(Vnmath - Com) - 21 Chuyen de BD HSG Toan 8

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20 CHUYN BI DNG TON 8

CHUYN 1 - PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T
A. MC TIU:
* H thng li cc dng ton v cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
* Gii mt s bi tp v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
* Nng cao trnh v k nng v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
B. CC PHNG PHP V BI TP
I. TCH MT HNG T THNH NHIU HNG T:
nh l b sung:
+ a thc f(x) c nghim hu t th c dng p/q trong p l c ca h s t do, q l c
dng ca h s cao nht
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th f(x) c mt nhn t l x 1
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l th f(x) c mt nhn t l x + 1

+ Nu a l nghim nguyn ca f(x) v f(1); f(- 1) khc 0 th
f(1)
a-1

v
f(-1)
a+1

u l s nguyn.
nhanh chng loi tr nghim l c ca h s t do
1. V d 1: 3x2 8x + 4
Cch 1: Tch hng t th 2
3x2 8x + 4 = 3x2 6x 2x + 4 = 3x(x 2) 2(x 2) = (x 2)(3x 2)
Cch 2: Tch hng t th nht:
3x2 8x + 4 = (4x2 8x + 4) - x2 = (2x 2)2 x2 = (2x 2 + x)(2x 2 x)
= (x 2)(3x 2)
V d 2: x3 x2 - 4
Ta nhn thy nghim ca f(x) nu c th x = 1; 2; 4 , ch c f(2) = 0 nn x = 2 l nghim

ca f(x) nn f(x) c mt nhn t l x 2. Do ta tch f(x) thnh cc nhm c xut hin
mt nhn t l x 2
Cch 1:
x3 x2 4 = ( x3 2 x 2 ) + ( x 2 2 x) + ( 2 x 4) = x 2 ( x 2) + x( x 2) + 2( x 2) = ( x 2)( x 2 + x + 2)

1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

(

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Cch 2: x3 x 2 4 = x3 8 x 2 + 4 = ( x3 8) ( x 2 4) = ( x 2)( x 2 + 2x + 4) ( x 2)( x + 2)
= ( x 2) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) ( x + 2) = ( x 2)( x 2 + x + 2)
V d 3: f(x) = 3x3 7x2 + 17x 5
Nhn xt: 1, 5 khng l nghim ca f(x), nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nguyn. Nn

f(x) nu c nghim th l nghim hu t

Ta nhn thy x =
1
3

l nghim ca f(x) do f(x) c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Nn
f(x) = 3x3 7x2 + 17x 5 = 3x3 x 2 6 x 2 + 2x + 15x 5 = (3x3 x 2 ) ( 6 x 2 2 x) + (15x 5)

= x 2 (3x 1) 2 x(3x 1) + 5(3x 1) = (3x 1)( x 2 2x + 5)

V x 2 2 x + 5 = ( x 2 2x + 1) + 4 = ( x 1)2 + 4 > 0 vi mi x nn khng phn tch c thnh

nhn t na
V d 4: x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4
Nhn xt: Tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t
bc l nn a thc c mt nhn t l x + 1
x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4 = (x3 + x2 ) + (4x2 + 4x) + (4x + 4) = x2(x + 1) + 4x(x + 1) + 4(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 4) = (x + 1)(x + 2)2
V d 5: f(x) = x5 2x4 + 3x3 4x2 + 2
Tng cc h s bng 0 th nn a thc c mt nhn t l x 1, chia f(x) cho (x 1) ta c:
x5 2x4 + 3x3 4x2 + 2 = (x 1)(x4 - x3 + 2 x2 - 2 x - 2)
V x4 - x3 + 2 x2 - 2 x - 2 khng c nghim nguyn cng khng c nghim hu t nn
khng phn tch c na
V d 6: x4 + 1997x2 + 1996x + 1997 = (x4 + x2 + 1) + (1996x2 + 1996x + 1996)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1) + 1996(x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1 + 1996) = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1997)
V d 7: x2 - x - 2001.2002 = x2 - x - 2001.(2001 + 1)
= x2 - x 20012 - 2001 = (x2 20012) (x + 2001) = (x + 2001)(x 2002)
II. THM , BT CNG MT HNG T:
1. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin hiu hai bnh phng:

2
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+
) = x2 [(x2 + 2 ) + 6(x -

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V d 1: 4x4 + 81 = 4x4 + 36x2 + 81 - 36x2 = (2x2 + 9)2 36x2
= (2x2 + 9)2 (6x)2 = (2x2 + 9 + 6x)(2x2 + 9 6x)
= (2x2 + 6x + 9 )(2x2 6x + 9)
V d 2: x8 + 98x4 + 1 = (x8 + 2x4 + 1 ) + 96x4
= (x4 + 1)2 + 16x2(x4 + 1) + 64x4 - 16x2(x4 + 1) + 32x4
= (x4 + 1 + 8x2)2 16x2(x4 + 1 2x2) = (x4 + 8x2 + 1)2 - 16x2(x2 1)2
= (x4 + 8x2 + 1)2 - (4x3 4x )2
= (x4 + 4x3 + 8x2 4x + 1)(x4 - 4x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1)
2. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin nhn t chung
V d 1: x7 + x2 + 1 = (x7 x) + (x2 + x + 1 ) = x(x6 1) + (x2 + x + 1 )
= x(x3 - 1)(x3 + 1) + (x2 + x + 1 ) = x(x 1)(x2 + x + 1 ) (x3 + 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)[x(x 1)(x3 + 1) + 1] = (x2 + x + 1)(x5 x4 + x2 - x + 1)
V d 2: x7 + x5 + 1 = (x7 x ) + (x5 x2 ) + (x2 + x + 1)
= x(x3 1)(x3 + 1) + x2(x3 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)(x 1)(x4 + x) + x2 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
= (x2 + x + 1)[(x5 x4 + x2 x) + (x3 x2 ) + 1] = (x2 + x + 1)(x5 x4 + x3 x + 1)
Ghi nh:
Cc a thc c dng x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 nh: x7 + x2 + 1 ; x7 + x5 + 1 ; x8 + x4 + 1 ;
x5 + x + 1 ; x8 + x + 1 ; u c nhn t chung l x2 + x + 1
III. T BIN PH:
V d 1: x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128 = [x(x + 10)][(x + 4)(x + 6)] + 128
= (x2 + 10x) + (x2 + 10x + 24) + 128
t x2 + 10x + 12 = y, a thc c dng
(y 12)(y + 12) + 128 = y2 144 + 128 = y2 16 = (y + 4)(y 4)
= ( x2 + 10x + 8 )(x2 + 10x + 16 ) = (x + 2)(x + 8)( x2 + 10x + 8 )
V d 2: A = x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1
Gi s x = 0 ta vit

x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1 = x2 ( x2 + 6x + 7
6 1
x x

2
1
x
1
x

)+7]

3
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= y th x2 + 2 = y2 + 2, do
) + 3x]2 = (x2 + 3x 1)2
= ( ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + ( xy + yz +zx)2
Ta li c: a b2 = - 2( x 2 y 2 + y z 2 + z x 2 ) v b c2 = - 2(xy + yz + zx) Do ;
B = - 4( x 2 y 2 + y z 2 + z x 2 ) + 4 (xy + yz + zx)2
= 4 x 2 y 2 4 y z 2 4z x 2 + 4x y 2 + 4 y z 2 + 4z x 2 + 8x yz + 8xy z + 8xyz 2 = 8xyz( x + y + z)
m - n 2
C = (m + c) 4.
m + 3mn 2
4c3 3c(m - n ) = 3( - c +mc mn + cn )

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t x -
1
x
1
x

A = x2(y2 + 2 + 6y + 7) = x2(y + 3)2 = (xy + 3x)2 = [x(x -
1 2
x
Ch : V d trn c th gii bng cch p dng hng ng thc nh sau:
A = x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 6x + 1 = x4 + (6x3 2x2 ) + (9x2 6x + 1 )
= x4 + 2x2(3x 1) + (3x 1)2 = (x2 + 3x 1)2
V d 3: A = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )( x + y + z)2 + ( xy + yz+zx)2

( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2( xy + yz +zx)

t x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a, xy + yz + zx = b ta c
A = a(a + 2b) + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xy + yz + zx)2

V d 4: B = 2( x 4 + y 4 + z 4 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 2( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )( x + y + z)2 + ( x + y + z)4
t x4 + y4 + z4 = a, x2 + y2 + z2 = b, x + y + z = c ta c:
B = 2a b2 2bc2 + c4 = 2a 2b2 + b2 - 2bc2 + c4 = 2(a b2) + (b c2)2
2 2

2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

V d 5: (a + b + c)3 4(a3 + b3 + c3 ) 12abc
t a + b = m, a b = n th 4ab = m2 n2

a3 + b3 = (a + b)[(a b)2 + ab] = m(n2 +

2

4

). Ta c:

3
3

4

2 2 3 2 2 2
= 3[c2(m - c) - n2(m - c)] = 3(m - c)(c - n)(c + n) = 3(a + b - c)(c + a - b)(c - a + b)
III. PHNG PHP H S BT NH:
V d 1: x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3
Nhn xt: cc s 1, 3 khng l nghim ca a thc, a thc khng c nghim nguyn
cng khng c nghim hu t
Nh vy nu a thc phn tch c thnh nhn t th phi c dng

4
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

ng nht a thc ny vi a thc cho ta c:
a + 3c = 14
a = 2

a = 1
= 2x + (a - 4)x + (b - 2a)x + (c - 2b)x - 2c b = 5
c = 4
2c = 8
a = 4
c = 3
bc + ad = 10

b = 6
d = 2
12x + 5x - 12y + 12y - 10xy - 3 = (4 x - 6y + 3)(3x + 2y - 1)

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(x2 + ax + b)(x2 + cx + d) = x4 + (a + c)x3 + (ac + b + d)x2 + (ad + bc)x + bd
a + c = 6
ac + b + d = 12
ad + bc = 14
bd = 3
Xt bd = 3 vi b, d e Z, b e {1, 3} vi b = 3 th d = 1 h iu kin trn tr thnh

a + c = 6
ac = 8 2c = 8 c = 4
ac = 8
bd = 3
Vy: x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 - 14x + 3 = (x2 - 2x + 3)(x2 - 4x + 1)
V d 2: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8
Nhn xt: a thc c 1 nghim l x = 2 nn c tha s l x - 2 do ta c:
2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x3 + ax2 + bx + c)
a 4 = 3
4 3 2 b 2a = 7
c 2b = 6

Suy ra: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4)
Ta li c 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4 l a thc c tng h s ca cc hng t bc l v bc chn bng
nahu nn c 1 nhn t l x + 1 nn 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 4 = (x + 1)(2x2 - x - 4)
Vy: 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(x + 1)(2x2 - x - 4)
V d 3:
12x2 + 5x - 12y2 + 12y - 10xy - 3 = (a x + by + 3)(cx + dy - 1)
= acx2 + (3c - a)x + bdy2 + (3d - b)y + (bc + ad)xy 3
ac = 12

3c a = 5
bd = 12
3d b = 12
2 2

5

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

8) 4x - 32x + 1
9) 3(x + x + 1) - (x + x + 1)
14) x + x + 1

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BI TP:

Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1) x3 - 7x + 6
2) x3 - 9x2 + 6x + 16
3) x3 - 6x2 - x + 30
4) 2x3 - x2 + 5x + 3
5) 27x3 - 27x2 + 18x - 4
6) x2 + 2xy + y2 - x - y - 12
7) (x + 2)(x +3)(x + 4)(x + 5) - 24
4 2

4 2 2 2

10) 64x4 + y4
11) a6 + a4 + a2b2 + b4 - b6
12) x3 + 3xy + y3 - 1
13) 4x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 1
8

15) x8 + 3x4 + 4
16) 3x2 + 22xy + 11x + 37y + 7y2 +10
17) x4 - 8x + 63

CHUYN

2-S L

C V CH NH H P,

CHUYN 2: HON V, T HP
A. MC TIU:
* Bc u HS hiu v chnh hp, hon v v t hp
* Vn dng kin thc vo mt ss bi ton c th v thc t
* To hng th v nng cao k nng gii ton cho HS
B. KIN THC:
I. Chnh hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp k phn t ca tp hp
X ( 1 s k s n) theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t y

S tt c cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu

2. Tnh s chnh chp k ca n phn t

A
k
n

A

k
n

= n(n - 1)(n - 2) [n - (k - 1)]

6

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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II. Hon v:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp n phn t ca tp hp
X theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt hon v ca n phn t y
S tt c cc hon v ca n phn t c k hiu Pn
2. Tnh s hon v ca n phn t
( n! : n giai tha)

Pn =

A

n
n

= n(n - 1)(n - 2)

2 .1 = n!
III. T hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi tp con ca X gm k phn t
trong n phn t ca tp hp X ( 0 s k s n) gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t y

S tt c cc t hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu

2. Tnh s t hp chp k ca n phn t

C
k
n

C

k
n

=

A

n
n

: k! =

n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
k!

C. V d:
1. V d 1:
Cho 5 ch s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
a) c bao nhiu s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch
s trn
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn
c)C bao nhiu cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn
Gii:
a) s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch s trn l

chnh hp chp 3 ca 5 phn t:

A
3
5

= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) = 5 . 4 . 3 = 60 s
b) s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn l hon v cua 5
phn t (chnh hp chp 5 ca 5 phn t):

7
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = = 10 nhm

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A
5
5
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3).(5 - 4) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 = 120 s
c) cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn l t hp chp 3 ca 5 phn t:

C

3
5

=
5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) 5 . 4 . 3 60
3! 3.(3 - 1)(3 - 2) 6

2. V d 2:
Cho 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Dng 5 ch s ny:
a) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s trong khng c ch s no lp li? Tnh
tng cc s lp c
b) lp c bao nhiu s chn c 5 ch s khc nhau?
c) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, trong hai ch s k nhau phi khc
nhau
d) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, trong c hai ch
s l, hai ch s chn
Gii
a) s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi 4 trong cc ch s trn l chnh

hp chp 4 ca 5 phn t:

A

4
5

= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 120 s
Trong mi hang (Nghn, trm, chc, n v), mi ch s c mt: 120 : 5 = 24 ln
Tng cc ch s mi hang: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5). 24 = 15 . 24 = 360
Tng cc s c lp: 360 + 3600 + 36000 + 360000 = 399960
b) ch s tn cng c 2 cch chn (l 2 hoc 4)
bn ch s trc l hon v ca ca 4 ch s cn li v c P4 = 4! = 4 . 3 . 2 = 24 cch
chn
Tt c c 24 . 2 = 48 cch chn
c) Cc s phi lp c dng abcde , trong : a c 5 cch chn, b c 4 cch chn (khc a),
c c 4 cch chn (khc b), d c 4 cch chn (khc c), e c 4 cch chn (khc d)
Tt c c: 5 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 1280 s
d) Chn 2 trong 2 ch s chn, c 1 cch chn
chn 2 trong 3 ch s l, c 3 cch chn. Cc ch s c th hon v, do c:

8

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = 15 cch chn)
= 6.
C
= = = 220
= = = 35
= = = 20

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1 . 3 . 4! =1 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 72 s

Bi 3: Cho xAy = 1800 . Trn Ax ly 6 im khc A, trn Ay ly 5 im khc A. trong 12

im ni trn (k c im A), hai im no cng c ni vi nhau bi mt on thng.
C bao nhiu tam gic m cc nh l 3 trong 12 im y
Gii
Cch 1: Tam gic phi m gm ba loi:
+ Loi 1: cc tam gic c mt nh l A, nh th 2 thuc
Ax (c 6 cch chn), nh th 3 thuc Ay (c 5 cch
chn), gm c: 6 . 5 = 30 tam gic
+ Loi 2: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 5 im B1,

A

B1

A1

B2

A2

B3

A3

B4

A4

B5

A5 A6

y

x
B2, B3, B4, B5 (c 5 cch chn), hai nh kia l 2 trong 6

im A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 ( C

C

2
6

=
6.5 30
2! 2
Gm 5 . 15 = 75 tam gic
+ Loi 3: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 6 im A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 hai nh kia l 2

trong 5 im B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 gm c: 6.

C

2
5

= 6.
5.4 20
2! 2

= 60 tam gic
Tt c c: 30 + 75 + 60 = 165 tam gic

Cch 2: s cc tam gic chn 3 trong 12 im y l

3
12

=
12.11.10 1320 1320
3! 3.2 6

S b ba im thng hang trong 7 im thuc tia Ax l:

S b ba im thng hang trong 6 im thuc tia Ay l:

C

C

3
7

3
6

=

=
7.6.5 210 210
3! 3.2 6
6.5.4 120 120
3! 3.2 6
S tam gic to thnh: 220 - ( 35 + 20) = 165 tam gic
D. BI TP:
Bi 1: cho 5 s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. t cc ch s trn c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin:
a) C 5 ch s gm c 5 ch s y?
b) C 4 ch s, c cc ch s khc nhau?
c) c 3 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau?

9

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = 35
= = 35
b) Ta c: C kn = C k - 1 nn C 7 = C 3 =

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d) c 3 ch s, cc ch s c th ging nhau?
Bi 2: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s lp bi cc ch s 1, 2, 3 bit rng s chia
ht cho 9
Bi 3: Trn trang v c 6 ng k thng ng v 5 ng k nm ngang i mt ct
nhau. Hi trn trang v c bao nhiu hnh ch nht

CHUYN 3 - LU THA BC N CA MT NH THC

A. MC TIU:
HS nm c cng thc khai trin lu tha bc n ca mt nh thc: (a + b)n
Vn dng kin thc vo cc bi tp v xc nh h s ca lu tha bc n ca mt nh
thc, vn dng vo cc bi ton phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
B. KIN THC V BI TP VN DNG:
I. Nh thc Niutn:

(a + b)n = an + C1n an - 1 b + C2n an - 2 b2 + + Cnn 1 ab n - 1 + bn

Trong :

C kn =

n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
1.2.3...k
II. Cch xc nh h s ca khai trin Niutn:

1. Cch 1: Dng cng thc C kn =
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
k!
Chng hn h s ca hng t a4b3 trong khai trin ca (a + b)7 l

C 74 =
7.6.5.4 7.6.5.4
4! 4.3.2.1

Ch : a) C kn =
n!
n!(n - k) !

vi quy c 0! = 1 C 74 =
7! 7.6.5.4.3.2.1
4!.3! 4.3.2.1.3.2.1

4

2. Cch 2: Dng tam gic Patxcan

7.6.5.
3!

= 35
nh

10
1

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Dng 1(n =
1)

1 1
Dng 2(n =
1)

1 2 1
Dng 3(n =
3)

1 3 3 1
Dng 4(n =
4)

1 4 6 4 1
Dng 5(n =
5)

1 5 10 1
0

5 1
Dng 6(n =
6)
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

a b+ a b +
a b + + a b

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Trong tam gic ny, hai cnh bn gm cc s 1; dng k + 1 c thnh lp t dng k
(k > 1), chng hn dng 2 (n = 2) ta c 2 = 1 + 1, dng 3 (n = 3): 3 = 2 + 1, 3 = 1 + 2
dng 4 (n = 4): 4 = 1 + 3, 6 = 3 + 3, 4 = 3 + 1,
Vi n = 4 th: (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
Vi n = 5 th: (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
Vi n = 6 th: (a + b)6 = a6 + 6a5b + 15a4b2 + 20a3b3 + 15a2 b4 + 6ab5 + b6
3. Cch 3:
Tm h s ca hng t ng sau theo cc h s ca hng t ng trc:
a) H s ca hng t th nht bng 1
b) Mun c h s ca ca hng t th k + 1, ta ly h s ca hng t th k nhn vi s
m ca bin trong hng t th k ri chia cho k

Chng hn: (a + b)4 = a4 +
1.4 3
1
4.3 2 2
2
4.3.2
2.3

ab3 +
4.3.2.
2.3.4

b5
Ch rng: cc h s ca khai trin Niutn c tnh i xng qua hng t ng gia, ngha
l cc hng t cch u hai hng t u v cui c h s bng nhau

(a + b)n = an + nan -1b +
n(n - 1) n - 2 2
1.2
n(n - 1) 2 n
1.2

-2

+ nan - 1bn - 1 + bn

11

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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III. V d:
1. V d 1: phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) A = (x + y)5 - x5 - y5
Cch 1: khai trin (x + y)5 ri rt gn A
A = (x + y)5 - x5 - y5 = ( x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5) - x5 - y5
= 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 = 5xy(x3 + 2x2y + 2xy2 + y3)
= 5xy [(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2) + 2xy(x + y)] = 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2)
Cch 2: A = (x + y)5 - (x5 + y5)
x5 + y5 chia ht cho x + y nn chia x5 + y5 cho x + y ta c:
x5 + y5 = (x + y)(x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4) nn A c nhn t chung l (x + y), t (x + y)
lm nhn t chung, ta tm c nhn t cn li
b) B = (x + y)7 - x7 - y7 = (x7+7x6y +21x5y2 + 35x4y3 +35x3y4 +21x2y5 7xy6 + y7) - x7 -
y7
= 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6
= 7xy[(x5 + y5 ) + 3(x4y + xy4) + 5(x3y2 + x2y3 )]
= 7xy {[(x + y)(x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4) ] + 3xy(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2) + 5x2y2(x + y)}
= 7xy(x + y)[x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4 + 3xy(x2 + xy + y2) + 5x2y2 ]
= 7xy(x + y)[x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4 + 3x3y - 3x2y2 + 3xy3 + 5x2y2 ]
= 7xy(x + y)[(x4 + 2x2y2 + y4) + 2xy (x2 + y2) + x2y2 ] = 7xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2 )2
V d 2:Tm tng h s cc a thc c c sau khi khai trin
a) (4x - 3)4
Cch 1: Theo cnh thc Niu tn ta c:
(4x - 3)4 = 4.(4x)3.3 + 6.(4x)2.32 - 4. 4x. 33 + 34 = 256x4 - 768x3 + 864x2 - 432x + 81
Tng cc h s: 256 - 768 + 864 - 432 + 81 = 1
b) Cch 2: Xt ng thc (4x - 3)4 = c0x4 + c1x3 + c2x2 + c3x + c4
Tng cc h s: c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c: (4.1 - 3)4 = c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4
Vy: c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + c4 = 1

