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Text Greg Attwood, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins Examination specification and examination papers Edexcel Ltd First published 2008 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library on request. ISBN: 978 04355 1911 7 Copyright notice All rights reserved. The material in this publication is copyright. You may annotate, copy, or print out sections of text or pictures only where expressly allowed in the product and the accompanying materials, solely for use within your purchasing institution. Creation of LiveText platform and development toolset by 3T Productions Ltd - www.3t.co.uk Conversion, mark-up, and production work by Magic Software Pvt. Ltd - www.magicsw.com LiveText demo disc produced by Interactive Mediabook Ltd - www.e-s-p.eu.com Typeset by Techset, Gateshead Interface design by Pearson Education Design Department Original illustrations Pearson Education Ltd Creation of Exam Caf by Elektra Media Ltd. www.elektramedia.co.uk Interface Design by Michael Heald Solution Bank Created by Ian Grant Typesetting of Solution Bank by Nela Data Care Systems Data encoding of Solution Bank by Elektra Media Ltd. www.elektramedia.co.uk Acknowledgements Photographs

The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for permission to reproduce photographs: Shutterstock / Kenneth Spponsier p18; Shutterstock / Max Eavey p38; Shutterstock / Naude p76; iStockPhoto.com / Martin Llado p87; Shutterstock / Mayer George Vladimirovich p102; Shutterstock / PhotoSky4tcom p119; iStockPhoto.com / Mark Evans p141; Shutterstock / Eric Gevaert p154; Shutterstock / AR Photography p171 Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in subsequent printings if notice is given to the publishers.