CHANNEL GEOMETRY

Three types of channel :-

A NATURAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.2 : Natural channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.3 : Artificial channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL
Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel
length.
Usually artificial channel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT
y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m
2
)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
T
B
P
y
Figure 9.4 : Channel geometric element
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA

B
y
1
z
1
z
3
1
2
L
Figure 2.6 : Derivation of channel formula
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
From Figure 2.6 :
T = Top width water surface
zy 2 B T + =
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
2
zy By A
y zy
2
1
y B y zy
2
1
A
+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
P = Wetted perimeter
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
z 1 y L
z 1 y L
y z y L
zy y L
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
P = Wetted perimeter
2
z 1 y 2 B P
L 2 B P
+ + =
+ =
therefore ;
Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.

For Rectangular z = 0
for Triangular B = 0
SHAPE A T P
By B B + 2y
zy
2
2zy
By + zy
2
B + 2zy
B
y
T
z z
1 1 y
T
y
1
z
T
B
1
z
d
T
y
u
2
z 1 y 2 +
2
z 1 y 2 B + +
) sin (
8
d
2
u u
|
.
|

\
|
u
2
sin
d
2
d u
( u in radian ) ( u in radian )
( u in angle )
To sum up .. Table 2.1 : Channels geometric elements
Lets take a break!!!
Based on the figure given find :-

i) Top width water surface (T), wetted
area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m
3
/s, determine the flow
state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m
3
and lining
cost = RM 5/m
2
)





EXAMPLE 2.1
3 m
2 m
1 m
60
.... Cont
SOLUTION:
Given:-
B = 3 m
y = 2 m
t = 3 m ( channel height) )
SOLUTION
Find z value first :
60
z
1
5774 . 0
60 tan
1
z
z
1
60 tan
=

=
=
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
m 3096 . 5 T
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 )( 2 ( 3 T
zy 2 B T
=
+ =
+ =
(i) Wetted area, A
SOLUTION .... Cont
2
2
2
m 3096 . 8 A
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 ( ) 2 )( 3 ( A
zy By A
=
+ =
+ =
(i) Wetted perimeter, P
m 6189 . 7 P
) 5774 . 0 ( 1 ) 2 )( 2 ( 3 P
z 1 y 2 B P
2
2
=
+ + =
+ + =
(i) Hydraulic radius, R
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) State of flow
m 091 . 1 R
6159 . 7
3096 . 8
R
P
A
R
=
=
=
gD
v
F
r
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Find v & D first :
m/s 2888 . 0
3096 . 8
4 . 2
v
A
Q
v
= =
=
m 5650 . 1 D
3096 . 5
3096 . 8
D
T
A
D
=
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Thus ;
flow critical Sub 1 074 . 0 F
) 565 . 1 )( 81 . 9 (
2888 . 0
F
gD
v
F
r
r
r
< =
=
=
(iii) Construction cost
Construction cost includes :-
(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(a) Excavation cost
( )
( )
3
2
2
m 709.83 volume Excavation
(50) ) 3 ( ) 5774 . 0 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( volume Excavation
(L) zt Bt volume Excavation
AL volume Excavation
=
+ =
+ =
=
Therefore ;
2129.49 RM cost Excavation
m 83 . 709
m
3 RM
cost Excavation
3
3
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(b) Lining cost
Therefore ;
2
2
2
m 496.42 area Lining
) 50 ( (0.5774) 1 (2)(3) 3 area Lining
) L ( z 1 t 2 B area Lining
PL area Lining
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
=
2482.09 RM cost Lining
m 42 . 496
m
5 RM
cost Lining
2
2
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost or overall cost
Hence ;
4611.58 RM cost on Constructi
2482.09 RM 2129.49 RM cost on Constructi
cost Lining cost Excavation cost on Constructi
=
+ =
+ =
Water flows 0.8 m depth inside a 1.2 m
diameter culvert. Calculate top width
water surface (T), wetted area (A),
wetted perimeter (P) and hydraulic radius
(R).

EXAMPLE 2.2
SOLUTION:

Given:-
y = 0.8 m
d = 1.2 m
T ?? A?? P?? R??
SOLUTION
Find u value first :
1.2 m
0.8 m
o o
o
0.6 m
0.2 m
o + = u 2 180
u
Where ;
=
|
.
|

\
|
= o

47 . 19
6 . 0
2 . 0
sin
1
SOLUTION .... Cont
Cont . Find u value first :
Thus ;
3.8213 radian into convert 94 . 218
) 47 . 19 )( 2 ( 180
= u = u
+ = u
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
m 131 . 1 T
2
94 . 218
sin ) 2 . 1 ( T
2
sin d T
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
u
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Wetted area, A
( )
( )
2
2
2
m 801 . 0 A
94 . 218 sin 8213 . 3
8
2 . 1
A
sin
8
d
A
=
=
u u =
(iii) Wetted perimeter, P
m 293 . 2 P
2
) 2 . 1 )( 8213 . 3 (
P
2
d
P
=
=
u
=