12

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

-1

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* Ghi ch: Tng cc h s khai trin ca mt nh thc, mt a thc bng gi tr ca a
thc ti x = 1
C. BI TP:
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn t
a) (a + b)3 - a3 - b3 b) (x + y)4 + x4 + y4
Bi 2: Tm tng cc h s c c sau khi khai trin a thc
a) (5x - 2)5 b) (x2 + x - 2)2010 + (x2 - x + 1)2011

CHUN 4 - CC BI TON V S CHIA HT CA S NGUYN
A. MC TIU:
* Cng c, khc su kin thc v cc bi ton chia ht gia cc s, cc a thc
* HS tip tc thc hnh thnh tho v cc bi ton chng minh chia ht, khng chia ht,
snguyn t, s chnh phng
* Vn dng thnh tho k nng chng minh v chia ht, khng chia ht vo cc bi
ton c th
B.KIN THC V CC BI TON:
I. Dng 1: Chng minh quan h chia ht
1. Kin thc:
* chng minh A(n) chia ht cho mt s m ta phn tch A(n) thnh nhn t c mt nhn
t lm hoc bi ca m, nu m l hp s th ta li phn tch n thnh nhn t c cc oi
mt nguyn t cng nhau, ri chng minh A(n) chia ht cho cc s
* Ch :
+ Vi k s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt bi ca k
+ Khi chng minh A(n) chia ht cho m ta xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia A(n) cho
m
+ Vi mi s nguyn a, b v s t nhin n th:

+) an - bn chia h t cho a - b (a = - b)

+) (a + 1)n l BS(a )+ 1
+) a2n + 1 + b2n + 1 chia h t cho a + b +)(a - 1)2n l

B(a) + 1
+ (a + b)n = B(a) + bn

13
+) (a - 1)2n + 1 l TRB(a) NG THCS TIN THNG

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2. Bi tp:

2. Cc bi ton
Bi 1: chng minh rng
a) 251 - 1 chia ht cho 7
c) 1719 + 1917 chi ht cho 18
b) 270 + 370 chia ht cho 13
d) 3663 - 1 chia ht cho 7 nhng khng chia ht cho
37
e) 24n -1 chia ht cho 15 vi ne N
Gii
a) 251 - 1 = (23)17 - 1 23 - 1 = 7
b) 270 + 370 (22)35 + (32)35 = 435 + 935 4 + 9 = 13
c) 1719 + 1917 = (1719 + 1) + (1917 - 1)
1719 + 1 17 + 1 = 18 v 1917 - 1 19 - 1 = 18 nn (1719 + 1) + (1917 - 1)
hay 1719 + 1917 18
d) 3663 - 1 36 - 1 = 35 7
3663 - 1 = (3663 + 1) - 2 chi cho 37 d - 2
e) 2 4n - 1 = (24) n - 1 24 - 1 = 15
Bi 2: chng minh rng
a) n5 - n chia ht cho 30 vi n e N ;
b) n4 -10n2 + 9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi n l ne Z
c) 10n +18n -28 chia ht cho 27 vi ne N ;
Gii:
a) n5 - n = n(n4 - 1) = n(n - 1)(n + 1)(n2 + 1) = (n - 1).n.(n + 1)(n2 + 1) chia ht cho 6 v
(n - 1).n.(n+1) l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 2 v 3 (*)
Mt khc n5 - n = n(n2 - 1)(n2 + 1) = n(n2 - 1).(n2 - 4 + 5) = n(n2 - 1).(n2 - 4 ) + 5n(n2 - 1)
= (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n2 - 1)
V (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) l tch ca 5 s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 5

14

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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5n(n2 - 1) chia ht cho 5
Suy ra (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n2 - 1) chia ht cho 5 (**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra pcm
b) t A = n4 -10n2 + 9 = (n4 -n2 ) - (9n2 - 9) = (n2 - 1)(n2 - 9) = (n - 3)(n - 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)
V n l nn t n = 2k + 1 (k e Z) th
A = (2k - 2).2k.(2k + 2)(2k + 4) = 16(k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) A chia ht cho 16 (1)
V (k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) l tch ca 4 s nguyn lin tip nn A c cha bi ca 2, 3, 4
nn A l bi ca 24 hay A chia ht cho 24 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 16. 24 = 384
c) 10 n +18n -28 = ( 10 n - 9n - 1) + (27n - 27)
+ Ta c: 27n - 27 27 (1)
+ 10 n - 9n - 1 = [( + 1) - 9n - 1] = - 9n = 9( 1...1 - n)
27 (2)
n n n
v 9 9 v 1...1 - n 3 do 1...1 - n l mt s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3
n n
T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm
3. Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn a th
a) a3 - a chia ht cho 3
b) a7 - a chia ht cho 7
Gii
a) a3 - a = a(a2 - 1) = (a - 1) a (a + 1) l tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip nn tn ti mt s
l bi ca 3 nn (a - 1) a (a + 1) chia ht cho 3
b) ) a7 - a = a(a6 - 1) = a(a2 - 1)(a2 + a + 1)(a2 - a + 1)
Nu a = 7k (k e Z) th a chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 1 (k e Z) th a2 - 1 = 49k2 + 14k chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 2 (k e Z) th a2 + a + 1 = 49k2 + 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 3 (k e Z) th a2 - a + 1 = 49k2 + 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Trong trng hp no cng c mt tha s chia ht cho 7
Vy: a7 - a chia ht cho 7

1
5

9...9 9...9

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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Bi 4: Chng minh rng A = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...+ 1003 chia ht cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
Gii
Ta c: B = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ...+ (50 + 51) = 101. 50
chng minh A chia ht cho B ta chng minh A chia ht cho 50 v 101
Ta c: A = (13 + 1003) + (23 + 993) + ... +(503 + 513)
= (1 + 100)(12 + 100 + 1002) + (2 + 99)(22 + 2. 99 + 992) + ... + (50 + 51)(502 + 50. 51 +
512) = 101(12 + 100 + 1002 + 22 + 2. 99 + 992 + ... + 502 + 50. 51 + 512) chia ht cho 101
(1)
Li c: A = (13 + 993) + (23 + 983) + ... + (503 + 1003)
Mi s hng trong ngoc u chia ht cho 50 nn A chia ht cho 50 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 101 v 50 nn A chi ht cho B
Bi tp v nh
Chng minh rng:
a) a5 a chia ht cho 5
b) n3 + 6n2 + 8n chia ht cho 48 vi mi n chn
c) Cho a l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Cmr a2 1 chia ht cho 24
d) Nu a + b + c chia ht cho 6 th a3 + b3 + c3 chia ht cho 6
e) 20092010 khng chia ht cho 2010
f) n2 + 7n + 22 khng chia ht cho 9
Dng 2: Tm s d ca mt php chia
Bi 1:
Tm s d khi chia 2100
a)cho 9, b) cho 25, c) cho 125
Gii
a) Lu tha ca 2 st vi bi ca 9 l 23 = 8 = 9 - 1
Ta c : 2100 = 2. (23)33 = 2.(9 - 1)33 = 2.[B(9) - 1] = B(9) - 2 = B(9) + 7
Vy: 2100 chia cho 9 th d 7
b) Tng t ta c: 2100 = (210)10 = 102410 = [B(25) - 1]10 = B(25) + 1

16

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Gi S = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...+ a n 3 = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ...+ a n 3 + a - a

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Vy: 2100 chia chop 25 th d 1
c)S dng cng thc Niutn:

2100 = (5 - 1)50 = (550 - 5. 549 + +
50.49
2

. 52 - 50 . 5 ) + 1
Khng k phn h s ca khai trin Niutn th 48 s hng u cha tha s 5 vi s m

ln hn hoc bng 3 nn u chia ht cho 53 = 125, hai s hng tip theo:
50.49
2

. 52 - 50.5
cng chia ht cho 125 , s hng cui cng l 1
Vy: 2100 = B(125) + 1 nn chia cho 125 th d 1
Bi 2:
Vit s 19951995 thnh tng ca cc s t nhin . Tng cc lp phng chia cho 6 th d
bao nhiu?
Gii
t 19951995 = a = a1 + a2 + + an.
3 3 3 3 3 3

= (a1 3 - a1) + (a2 3 - a2) + + (an 3 - an) + a
Mi du ngoc u chia ht cho 6 v mi du ngoc l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip. Ch
cn tm s d khi chia a cho 6
1995 l s l chia ht cho 3, nn a cng l s l chia ht cho 3, do chia cho 6 d 3
Bi 3: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2100 vit trong h thp phn
gii
Tm 3 ch s tn cng l tm s d ca php chia 2100 cho 1000
Trc ht ta tm s d ca php chia 2100 cho 125
Vn dng bi 1 ta c 2100 = B(125) + 1 m 2100 l s chn nn 3 ch s tn cng ca n ch
c th l 126, 376, 626 hoc 876
Hin nhin 2100 chia ht cho 8 v 2100 = 1625 chi ht cho 8 nn ba ch s tn cng ca n
chia ht cho 8
trong cc s 126, 376, 626 hoc 876 ch c 376 chia ht cho 8
Vy: 2100 vit trong h thp phn c ba ch s tn cng l 376

17

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

n 1 -1 2 -2
n-1 0 -2 1 -3

d) 32
d) 32

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Tng qut: Nu n l s chn khng chia ht cho 5 th 3 ch s tn cng ca n l 376
Bi 4: Tm s d trong php chia cc s sau cho 7
a) 2222 + 5555
c) 19921993 + 19941995
b)31993

1930
Gii
a) ta c: 2222 + 5555 = (21 + 1)22 + (56 1)55 = (BS 7 +1)22 + (BS 7 1)55
= BS 7 + 1 + BS 7 - 1 = BS 7 nn 2222 + 5555 chia 7 d 0
b) Lu tha ca 3 st vi bi ca 7 l 33 = BS 7 1
Ta thy 1993 = BS 6 + 1 = 6k + 1, do :
31993 = 3 6k + 1 = 3.(33)2k = 3(BS 7 1)2k = 3(BS 7 + 1) = BS 7 + 3
c) Ta thy 1995 chia ht cho 7, do :
19921993 + 19941995 = (BS 7 3)1993 + (BS 7 1)1995 = BS 7 31993 + BS 7 1
Theo cu b ta c 31993 = BS 7 + 3 nn
19921993 + 19941995 = BS 7 (BS 7 + 3) 1 = BS 7 4 nn chia cho 7 th d 3

1930
= 32860 = 33k + 1 = 3.33k = 3(BS 7 1) = BS 7 3 nn chia cho 7 th d 4
Bi tp v nh
Tm s d khi:
a) 21994 cho 7
b) 31998 + 51998 cho 13
c) A = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...+ 993 chia cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99
Dng 3: Tm iu kin xy ra quan h chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n e Z gi tr ca biu thc A = n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu
thc B = n2 - n
Gii
Chia A cho B ta c: n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 = (n + 3)(n2 - n) + 2
A chia ht cho B th 2 phi chia ht cho n2 - n = n(n - 1) do 2 chia ht cho n, ta c:

18

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

n(n - 1) 0 2 2 6
loi loi

(n + 1)(n - 1) (n + 1)(n - n + 1) n - 1 n - n + 1 (V n + 1 = 0)
1 n - n + 1. C hai trng hp xy ra:
+ n2 - n + 1 = 1 n(n - 1) = 0
(n - 3)(n + 5) 11
n 3 11 n = B(11) + 3

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Vy: gi tr ca biu thc A = n3 + 2n2 - 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc
B = n2 - n th n e{1; 2}

Bi 2:
a) Tm n e N n5 + 1 chia ht cho n3 + 1
b) Gii bi ton trn nu n e Z
Gii
Ta c: n5 + 1 n3 + 1 n2(n3 + 1) - (n2 - 1) n3 + 1 (n + 1)(n - 1) n3 + 1
2 2

a) Nu n = 1 th 0 1
Nu n > 1 th n - 1 < n(n - 1) + 1 < n2 - n + 1 nn khng th xy ra n - 1 n2 - n + 1
Vy gi tr ca n tm c l n = 1
b) n - 1 n2 - n + 1 n(n - 1) n2 - n + 1 (n2 - n + 1 ) - 1 n2 - n + 1
2

n = 0
n = 1

(Tm bi)
+ n2 - n + 1 = -1 n2 - n + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Bi 3: Tm s nguyn n sao cho:
a) n2 + 2n - 4 11
c) n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1
b) 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 2n - 1
d) n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1
Gii
a) Tch n2 + 2n - 4 thnh tng hai hng t trong c mt hng t l B(11)
n2 + 2n - 4 11 (n2 - 2n - 15) + 11 11 (n - 3)(n + 5) + 11 11

n + 5 11 n = B(11) - 5
b) 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 = (n2 + n + 4) (2n - 1) + 5

19

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

2n + n + 7n + 1 2n - 1 th 5 2n - 1 hay 2n - 1 l (5)
2n

2 n+1
n
n = - 2

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2n
3 2 2n
2n

1=-5 n = - 2
1 = -1 n = 0
1=1 n = 1
1=5 n = 3
Vy: n e{ 2; 0; 1; 3 } th 2n3 + n2 + 7n + 1 2n - 1
c) n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1
t A = n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 = (n4 - n3) - (n3 - n2) + (n2 - n) - (n - 1)
= n3(n - 1) - n2(n - 1) + n(n - 1) - (n - 1) = (n - 1) (n3 - n2 + n - 1) = (n - 1)2(n2 + 1)
B = n4 - 1 = (n - 1)(n + 1)(n2 + 1)
A chia ht cho b nn n = 1 A chia ht cho B n - 1 n + 1 (n + 1) - 2 n + 1
n
n
n

+ 1=-2
+ 1=-1
+ 1=1
+ 1=2
n = -3

n = 0

n = 1 (khong Tm)
Vy: n e { 3; 2; 0 } th n4 - 2n3 + 2n2 - 2n + 1 n4 - 1
d) Chia n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 cho n2 + 1 c thng l n - 1, d n + 8
n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1 th n + 8 n2 + 1 (n + 8)(n - 8) n2 + 1 65 n2 + 1
Ln lt cho n2 + 1 bng 1; 5; 13; 65 ta c n bng 0; 2; 8
Th li ta c n = 0; n = 2; n = 8 (T/m)
Vy: n3 - n2 + 2n + 7 n2 + 1 khi n = 0, n = 8
Bi tp v nh:
Tm s nguyn n :
a) n3 2 chia ht cho n 2
b) n3 3n2 3n 1 chia ht cho n2 + n + 1
c)5n 2n chia ht cho 63
Dng 4: Tn ti hay khng tn ti s chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n e N sao cho 2n 1 chia ht cho 7
Gii
Nu n = 3k ( k e N) th 2n 1 = 23k 1 = 8k - 1 chia ht cho 7

20

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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Nu n = 3k + 1 ( k e N) th 2n 1 = 23k + 1 1 = 2(23k 1) + 1 = BS 7 + 1
Nu n = 3k + 2 ( k e N) th 2n 1 = 23k + 2 1 = 4(23k 1) + 3 = BS 7 + 3
V y: 2n 1 chia ht cho 7 khi n = BS 3
Bi 2: Tm n e N :
a) 3n 1 chia ht cho 8
b) A = 32n
+3
+ 24n + 1 chia ht cho 25
c) 5n 2n chia ht cho 9
Gii
a) Khi n = 2k (ke N) th 3n 1 = 32k 1 = 9k 1 chia ht cho 9 1 = 8
Khi n = 2k + 1 (ke N) th 3n 1 = 32k + 1 1 = 3. (9k 1 ) + 2 = BS 8 + 2
Vy : 3n 1 chia ht cho 8 khi n = 2k (ke N)
b) A = 32n
+3
+ 24n + 1 = 27 . 32n + 2.24n = (25 + 2) 32n + 2.24n = 25. 32n + 2.32n + 2.24n
= BS 25 + 2(9n + 16n)
Nu n = 2k +1(ke N) th 9n + 16n = 92k + 1 + 162k + 1 chia ht cho 9 + 16 = 25
Nu n = 2k (ke N) th 9n c ch s tn cng bng 1 , cn 16n c ch s tn cng bng 6
suy ra 2((9n + 16n) c ch s tn cng bng 4 nn A khng chia ht cho 5 nn khng chia
ht cho 25
c) Nu n = 3k (ke N) th 5n 2n = 53k 23k chia ht cho 53 23 = 117 nn chia ht cho 9
Nu n = 3k + 1 th 5n 2n = 5.53k 2.23k = 5(53k 23k) + 3. 23k = BS 9 + 3. 8k
= BS 9 + 3(BS 9 1)k = BS 9 + BS 9 + 3
Tng t: nu n = 3k + 2 th 5n 2n khng chia ht cho 9

21

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ S 11...1 = a th 99...9 = 9a 9a + 1 = 99...9 + 1 = 10n

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CHUYEN E 5: SO CHNH PHNG

I. So chnh phng:

A. Mot so kien thc:

So chnh phng: so bang bnh phng cua mot so khac

V du:
4 = 22; 9 = 32
A = 4n2 + 4n + 1 = (2n + 1)2 = B2
+ S chnh phng khng tn cng bi cc ch s: 2, 3, 7, 8
+ S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4, chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho

9, chia
ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25, chia ht cho 23 th chia ht cho 24,

n n n

B. Mot so bai toan:

1. Bai 1:

Chng minh rang: Mot so chnh phng chia cho 3, cho 4 ch co the d 0

hoac 1

Giai
Goi A = n2 (n eN)
a) xet n = 3k (k eN) A = 9k2 nen chia het cho 3
n = 3k 1 (k eN) A = 9k2 6k + 1, chia cho 3 d 1

Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 3 d 0 hoac 1
b) n = 2k (k eN) th A = 4k2 chia het cho 4
n = 2k +1 (k e N) th A = 4k2 + 4k + 1 chia cho 4 d 1

Vay: so chnh phng chia cho 4 d 0 hoac 1

Chu y: + So chnh phng chan th chia het cho 4

+ So chnh phng le th chia cho 4 th d 1( Chia 8 cung d 1)

2. Bai 2: So nao trong cac so sau la so chnh phng

22
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

n(n + 1) ( 100(100 + 1)
13 + 23 + ... +n3 = An2 = ( (( = ( ) la so chnh phng
= 50.101

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a) M = 19922 + 19932 + 19942
b) N = 19922 + 19932 + 19942 + 19952
c) P = 1 + 9100 + 94100 + 1994100
d) Q = 12 + 22 + ...+ 1002
e) R = 13 + 23 + ... + 1003

Giai
a) cac so 19932, 19942 chia cho 3 d 1, con 19922 chia het cho 3 M chia

cho 3 d 2 do o M khong la so chnh phng
b) N = 19922 + 19932 + 19942 + 19952 gom tong hai so chnh phng chan

chia het cho 4, va hai so chnh phng le nen chia 4 d 2 suy ra N khong

la so chnh phng
c) P = 1 + 9100 + 94100 + 1994100 chia 4 d 2 nen khong la so chnh phng
d) Q = 12 + 22 + ...+ 1002

So Q gom 50 so chnh phng chan chia het cho 4, 50 so chnh phng

le, moi so chia 4 d 1 nen tong 50 so le o chia 4 th d 2 do o Q chia

4 th d 2 nen Q khong la so chnh phng
e) R = 13 + 23 + ... + 1003

Goi Ak = 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k + 1)
2

, Ak 1 = 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k - 1)
2
Ta co: Ak2 Ak -12 = k3 khi o:
13 = A12
23 = A22 A12

.....................
n3 = An2 = An - 12

Cong ve theo ve cac ang thc tren ta co:

2 2
2
2 2

3. Bai 3:
CMR: Vi mi n e N th cac so sau la s chnh phng.

23
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

A = (11.....1)(10 n+1 + 5) + 1 =
| a + 2 | a + 4a - 5 + 9 a + 4a + 4
= = |

B = 111.....1 555.....5 + 1 = 111.....1. 10n + 555.....5 + 1 = 111.....1. 10n + 5 111.....1| + 1

at 11.....1 = a th 10n = 9a + 1 nen

B = a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)2 = 33....342

at a = 11.....1 Th C = 11.....1 11.....1 + 4. 11.....1 + 1 = a. 10n + a + 4 a + 1

at 99....9 = a 10n = a + 1

D = 99....9 . 10n + 2 + 8. 10n + 1 + 1 = a . 100 . 10n + 80. 10n + 1

= 100a(a + 1) + 80(a + 1) + 1 = 100a2 + 180a + 81 = (10a + 9)2 = ( 99....9 )2

e) E = 11.....1 22.....2 5 = 11.....1 22.....2 00 + 25 = 11.....1.10n + 2 + 2. 11.....100 + 25

= [a(9a + 1) + 2a]100 + 25 = 900a2 + 300a + 25 = (30a + 5)2 = ( 33.....3 5)2

www.VNMATH.com
a) A = (10n +10n-1 +...+.10 +1)(10 n+1 + 5) + 1

n
10n+1 1
10 1

.(10n+1 + 5) + 1

t a = 10

n+1

th A =

a-1
9

(a + 5) + 1 =

2 2

9 9 \ 3 .

2
b) B = 111.....1 555.....5 6 ( c n s 1 v n-1 s 5)
n n-1

| |
n n n n n \ n .

n

n-1

c) C =11.....1.+ 44.....4 + 1
2n n

n n n n
= a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)2

d) D = 99....9 8 00.....0 1 .
n n

n

n

n+1

n n+1 n n+1 n n

n

f) F = 44.....4 = 4.11.....1 la so chnh phng th 11.....1 la so chnh phng
100 100 100

So 11.....1 la so le nen no la so chnh phng th chia cho 4 phai d 1
100
That vay: (2n + 1)2 = 4n2 + 4n + 1 chia 4 d 1

11.....1 co hai ch so tan cung la 11 nen chia cho 4 th d 3
100

24

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

(10m ) + 16.10m + 64 = | 10m + 8 |
|

www.VNMATH.com
vay 11.....1 khong la so chnh phng nen F = 44.....4 khong la so chnh
100 100

phng

Bai 4:
a) Cho cc s A = 11........11 ; B = 11.......11 ; C = 66.....66
2m m+1 m
CMR: A + B + C + 8 l s chnh phng .

