m chng ta c th thc hin l lit k cc tp tin nm trong mt th mc vi lnh 'ls' Lnh ny cho php kim tra ni dung ca th mc v tm kim tp tin m chng ta mun lm vic. Nu cc tp tin lit k trn qu mt mn hnh, chng ta c th kt hp vi ng ng (pipe) xut kt qu ca lnh 'ls' n mt chng trnh hin th vn bn nh less chng hn. lsLit k ni dung ca th mc hin hnh. ls a Lit k tt c tp tin, k c cc tp tin c thuc tnh n. ls l Hin th y cc thng tin (quyn truy cp, ch, kch thc, ) ls | less Hin th thng tin, nu di c th dng PgUp, PgDown duyt trang. Thot bng phm q. - Thay i th mc: Khi bn ng nhp vo Linux, chng ta c t ng t vo th mc tip nhn (home directory) ca chng ta. chuyn ti th mc khc, dng lnh 'cd'. Lnh 'cd' nhn i s l mt ng dn tng i hoc tuyt i ca th mc hin hnh, hoc mt s cc i s c bit nh di y: cd path Chuyn n th mc c ch nh bi path. cd ~ Chuyn v th mc nh. cd - Chuyn v th mc trc ca bn. cd .. Chuyn v th mc cha ca th mc hin hnh. - Qun l tp tin v th mc: cpCho php to ra mt bn sao ca mt tp tin hoc th mc:cp source_path destination_path mkdirCho php to ra mt th mc mi (make directory), rng, ti v tr c ch nh: mkdir directoryname

mvCho php di chuyn (move) mt tp tin t th mc ny ti th mc khc, c th thc hin vic i tn tp tin: mv source_path destination_path rm Cho php xa (remove) cc tp tin, dng lnh 'rm R' xa mt th mc v tt c nhng g nm trong n: rm filename rmdirDng xa th mc: rmdir directoryname touchTo tp tin trng: touch filename - Xc nh v tr ca tp tin: Khi cc tp tin ca chng ta nm trn nhiu th mc, hoc chng ta cn tm kim mt tp tin no , chng ta c th s dng lnh 'find' v 'locate'. Lnh 'find' bt u t th mc c ch nh v s tm trong tt c cc th mc con trong . Lnh 'locate' th to ra v duy tr mt c s d liu v cc tp tin trong h thng, v n n gin ch tm trong c s d liu ny xem c tp tin cn tm. Lnh 'locate' thc hin nhanh hn lnh 'find', nhng c s d liu ca n ch cp nht mt ln trong ngy nn nhng tp tin mi c to ra c th khng c tm thy. findTm tp tin filename bt u t th mc path:find path name filename locateTm tp tin trong c s d liu ca n c tn l filename:locate filename - Lm vic vi tp tin vn bn: cat xem ni dung ca tp tin vn bn ngn, dng lnh 'cat' in n ra mn hnh: cat filename lessCho php xem mt tp tin di bng cch cun ln xung bng cc phm mi tn v cc phm pageUp, pageDown. Dng phm q thot ch xem:less filename grep Mt cng c mnh tm mt chui trong mt tp tin vn bn. Khi lnh 'grep' tm thy chui, n s in ra c dng ln mn hnh: grep string filename sort Sp xp cc dng trong tp tin theo th t alphabet v in ni dung ra mn hnh:sort filename - Gii nn: bunzip2Gii nn mt tp tin bzip2 (*.bz2). Thng dng cho cc tp tin ln:bunzip2 filename.bz2 gunzipGii nn mt tp tin gzipped (*.gz):gunzip filename.gz unzipGii nn mt tp tin PkZip hoc WinZip (*.zip):unzip filename.zip tarNn v gii nn .tar, .tar.gz: V d: tar xvf filename.tar v tar xvzf filename.tar.gz - Xem thng tin h thng: Cc lnh sau y hin th cc thng tin khc trn h thng ca chng ta. dateIn ngy gi h thng. df hIn thng tin khng gian a c dng. freeIn thng tin b nh c dng. historyHin th cc lnh c thc hin bi ti khon hin ti. hostnameIn tn ca my cc b (host). pwdIn ng dn n th mc lm vic hin hnh. rwho -aLit k tt c ngi dng ng nhp vo network. uptimeIn thi gian k t ln reboot gn nht. whoLit k tt c ngi dng ng nhp vo my. whoamiIn tn ngi dng hin hnh. - Cc lnh dng theo di tin trnh: psLit k cc tin trnh ang kch hot bi ngi dng v PID ca cc tin trnh . ps auxLit k cc tin trnh ang kch hot cng vi tn ca ngi dng l ch tin

trnh. topHin th danh sch cc tin trnh ang kch hot, danh sch ny c cp nht lin tc. command&Chy command trong nn. fgy mt tin trnh nn hoc b dng ln b mt tr li. bgChuyn mt tin trnh vo nn. C th thc hin tng t vi Ctrl-z. killpidThc y tin trnh kt thc. u tin phi xc nh pid ca tin trnh cn hy vi lnh ps. killall-9 nameHy tin trnh vi name ch nh. nice programlevelChy program vi cp u tin ngc level. Cp nice cng cao, chng trnh cng c mc u tin thp.