Ta co: A
102m 1
9

;B=
10m+1 1
9

; C = 6.
10m 1
9

Nen:

A+B+C+8 =
102m 1
9

+
10m+1 1
9

+ 6.
10m 1
9

+8=
102m 1 + 10m+1 1 + 6(10m 1) + 72
9

=

102m 1 + 10.10m 1 + 6.10m 6 + 72
9

=

2

9 \ 3 .

2
b) CMR: Vi mi x,y e Z th A = (x+y)(x+2y)(x+3y)(x+4y) + y4 la s chnh phng.
A = (x2 + 5xy + 4y2) (x2 + 5xy + 6y2) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2) [(x2 + 5xy + 4y2) + 2y2) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2)2 + 2(x2 + 5xy + 4y2).y2 + y4 = [(x2 + 5xy + 4y2) + y2)2
= (x2 + 5xy + 5y2)2

Bai 5: Tm so nguyen dng n e cac bieu thc sau la so chnh

phng
a) n2 n + 2 b) n5 n + 2

Giai
a) Vi n = 1 th n2 n + 2 = 2 khong la so chnh phng
Vi n = 2 th n2 n + 2 = 4 la so chnh phng
Vi n > 2 th n2 n + 2 khong la so chnh phng V
(n 1)2 = n2 (2n 1) < n2 (n - 2) < n2
b) Ta co n5 n chia het cho 5 V
n5 n = (n2 1).n.(n2 + 1)

Vi n = 5k th n chia het cho 5
Vi n = 5k 1 th n2 1 chia het cho 5

25
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
Vi n = 5k 2 th n2 + 1 chia het cho 5
Nen n5 n + 2 chia cho 5 th d 2 nen n5 n + 2 co ch so tan cung la

2 hoac 7 nen
n5 n + 2 khong la so chnh phng

Vay : Khong co gia tr nao cua n thoa man bai toan

Bai 6 :

a)Chng minh rang : Moi so le eu viet c di dang hieu cua hai

so chnh phng

b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 th ch so hang

chuc la ch so chan

Giai

Moi so le eu co dang a = 4k + 1 hoac a = 4k + 3
Vi a = 4k + 1 th a = 4k2 + 4k + 1 4k2 = (2k + 1)2 (2k)2
Vi a = 4k + 3 th a = (4k2 + 8k + 4) (4k2 + 4k + 1) = (2k + 2)2 (2k + 1)2

b)A la so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 9 nen
A = (10k 3)2 =100k2 60k + 9 = 10.(10k2 6) + 9
So chuc cua A la 10k2 6 la so chan (pcm)

Bai 7:

Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc la ch so le. Tm ch

so hang n v

Giai
Goi n2 = (10a + b)2 = 10.(10a2 + 2ab) + b2 nen ch so hang n v can tm
la ch so tan cung cua b2
Theo e bai , ch so hang chuc cua n2 la ch so le nen ch so
hang chuc cua b2 phai le
Xet cac gia tr cua b t 0 en 9 th ch co b2 = 16, b2 = 36 co ch so

hang chuc la ch so le, chung eu tan cung bang 6
Vay : n2 co ch so hang n v la 6

26

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
= =

www.VNMATH.com
Bai tap ve nha:

Bai 1: Cac so sau ay, so nao la so chnh phng

a) A = 22.....2 4
50

d) D = 44.....4 88....8 9
n n-1

b) B = 11115556

e) M =11.....1 22....2
2n n

c) C = 99....9 00....0 25
n n
f) N = 12 + 22 + ...... + 562

Bai 2: Tm so t nhien n e cac bieu thc sau la so chnh phng
a) n3 n + 2
b) n4 n + 2

Bai 3: Chng minh rang

a)Tong cua hai so chnh phng le khong la so chnh phng

b) Mot so chnh phng co ch so tan cung bang 6 th ch so hang

chuc la ch so le

Bai 4: Mot so chnh phng co ch so hang chuc bang 5. Tm ch so

hang n v

CHUYEN E 6 - CAC BAI TOAN VE NH L TA-LET
A.Kien thc:

A
1. nh l Ta-let:

M

N

* nh l Ta-lt:
AABC
`
MN // BC)
AM AN
AB AC

B

C

* H qu: MN // BC

B. Bai tap ap dung:
1. Bai 1:

AM AN MN
AB AC BC

27

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
=
=
= = AB2 = CD. EG = =
b) AH = BH. CK
= = = =

www.VNMATH.com
Cho t giac ABCD, ng thang qua A song song vi BC
cat BD E, ng thang qua B song song vi AD cat AC
G
a) chng minh: EG // CD

A

O

B
b) Gia s AB // CD, chng minh rang AB2 = CD. EG
Giai
Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD

D
E G

C

a) V AE // BC

BG // AC
OE OA
OB OC
OB OG
OD OA

(1)

(2)

Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co:
OE OG
OD OC

EG // CD
b) Khi AB // CD th EG // AB // CD, BG // AD nen
AB OA OD CD AB CD
EG OG OB AB EG AB
Bai 2:
Cho ABC vuong tai A, Ve ra pha ngoai tam giac o cac tam giac ABD vuong can B,
ACF vuong can C. Goi H la giao iem cua AB va CD, K la giao iem cua Ac va BF.
Chng minh rang:
a) AH = AK
2
D

H
A

K

F

Giai
at AB = c, AC = b.
BD // AC (cung vuong goc vi AB)
AH AC b AH b AH b
nen
HB BD c HB c HB + AH b + c

28

B

C

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = AH =
= = = =
= = AK =
= = = = = =
AH = BH . KC
= +
= AE 2 = EK.EG = =
= =
+
+ = = 1 AE | = 1
+
AE AE BE DE BD | 1 1 |
= +
= = = =

www.VNMATH.com
Hay
AH b AH b b.c
AB b + c c b + c b + c
(1)

AB // CF (cung vuong goc vi AC) nen
AK AB c AK c AK c
KC CF b KC b KC + AK b + c

Hay
AK b AK c b.c
AC b + c b b + c b + c

(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra: AH = AK

b) T
AH AC b
HB BD c

va
AK AB c
KC CF b

suy ra
AH KC AH KC
HB AK HB AH

(V AH = AK)
2

3. Bai 3: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ng thang a i qua A lan lt cat BD, BC, DC
theo th t tai E, K, G. Chng minh rang:
a) AE2 = EK. EG

b)
1 1 1
AE AK AG
c) Khi ng thang a thay oi v tr nhng van qua A th tch BK. DG co gia tr khong
oi
Giai
a) V ABCD la hnh bnh hanh va K e BC nen
AD // BK, theo he qua cua nh l Ta-let ta co:
EK EB AE EK AE
AE ED EG AE EG

D

b

A

a

E

C

K

B

G

b) Ta co:
AE DE
AK DB

;
AE BE
AG BD

nen

=
AK AG BD DB BD \ AK AG .

1 1 1
AE AK AG

(pcm)

c) Ta co:

BK AB BK a
KC CG KC CG

(1);

KC CG KC CG
AD DG b DG

(2)

29

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
= = =
EM = AC (1) = =
= NF = BD (2) =

www.VNMATH.com
Nhan (1) vi (2) ve theo ve ta co:
BK a
b DG
BK. DG = ab khong oi (V a = AB; b =
AD la o dai hai canh cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD khong oi)
4. Bai 4:
Cho t giac ABCD, cac iem E, F, G, H theo th t chia trong

B
cac canh AB, BC, CD, DA theo t so 1:2. Chng minh rang:

A
E
a) EG = FH
b) EG vuong goc vi FH
Giai

H

D

N

O

P

Q

M

F
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua CF, DG

G

Ta co CM =
1
2

CF =
1
3

BC
BM 1
BC 3

BE BM 1
BA BC 3
C

EM // AC
EM BM 2 2
AC BE 3 3

Tng t, ta c: NF // BD
NF CF 2 2
BD CB 3 3

m AC = BD (3)

T (1), (2), (3) suy ra : EM = NF (a)

Tng t nh trn ta c: MG // BD, NH // AC v MG = NH =
1
3

AC (b)

Mt khc EM // AC; MG // BD V AC BD EM MG EMG = 900 (4)

Tng t, ta c: FNH = 900 (5)

T (4) v (5) suy ra EMG = FNH = 900 (c)
T (a), (b), (c) suy ra A EMG = A FNH (c.g.c) EG = FH

b) Gi giao im ca EG v FH l O; ca EM v FH l P; ca EM v FN l Q th

PQF = 900 QPF + QFP = 900 m QPF = OPE (i nh), OEP = QFP ( A EMG = A FNH)

Suy ra EOP = PQF = 900 EO OP EG FH

5. Bi 5:

30

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
=
=
= =
= =

www.VNMATH.com
Cho hnh thang ABCD c y nh CD. T D v ng thng song song vi BC, ct AC ti

M v AB ti K, T C v ng thng song song vi AD, ct AB ti F, qua F ta li v ng

thng song song vi AC, ct BC ti P. Chng minh rng

a) MP // AB

b) Ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy

Gii

a) EP // AC
CP AF
PB FB

(1)

AK // CD
CM DC
AM AK

(2)

D

C

cc t gic AFCD, DCBK la cc hnh bnh hnh nn

AF = DC, FB = AK (3)

M

I
P

Kt hp (1), (2) v (3) ta c

(nh l Ta-lt o) (4)
CP CM
PB AM

MP // AB

A

K

F

B

b) Gi I l giao im ca BD v CF, ta c:
CP CM
PB AM

=
DC DC
AK FB

M
DC DI
FB IB

(Do FB // DC)
CP DI
PB IB

IP // DC // AB (5)

T (4) v (5) suy ra : qua P c hai ng thng IP, PM cng song song vi AB // DC nn

theo tin clt th ba im P, I, M thng hang hay MP i qua giao im ca CF v DB

hay ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy

6. Bi 6:

Cho A ABC c BC < BA. Qua C k ng thng vung goc vi tia phn gic BE ca ABC ;

ng thng ny ct BE ti F v ct trung tuyn BD ti

G. Chng minh rng on thng EG b on thng DF

chia lm hai phn bng nhau
B

Gii

Gi K l giao im ca CF v AB; M l giao im ca

DF v BC

K

G

F
M
A KBC c BF va l phn gic va l ng cao nn
A D E C

31

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = =
= = 1 = 1 (V AD = DC) = = 1 = 1
= 1 = 2 = 2 (v
= 2 = 2 (Do DF = = 2 =
| OG = OE
OG OE | FO |
b) EB = | || . EF
AN

www.VNMATH.com
A KBC cn ti B BK = BC v FC = FK
Mt khc D l trung im AC nn DF l ng trung bnh ca A AKC DF // AK hay

DM // AB

Suy ra M l trung im ca BC

DF =
1
2

AK (DF l ng trung bnh ca A AKC), ta c
BG BK
GD DF

( do DF // BK)
BG BK 2BK
GD DF AK

(1)

Mt khc
CE DC - DE DC AD
DE DE DE DE
CE AE - DE DC AD
DE DE DE DE

Hay
CE AE - DE AE AB
DE DE DE DF
AE
DE

=
AB
DF

: Do DF // AB)

Suy ra
CE AK + BK 2(AK + BK)
DE DE AK
1
2

AK)
CE 2(AK + BK) 2BK
DE AK AK

(2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra
BG
GD

=
CE
DE

EG // BC

Gi giao im ca EG v DF l O ta c

= =
MC MB \ FM .

Bi tp v nh

Bi 1:

Cho t gic ABCD, AC v BD ct nhau ti O. ng thng qua O v song song vi BC ct

AB E; ng thng song song vi CD qua O ct AD ti F

a) Chng minh FE // BD

b) T O k cc ng thng song song vi AB, AD ct BD, CD ti G v H.

Chng minh: CG. DH = BG. CH

Bi 2:

Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, im M thuc cnh BC, im N thuc tia i ca tia BC sao

cho BN = CM; cc ng thng DN, DM ct AB theo th t ti E, F.

Chng minh:
a) AE2 = EB. FE
2

\ DF .

32
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com

CHUYEN E 7 CAC BAI TOAN S DUNG NH L TALET
VA

TNH CHAT NG PHAN GIAC

A. Kien thc:
2. Tnh chat ng phan giac:

A

A ABC ,AD la phan giac goc A
BD AB
CD AC

B

D

C
A

D'

BD' AB
ADla phan giac goc ngoai tai A:
CD' AC
B. Bai tap van dung
1. Bai 1:
Cho A ABC co BC = a, AB = b, AC = c, phan giac AD
a) Tnh o dai BD, CD

B

C

A

b) Tia phan giac BI cua goc B cat AD I; tnh t so:

Giai
AI
ID

b

I

c

a) AD la phan giac cua BAC nen
BD AB c
CD AC b

B

D

a

C

BD c BD c ac
CD + BD b + c a b + c b + c

Do o CD = a -
ac
b+c

=
ab
b+c

b) BI la phan giac cua ABC nen
AI AB ac b + c
ID BD b + c a

3
3

=
=
= =
= = BD =
= = c: =

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

180 - B
= = =
=
M

www.VNMATH.com
2. Bai 2:
Cho AABC, co B < 600 phan giac AD
a) Chng minh AD < AB
b) Goi AM la phan giac cua A ADC. Chng minh rang
BC > 4 DM
Giai

A

a)Ta co ADB = C +

A
2

>

A+C
2

=

0

2

= 600
ADB > B AD < AB
b) Goi BC = a, AC = b, AB = c, AD = d

C

M

D

B
Trong A ADC, AM la phan giac ta co
DM AD
CM AC

DM AD DM AD
CM + DM AD + AC CD AD + AC

DM =

CD.AD CD. d
AD + AC b + d

; CD =

ab
b+c

( Van dung bai 1) DM =

abd
(b + c)(b + d)

e c/m BC > 4 DM ta c/m a >

4abd
(b + c)(b + d)

hay (b + d)(b + c) > 4bd (1)

That vay : do c > d (b + d)(b + c) > (b + d)2 > 4bd . Bat ang thc (1) c c/m
Bai 3:
Cho A ABC, trung tuyen AM, cac tia phan giac cua cac goc AMB , AMC cat AB, AC
theo th t D va E
a) Chng minh DE // BC
b) Cho BC = a, AM = m. Tnh o dai DE
c) Tm tap hp cac giao diem I cua AM va DE neu A ABC co
A
BC co nh, AM = m khong oi
d) A ABC co ieu kien g th DE la ng trung bnh cua no

D

I

E

34

B C
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
=
=
= =
m-
< = < =
=
< <
< KB > EB E nam gia K va B

www.VNMATH.com
Giai

a) MD la phan giac cua AMB nen

ME la phan giac cua AMC nen
DA MB
DB MA
EA MC
EC MA

(1)

(2)

T (1), (2) va gia thiet MB = MC ta suy ra
DA EA
DB EC

DE // BC

b) DE // BC

DE AD AI
BC AB AM

. at DE = x

x
a

=

x
2 x = 2a.m
m a + 2m

c) Ta co: MI =
1
2

DE =
a.m
a + 2m

khong oi I luon cach M mot oan khong oi nen tap

hp cac iem I la ng tron tam M, ban knh MI =
a.m
a + 2m

(Tr giao iem cua no vi
BC
d) DE la ng trung bnh cua A ABC DA = DB MA = MB A ABC vuong A
4. Bai 4:
Cho AABC ( AB < AC) cac phan giac BD, CE
a) ng thang qua D va song song vi BC cat AB
K, chng minh E nam gia B va K
b) Chng minh: CD > DE > BE

A
Giai
a) BD la phan giac nen
K
E
D
AD AB AC AE AD AE
DC BC BC EB DC EB
AD AK
Mat khac KD // BC nen
DC KB

(1)

(2)
M B
C

T (1) va (2) suy ra
AK AE AK + KB AE + EB
KB EB KB EB

AB AB
KB EB

35
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

. .
+ + > + +
=
=
=
. . = . .
= AD = = =
> = + | > + |
> | V
+
> | Nn:
+
1 1 1 1 | 1 1 | | 1 1 | | 1 1 |( + + > 1 .2 | |
+ +
+ + > + | | |(
2 \ . \ . \ .
2
\ a b c .

www.VNMATH.com
b) Goi M la giao iem cua DE va CB. Ta co CBD = KDB (Goc so le trong) KBD = KDB
ma E nam gia K va B nen KDB > EDB KBD > EDB EBD > EDB EB < DE
Ta lai co CBD + ECB = EDB + DEC DEC > ECB DEC > DCE (V DCE = ECB )
Suy ra CD > ED CD > ED > BE
5. Bai 5:
Cho A ABC vi ba ng phan giac AD, BE, CF. Chng minh

a.

DB EC FA
DC EA FB

= 1.
1 1 1 1 1 1
b.
AD BE CF BC CA AB
Giai

.

H

a)AD la ng phan giac cua BAC nen ta co:
DB AB
DC AC

(1)

F
A

Tng t: vi cac phan giac BE, CF ta co:
EC BC
EA BA

(2) ;
E
FA CA
FB CB

(3)

B

D

C

T (1); (2); (3) suy ra:
DB EC FA AB BC CA
DC EA FB AC BA CB

=1

b) t AB = c , AC = b , BC = a , AD = da.
Qua C k ng thng song song vi AD , ct tia BA H.

Theo L Talt ta c:
AD BA
CH BH
BA.CH c.CH c
BH BA + AH b + c

.CH

Do CH < AC + AH = 2b nn: d a <

2bc
b + c
1 b + c 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 1 |
da 2bc 2 \ b c . d a 2 \ b c .

Chng minh tng t ta c :

1 1 | 1 1 |
db 2 \ a c .

1 1 | 1 1 |
dc 2 \ a b .

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + |
d a d b d c b c a c a b d a db d c

36

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + > + +

www.VNMATH.com

1 1 1 1 1 1
d a d b d c a b c

( pcm )

Bi tp v nh
Cho A ABC co BC = a, AC = b, AB = c (b > c), cac phan giac BD, CE
a) Tnh o dai CD, BE roi suy ra CD > BE
b) Ve hnh bnh hanh BEKD. Chng minh: CE > EK
c) Chng minh CE > BD

CHUYEN E 8 CH SO TAN CUNG

A. Kien thc:
1. Mot so tnh chat:
a) Tnh chat 1:
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 0; 1; 5; 6khi nang len luy tha bac bat ky nao th ch so
tan cung khong thay oi
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 4; 9 khi nang len luy tha bac le th ch so tan cung
khong thay oi
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 3; 7; 9 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n (n eN) th ch so
tan cung la 1
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 2; 4; 8 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n (n eN) th ch so
tan cung la 6
b) Tnh chat 2: Mot so t nhien bat ky khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 1 (n eN) th ch
so tan cung khong thay oi
c) Tnh chat 3:

37
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

b) ( ) ; (1414 ) ; ( 45 ) (
79

www.VNMATH.com
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 3 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so tan
cung la 7; Cac so co ch so tan cung la 7 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n eN) th
ch so tan cung la 3
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 2 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so tan
cung la 8; Cac so co ch so tan cung la 8 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n eN) th
ch so tan cung la 2
+ Cac so co ch so tan cung la 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 khi nang len luy tha bac 4n + 3 (n eN)
th ch so tan cung la khong oi
2. Mot so phng phap:
+ Tm ch so tan cung cua x = am th ta xet ch so tan cung cua a:
- Neu ch so tan cung cua a la cac ch so: 0; 1; 5; 6 th ch so tan cung cua x la 0; 1; 5;
6
- Neu ch so tan cung cua a la cac ch so: 3; 7; 9 th :
* V am = a4n + r = a4n . ar
Neu r la 0; 1; 2; 3 th ch so tan cung cua x la ch so tan cung cua ar
Neu r la 2; 4; 8 th ch so tan cung cua x la ch so tan cung cua 6.ar
B. Mot so v du:
Bai 1:
Tm ch so tan cung cua
a) 2436 ; 1672010

9 14 6

7

Giai
a) 2436 = 2434 + 2 = 2434. 2432
2432 co ch so tan cung la 9 nen ch so tan cung cua 2436 la 9

38

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+) 99 - 1 = (9 1)(98 + 97 + .......+ 9 + 1) = 4k (k eN) 99 = 4k + 1 ( 79 ) = 74k + 1
1414 = 4k (1414 ) = 144k co ch so tan cung la 6
+) 56 co ch so tan cung la 5 nen (56 ) = 5.(2k + 1) 5.(2k + 1) 1 = 4 q (k, q eN)
(
45 )
5.(2k + 1) = 4q + 1 (( = 4
6

www.VNMATH.com
Ta co 2010 = 4.502 + 2 nen 1672010 = 1674. 502 + 2 = 1674.502.1672
1674.502 co ch so tan cung la 6; 1672 co ch so tan cung la 9 nen ch so tan cung cua
1672010 la ch so tan cung cua tch 6.9 la 4
b) Ta co:

9

= 74k.7 nen co ch so tan cung la 7
1414 = (12 + 2)14 = 1214 + 12.1413.2 + ....+ 12.12.213 + 214 chia het cho 4, v cac hang t
trc 214 eu co nhan t 12 nen chia het cho 4; hang t 214 = 47 chia het cho 4 hay

14

7

7

4q + 1

= 44q . 4 co ch so tan cung la ch so tan cung

tch 6. 4 la 4
Bai 2: Tm ch so tan cung cua
A = 21 + 35 + 49 + 513 +...... + 20048009
Giai
a) Luy tha cua moi so hang cua A chia 4 th d 1(Cac so hang cua A co dang n4(n 2) + 1
(n e {2; 3; ...; 2004} ) nen moi so hang cua A va luy tha cua no co ch so tan cung
giong nhau (Tnh chat 2) nen ch so tan cung cua A la ch so tan cung cua tong cac so
hang
T 2 en 2004 co 2003 so hang trong o co 2000 : 10 = 200 so hang co ch so tan cung
bang 0,Tong cac ch so tan cung cua A la
(2 + 3 + ...+ 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 9009 co ch so tan cung la 9
Vay A co ch so tan cung la 9
Bai 3: Tm

39
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

77 = (8 1)7 = BS(8) 1 = 4k + 3 ( 77 ) = 74k + 3 = 73. 74k = 343.(...01)4k = ...43

www.VNMATH.com
a) Hai ch so tan cung cua 3999; ( 77 )
7

b) Ba ch so tan cung cua 3100
c) Bon ch so tan cung cua 51994
Giai
a) 3999 = 3.3998 =3. 9499 = 3.(10 1)499 = 3.(10499 499.10498 + ...+499.10 1)
= 3.[BS(100) + 4989] = ...67

7

b) 3100 = 950 = (10 1)50 = 1050 50. 1049 + ...+

50.49
2

. 102 50.10 + 1

= 1050 50. 1049 + ...+
49
2

. 5000 500 + 1 = BS(1000) + 1 = ...001
Chu y:
+ Neu n la so le khong chi het cho 5 th ba ch so tan cung cua n100 la 001
+ Neu mot so t nhien n khong chia het cho 5 th n100 chia cho 125 d 1
HD C/m: n = 5k + 1; n = 5k + 2
+ Neu n la so le khong chia het cho 5 th n101 va n co ba ch so tan cung nh nhau
c) Cach 1: 54 = 625
Ta thay so (...0625)n = ...0625
51994 = 54k + 2 = 25.(54)k = 25.(0625)k = 25.(...0625) = ...5625
Cach 2: Tm so d khi chia 51994 cho 10000 = 24. 54
Ta thay 54k 1 chia het cho 54 1 = (52 1)(52 + 1) chia het cho 16
Ta co: 51994 = 56. (51988 1) + 56
Do 56 chia het cho 54, con 51988 1 chia het cho 16 nen 56(51988 1) chia het cho 10000
Ta co 56 = 15625
Vay bon ch so tan cung cua 51994 la 5625
Chu y: Neu viet 51994 = 52. (51992 1) + 52

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www.VNMATH.com
Ta co: 51992 1 chia het cho 16; nhng 52 khong chia het cho 54
Nh vay trong bai toan nay ta can viet 51994 di dang 5n(51994 n 1) + 5n ; n > 4 va
1994 n chia het cho 4
C. Van dung vao cac bai toan khac
Bai 1:
Chng minh rang: Tong sau khong la so chnh phng
a) A = 19k + 5k + 1995k + 1996k ( ke N, k chan)
b) B = 20042004k + 2001
Giai
a) Ta co:
19k co ch so tan cung la 1
Nen A co ch so tan cung la ch so tan cung cua tong cac ch so tan cung cua tong
1 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 17, co ch so tan cung la 7 nen khong the la so chnh phng
b) Ta co :k chan nen k = 2n (n e N)
20042004k = (20044)501k = (20044)1002n = (...6)1002n la luy tha bac chan cua so co ch
so tan cung la 6 nen co ch so tan cung la 6 nen B = 20042004k + 2001 co ch so tan
cung la 7, do o B khong la so chnh phng
Bai 2:
Tm so d khi chia cac bieu thc sau cho 5
a) A = 21 + 35 + 49 +...+ 20038005
b) B = 23 + 37 +411 +...+ 20058007
Giai

41

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Bai 1: Tm ch so tan cung cua: 3102 ; ( 73 ) ; 320 + 230 + 715 - 816

www.VNMATH.com
a) Ch so tan cung cua A la ch so tan cung cua tong
(2 + 3 +... + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 = 9005
Ch so tan cung cua A la 5 nen chia A cho 5 d 0
b)Tng t, ch so tan cung cua B la ch so tan cung cua tong
(8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 199.(1 + ...+ 9) + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 = 9024
B co ch so tan cung la 4 nen B chia 5 d 4
Bai tap ve nha

5

Bai 2: Tm hai, ba ch so tan cung cua: 3555 ; ( 27 )

9

Bai 3: Tm so d khi chia cac so sau cho 2; cho 5:
a) 38; 1415 + 1514
b) 20092010 20082009

CHUYEN E 9 ONG D

A. nh ngha:
Neu hai so nguyen a va b co cung so d trong phep chia cho mot so t nhien m = 0 th
ta noi a ong d vi b theo moun m, va co ong d thc: a b (mod m)
V du:7 10 (mod 3) , 12 22 (mod 10)
+ Chu y: a b (mod m) a b m
B. Tnh chat cua ong d thc:
1. Tnh chat phan xa: a a (mod m)
2. Tnh chat oi xng: a b (mod m) b a (mod m)
3. Tnh chat bac cau: a b (mod m), b c (mod m) th a c (mod m)

42

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

4. Cong , tr tng ve:
5. Nhan tng ve :
7.
Chang han :

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a b (mod m)
c d (mod m)

a c b d (mod m)
He qua:
a) a b (mod m) a + c b + c (mod m)
b) a + b c (mod m) a c - b (mod m)
c) a b (mod m) a + km b (mod m)
a b (mod m)
c d (mod m)

ac bd (mod m)
He qua:
a) a b (mod m) ac bc (mod m) (c e Z)
b) a b (mod m) an bn (mod m)
6. Co the nhan (chia) hai ve va moun cua mot ong d thc vi mot so nguyen dng
a b (mod m) ac bc (mod mc)
Chang han: 11 3 (mod 4) 22 6 (mod 8)
ac bc (mod m)
(c, m) = 1

a b (mod m)
16 2 (mod 7)
(2, 7) = 1

8 1 (mod 7)
C. Cac v du:
1. V du 1:
Tm so d khi chia 9294 cho 15
Giai
Ta thay 92 2 (mod 15) 9294 294 (mod 15) (1)
Lai co 24 1 (mod 15) (24)23. 22 4 (mod 15) hay 294 4 (mod 15) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 9294 4 (mod 15) tc la 9294 chia 15 th d 4
2. V du 2:

43

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www.VNMATH.com
Chng minh: trong cac so co dang 2n 4(n e N), co vo so so chia het cho 5
That vay:
T 24 1 (mod 5) 24k 1 (mod 5) (1)
Lai co 22 4 (mod 5) (2)
Nhan (1) vi (2), ve theo ve ta co: 24k + 2 4 (mod 5) 24k + 2 - 4 0 (mod 5)
Hay 24k + 2 - 4 chia het cho 5 vi moi k = 0, 1, 2, ... hay ta c vo so so dang 2n 4
(n e N) chia het cho 5
Chu y: khi giai cac bai toan ve ong d, ta thng quan tam en a 1 (mod m)
a 1 (mod m) an 1 (mod m)
a -1 (mod m) an (-1)n (mod m)
3. V du 3: Chng minh rang
a) 2015 1 chia het cho 11 b) 230 + 330 chi het cho 13
c) 555222 + 222555 chia het cho 7
Giai
a) 25 - 1 (mod 11) (1); 10 - 1 (mod 11) 105 - 1 (mod 11) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 25. 105 1 (mod 11) 205 1 (mod 11) 205 1 0 (mod 11)
b) 26 - 1 (mod 13) 230 - 1 (mod 13) (3)
33 1 (mod 13) 330 1 (mod 13) (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra 230 + 330 - 1 + 1 (mod 13) 230 + 330 0 (mod 13)
Vay: 230 + 330 chi het cho 13
c) 555 2 (mod 7) 555222 2222 (mod 7) (5)
23 1 (mod 7) (23)74 1 (mod 7) 555222 1 (mod 7) (6)
222 - 2 (mod 7) 222555 (-2)555 (mod 7)
Lai co (-2)3 - 1 (mod 7) [(-2)3]185 - 1 (mod 7) 222555 - 1 (mod 7)
Ta suy ra 555222 + 222555 1 - 1 (mod 7) hay 555222 + 222555 chia het cho 7

44

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
4. V du 4: Chng minh rang so 22
4n + 1
+ 7 chia het cho 11 vi moi so t nhien n
That vay:Ta co: 25 - 1 (mod 11) 210 1 (mod 11)
Xet so d khi chia 24n + 1 cho 10. Ta co: 24 1 (mod 5) 24n 1 (mod 5)
2.2
4n
2 (mod 10) 2
4n + 1
2 (mod 10) 2
4n + 1
= 10 k + 2
Nen 22

4n + 1
+ 7 = 210k + 2 + 7 =4. 210k + 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1)k + 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1k) + 7
= BS 11 + 11 chia het cho 11
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: CMR:
a) 228 1 chia het cho 29
b)Trong cac so co dang2n 3 co vo so so chia het cho 13
Bai 2: Tm so d khi chia A = 2011 + 2212 + 19962009 cho 7.

CHUYEN E 10 TNH CHIA HET OI VI A THC

A. Dang 1: Tm d cua phep chia ma khong thc hien phep chia
1. a thc chia co dang x a (a la hang)
a) nh l Bdu (Bezout, 1730 1783):
So d trong phep chia a thc f(x) cho nh thc x a bang gia tr cua f(x) tai x = a
Ta co: f(x) = (x a). Q(x) + r
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = a, ta co
f(a) = 0.Q(a) + r hay f(a) = r
Ta suy ra: f(x) chia het cho x a f(a) = 0
b) f(x) co tong cac he so bang 0 th chia het cho x 1
c) f(x) co tong cac he so cua hang t bac chan bang tong cac he so cua cac hang t bac
le th chia het cho x + 1

45
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
V du : Khong lam phep chia, hay xet xem A = x3 9x2 + 6x + 16 chia het cho
B = x + 1, C = x 3 khong
Ket qua:
A chia het cho B, khong chia het cho C
2. a thc chia co bac hai tr len
Cach 1: Tach a thc b chia thanh tong cua cac a thc chia het cho a thc chia va d
Cach 2: Xet gia tr rieng: goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b th
f(x) = g(x). Q(x) + ax + b
V du 1: Tm d cua phep chia x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 cho x2 1
Cach 1: Ta biet rang x2n 1 chia het cho x2 1 nen ta tach:
x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 = (x7 x) + (x5 x) +(x3 x) + 3x + 1
= x(x6 1) + x(x4 1) + x(x2 1) + 3x + 1 chia cho x2 1 d 3x + 1
Cach 2:
Goi thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b, Ta co:
x7 + x5 + x3 + 1 = (x -1)(x + 1).Q(x) + ax + b vi moi x
ang thc ung vi moi x nen vi x = 1, ta co 4 = a + b (1)
vi x = - 1 ta co - 2 = - a + b (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra a = 3, b =1 nen ta c d la 3x + 1
Ghi nh:
an bn chia het cho a b (a = -b)
an + bn ( n le) chia het cho a + b (a = -b)
V du 2: Tm d cua cac phep chia
a) x41 chia cho x2 + 1
b) x27 + x9 + x3 + x cho x2 1
c) x99 + x55 + x11 + x + 7 cho x2 + 1

46

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

1 -5 8 -4
2 1 2. 1 + (- 5) = -3 2.(- 3) + 8 = 2 r = 2. 2 +(- 4) = 0

Neu a thc b chia la a0x + a1x + a2x + a3,

www.VNMATH.com
Giai
a) x41 = x41 x + x = x(x40 1) + x = x[(x4)10 1] + x chia cho x4 1 d x nen chia cho
x2 + 1 d x
b) x27 + x9 + x3 + x = (x27 x) + (x9 x) + (x3 x) + 4x
= x(x26 1) + x(x8 1) + x(x2 1) + 4x chia cho x2 1 d 4x
c) x99 + x55 + x11 + x + 7 = x(x98 + 1) + x(x54 + 1) + x(x10 + 1) 2x + 7
chia cho x2 + 1 d 2x + 7
B. S o HORN

H s th 2
1. S o

a

H s th
1a thc b
+
ca a thc
b chia
e tm ket qua cua phep chia f(x) cho x a
(a la hang so), ta s dung s o horn
3 2

a thc chia la x a ta c thng la
b0x2 + b1x + b2, d r th ta co
chia

H s
ca a
thc chia

a0

a1

a2

a3

a

b 0 = a0 b 1= ab 0+ a1 b 2 = ab 1+ a2 r = ab 2 + a3

V du:
a thc b chia: x3 -5x2 + 8x 4, a thc chia x 2
Ta co s o

Vay: x3 -5x2 + 8x 4 = (x 2)(x2 3x + 2) + 0 la phep chia het
2. Ap dung s o Horn e tnh gia tr cua a thc tai x = a
Gia tr cua f(x) tai x = a la so d cua phep chia f(x) cho x a

47
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

1 3 0 -4
a = 2010 1 2010.1+3 = 2013 2010.2013 + 0
= 4046130
2010.4046130 4
= 8132721296

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1. V du 1:
Tnh gia tr cua A = x3 + 3x2 4 tai x = 2010
Ta co s o:

Vay: A(2010) = 8132721296
C. Chngs minh mot a thc chia het cho mot a thc khac
I. Phng phap:
1. Cach 1: Phan tch a thc b chia thanh nhan t co mot tha so la a thc chia
2. Cach 2: bien oi a thc b chia thanh mot tong cac a thc chia het cho a thc chia
3. Cach 3: Bien oi tng ng f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x) g(x)
4. cach 4: Chng to moi nghiem cua a thc chia eu la nghiem cua a thc b chia
II. V du
1.V du 1:
Chng minh rang: x8n + x4n + 1 chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
Ta co: x8n + x4n + 1 = x8n + 2x4n + 1 - x4n = (x4n + 1)2 - x4n = (x4n + x2n + 1)( x4n - x2n + 1)
Ta lai co: x4n + x2n + 1 = x4n + 2x2n + 1 x2n = (x2n + xn + 1)( x2n - xn + 1)
chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
Vay: x8n + x4n + 1 chia het cho x2n + xn + 1
2. V du 2:
Chng minh rang: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 chia het cho x2 + x + 1 vi moi m, n e N
Ta co: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 = x3m + 1 - x + x3n + 2 x2 + x2 + x + 1
= x(x3m 1) + x2(x3n 1) + (x2 + x + 1)
V x3m 1 va x3n 1 chia het cho x3 1 nen chia het cho x2 + x + 1

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TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
Vay: x3m + 1 + x3n + 2 + 1 chia het cho x2 + x + 1 vi moi m, n e N
f(x) = x99 + x88 + x77 + ... + x11 + 1 chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 + ....+ x + 1
Ta co: f(x) g(x) = x99 x9 + x88 x8 + x77 x7 + ... + x11 x + 1 1
= x9(x90 1) + x8(x80 1) + ....+ x(x10 1) chia het cho x10 1
Ma x10 1 = (x 1)(x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1) chia het cho x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1
Suy ra f(x) g(x) chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 +...+ x + 1
Nen f(x) = x99 + x88 + x77 + ... + x11 + 1 chia het cho g(x) = x9 + x8 + x7 + ....+ x + 1
4. V du 4: CMR: f(x) = (x2 + x 1)10 + (x2 - x + 1)10 2 chia het cho g(x) = x2 x
a thc g(x) = x2 x = x(x 1) co 2 nghiem la x = 0 va x = 1
Ta co f(0) = (-1)10 + 110 2 = 0 x = 0 la nghiem cua f(x) f(x) cha tha so x
f(1) = (12 + 1 1)10 + (12 1 + 1)10 2 = 0 x = 1 la nghiem cua f(x) f(x) cha tha so
x 1, ma cac tha so x va x 1 khong co nhan t chung, do o f(x) chia het cho x(x
1)
hay f(x) = (x2 + x 1)10 + (x2 - x + 1)10 2 chia het cho g(x) = x2 x
a) A = x2 x9 x1945 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
b) C = 8x9 9x8 + 1 chia het cho D = (x 1)2
c) C (x) = (x + 1)2n x2n 2x 1 chia het cho D(x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1)
Giai
a) A = x2 x9 x1945 = (x2 x + 1) (x9 + 1) (x1945 x)
Ta co: x2 x + 1 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
x9 + 1 chia het cho x3 + 1 nen chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
x1945 x = x(x1944 1) chia het cho x3 + 1 (cung co nghiem la x = - 1)
nen chia het cho B = x2 x + 1

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TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ 1)2n (- )2n 2.(-

www.VNMATH.com
Vay A = x2 x9 x1945 chia het cho B = x2 x + 1
b) C = 8x9 9x8 + 1 = 8x9 8 - 9x8 + 9 = 8(x9 1) 9(x8 1)
= 8(x 1)(x8 + x7 + ...+ 1) 9(x 1)(x7 + x6 + ...+ 1)
= (x 1)(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1)
(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1) chia het cho x 1 v co tong he so bang 0
suy ra (x 1)(8x8 x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x 1) chia het cho (x 1)2

c) a thc chia D (x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1) co ba nghiem la x = 0, x = - 1, x = -

Ta co:
C(0) = (0 + 1)2n 02n 2.0 1 = 0 x = 0 la nghiem cua C(x)
C(-1) = (-1 + 1)2n (- 1)2n 2.(- 1) 1 = 0 x = - 1 la nghiem cua C(x)
1
2

C(-
1
2

) = (-
1
2
1
2
1
2

)1=0 x=-
1
2

la nghiem cua C(x)
Moi nghiem cua a thc chia la nghiem cua a thc b chia pcm
6. V du 6:
Cho f(x) la a thc co he so nguyen. Biet f(0), f(1) la cac so le. Chng minh rang f(x)
khong co nghiem nguyen
Gia s x = a la nghiem nguyen cua f(x) th f(x) = (x a). Q(x). Trong o Q(x) la a thc
co he so nguyen, do o f(0) = - a. Q(0), f(1) = (1 a). Q(1)
Do f(0) la so le nen a la so le, f(1) la so le nen 1 a la so le, ma 1 a la hieu cua 2 so
le khong the la so le, mau thuan
Vay f(x) khong co nghiem nguyen
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Tm so d khi
a) x43 chia cho x2 + 1
b) x77 + x55 + x33 + x11 + x + 9 cho x2 + 1

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TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
Bai 2: Tnh gia tr cua a thc x4 + 3x3 8 tai x = 2009
Bai 3: Chng minh rang
a) x50 + x10 + 1 chia het cho x20 + x10 + 1
b) x10 10x + 9 chia het cho x2 2x + 1
c) x4n + 2 + 2x2n + 1 + 1 chia het cho x2 + 2x + 1
d) (x + 1)4n + 2 + (x 1)4n + 2 chia het cho x2 + 1
e) (xn 1)(xn + 1 1) chia het cho (x + 1)(x 1)2

CHUYEN E 11 CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC HU
T

A. Nhac lai kien thc:
Cac bc rut gon bieu thc hu t
a) Tm KX: Phan tch mau thanh nhan t, cho tat ca cac nhan t khac 0
b) Phan tch t thanh nhan , chia t va mau cho nhan t chung
B. Bai tap:

Bai 1: Cho bieu thc A =

x 4 5x 2 + 4
x 4 10x 2 + 9
a) Rut gon A
b) tm x e A = 0
c) Tm gia tr cua A khi 2x 1 = 7

Giai
a)kx :
x4 10x2 + 9 = 0 [(x2)2 x2] (9x2 9) = 0 x2(x2 1) 9(x2 1) = 0

5
1

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

2 2 x = 1

=
c) 2x 1 = 7
2x 1 = 7 2x = 8 x = 4
= =

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x = 1
(x 1)(x 9) = 0 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3) = 0
x = 3
x = 3
T : x4 5x2 + 4 = [(x2)2 x2] (x2 4) = x2(x2 1) 4(x2 1)
= (x2 1)(x2 4) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
Vi x = 1; x = 3 th

x = 1
x = 3

A=
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2) (x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 3)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 3)

b) A = 0

(x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 3)(x + 3)

= 0 (x 2)(x + 2) = 0 x = 2

2x 1 = 7 2x = 6 x = 3

* Vi x = 4 th A =

(x - 2)(x + 2) (4 - 2)(4 + 2) 12
(x - 3)(x + 3) (4 - 3)(4 + 3) 7

* Vi x = - 3 th A khong xac nh
2. Bai 2:

Cho bieu thc B =

2x3 7 x 2 12 x + 45
3x3 19x 2 + 33x 9
a) Rut gon B
b) Tm x e B > 0
Giai
a) Phan tch mau: 3x3 19x2 + 33x 9 = (3x3 9x2) (10x2 30x) + (3x 9)
= (x 3)(3x2 10x + 3) = (x 3)[(3x2 9x) (x 3)] = (x 3)2(3x 1)

kx: (x 3)2(3x 1) = 0 x = 3 va x =
1
3
b) Phan tch t, ta co:
2x3 7x2 12x + 45 = (2x3 6x2 ) - (x2 - 3x) (15x - 45) = (x 3)(2x2 x 15)
= (x 3)[(2x2 6x) + (5x 15)] = (x 3)2(2x + 5)

52
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

(x - 3) (2x + 5) 2x + 5

> 0

x > 3
x > 5
2
x < 1
x < 5
x > 3
x < 5

Cho bieu thc C = |
1 2 5 x | 1 2x
2 |
C = |
1 2 5 x | 1 2 x
2 | = ( .
2x 1 = 1 x = 0
2x 1 la (2)
x = 1
2x 1 = 2

www.VNMATH.com
Vi x = 3 va x =
1
3

Th B =

2x3 7 x 2 12x + 45
3x3 19 x 2 + 33x 9

=

2
2 =
(x - 3) (3x - 1) 3x - 1

c) B > 0

2x + 5
3x - 1

3x 1 > 0
2x + 5 > 0
3x 1 < 0
2x + 5 < 0

1

3

2

1

2

3. Bai 3

+ : 2
\ 1 x x + 1 1 x . x 1
a) Rut gon bieu thc C
b) Tm gia tr nguyen cua x e gia tr cua bieu thc B la so nguyen
Giai
a) kx: x = 1

\ 1 x x + 1 1 x . x 1

+ : 2

1 + x + 2(1 x) 5 ( ( x 1)( x + 1)
(1 x)(1 + x) 1 2 x

=

2
2 x 1

b) B co gia tr nguyen khi x la so nguyen th

2x 1 = 1 x = 1

2x 1 = 2 x = 1,5

oi chieu kx th ch co x = 0 thoa man
4. Bai 4

x3 + x 2 2x
Cho bieu thc D =
x x + 2 x 2 + 4

53
2
2x 1

co gia tr nguyen

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
x x + 2 x + 4
= =
x( x + 2) x + 4 x( x + 2) ( x 2)( x + 2) 2
x - x 2 x(x - 1) 2
co gia tr nguyen
co gia tr nguyen
x 2 x = 2k
Cho bieu thc A = |
+ : 1
x + 5x + 6 . \ .
x 1

www.VNMATH.com
a) Rut gon bieu thc D
b) Tm x nguyen e D co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm gia tr cua D khi x = 6
Giai
a) Neu x + 2 > 0 th x + 2 = x + 2 nen

D=

x3 + x 2 2x
x x + 2 x 2 + 4

=

x3 + x 2 2x x( x 1)( x + 2) x 2 x
x( x + 2) x 2 + 4 x( x + 2) ( x 2)( x + 2) 2

Neu x + 2 < 0 th x + 2 = - (x + 2) nen

D=

x3 + x 2 2x
2

=

x3 + x 2 2 x x( x 1)( x + 2) x
2

Neu x + 2 = 0 x = -2 th bieu thc D khong xac nh

b) e D co gia tr nguyen th

x 2 x
2

hoac

x
2

co gia tr nguyen

+)

x 2 x
2

2

x > - 2 x > - 2
V x(x 1) la tch cua hai so nguyen lien tiep nen chia het cho 2 vi moi x > - 2

+)

x
2

x < - 2 x < - 2

x = 2k (k e Z; k < - 1)

c) Khia x = 6 x > - 2 nen D =

x 2 x
2

=

6(6 1)
2

= 15
Bai tap ve nha
Bai 1:
2 x
\ x + 3
a) Rut gon A
b) Tm x e A = 0; A > 0
Bai 2:
3 x
x + 2
2

x
| |
x |

2 | |

54

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com

Cho bieu thc B =

a) Rut gon B
3 y 3 7 y 2 + 5 y 1
2 y 3 y 2 4 y + 3

b) Tm so nguyen y e
2D
2y + 3

co gia tr nguyen

c) Tm so nguyen y e B > 1

CHUYEN E 12 CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC (TIEP)

* Dang 2: Cac bieu thc co tnh quy luat
Bai 1: Rut gon cac bieu thc

a) A =
3 5 2n+ 1

2 2

Phng phap: Xuat phat t hang t cuoi e tm ra quy luat

Ta co
2n + 1

2

=
2n + 1 1 1
2

Nen

A=

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n(n + 1)

........
\ 2 .\ 3 .\ 4 . \ n .

Ta co 1

1 k 2 1 (k + 1)(k 1)
2 2

Nen

B=

. . ... .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

c) C =

150 150 150 150
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 \ 5 8 8 11 47 50 .

1 1 |
\ 5 50 .

9
10

= 45

55

+ + ...... +
|n(n + 1)|
(1.2) (2.3)2
| | n(n + 1)
=
n (n + 1)2 2 (n + 1)2 n
+ + ...... + = =
(n + 1) 1 (n + 1) (n + 1) 1 2 2 3 3 n n
b) B = |1 2 || . 1 2 || . 1 2 || |1 2 ||
1 | 1 | 1 1
= =
k k k 2
= = = . =
1.3 2.4 3.5 (n 1)(n + 1) 1.3.2.4...(n 1)(n + 1) 1.2.3...(n 1) 3.4.5...(n + 1) 1 n + 1 n + 1
2.3.4...(n 1)n 2 3 4 2 .3 .4 ...n 2.3.4....n n 2 2n n
+ + + ...... +
= 150. .| ||
+ + ...... +
= 50. |
| = 50.

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + + ...... +
= . |
1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
1.2 n(n + 1) 4n(n + 1)
( =
+ + ... + + + + + ...... +
A = | || 1 1| = n | || (n 1)
+ + ... + + + 1 + ... + + + ... + +
.
= n | || + 1 = n | || = nB
+ + ... + + + ... + +
+ + ...... + + + ...... +
1 + | + + | + ... + + | + + 1|
2n - 1 . \ 3 2n - 3 . \ 2n - 3 3 . \ 2n - 1 \ .
| + 2n - 1 2n - 3 3 + 1|(
1 | 1 1 1 | | 1 1
1 |(
.2. | =
1 + + ...... + + .2.B =
+ +......+
1 3 5 n 2
+ +......+

www.VNMATH.com

d) D =

=

Bai 2:
1 1 1 1
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 (n 1)n(n + 1)

1 1 1 ( (n 1)(n + 2)
2

+ + ...... +
2 \ 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 (n 1)n n(n + 1) .

a) Cho A =
m 1 m 2 2 1
1 2 m 2 n 1

;B=

1 1 1 1
2 3 4 n

. Tnh

A
B
Ta co

n n n n | | 1 1 1 1
\ 1 2 n 2 n 1 . \ n1 \ 1 2 n 2 n 1 .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
\ 1 2 n 2 n 1 . \ 2 n 2 n 1 .

A
B

=n

b) A =

1 1 1 1
1.(2n - 1) 3.(2n - 3) (2n - 3).3 (2n - 1).1

;

B=1+

1 1
3 2n - 1

Tnh A : B
Giai

A=

1
2n

| 1 | | 1 1 | | 1 1 | | 1 |(
(

=

1 + + ...... + + + + ...... +
2n \ 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 . \ .
=
1 | 1 1 1 |
2n \ 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 .
1 A 1
2n B n

Bai tap ve nha
Rut gon cac bieu thc sau:

a)

c)

1 1 1
1.2 2.3 (n - 1)n

1 1 1
1.2.3 2.3.4 n(n + 1)(n +2)

b)

2 2 2
. . ......
22 1 42 1 62 1 (n + 1)2 1

* Dang 3: Rut gon; tnh gia tr bieu thc thoa man ieu kien cua bien

56

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

1 1

a) A = x + 2 = x +
- 2 = 9 - 2 = 7 ;
b) B = x + 3 = x +
1
1

= 27 - 9 = 18 ;

1 1

c) C = x + 4 = x 2 + 2 - 2 = 49 - 2 = 47 ;
d) A.B = x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 = x5 + + x + 5 = D + 3 D = 7.18 3 = 123.

+ + = 2 (1); + + = 2 (2).
| b |
Tnh gia tr bieu thc D = | || + | + | ||
a c
| b | | ab ac bc | | b | | ab ac bc |
| a | | c | | a | | c |
| + | + | + 2 . + + | = 4 | + | + | = 4 2 . + + | (4)
+ +
+ + = + +

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Bai 1: Cho x +
1
x

= 3 . Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau :

a) A = x 2 +

1
x 2

;

b) B = x3 +

1
x3

;

c) C = x 4 +

1
x 4

;

d) D = x5 +

1
x5

.
Li gii

2
2
x x

3

x

3
x - 3x +

1
x

2
4
x x

1 1 1 1
x x x x

Bai 2: Cho

x y z
a b c

a b c
x y z

\ x . \ y . \ z .

2 2

2
T (1) suy ra bcx + acy + abz = 0 (3)
T (2) suy ra

2 2 2 2 2 2

\ x . \ y . \ z . \ xy xz yz . \ x . \ y . \ z . \ xy xz yz .
Thay (3) vao (4) ta co D = 4 2.0 = 4
Bai 3

a) Cho abc = 2; rut gon bieu thc A =

Ta co :

a b 2c
ab + a + 2 bc + b + 1 ac + 2c + 2

A=
a ab 2c a ab 2c
ab + a + 2 abc + ab + a ac + 2c + 2 ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a ac + 2c + abc

57
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + = + + = = 1
a b c2
a - b - c b - c - a c - b - a 2
a b c a 3 + b3 + c3
a + b + c = 3abc (2)
a 3 + b3 + c 3abc 3
a b c2
a + 2bc = a + 2bc (ab + ac + bc) = a ab + bc ac = (a b)(a c)
a b c a b c2
a (b - c) b (a - c) c (b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
+ + = 2 (1); + + = 2 (2).
a b c2
= 4 2. + + = 4
+ + + 2. | | 2 2 2 |
1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | | 1 1 1 | | 1 1 1 |
+ +
+ +
a b c
\ ab bc ac . \ ab bc ac . \ a b c .

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=
a ab 2c a ab 2 ab + a + 2
ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a c(a + 2 + ab) ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a a + 2 + ab ab + a + 2

b) Cho a + b + c = 0; rut gon bieu thc B =

2 2
+ +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

T a + b + c = 0 a = -(b + c) a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bc a2 - b2 - c2 = 2bc
Tng t ta co: b2 - a2 - c2 = 2ac ; c2 - b2 - a2 = 2ab (Hoan v vong quanh), nen

B=

2 2 2
+ + =
2bc 2ac 2ab 2abc

(1)
a + b + c = 0 -a = (b + c) -a3 = b3 + c3 + 3bc(b + c) -a3 = b3 + c3 3abc
3 3 3

Thay (2) vao (1) ta co B =

3
= =
2abc 2abc 2

(V abc = 0)
c) Cho a, b, c tng oi mot khac nhau thoa man: (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2

Rut gon bieu thc C =

2 2
2 + 2 + 2
a + 2bc b + 2ac c + 2ab
T (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 ab + ac + bc = 0
2 2 2

Tng t: b2 + 2 ac = (b a)(b c) ; c2 + 2ab = (c a)(c b)

C =

=

2 2 2 2 2
+ + = - +
(a - b)(a - c) (b - a)(b - c) (c - a)(c - b) (a - b)(a - c) (a - b)(b - c) (a - c)(b - c)

2 2 2
- + = = 1
(a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)

* Dang 4: Chng minh ang thc thoa man ieu kien cua bien

1. Bai 1: Cho

1 1 1
a b c

1 1 1
2 2
Chng minh rang: a + b + c = abc
T (1) suy ra

2 2 2

58

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com

1 1 1 a+b+c
ab bc ac abc

2. Bai 2: Cho a, b, c

0 v a + b + c

a b c

1 1

1
a + b + c

.

Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c c hai s i nhau.

a
b

c

1 1 1
+ +

a

2009

+ b

1
2009

+ c2009

.

Ta c :

1 1 1 1
+ + =
a b c a + b + c

1 1 1 a + b
a b c a + b + c ab c(a + b + c)

(a + b).

c(a + b + c) + ab
abc(a + b + c)

= 0 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0

c + a = 0

T suy ra :

a

1
2009

+

b

1
2009

+

c

1
2009

=

a

1
2009

+

1 1 1
+ =
2009 2009

a

2009

+ b

1
2009

+ c

2009

=

a

2009

1 1
=
2009

1
a 2009

+

1
b 2009

+

1
c2009

=

1
a 2009 + b 2009 + c2009

.

3. Bai 3: Cho

a b c b c a
b c a a b c

(1)
chng minh rang : trong ba so a, b, c ton tai hai so bang nhau

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2

4. Bai 4: Cho (a2 bc)(b abc) = (b2 ac)(a abc); abc = 0 va a = b

Chng minh rang:

1 1 1
a b c
T GT a2b b2c - a3bc + ab2c2 = ab2 a2c ab3c + a2bc2
2 2 2 2 2

(a b)(ab + ac + bc) = abc(a b)(a + b + c)

5
9

= 1 = 1 a + b + c = abc + +
0 tha mn iu kin 1 + + =
T suy ra rng : 2009 2009 2009 =
1 + + - = 0 a + b + = 0
+ b = 0 = - b
b + c = 0 b = - c
c = - a
(- c) c a 2009
+ (- c)2009 + c a 2009
+ = + + +
T (1) a c + ab + bc = b c + ac + a b a (b - c) - a(c2 b ) + bc(c - b) = 0
(c b)(a ac = ab + bc) = 0 (c b)(a b)( a c) = 0 pcm
+ + =a+b+c
(a b ab ) + (a c b c) = abc (a b) + abc(a - b)(a + b)

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + =a+b+c
+ + = 0 ; Chng minh rang: ax + by + cz =
ax + by + cz = a(y + z) + b(x + z) + c (y + x) =
+ + = 0 ayz + bxz + cxy = 0 (3). Thay (2), (3) vao (1); ta co:
+ = 0 ; chng minh: + + = 0 +
(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)2
+ = 0 + + =
a b c b2 ab + ac - c2
=
(b - c) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
=
(c - a) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
=
(a - b) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
Cho a + b + c = 0; chng minh: | | |
+
a-b b-c c-a | c
| = 9 (1)
+
= y; =x; = = = ;
(1) ( ) | = 9
| 1 1 1 |
| | (2) Ta co: ( x + y + z)
| 1 1 1 | | y+ z x + z x + y |

www.VNMATH.com

ab + ac + bc
abc

=a+b+c
1 1 1
a b c

5. Bai 5: Cho a + b + c = x + y + z =
a b c 2 2 2
x y z

0
T x + y + z = 0 x2 = (y + z)2 ; y2 = (x + z)2 ; z2 = (y + x)2
2 2 2 2 2 2

= (b + c)x2 + (a + c)y2 + (a + b)z2 + 2(ayz + bxz + cxy) (1)
T a + b + c = 0 - a = b + c; - b = a + c; - c = a + b (2)

T
a b c
x y z

ax2 + by2 + cz2 = -( ax2 + by2 + cz2 ) ax2 + by2 + cz2 = 0

6. Bai 6: Cho
a b c
b-c c-a a-b
a b c
2 2

T

a b c
b-c c-a a-b

=
b - c a - c b - a (a - b)(c - a)

a b2 ab + ac - c2
2

(1) (Nhan hai ve vi

1
b-c

)

Tng t, ta co:

2

b c2 bc + ba - a 2

(2) ;

c a 2 ac + cb - b2
2

(3)

Cong tng ve (1), (2) va (3) ta co pcm
7. Bai 7:

\ c a b .\ a - b

+

+

a b |
b-c c-a .

at

a-b b-c c-a
c a b

= z

c 1
a-b x

a 1 b 1
b-c y c-a z

x+y+z + +
\ x y z .

+ + = 3 + + +
\ x y z . \ x y z .

60
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com

Ta lai co:

x \ a b . a - b ab a - b ab(a - b)
ab
2

=

=
ab ab

(3)

Tng t, ta co:

x + z 2a 2
y bc

(4) ;

x + y 2b2
z ac

(5)

Thay (3), (4) va (5) vao (2) ta co:

| 1 1 1 |
\ x y z .

2 2
+ +
ab bc ac

=3+

2
abc

(a3 + b3 + c3 ) (6)
T a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc (7) ?

Bai tap ve nha:

+ +
\ x y z .

2
abc

. 3abc = 3 + 6 = 9

1) cho

1 1 1
x y z

= 0 ; tnh gia tr bieu thc A =

yz xz xy
2 2

HD: A =

xyz xyz xyz
3 3 3

; van dung a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

+1 +1 +1
\ b .\ c .\ a .

3) Cho x + y + z = 0; chng minh rang:
y + z x + z x + y
x y z

4) Cho a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = 1;

a b c
x y z

CHUYEN E 13 CAC BAI TOAN VE TAM GIAC ONG
DANG

A. Kien thc:
* Tam giac ong dang:
a) trng hp th nhat: (c.c.c)

6
1

c b2 bc + ac - a c c(a - b)(c - a - b) c(c - a - b)
y+z b-c c-a | |
= + | . = . = =
c|2c - (a + b + c)| 2c2
= =
( x + y + z) + + | = 3 +
2c 2a 2b2
| = 3 + Thay (7) vao (6) ta co: ( x + y + z)
| 1 1 1 |
+ + + +
x y z 2
+ +
x y z
2) Cho a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc ; Tnh gia tr bieu thc A = | | | ||
a || b || c
+ + + 3 = 0
= . Chng minh xy + yz + xz = 0 =

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
=
=
= = = AC = AB(AB + CB) = 8(8 + 10) = 144 =

www.VNMATH.com
A ABC

ABC
AB AC BC
A'B' A'C' B'C'
b) trng hp th nhat: (c.g.c)

A ABC

ABC
AB AC
A'B' A'C'

; A = A'
c. Trng hp ong dang th ba (g.g)
A ABC ABC A = A' ; B = B'

AH; AHla hai ng cao tng ng th:
A'H'
AH

= k (T so ong dang); SA'B'C'
SABC

2
=K
B. Bai tap ap dung
Bai 1:
Cho A ABC co B = 2 C , AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm.
a)Tnh AC
b)Neu ba canh cua tam giac tren la ba so t nhien lien tiep th
moi canh la bao nhieu?
Giai
A
Cach 1:
Tren tia oi cua tia BA lay iem E sao cho:BD = BC

B
E

A ACD

A ABC (g.g)
AC AD
AB AC

D

C
AC2 = AB. AD =AB.(AB + BD) = AB(AB + BC)

= 8(10 + 8) = 144 AC = 12 cm
Cach 2:
Ve tia phan giac BE cua ABC A ABE A ACB
AB AE BE AE + BE AC 2
AC AB CB AB + CB AB + CB
AC = 12 cm

62

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
b) Goi AC = b, AB = a, BC = c th t cau a ta co b2 = a(a + c) (1)
V b > anen co the b = a + 1 hoac b = a + 2
+ Neu b = a + 1 th (a + 1)2 = a2 + ac 2a + 1 = ac a(c 2) = 1
a = 1; b = 2; c = 3(loai)
+ Neu b = a + 2 th a(c 4) = 4
- Vi a = 1 th c = 8 (loai)
- Vi a = 2 th c = 6 (loai)
- vi a = 4 th c = 6 ; b = 5
Vay a = 4; b = 5; c = 6
Bai 2:
Cho A ABC can tai A, ng phan giac BD; tnh BD
A

D
biet BC = 5 cm; AC = 20 cm
Giai

B

C

Ta co
CD BC 1
AD AC 4

CD = 4 cm va BC = 5 cm
Bai toan tr ve bai 1
Bai 3:
Cho A ABC can tai A va O la trung iem cua BC. Mot iem O di ong tren AB, lay

iem E tren AC sao cho CE =

a) A DBO A OCE
b) A DOE
A DBO A OCE

OB2
BD

. Chng minh rang
c) DO, EO lan lt la phan giac cua cac goc BDE, CED
d) khoang cach t O en oan ED khong oi khi D di ong tren
AB
A

E
Giai

63

2
I

3

H

= =
1 2
D 1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
B O C

=
=
=
=

www.VNMATH.com

a) T CE =
OB2
BD

CE OB
OB BD

va B = C (gt) A DBO A OCE
b) T cau a suy ra O3 = E 2 (1)
V B, O ,C thang hang nen O3 + DOE + EOC = 1800 (2)
trong tam giac EOC th E 2 + C + EOC = 1800 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra DOE = B = C

A DOE va A DBO co
DO OE
DB OC

(Do A DBO A OCE)

va
DO OE
DB OB

(Do OC = OB) va DOE = B = C
nen A DOE A DBO A OCE
c) T cau b suy ra D1 = D2 DO la phan giac cua cac goc BDE
Cung t cau b suy ra E1 = E 2 EO la phan giac cua cac goc CED
c) Goi OH, OI la khoang cach t O en DE, CE th OH = OI, ma O co nh nen OH
khong oi OI khong oi khi D di ong tren AB
Bai 4: (e HSG huyen Loc ha nam 2007 2008)
Cho A ABC can tai A, co BC = 2a, M la trung iem BC, lay D, E thuoc AB, AC sao cho

DME = B
a) Chng minh tch BD. CE khong oi
b)Chng minh DM la tia phan giac cua BDE
c) Tnh chu vi cua A AED neu A ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
a) Ta co DMC = DME + CME = B + BDM , ma DME = B (gt)
nen CME = BDM , ket hp vi B = C ( A ABC can tai A)
suy ra A BDM A CME (g.g)

BD BM
CM CE

BD. CE = BM. CM = a 2 khong oi

64

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
=
DE = .AM (1) =
DF = .AM = .AM (2) =
.AM + .AM = | .AM = .AM = 2AM khong oi
BD CD | BD CD | BC
=

www.VNMATH.com

A
b) A BDM A CME
DM BD DM BD
ME CM ME BM
(do BM = CM) A DME A DBM (c.g.c) MDE = BMD hay

I
E
DM la tia phan giac cua BDE
c) chng minh tng t ta co EM la tia phan giac cua DEC
D
K

H
ke MH CE ,MI DE, MK DB th MH = MI = MK

B

M

C
A DKM = A DIM
DK =DI A EIM = A EHM EI = EH
Chu vi A AED la PAED = AD + DE + EA = AK +AH = 2AH (V AH = AK)

A ABC

la tam giac eu nen suy ra

A CME

cung la tam giac eu CH =
MC a
2 2
AH = 1,5a PAED = 2 AH = 2. 1,5 a = 3a
Bai 5:
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Qua iem D thuoc canh

F
BC, ve ng thang song song vi AM, cat AB, AC tai E va F
a) chng minh DE + DF khong oi khi D di ong tren BC
b) Qua A ve ng thang song song vi BC, cat FE tai K.
Chng minh rang K la trung iem cua FE

E
K

A
Giai

B
D
M

C

a) DE // AM

DF // AM
DE BD BD
AM BM BM
DF CD CD CD
AM CM CM BM
T (1) va (2) suy ra

DE + DF =

BM BM \ BM BM .
BM

+

b) AK // BC suy ra A FKA

A AMC (g.g)

65

FK KA
AM CM

(3)

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = = = =
=
=
=
=
= = = =

www.VNMATH.com
EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA
ED BD ED + EK BD + KA KD BD + DM AM BM AM CM
(V CM = BM)
(2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra
FK EK
AM AM

FK = EK hay K la trung iem cua FE
Bai 6: (e HSG huyen Thach ha nam 2003 2004)
Cho hnh thoi ABCD canh a co A = 600 , mot ng thang bat ky qua C cat tia oi cua
cac tia BA, DA tai M, N
a) Chng minh rang tch BM. DN co gia tr khong oi
b) Goi K la giao iem cua BN va DM. Tnh so o cua goc BKD
Giai

M

a) BC // AN
MB CM
BA CN

(1)

1

CD// AM
CM AD
CN DN

(2)

B

1

K
C
T (1) va (2) suy ra
MB AD
BA DN

MB.DN = BA.AD = a.a = a 2

A

D

N
b) A MBD va A BDN co MBD = BDN = 1200
MB MB CM AD BD
BD BA CN DN DN

(Do ABCD la hnh thoi co A = 600 nen AB = BC = CD =
DA) A MBD A BDN
Suy ra M1 = B1 . A MBD va A BKD co BDM = BDK va M1 = B1 nen BKD = MBD = 1200
Bai 7:
Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co ng cheo ln
AC,tia Dx cat SC, AB, BC lan lt tai I, M, N. Ve
CE vuong goc vi AB, CF vuong goc vi AD, BG

66

D
F

C
I G
M
TRNG THCS TIKN THNG
A
B
E
N

=
=
=
= = =
= = = = = = =
=
=
= =
AB. AE + AF. AD = AG +2.AG.CG + CG = (AG + CG) = AC

www.VNMATH.com
vuong goc vi AC. Goi K la iem oi xng vi D qua I. Chng minh rang
a) IM. IN = ID2

b)
KM DM
KN DN
c) AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2
Giai

a) T AD // CM
IM CI
ID AI

(1)

T CD // AN
CI ID
AI IN

(2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra
IM
ID

=
ID
IN

hay ID2 = IM. IN

b) Ta co
DM CM DM CM DM CM
MN MB MN + DM MB + CM DN CB

(3)
T ID = IK va ID2 = IM. IN suy ra IK2 = IM. IN

IK IN IK - IM IN - IK KM KN KM IM
IM IK IM IK IM IK KN IK

KM IM CM CM
KN ID AD CB

(4)

T (3) va (4) suy ra
KM DM
KN DN

c) Ta co A AGB

A AEC
AE AC
AG AB

AB.AE = AC.AG AB. AE = AG(AG + CG) (5)

A CGB

A AFC
AF CG CG
AC CB AD

(v CB = AD)
AF . AD = AC. CG AF . AD = (AG + CG) .CG (6)
Cong (5) va (6) ve theo ve ta co: AB. AE + AF. AD = (AG + CG) .AG + (AG + CG)
.CG
2 2 2

Vay: AB. AE + AD. AF = AC2
Bai tap ve nha
Bai 1
2

67
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ =
. .

www.VNMATH.com
Cho Hnh bnh hanh ABCD, mot ng thang cat AB, AD, AC lan lt tai E, F, G

Chng minh:
AB AD AC
AE AF AG
HD: Ke DM // FE, BN // FE (M, N thuoc AC)
Bai 2:
Qua nh C cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ke ng thang cat BD, AB, AD E, G, F
chng minh:

a) DE2 =
FE
EG

. BE2
b) CE2 = FE. GE
(Gi y: Xet cac tam giac DFE va BCE, DEC va BEG)
Bai 3
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A, ng cao AH, trung tuyen BM, phan giac CD cat nhau
tai mot iem. Chng minh rang

a)
BH CM AD
HC MA BD

= 1
b) BH = AC

CHUYEN E 14 PHNG TRNH BAC CAO

A.Muc tieu:
* Cung co, on tap kien thc va ky nang giai cac Pt bac cao bang cach phan tch thanh
nhan t
* Khac sau ky nang phan tch a thc thanh nhan t va ky nang giai Pt
B. Kien thc va bai tap:
I. Phng phap:

68

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

... 2x + 10x = 12 x + 5x 6 = 0 (x 1) + (5x 5) (x 1)(x + x + 6) =
2
|
| + = 0
1 | 23
\
| 1 | 23
x = 1 (V x+ | +
... (x 1)(x + x + 2x + 8) (x 1)[(x + 2x ) (x + 2x) + (4x 8) ] = 0
(x 1)[x (x + 2) x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) = 0 (x 1)(x + 2)(x x + 4) = 0 ....
x 3x + 3x 1 + 8x + 36x + 54x + 27 27x 8 = 0
- 18x + 33x + 57 x + 18 = 0 6x - 11x - 19x - 6 = 0 (2)
6x (x 3) + 7x(x 3) + 2(x 3) = 0 (x 3)(6x + 7x + 2) = 0
(x 3)[(6x + 3x) + (4x + 2)] = 0 (x 3)[3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)] = 0

www.VNMATH.com
* Cach 1: e giai cac Pt bac cao, ta bien oi, rut gon e da Pt ve dang Pt co ve trai la
mot a thc bac cao, ve phai bang 0, van dung cac phng phap phan tch a thc
thanh nhan t e a Pt ve dang pt tch e giai
* Cach 2: at an phu
II. Cac v du:
1.V du 1: Giai Pt
a) (x + 1)2(x + 2) + (x 1)2(x 2) = 12
3 3 3 2

0

x - 1 = 0
x + x + 6 = 0

x = 1
2
x+

2 . 4

2

\ 2 . 4

= 0 vo nghiem)
b) x4 + x2 + 6x 8 = 0 (1)
Ve phai cua Pt la mot a thc co tong cac he so bang 0, nen co mot nghiem x = 1 nen
co nhan t la x 1, ta co
(1) (x4 x3) + (x3 x2) + (2x2 2x) + (8x 8) = 0
3 2 3 2 2

2 2

c) (x 1)3 + (2x + 3)3 = 27x3 + 8
3 2 3 2 3

3 2 3 2

Ta thay Pt co mot nghiem x = 3, nen ve trai co nhan t x 3:
(2) (6x3 18x2) + (7x2 21x) + (2x 6) = 0
2 2

2

69

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

(x + 5x - 1) 25 = 0 (x + 5x - 1 + 5)( (x + 5x - 1 5) = 0
(x + 5x + 4) (x + 5x 6) = 0 [(x + x) +(4x + 4)][(x x) + (6x 6)] = 0
(x + x + 1) 3(x + x + 1)( x - x + 1) = 0
( x + x + 1)[ x + x + 1 3(x - x + 1)] = 0 ( x + x + 1)( -2x + 4x - 2) = 0
(x + x + 1)(x 2x + 1) = 0 ( x + x + 1)(x 1) = 0...
(x 1) (x + x + x + x + 1) (x + x + x + x + 1) = 0
(x 2) (x + x + x + x + 1) = 0
(x + 1) (x x + 1) + x = 0 (x + 1) [(x 2.x.
| 1 |2 3 (
x+ | + (
(x + 1) \
4 ( + x = 0 Vo nghiem v (x + 1)
2 .
| 1 |2 3 (
4 ( > 0 nhng
x+ | + (

(x + x 2) (x + x 2) 12 = 0

www.VNMATH.com
(x 3)(2x + 1)(3x + 2) .....
d) (x2 + 5x)2 2(x2 + 5x) = 24 [(x2 + 5x)2 2(x2 + 5x) + 1] 25 = 0
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

(x + 1)(x + 4)(x 1)(x + 6) = 0 ....
e) (x2 + x + 1)2 = 3(x4 + x2 + 1) (x2 + x + 1)2 - 3(x4 + x2 + 1) = 0
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

f) x5 = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 2 (x5 1) (x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 0
4 3 2 4 3 2

4 3 2

+) x 2 = 0 x = 2
+) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 (x4 + x3) + (x + 1) + x2 = 0 (x + 1)(x3 + 1) + x2 = 0

2 2 2 2 2
1
2

+
1
4

)+
3
4

] + x2 = 0

2
2

2

\ 2 .

khong xay ra dau bang
Bai 2:
a) (x2 + x - 2)( x2 + x 3) = 12 (x2 + x 2)[( x2 + x 2) 1] 12 = 0
2 2 2

at x2 + x 2 = y Th
(x2 + x 2)2 (x2 + x 2) 12 = 0 y2 y 12 = 0 (y 4)(y + 3) = 0
* y 4 = 0 x2 + x 2 4 = 0 x2 + x 6 = 0 (x2 + 3x) (2x + 6) = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0....

70
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+
y y 72 = 0

www.VNMATH.com
* y + 3 = 0 x2 + x 2 + 3 = 0 x2 + x + 1 = 0 (vo nghiem)
b) (x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7) = 1680 (x2 11x + 28)( x2 11x + 30) = 1680
at x2 11x + 29 = y , ta co:
(x2 11x + 28)( x2 11x + 30) = 1680 (y + 1)(y 1) = 1680 y2 = 1681 y = 41
y = 41 x2 11x + 29 = 41 x2 11x 12 = 0 (x2 x) + (12x 12) = 0
(x 1)(x + 12) = 0.....

* y = - 41 x2 11x + 29 = - 41 x2 11x + 70 = 0 (x2 2x.
11 121
2 4

)+
159
4

=0
c) (x2 6x + 9)2 15(x2 6x + 10) = 1 (3)
at x2 6x + 9 = (x 3)2 = y > 0, ta co
(3) y2 15(y + 1) 1 = 0 y2 15y 16 = 0 (y + 1)(y 15) = 0
Vi y + 1 = 0 y = -1 (loai)
Vi y 15 = 0 y = 15 (x 3)2 = 16 x 3 = 4
+x3=4 x=7
+ x 3 = - 4 x = - 1
d) (x2 + 1)2 + 3x(x2 + 1) + 2x2 = 0 (4)
at x2 + 1 = y th
(4) y2 + 3xy + 2x2 = 0 (y2 + xy) + (2xy + 2x2) = 0 (y + x)(y + 2x) = 0
+) x + y = 0 x2 + x + 1 = 0 : Vo nghiem
+) y + 2x = 0 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (x + 1)2 = 0 x = - 1
Bai 3:
a) (2x + 1)(x + 1)2(2x + 3) = 18 (2x + 1)(2x + 2)2(2x + 3) = 72. (1)
at 2x + 2 = y, ta co
(1) (y 1)y2(y + 1) = 72 y2(y2 1) = 72
4 2

71

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

y +8y + 24y + 32y + 16 + y - 8y + 24y - 32y + 16 = 82
2y + 48y + 32 82 = 0 y + 24y 25 = 0
y + 5y + 10y + 10y + 5y + 1 (y - 5y + 10y - 10y + 5y - 1) 32 = 0
10y + 20y 30 = 0 y + 2y 3 = 0
4ab(a +
| ( 3 | 7
ab + b ) = 0 4ab | + b2 ( = 0 4ab = 0
a+ b
\ . (
(V | || + b2 > 0 nhng khong xay ra dau bang) ab = 0 x = 7; x = 8
3 7

www.VNMATH.com
at y2 = z > 0 Th y4 y2 72 = 0 z2 z 72 = 0 (z + 8)( z 9) = 0
* z + 8 = 0 z = - 8 (loai)
* z 9 = 0 z = 9 y2 = 9 y = 3 x = ...
b) (x + 1)4 + (x 3)4 = 82 (2)
at y = x 1 x + 1 = y + 2; x 3 = y 2, ta co
(2) (y + 2)4 + (y 2)4 = 82
4 3 2 4 3 2

4 2 4 2

at y2 = z > 0 y4 + 24y2 25 = 0 z2 + 24 z 25 = 0 (z 1)(z + 25) = 0
+) z 1 = 0 z = 1 y = 1 x = 0; x = 2
+) z + 25 = 0 z = - 25 (loai)

Chu y: Khi giai Pt bac 4 dang (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c ta thng at an phu y = x +
a+b
2
c) (4 x)5 + (x 2)5 = 32 (x 2)5 (x 4)5 = 32
at y = x 3 x 2 = y + 1; x 4 = y 1; ta co:
(x 2)5 (x 4)5 = 32 (y + 1)5 - (y 1)5 = 32
5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2

4 2 4 2

at y2 = z > 0 y4 + 2y2 3 = 0 z2 + 2z 3 = 0 (z 1)(z + 3) = 0 ........
d) (x - 7)4 + (x 8)4 = (15 2x)4
at x 7 = a; x 8 = b ; 15 2x = c th - c = 2x 15 a + b = - c , Nen
(x - 7)4 + (x 8)4 = (15 2x)4 a4 + b4 = c4 a4 + b4 - c4 = 0 a4 + b4 (a + b)4 = 0

2

3
2

2

2

4 16

2
a+ b
\ 4 . 16

72

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

e) 6x4 + 7x3 36x2 7x + 6 = 0 6 | x 2 + 2 | || 36 = 0
+ 7 x -
= y x 2 + 2 = y2 + 2 , th
6 x 2 + 2 | | 36 = 0 6(y + 2) + 7y 36 = 0 6y + 7y 24 = 0
+ 7 x -
(6y 9y) + (16y 24) = 0 (3y + 8 )(2y 3) = 0
x + 3 = 0
3x - 1 = 0 x = 1

x - 2 = 0
2x + 1 = 0
x 1 = 0 x = 1

www.VNMATH.com
1 | | 1
\ x . \ x .

(V x = 0 khong la nghiem). at x -

1
x

1
x

| 1 | | 1 | 2 2
\ x . \ x .
2

+) 3y + 8 = 0 y = -

8
3

x-

1
x

=-

8
3

... (x + 3)(3x 1) = 0

x = - 3

3

+) 2y 3 = 0 y =

3
2

x-

1
x

=

3
2

... (2x + 1)(x 2) = 0

x = 2

x=-

1
2
Bai 4: Chng minh rang: cac Pt sau vo nghiem
a) x4 3x2 + 6x + 13 = 0 ( x4 4x2 + 4) +(x2 + 6x + 9) = 0 (x2 2)2 + (x + 3)2 = 0
Ve trai (x2 2)2 + (x + 3)2 > 0 nhng khong ong thi xay ra x2 = 2 va x = -3
b) x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 (x 1)( x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 0
7

x = 1 khong la nghiem cua Pt x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0
Bai tap ve nha:
Bai 1: Giai cac Pt
a)(x2 + 1)2 = 4(2x 1)
HD: Chuyen ve, trien khai (x2 + 1)2, phan tch thanh nhan t: (x 1)2(x2 + 2x + 5) = 0
b) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 24 (Nhan 2 nhan t vi nhau, ap dung PP at an phu)
c) (12x + 7)2(3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 3 (Nhan 2 ve vi 24, at 12x + 7 = y)
d) (x2 9)2 = 12x + 1 (Them, bt 36x2)
e) (x 1)4 + (x 2)4 = 1 ( at y = x 1,5; s: x = 1; x = 2)
f) (x 1)5 + (x + 3)5 = 242(x + 1) (at x + 1 = y; s:0; -1; -2 )

73
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
g) (x + 1)3 + (x - 2)3 = (2x 1)3
at x + 1 = a; x 2 = b; 1 - 2x = c th a + b + c = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

h) 6x4 + 5x3 38x2 + 5x + 6 = 0

(Chia 2 ve cho x2; at y = x +
1
x

)
i) x5 + 2x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (Ve trai la a thc co tong cac he so bac chan
bang tong cac he so bac le...)
Bai 2: Chng minh cac pt sau vo nghiem
a) 2x4 10x2 + 17 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tong cua hai bnh phng)
b) x4 2x3 + 4x2 3x + 2 = 0
(Phan tch ve trai thanh tch cua 2 a thc co gia tr khong am....)

CHUYEN E 1 5 S DUNG CONG THC DIEN TCH E
THIET

LAP QUAN HE O DAI CUA CAC OAN THANG

Ngay soan:23 3 - 2010
A. Mot so kien thc:
1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac:

S=
1
2

a.h (a o dai mot canh, h o dai ng cao tng ng)
2. Mot so tnh chat:
Hai tam giac co chung mot canh, co cung o dai ng cao th co cung dien tch
Hai tam giac bang nhau th co cung dien tch
B. Mot so bai toan:
1. Bai 1:

Cho A ABC co AC = 6cm; AB = 4 cm; cac ng cao AH; BK; CI. Biet AH =

CI + BK
2

7
4

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

BK + CI = 2. SABC |
+
. BC. AH . | | BC. | =2
+ +
BC = 2 : | = 2 : | = 4,8 cm
+ +
-
= 2S. | = 2S.
| 1 1 |
| = 0 A ABC can C hoac vuong C (1)
| 2S |
+ + = 1 + + = 2
+ + = 6 . Tm v tr cua O e tong M co gia tr nho nhat

www.VNMATH.com
Tnh BC
Giai
A

Ta co: BK =
2SABC
AC

; CI =
2SABC
AB

I

K

| 1 1 |
\ AC AB .

2AH = 2.

1
2

1 1 | | 1 1 |
\ AC AB . \ AC AB .
B H C

| 1 1 | | 1 1 |
\ AC AB . \ 6 4 .
Bai 2:
Cho A ABC co o dai cac canh la a, b, c; o dai cac ng cao tng ng la ha, hb, hc.
Biet rang a + ha = b + hb = c + hc . Chng minh rang A ABC la tam giac eu
Giai
Goi SABC = S

Ta xet a + ha = b + hb a b = ha hb =

2S 2S
b a

-
\ b a .

a-b
ab

a b = 2S.

a-b
ab

(a b)

1-

\ ab .
Tng t ta co: A ABC can A hoac vuong A (2); A ABC can B hoac vuong B (3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra A ABC can hoac vuong ba nh (Khong xay ra vuong tai ba
nh) A ABC la tam giac eu
Bai 3:
Cho iem O nam trong tam giac ABC, cac tia AO, BO, Co cat cac canh cua tam giac
ABC theo th t tai A, B, C. Chng minh rang:

a)
OA' OB' OC'
AA' BB' CC'

b)
OA OB OC
AA' BB' CC'

c) M =
OA OB OC
OA' OB' OC'

75
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
d) N =
OA OB OC
OA' OB' OC'
= 8 . Tm v tr cua O e tch N co gia

A
tr nho nhat
Giai
Goi SABC = S, S1 = SBOC , S2 = SCOA , S3 = SAOB . Ta co:

C'

O

B'

= =
OA' SOA'C SOA'B S1

(1)

B

A'

C

= =
AA' SAA'C SAA'B SAA'C + SAA'B S

T (1) va (2) suy ra
OA S + S
AA' S

Tng t ta co
OB S + S
OB' S2
OC S + S
OC' S3
OB' S
BB' S
OC' S
CC' S

a)

b)

+ + = + + = = 1
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
OA OB OC S2 + S3 S1 + S3 S1 + S2 2S
AA' BB' CC' S S S S

c) M =

O
A
'

O
B
'

O
C
'

S
1

S
2

S
3

\ S2 S1 . \ S2 S3 . \ S3 S1 .

. .
=
OA S2 S3 S2 + S3
= = 1 (2)
OA' SOA'C SOA'B SOA'C +SOA'B S
= 2 3
= 1 3 ; = 1 2 ; = 2 ; = 3
OA' OB' OC' S1 S2 S3 S
+ + = + + = = 2
+ + = + + = 1 + 2 | + 3 + 2 | + 1 + 3 |
Ap dung Bt Co si ta co | + | | > 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
| S S | | S S | | S S |
+ + + + 3
S2 + S3 S1 + S3 S1 + S2 (S2 + S3 ) (S1 + S3 ) (S1 + S2 )
N =
(S2 + S3 ) (S1 + S3 ) (S1 + S2 )
(S1.S2 .S3 ) (S1.S2 .S3 )

OA OB OC S2 + S3 S1 + S3 S1 + S2 | S S | | S S | | S S |

1 2 3 2 1
\ S2 S1 . \ S2 S3 . \ S3 S1 .

ang thc xay ra khi S1 = S2 = S3 O la trong tam cua tam giac ABC

d) N =

. . =
S1 S2 S3 S1.S2.S3

2

2 2

2

2

>

4S1S2.4S2S3.4S1S3
2

> 64 N > 8

ang thc xay ra khi S1 = S2 = S3 O la trong tam cua tam giac ABC
Bai 4:
Cho tam giac eu ABC, cac ng caoAD, BE, CF; goi A, B, C la hnh chieu cua M

76

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
(nam ben trong tam giac ABC) tren AD, BE, CF. Chng minh rang: Khi M thay oi v
tr trong tam giac ABC th:
a) AD + BE + CF khong oi
b) AA + BB + CC khong oi
Giai
Goi h = AH la chieu cao cua tam giac ABC th h khong oi
Goi khoang cach t M en cac canh AB; BC; CA la MP; MQ; MR th AD + BE + CF
= MQ + MR + MP
V M nam trong tam giac ABC nen
SBMC + SCMA + SBMA = SABC

A
BC.(MQ + MR + MP) = BC . AH
MQ + MR + MP = AH AD + BE + CF = AH = h

P

F

B'

C'

E

R
Vay: AD + BE + CF = AH = h khong oi

M
A'
b) AA + BB + CC = (AH AD)+(BE BE) (CF CF)
B Q D C
= (AH + BE + CF) (AD + BE + CF) = 3h h = 2h khong oi
Bai 5:
Cho tam giac ABC co BC bang trung bnh cong cua AC va AB; Goi I la giao iem cua
cac phan giac, G la trong tam cua tam giac. Chng minh: IG // BC
Giai
Goi khoang cach t a, I, G en BC lan lt la AH, IK, GD
V I la giap iem cua ba ng phan giac nen khoang cach
t I en ba canh AB, BC, CA bang nhau va bang IK
V I nam trong tam giac ABC nen:

A
SABC = SAIB + SBIC + SCIA BC.AH = IK(AB+BC+CA) (1)
I G

B H

K

D

M

C

77
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

A s B A B s 0

www.VNMATH.com
Ma BC =
AB + CA
2
AB + CA = 2 BC (2)

Thay (2) vao (1) ta co: BC. AH = IK. 3BC IK =

V G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC nen:
1
3

AH (a)

SBGC =
1
3

SABC BC . GD =
1
3

BC. AH GD =
1
3

AH (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra IK = GD hay khoang cach t I, G en BC bang nhau nen IG // BC
Bai tap ve nha:
1) Cho C la iem thuoc tia phan giac cua xOy = 600 , Mla iem bat ky nam tren ng

vuong goc vi OC tai C va thuoc mien trong cua xOy , goi MA, MB th t la khoang

cach t M en Ox, Oy. Tnh o dai OC theo MA, MB
2) Cho M la iem nam trong tam giac eu ABC. A, B, C la hnh chieu cua M tren
cac canh BC, AC, AB. Cac ng thang vuong goc vi BC tai C, vuong goc vi CA tai
A , vuong goc vi AB tai B cat nhau D, E, F. Chng minh rang:
a) Tam giac DEF la tam giac eu
b) AB + BC + CA khong phu thuoc v tr cua M trong tam giac ABC

CHUYEN E 16 BAT ANG THC

Phn I : cc kin thc cn lu
A > B A B > 0
1-inhngha:

2-tnh cht
+ A>B B < A + A > B > 0 An > Bn n
+ A>B v B >C A > C
+ A>B A + C >B + C
+ A>B v C > D A +C > B + D

78

+A>B

+ A > B
An > Bn vi n l
An > Bn vi n chn

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

>
= ( > 0 ng vi mi x;y;ze R
( x y)2 + ( x z)2 + ( y z)2

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+ A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
+ A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C
+ m > n > 0 v A > 1 A m > A n

+ m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A m < A n
+ 0 < A 0

1 1
A B

3 - mt s hng bt ng thc
+ A 2 > 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ An > 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A > 0 vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )

+ - A <A= A

+ A + B > A + B

+ A B s A B

( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)

( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)

Phn II : mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc

1) Phng php 1: dng nh ngha

Kin thc : chng minh A > B Ta chng minh A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M 2 > 0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > xy+ yz + zx
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > 2xy 2xz + 2yz

Gii:

a) Ta xt hiu : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx =
1
2

.2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)
1
2
V (x-y)2 > 0 vix ; y .Du bng xy ra khi x = y
(x- z)2 > 0 vix ; z . Du bng xy ra khi x = z
(y- z)2 > 0 vi z; y . Du bng xy ra khi z = y
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > xy+ yz + zx . Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z

b)Ta xt hiu:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - ( 2xy 2xz +2yz ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy +2xz 2yz = ( x y + z) 2 > 0

79
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
ng vi mi x;y;ze R
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;ze R

Du bng xy ra khi x + y = z

V d 2: chng minh rng :

a)

> | ; b)
2 \ 2 .

2

a 2 + b 2 + c 2
3

\ 3 .

|

2

c) Hy tng qut bi ton

gii

a) Ta xt hiu

a 2 + b 2
2

| =
\ 2 .
2

4 4

=

1
4

(2a 2 + 2b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab) =

1
4

(a b)2 > 0

Vy

a 2 + b 2 | a + b |
2 \ 2 .

2

Du bng xy ra khi a = b

b)Ta xt hiu:

a 2 + b 2 + c 2
3

|
=

\ 3 .

2

1
9
|(a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 | > 0

Vy

a 2 + b 2 + c 2
3

>

|
D
u
b
n
g
x
y
r
a
khi a = b
=c

\ 3 .

a 2 + b 2 | a + b |
>
| a + b + c |
| a + b | 2(a 2 + b 2 ) a 2 + 2ab + b 2
> |
| a + b + c |
| a + b + c |
| a + a + .... + a n |

2

c)Tng qut:

a12 + a22 + .... + a n2
n

> 1 2 |
\ n .
2
* Tm li cc bc chng minh A > B theo nh ngha

Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2:Bin i H = (C+D) 2 hoc H=(C+D) 2 + .+(E+F) 2
Bc 3: Kt lun A > B

2) phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng

Lu :

Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc bt

ng thc c chng minh l ng.

V d 1: Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng

a) a 2 +
b 2
4

> ab

b) a 2 + b 2 + 1 > ab + a + b

c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 > a(b + c + d + e)

Gii:

80
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com

a) a 2 +
b 2
4

2

Vy a 2 +
b 2
4

> ab

(du bng xy ra khi 2a = b)
b) a 2 + b 2 + 1 > ab + a + b 2(a 2 + b 2 + 1 ) > 2(ab + a + b)

a 2 2ab + b 2 + a 2 2a + 1 + b 2 2b + 1 > 0 (a b) 2 + (a 1) 2 + (b 1) 2 > 0 (lun ng)

Vy a 2 + b 2 + 1 > ab + a + b Du bng xy ra khi a = b = 1
c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 > a(b + c + d + e) 4( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 ) > 4a(b + c + d + e)
(a 2 4ab + 4b 2 ) + (a 2 4ac + 4c 2 ) + (a 2 4ad + 4d 2 ) + (a 2 4ac + 4c 2 ) > 0

2 2 2 2

V d 2: Chng minh rng: (a10 + b10 )(a 2 + b 2 ) > (a 8 + b 8 )(a 4 + b 4 )

Gii:
(
a
10 10 8 12 10 2 2 10 12 12 8 4 4 8 12
8
( a
2
b 2
2 8 2 2
> 0
x. y.z = 1
V d 4: cho ba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn: + + < x + y + z
x y z

Chng minh rng : c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1

Gii: Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1) = xyz + (xy + yz + zx) + x + y + z - 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z x y z

1 1 1
x y z

dng.
N trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z =1 bt buc phi

xy ra trng hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1

3) Phng php 3: dng bt ng thc quen thuc

A) mt s bt ng thc hay dng

1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) x 2 + y 2 > 2 xy b) x 2 + y 2 > xy du( = ) khi x = y = 0

8

> ab 4a 2 + b 2 > 4ab 4a 2 4a + b 2 > 0 (2a b) > 0 (Bt ny lun ng)
(a 2b) + (a 2c) + (a 2d ) + (a 2c) > 0
+ b ) ( a 2 + b 2) > ( a 8+ b ) ( a 4+ b 4 ) a + a b + a b + b > a + a b + a b + b
a b 2 ) + a b (b a ) > 0 a2b2(a2-b2)(a6-b6) > 0 a2b2(a2-b2)2(a4+ a2b2+b4)
1 1 1
= (xyz - 1) + (x + y + z) - xyz( + + ) = x + y + z - ( + + ) > 0
(v + + < x+y+z theo gt) 2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l
1
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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c) (x + y)2 > 4 xy
a b
b a

2)Bt ng thc C sy:

n

>

a1a2 a3 ....an

Vi ai > 0

3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
(
a

2
2 2

4) Bt ng thc Tr-b - sp:
a s b s c
Nu

a s b s c
Nu

3 3
3

3 3
3

.

.

a = b = c
Du bng xy ra khi

B) cc v d

v d 1
Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng (a+b) (b+c)(c+a) > 8abc
Gii: Dng bt ng thc ph: (x + y)2 > 4 xy

Tac
(a + b)2 > 4ab ; (b + c)2 > 4bc

;
(c + a)2 > 4ac

2 2 2 2 2 2

Du = xy ra khi a = b = c

v d 2: Cho a > b > c > 0 v a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 chng minh rng

a 2 > b 2 > c 2

b + c a + c a + b

p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c
3 3
+ + >
b + c a + c a + b

1
2

a2 .

a
b + c

+ b2 .

b
a + c

+ c2 .

c
a + b

>

3
2
.

+

b
a + c

+
c | 1 3
a + b . 3 2

1
2

Vy

a 3
b + c

+

b 3
a + c

+

c 3
a + b

>

1
2

Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =

1
3

v d 3: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :

d) + > 2
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an n
+ a2+ .. .. + an) ( x1+ x2+ .. .. + n) > ( a1 1 22+ .. .. + ann) x + a x x
A s B s C
>
aA + bB + cC a + b + c A + B + C
A > B > C
s
aA + bB + cC a + b + c A + B + C
A = B = C
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) > 64a b c 2 = (8abc) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > 8abc
a b c3

Do a,b,c i xng , gi s a > b > c a > b > c
a 2 + b 2 + c | a
\ b + c
| = . =

82

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + a(b + c) + b(c + d ) + d (c + a) > 10

Ta c a 2 + b 2 > 2ab ; c 2 + d 2 > 2cd

Do abcd =1 nn cd =
1
ab
1 1
x 2

Ta c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 2(ab + cd ) = 2(ab +
1
ab

) > 4

(1)
Mt khc: a(b + c) + b(c + d ) + d (c + a) = (ab + cd) + (ac + bd) + (bc + ad)

= | ab +
\

1 | |
ab . \

1 | |
ac . \

1 | 2 2 2 2
bc .
v d 4: Chng minh rng : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ac

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c (12 + 12 + 12 )(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) > (1.a + 1.b + 1.c)2
3 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) > a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(ab + bc + ac) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ac (pcm)

Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c

4) Phng php 4: dng tnh cht ca t s

A. Kin thc

1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th

a Nu

a
b

> 1 th

a
b

>
a + c
b + c

b Nu

a
b

< 1 th

a
b

<
a + c
b + c

2) Nu b,d >0 th t

a
b

c a
d b
a + c
b + d

<

c
d

B. Cc v d:

v d 1: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :1 <

a
a + b + c

+

b
b + c + d

+

c
c + d + a

+

d
d + a + b

< 2

Theo tnh cht ca t l thc ta c

a
a
>
Mt khc :
a + b + c
a + b + c + d

a
a + b + c

< 1

(2)

a
a + b + c

<
a + d
a + b + c + d

(1)

T (1) v (2) ta c

a
a + b + c + d

<

a
a + b + c

<
a + d
a + b + c + d

(3)

Tng t ta c :

b
a + b + c + d

 )
| + ac + | + bc + | > 2 + 2 + 2 a + b + c + d + a(b + c) + b(c + d ) + d (c + a) > 10
< <
3
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

v d 2 : Cho: <
< 2 2 <
2 2
< < = =
+ + ... + > + ... + = =
+ + + ........ + 2 v i n
2 3 4 n
< < ;
2 1.2. 3 2.3
+ + + < 3

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c
a + b + c + d

<
c
c + d + a

<
b + c
a + b + c + d

(5);
d
a + b + c + d

<
d
d + a + b

<
d + c
a + b + c + d

(6)

cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c

1 <

a
a + b + c

+

b
b + c + d

+

c
c + d + a

+

d
d + a + b

< 2 (pcm)

a
b

c
d

v b,d > 0

Chng minh rng

a
b
ab + cd
b + d

c
d

Gii:

T

a
b

<

c
d

ab cd
b d

ab ab + cd cd
2 2 2 2

c
d

a
b
ab + cd
b + d

c
d

(pcm)

v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;d l cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a + b = c+d =1000

tm gi tr ln nht ca

a
c

+

b
d

gii : Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s :

a
c

s

b
d

a
c

s
a + b
c + d

s

b
d

;

a
c

s 1 v a + b = c + d

a, Nu: b s 998 th

b
d

s 998

a
c

+

b
d

s 999

b, Nu: b = 998 th a =1

a
c

+

b
d
1 999
c d

t gi tr ln nht khi d = 1; c = 999

Vy: gi tr ln nht ca

a
c

+

b
d

= 999 +
1
999

khi a = d = 1; c = b = 999

V d 4 : Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng :
1
2

<
1 1
n + 1 n + 2

+ .... +
1 3
n + n 4

Ta c
1 1 1
n + k n + n 2n

vi k = 1,2,3, ,n-1

Do :
1 1
n + 1 n + 2
1 1 1 n
2n 2n 2n 2n
1
2

V d 5: CMR: A = 1 +
1 1 1 1
2 2 2

2 khng l s t nhin

HD:

1 1 1 1
2 2

;.....

V d 6: Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :

2 <
a + b b + c c + d d + a
a + b + c b + c + d c + d + a d + a + b

84
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

< <
< <
< <
+ + + < 3
a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c 0 a 2 (b c) b2 ( ) ( )
c a ( c 2 a b
2 2
a b c 2 > ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a + b c b + c a c + a b abc > a + b c . b + c a . c + a b
2 2

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Gii :

V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c:
a + b a + b a + b + d
a + b + c + d a + b + c a + b + c + d
b + +c b + c b + c + a
a + b + c + d b + c + d a + b + c + d
d + a d + a d + a + c
a + b + c + d d + a + b a + b + c + d

(1)

(2)

(3)

Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :

2 <
a + b b + c c + d d + a
a + b + c b + c + d c + d + a d + a + b

(pcm)

5. Phng php 5:Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic

Lu : Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a; b; c > 0

V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| (a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)

Gii
0 < a b-c a 2 > a 2 (b c) 2 > 0

b > a-c b 2 > b 2 (c a) 2 > 0

c > a-b c 2 > c 2 (a b) 2 > 0

2 2 2

2 2 2

V d2: (i bin s)

Cho a,b,c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng

a
b + c

+

b
c + a

+

c
a + b

>
3
2

(1)

85
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ 1 + + 1 + + 1 > 3
+ ) + ( + ) + ( + ) > 6 l Bt ng?
+ 2 + 2
a + 2bc b + 2ac c + 2ab
(1) + + > 9 Vi x + y + z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
+ + > 3. . 3
(x + y + z).| 1 + + 1 ||| > 9
+ + ... + <
+ + ... + < 2
1 1 ( 2k + 1) (2k 1) 1 | 1 1 |
( 2n 1).( 2n + 1) 2 (2k 1).(2k + 1) 2 \ 2k 1 2k + 1 .
+ + ... + = . | <
1
+ + ... + < 1 + + + ..... +
< 1 + | | | || < 2 < 2 (pcm)
1 + + .... +

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t x= b + c ; y= c + a ;z = a + b ta c a =
y + z x
2

; b=
z + x y
2

;c=
x + y z
2

ta c (1)
y + z x
2x

+
z + x y
2 y

+
x + y z
2 z

>
3
2

y
x

z x z x y
x y y z z

(

y
x

x z x z y
y x z y z

V d 3: (i bin s)

Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c <1. Chng minh rng :

2
1 1 1

> 9 (1)

Gii:

t x = a 2 + 2bc ; y = b 2 + 2ac ; z = c 2 + 2ab
Ta c x + y + z = (a + b + c)2 < 1

1 1 1
x y z

Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:

x + y + z > 3. 3 xyz v

1 1 1
x y z

1
xyz

1

\ x y z .

6) phng php lm tri :

Chng minh BT sau :

a)
1 1 1 1
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n + 1) 2

Gii :

b) 1 +

1 1 1
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n

a) Ta c :

= . = |

Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c
1 1 1 1 | 2 | 1
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n + 1) 2 \ 2n + 1 . 2

(pcm)

b) Ta c : 1 +
1 1 1 1 1 1
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n 1.2 1.2.3 ( n 1).n

1 | | 1 1 | | 1 1 1
\ 2 . \ 2 3 . \ n 1 n . n

86

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + < 2
< = >
+ + ... + + ... + +
+ +
+
= c |
| > 2c;
+ + +

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Bi tp v nh:
1) Chng minh rng: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 > 2 (x + y + z)
HD: Ta xt hiu: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2( x+ y +z ) = x 2 - 2x + 1 + y 2 -2y +1 + z 2 -2z +1

2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng : 1 <

a b c
b + c c + a a + b

(HD:
a a + a 2a
b + c a + b + c a + b + c

v

a a
b + c a + b + c

)

3) 1 <
1 1 1 1 1
n + 1 n + 2 2n + 1 3n 3n + 1

<2

p dng phng php lm tri

4) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
bc ac ab
a b c

> a+b+c

HD:
bc ac
a b
b a |
\ a b .
ac ab
b c

?;
bc ab
a c

?

CHUYEN E 17 VE NG THANG SONG SONG E TAO

THANH CAC CAP OAN THANG TY LE

A.Phng phap:
Trong cac bai tap van dung nh l Talet. Nhieu khi ta can ve them ng phla mot
ng thang song song vi mot ng thang cho trc,. ay la mot cach ve ng phu
hay dung, v nh o ma tao thanh c cac cap oan thang t le
B. Cac v du:
1) V du 1:
Tren cac canh BC, CA, AB cua tam giac ABC, lay tng ng
cac iem P, Q, R sao cho ba ng thang AP, BQ, CR cat
nhau tai mot iem.
E

R
A
F

Q
O

87

TRNG THCS TIN THNG
B P C

. .
=
=
=
= =
=
= . . . .
. .
=
=

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Chng minh:
AR BP CQ
RB PC QA
= 1 (nh l Ce va)

Giai
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat cac ng thang CR, BQ tai E, F. Goi O la
giao iem cua AP, BQ, CR

A ARE

A BOP

A POC

A BRC

A FOA

A AOE
AR AE
RB BC
BP OP
FA OA
PC PO
AE AO

(a)

(1)

= (2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra:
BP PC BP FA
FA AE PC AE

(b)

A AQF

A CQB
CQ BC
AQ FA

(c)

Nhan (a), (b), (c) ve theo ve ta co:

AR BP CQ AE FA BC
RB PC QA BC AE FA

= 1

* ao lai: Neu

AR BP CQ
RB PC QA

= 1 th bai ng thang AP, BQ, CR ong quy

2) V du 2:
Mot ng thang bat ky cat cac canh( phan keo dai cua cac canh) cua tam giac ABC
tai P, Q, R.

Chng minh rang:
RB.QA.PC
RA.CQ.BP

= 1(nh l Me-ne-la-uyt)

Giai:
Qua A ke ng thang song song vi BC cat PR tai E. Ta co

A RAE

A AQE

A RBP

A CQP
RB BP
RA AE
QA AE
QC CP

(a)

(b)

88

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
Nhan ve theo ve cac ang thc (a) va (b) ta co
RB QA BP AE
RA QC AE CP

(1)

Nhan hai ve ang thc (1) vi

PC
BP

ta co:

RB PC QA BP AE PC
RA BP QC AE CP BP

= 1

ao lai: Neu

RB.QA.PC
RA.CQ.BP

= 1 th ba iem P, Q, R thang hang

R

3) V du 3:
Cho tam giac ABC, trung tuyen AM. Goi I la iem bat ky tren
canh BC. ng thang qua I song song vi AC cat AB K; ng

A

E
thang qua I song song vi AB cat AC, AM theo th t D, E.
Chng minh DE = BK

A
Q
Giai
B

E

P

C
Qua M ke MN // IE (Ne AC).Ta co:
N
DE AE DE MN
MN AN AE AN

(1)
K

D
MN // IE, ma MB = MC AN = CN (2)
DE MN
T (1) va (2) suy ra
(3)
AE CN
MN CN MN AB
Ta lai co
(4)
AB AC CN AC
DE AB
T (4) va (5) suy ra
(a)
AE AC
BK AB
Tng t ta co:
(6)
KI AC

B

I

M

C
V KI // AC, IE // AC nen t giac AKIE la hnh bnh hanh nen KI = AE (7)

T (6) va (7) suy ra
BK BK AB
KI AE AC

(b)

T (a) va (b) suy ra
DE BK

. = .
. . = . .
= =
=
= =
=
=
= =
= DE = BK
AE AE

89

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
=
=
= +
= =
+ = 1 + =

www.VNMATH.com
4) V du 4:

K

I
ng thang qua trung iem cua canh oi AB, CD cua t
F
B
giac ABCD cat cac ng thang AD, BC theo th t I, K.

A

E
M
Chng minh: IA . KC = ID. KB
Giai
Goi M, N theo th t la trung iem cua AB, CD

D

N

C
Ta co AM = BM; DN = CN
Ve AE, BF lan lt song song vi CD
A AME = A BMF (g.c.g) AE = BF

Theo nh l Talet ta co:
IA AE BF
ID DN CN

(1)

Cung theo nh l Talet ta co:
KB BF
KC CN

(2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra
IA KB
ID KC

IA . KC = ID. KB
5) V du 5:
Cho xOy , cac iem A, B theo th t chuyen ong tren cac tia Ox, Oy sao cho

1 1 1
OA OB k
Giai

(k la hang so). Chng minh rang AB luon i qua mot iem co nh
Ve tia phan giac Oz cua xOy cat AB C. ve CD // OA

(D e OB) DOC = DCO = AOC
A COD can tai D DO = DC

D

B
y

C

z

Theo nh l Talet ta co
CD BD CD OB - CD
OA OB OA OB

O

A
x

CD CD 1 1 1
OA OB OA OB CD

(1)

90

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= +
th tong khong oi +
= = = + = +
= +
= =
= +

www.VNMATH.com
Theo gia thiet th
1 1 1
OA OB k
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra CD = k , khong oi
Vay AB luon i qua mot iem co nh la C sao cho CD = k va CD // Ox , D e OB
6) V du 6:
Cho iem M di ong tren ay nho AB cua hnh thang
ABCD, Goi O la giao iem cua hai canh ben DA, CB.

I

P O

K
Goi G la giao iem cua OA va CM, H la giao iem cua
OB va DM. Chng minh rang: Khi M di ong tren AB
OG OH
GD HC

A
G

M

F

H
B
Giai
Qua O ke ng thang song vi AB cat CM, DM theo

D

Q

C
th t I va K. Theo nh l Talet ta co:
OG OI
GD CD

;
OH OK
HC CD
OG OH OI OK IK
GD HC CD CD CD

OG OH IK
GD HC CD

(1)
Qua M ve ng thang vuong goc vi AB cat IK, CD theo th t P va Q, ta co:
IK MP FO
CD MQ MQ

khong oi v FO la khoang cach t O en AB, MQ la ng cao cua

hnh thang nen khong oi (2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra
OG OH FO
GD HC MQ

khong oi

7) V du 7:
Cho tam giac ABC (AB < AC), phan giac AD. Tren AB lay iem M, tren AC lay iem
N sao cho BM = CN, goi giao iem cua CM va BN la O, T O ve ng thang song
song vi AD cat AC, AB tai E va F.

91

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
=
=
=

www.VNMATH.com
Chng minh rang: AB = CF; BE = CA
E
Giai.
AD la phan giac nen BAD = DAF
EI // AD BAD = AEF (goc ong v)
Ma DAF = OFC (ong v); AFE = OFC (oi nh)

M

A

P

G

F

O

N
Suy ra AEF = AFE A AFE can tai A AE =AF (a)

B

D
K

I

C
Ap dung nh l Talet vao A ACD , vi I la giao iem

Q

cua EF vi BC ta co
CF CI CF CA
CA CD CI CD

(1)

AD la phan giac cua BAC nen
CA BA
CD BD

(2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra
CF BA
CI BD

(3)
Ke ng cao AG cua A AFE . BP // AG (P eAD); CQ // AG (Qe OI)
th BPD = CQI = 900

Goi trung iem cua BC la K, ta co A BPK = A CQK (g.c.g) CQ = BP
A BPD = A CQI (g.c.g) CI = BD (4)

Thay (4) vao (3) ta co
CF BA
BD BD

CF = BA (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra BE = CA
Bai tap ve nha
1) Cho tam giac ABC. iem D chia trong BC theo t so 1 : 2, iem O chia trong AD

theo t so 3 : 2. goi K la giao iem cua BO va AC. Chng minh rang
KA
KC

khong oi
2) Cho tam giac ABC (AB > AC). Lay cac iem D, E tuy y th t thuoc cac canh AB,
AC sao cho BD = CE. Goi giao iem cua DE, BC la K, chng minh rang :

T so
KE
KD

khong oi khi D, E thay oi tren AB, AC

92

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= = =
TRNG THCS TIN THNG
a

www.VNMATH.com
(HD: Ve DG // EC (G e BC).

CHUYEN E 18 BO E HNH THANG VA CHUM NG THANG ONG
QUY

A. Kien thc
1) Bo e hnh thang:
Trong hnh thang co hai ay khong bang nhau, ng thang i qua giao iem cua cac
ng cheo va i qua giao iem cua cac ng thang cha hai canh ben th i qua trung
iem cua hai ay
Chng minh:
Goi giao iem cua AB, CD la H, cua AC, BD la G, trung iem cua AD, BC la E va F
Noi EG, FG, ta co: A ADG A CBG (g.g) , nen :
AD AG 2AE AG AE AG
CB CG 2CF CG CF CG

(1)

H
Ta lai co : EAG = FCG (SL trong ) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra : A AEG A CFG (c.g.c)
Do o: AGE = CGF E , G , H thang hang (3)

A

/

E

/

D
Tng t, ta co: A AEH A BFH AHE = BHF

G
H , E , F thang hang (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra : H , E , G , F thang hang

B
//

F
//

C
2) Chum ng thang ong quy:
Neu cac ng thang ong quy cat hai ng thang song

O
song th chung nh ra tren hai ng thang song song ay

m

A

B

C
cac oan thang tng ng t le

A'

B'

C'

93
n

b c

= = = = ;

www.VNMATH.com
Neu m // n, ba ng thang a, b, c ong quy O chung cat m tai A, B, C va cat n tai
A, B, C th
AB BC AC
A'B' B'C' A'C'

hoac
AB A'B' AB A'B'
BC B'C' AC A'C'
* ao lai:
+ Neu ba ng thang trong o co hai ng thang cat nhau, nh ra tren hai ng
thang song song cac cap oan thang tng ng t le th ba ng thang o ong quy
+ Neu hai ng thang b cat bi ba ng thang ong quy tao thanh cac cap oan
thang tng ng t le th chung song song vi nhau
B. Ap dung:
1) Bai 1:
Cho t giac ABCD co M la trung iem CD, N la trung iem CB. Biet AM, AN cat BD
thanh ba oan bang nhau. Chng minh rang ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Giai
Goi E, F la giao iem cua AM, AN vi BD; G, H la giao
iem cua MN vi AD, BD
MN // BC (MN la ng trung bnh cua A BCD)
T giac HBFM la hnh thang co hai canh ben ong
quy tai A, N la trung iem cua ay BF nen theo bo e

B

H

A

E

N

F

C

D

M

G
hnh thang th N la trung iem cua ay MH
MN = NH (1)
Tng t : trong hnh thang CDEN th M la trung iem cua GN GM = MN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra GM = MN = NH
Ta co A BNH = A CNM (c.g.c) BHN = CMN BH // CM hay AB // CD (a)
Tng t: A GDM = A NCM (c.g.c) DGM = CNM GD // CN hay AD // CB (b)

94

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
T (a) va (b) suy ra t giac ABCD co cac cap canh oi song song nen la hnh bnh hanh
2) Bai 2:
Cho A ABC co ba goc nhon, trc tam H, mot ng thang qua H cat AB, AC th t ta P,
Q sao cho HP = HQ. Goi M la trung iem cua BC. Chng minh: HM PQ
Giai

A
Goi giao iem cua AH va BC la I

N
P
T C ke CN // PQ (Ne AB),
ta chng minh MH CN HM PQ
H

K

Q
T giac CNPQ la hnh thang, co H la trung iem PQ, hai

B

M

I

C
canh ben NP va CQ ong quy tai A nen K la trung iem CN MK la ng trung bnh
cua A BCN MK // CN MK // AB (1)
H la trc tam cua A ABC nen CH A B (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra MK CH MK la ng cao cua A CHK (3)
T AH BC MC HK MI la ng cao cua A CHK (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra M la trc tam cua A CHK MH CN MH PQ
3) bai 3:
Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co M, N th t la trung iem cua AD, BC. Goi E la mot iem
bat ky thuoc tia oi cua tia DC, K la giao iem cua EM va AC.
Chng minh rang: NM la tia phan giac cua KNE
Giai
Goi H la giao iem cua KN va DC, giao iem cua AC va MN la I th IM = IN
Ta co: MN // CD (MN la ng trung bnh cua hnh ch nhat ABCD)
T giac EMNH la hnh thang co hai canh ben EM va HN ong quy tai K va I la
trung iem cua MN nen C la trung iem cua EH

95

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= =
= CG = 2AB = 12 cm = =
= BH = 2 cm BH = BE

www.VNMATH.com

B

K
A
Trong A ENH th NC va la ng cao, va la ng
N

//

I

//

M
trung tuyen nen A ENH can tai N NC la tia phan
giac cua ENH ma NC MN (Do NM BC MN //

H

C

D

E
AB) NM la tia phan giac goc ngoai tai N cua A ENH
Vay NM la tia phan giac cua KNE
Bai 4:
Tren canh BC = 6 cm cua hnh vuong ABCD lay iem E sao cho BE = 2 cm. Tren tia
oi cua tia CD lay iem F sao cho CF = 3 cm. Goi M la
giao iem cua AE va BF. Tnh AMC
Giai
A

E
B
H

M
Goi giao iem cua CM va AB la H, cua AM va DF la
G

D
C

F
G

Ta co:
BH AB BH 6
CF FG 3 FG

Ta lai co
AB BE 2 1
CG EC 4 2

FG = 9 cm
BH 6
3 9
A BAE = A BCH (c.g.c) BAE = BCH ma BAE + BEA = 90
0
Mat khac BEA = MEC ; MCE = BCH MEC + MCE = 900 AMC = 900

Bai 5:
Cho t giac ABCD. Qua iem E thuoc AB, H thuoc AC ve cac ng thang song song
vi BD, cat cac canh con lai cua t giac tai F, G
a) Co the ket luan g ve cac ng thang EH, AC, FG
b) Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD, cho biet OB = OD. Chng minh rang ba ng
thang EG, FH, AC ong quy

96

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

www.VNMATH.com
Giai
a) Neu EH // AC th EH // AC // FG
Neu EH va AC khong song song th EH, AC, FG ong

B
quy
b) Goi giao iem cua EH, HG vi AC
Trong hnh thang DFEB co hai canh ben DF, BE ong
quy tai A va OB = OD nen theo bo e hnh thang th M
la trung iem cua EF

F

D

A

M

G
E

O

N

H

C
Tng t: N la trung iem cua GH

Ta co
ME MF
GN HN

nen ba ng thang EG, FH, AC ong quy tai O

CHUYEN E 19 TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO NHAT CUA
MOT

BIEU THC

A. Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua mot bieu thc
1) Khai niem: Neu vi moi gia tr cua bien thuoc mot khoang xac nh nao o ma gia
tr cua bieu thc A luon luon ln hn hoac bang (nho hn hoac bang) mot hang so k va
ton tai mot gia tr cua bien e A co gia tr bang k th k goi la gia tr nho nhat (gia tr ln
nhat) cua bieu thc A ng vi cac gia tr cua bien thuoc khoang xac nh noi tren
2) Phng phap
a) e tm gia tr nho nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A > k vi k la hang so

9
7

=

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

) s
Ta co: P = a(x + ) + (c -

www.VNMATH.com
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
b) e tm gia tr ln nhat cua A, ta can:
+ Chng minh A s k vi k la hang so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra vi gia tr nao o cua bien
K hieu : min A la gia tr nho nhat cua A; max A la gia tr ln nhat cua A
B.Cac bai tap tm Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua mot bieu thc
I) Dang 1: Tam thc bac hai
V du 1 :
a) Tm gia tr nho nhat cua A = 2x2 8x + 1
b) Tm gia tr ln nhat cua B = -5x2 4x + 1
Giai
a) A = 2(x2 4x + 4) 7 = 2(x 2)2 7 > - 7
min A = - 7 x = 2

b) B = - 5(x2 +
4
5

x) + 1 = - 5(x2 + 2.x.
2
5

+
4
25

)+
9
5

=
9
5

- 5(x +
2 2
5
9
5

max B =
9
5

x=
2
5
b) V du 2: Cho tam thc bac hai P(x) = a x2 + bx + c
a) Tm min P neu a > 0
b) Tm max P neu a < 0
Giai

2

b
a

x) + c = a(x +

b
2a

2

b2
4a

)

at c -

b2
4a

= k. Do (x +

b
2a

)2 > 0 nen:

a) Neu a > 0 th a(x +
b
2a

)2 > 0 do o P > k min P = k x = -
b
2a

98

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

3x - 1 = 2
x = - 1
2) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua C = x - x + 1 + x - x - 2
Ta co C = x - x + 1 + x - x - 2 = x - x + 1 + 2 + x - x 2 > x - x + 1 + 2 + x - x 2 = 3

www.VNMATH.com
b) Neu a < 0 th a(x +
b
2a
)2 s 0 do o P s k max P = k x = -
b
2a
II. Dang 2: a thc co dau gia tr tuyet oi
1) V du 1: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
a) A = (3x 1)2 4 3x - 1 + 5

at 3x - 1 = y th A = y2 4y + 5 = (y 2)2 + 1 > 1

min A = 1 y = 2

3x - 1 = 2
3x - 1 = - 2

x = 1

3

b) B = x - 2 + x - 3

B= x-2 + x-3 =B= x-2 + 3-x > x-2 +3-x =1

min B = 1 (x 2)(3 x) > 0 2 s x s 3

2 2

2 2 2 2

min C = 3 (x2 x + 1)(2 + x x2) > 0 2 + x x2 > 0 x2 x 2 s 0
(x + 1)(x 2) s 0 - 1 s x s 2
3) V du 3:

Tm gi tr nh nht ca : T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| > |x-1+4-x| = 3 (1)

V
x 2 + x 3 = x 2 + 3 x > x 2 + 3 x = 1 (2)

Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| > 1 + 3 = 4
Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 s x s 4
(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 s x s 3
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 s x s 3
III.Dang 3: a thc bac cao

99

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

= (x y)2 + (x 1)2 + 2 > 2
C + 3 = a + b + ab = (a + 2.a. ) +
=
9x - 6x + 5 (3x - 1) + 4
s >
(3x - 1) + 4 4 (3x - 1) + 4 4

www.VNMATH.com
a) A = x(x 3)(x 4)(x 7) = (x2 7x)( x2 7x + 12)
at x2 7x + 6 th A = (y 6)(y + 6) = y2 36 > - 36
Min A = - 36 y = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 (x 1)(x 6) = 0 x = 1 hoac x = 6
b) B = 2x2 + y2 2xy 2x + 3 = (x2 2xy + y2) + (x2 2x + 1) + 2

x - y = 0
x - 1 = 0

x=y=1
c) C = x2 + xy + y2 3x 3y = x2 2x + y2 2y + xy x y
Ta co C + 3 = (x2 2x + 1) + (y2 2y + 1) + (xy x y + 1)
= (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 + (x 1)(y 1). at x 1 = a; y 1 = b th

2 2 2

b
2

+

b2
4

)+

3b2
4

= (a +

b 2
2

3b2
4

> 0
Min (C + 3) = 0 hay min C = - 3 a = b = 0 x = y = 1
a) C = (x + 8)4 + (x + 6)4
at x + 7 = y C = (y + 1)4 + (y 1)4 = y4 + 4y3 + 6y2 + 4y + 1 + y4 - 4y3 + 6y2 - 4y + 1
= 2y4 + 12y2 + 2 > 2 min A = 2 y = 0 x = - 7
b) D = x4 6x3 + 10x2 6x + 9 = (x4 6x3 + 9x2 ) + (x2 6x + 9)
= (x2 3x)2 + (x 3)2 > 0 min D = 0 x = 3
IV. Dang phan thc:
1. Phan thc co t la hang so, mau la tam thc bac hai
Bieu thc dang nay at GTNN khi mau at GTLN

V du : Tm GTNN cua A =
2
6x - 5 - 9x

2

=
-2 2
2 2

V (3x 1)2 > 0 (3x 1)2 + 4 > 4

1 1 2 2
2 2

A > -

1
2

min A = -

1
2

3x 1 = 0 x =

1
3

100

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

3x - 8x + 6
x - 2x + 1
3x - 8x + 6 3(x - 2x + 1) - 2(x - 1) + 1 2 1
3x - 8x + 6 2(x - 2x + 1) + (x - 4x + 4) (x - 2)2
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) (x - 1)2
x + 20x + 100
=
x + 20x + 100 (x + 10)
B = ( 10 ).y2 = - 10y2 + y = - 10(y2 2.y.
= - 10 | y -
1 |
| +
x + y2
c) V du 3: Tm GTNN cua C = 2 2
(
(x + y)2 + (x - y)2
x + y 1 1 (x - y) 1
2
Ta co: C = 2 2 2 2 >
= = 1 > 1 min A = - 1 x = 2

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2. Phan thc co mau la bnh phng cua mot nh thc

a) V du 1: Tm GTNN cua A =

2
2

+) Cach 1: Tach t thanh cac nhom co nhan t chung vi mau

A=

2 2
2 = 2 = 3 + 2
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) x - 1 (x - 1)

. at y =

1
x-1

Th

A = 3 2y + y2 = (y 1)2 + 2 > 2 min A = 2 y = 1

1
x-1

=1 x=2
+) Cach 2: Viet bieu thc A thanh tong cua mot so vi mot phan thc khong am

A=

2 2 2
2 2

= = 2 + > 2

min A = 2 x 2 = 0 x = 2

b) V du 2: Tm GTLN cua B =

2
x

Ta co B =

2

x x

2

. at y =

1
x + 10

x=

1
y

10 th

1
y

1
20

y+

1
400

)+

1
40

\

10 .

2

1
40

s

1
40

Max B =

1
40

y-

1
10

=0 y=

1
10

x = 10

2

x + 2xy + y

1
2 2 2
= = + .
x + 2xy + y (x + y) 2 2 (x + y) 2

min A =

1
2

x=y

3. Cac phan thc co dang khac

a)V du : Tm GTNN, GTLN (Cc tr) cua A =

3 - 4x
x 2 + 1

Ta co: A =

3 - 4x (4x 2 4x + 4) (x 2 + 1) (x - 2)2
x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1

101

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

3 - 4x (4x 2 + 4) (4x + 4x + 1) (2x + 1)2
x + 1 x + 1 x + 1
nen A = (1 y) + y = 2(y y) + 1 = 2(y 2.y.
= 2 | || +
1 1 1
( x y)2 + ( x z)2 + ( y z)2 ( > 0 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > xy+ yz + zx (2)
x + y + z > 3 min A = 3 x = y = z = 1

www.VNMATH.com

Ta lai co: A =
2
= = 4
2 2 2

s 4 max A = 4 x =
1
2
C. Tm GTNN, GTLN cua mot bieu thc biet quan he gia cac bien
1) V du 1: Cho x + y = 1. Tm GTNN cua A = x3 + y3 + xy
Ta co A = (x + y)(x2 xy + y2) + xy = x2 + y2 (v x + y = 1)
a) Cach 1: Bieu th an nay qua an kia, roi a ve mot tam thc bac hai
T x + y = 1 x = 1 y

2 2 2 2

1
2

+

1
4

)+

1
2

\ 2 . 2 2

Vay min A =

1
2

x= y=

1
2
b) Cach 2: S dung k a cho, lam xuat hien mot bieu thc mi co cha A
T x + y = 1 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1(1). Mat khac (x y)2 > 0 x2 2xy + y2 > 0 (2)
Cong (1) vi (2) ve theo ve, ta co:

2(x2 + y2) > 1 x2 + y2 >
1
2

min A =
1
2

x=y=
1
2
2)V du 2: Cho x + y + z = 3
a) Tm GTNN cua A = x2 + y2 + z2
b) Tm GTLN cua B = xy + yz + xz
T Cho x + y + z = 3 Cho (x + y + z)2 = 9 x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) = 9 (1)

Ta co x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx =
1
2

.2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)

=
1
2
ang thc xay ra khi x = y = z
a) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) s x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(x2 + y2 + z2) = 3(x2 + y2 + z2)
2 2 2

102

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c: x+ y + z > 3 3 xyz 3 xyz s xyz s
= .
Ta c ( xy + yz + zx) s ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 1 s ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (1)
2
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 s (12 + 12 + 1 )( x 4 + y 4 + z 4 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 s 3( x 4 + y 4 + z 4 )

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b) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + xz) > xy+ yz + zx + 2(xy + yz + xz) = 3(xy+ yz + zx)
xy+ yz + zx s 3 max B = 3 x = y = z = 1
3) V du 3:

Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x) vi x,y,z > 0 v x + y + z = 1

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
1
3
1
27
( x + y ).( y + z ) .( z + x) > 3 3 ( x + y ) .( y + z ) .( x + z ) 2 > 3 3 ( x + y ).( y + z ) .( z + x)

Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z =

1
3

S s

8 1 8
27 27 729

Vy S c gi tr ln nht l
8
729

khi x = y = z =
1
3
4) V du 4: Cho xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca

p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)

2 2

p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) v (1,1,1)

x 4 + y 4 + z 4

Ta c

2

T (1) v (2) 1 s 3( x 4 + y 4 + z 4 ) x 4 + y 4 + z 4 s

1
3

Vy x 4 + y 4 + z 4 c gi tr nh nht l

1
3

khi x= y = z =

3
3
D. Mot so chu y:
1) Khi tm GTNN, GTLN ta co the oi bien
V du : Khi tm GTNN cua A =(x 1)2 + (x 3)2 , ta at x 2 = y th
A = (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 2y2 + 2 > 2
2) Khi tm cc tr cua mot bieu thc, ta co the thay k cua bieu thc nay at cc tr bi
k tng ng la bieu thc khac at cc tr:

103
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

x +1
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
2
= = 1 + 4
A x +1 x +1
x +1
s 1 1 + 4

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+) -A ln nhat A nho nhat ; +)
1
B
ln nhat B nho nhat (vi B > 0)
+) C ln nhat C2 ln nhat

V du: Tm cc tr cua A =

4

2

2

a) Ta co A > 0 nen A nho nhat khi

1
A

ln nhat, ta co

2
1 2x 2
4

> 1 min

1
A

= 1 x = 0 max A = 1 x = 0
b) Ta co (x2 1)2 > 0 x4 - 2x2 + 1 > 0 x4 + 1 > 2x2. (Dau bang xay ra khi x2 = 1)

V x4 + 1 > 0

2x 2
4

2x 2
x +1

s 1 + 1 = 2 max

1
A

= 2 x2 = 1

min A =
1
2

x = 1
3) Nhieu khi ta tm cc tr cua bieu thc trong cac khoang cua bien, sau o so samh cac
cc tr o e e tm GTNN, GTLN trong toan bo tap xac nh cua bien

V du: Tm GTLN cua B =

a) xet x + y s 4
- Neu x = 0 th A = 0
y
5 - (x + y)

- Neu 1 s y s 3 th A s 3

- Neu y = 4 th x = 0 va A = 4
b) xet x + y > 6 th A s 0
So sanh cac gia tr tren cua A, ta thay max A = 4 x = 0; y = 4
4) S dung cac hang bat ang thc
V du: Tm GTLN cua A = 2x + 3y biet x2 + y2 = 52

Ap dung Bt Bunhiacopxki: (a x + by)2 s (a2 + b2)(x2 + y2) cho cac so 2, x , 3, y ta co:
(2x + 3y)2 s (22 + 32)(x2 + y2) = (4 + 9).52 = 262 2x + 3y s 26

104

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

=
| 3x |
x + y = x + | = 52 13x = 52.4 x = 4
= = x+

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Max A = 26
x y
2 3

y =
3x
2

2 2 2
2

\ 2 .
2
Vay: Ma x A = 26 x = 4; y = 6 hoac x = - 4; y = - 6
5) Hai so co tong khong oi th tch cua chung ln nhat khi va ch khi chung bang nhau
Hai so co tch khong oi th tong cua chung ln nhat khi va ch khi chung bang nhau
a)V du 1: Tm GTLN cua A = (x2 3x + 1)(21 + 3x x2)
V (x2 3x + 1) + (21 + 3x x2) = 22 khong oi nen tch (x2 3x + 1)(21 + 3x x2) ln
nhat khi va ch khi x2 3x + 1 = 21 + 3x x2 x2 3x 10 = 0 x = 5 hoac x = - 2
Khi o A = 11. 11 = 121 Max A = 121 x = 5 hoac x = - 2

b) V du 2: Tm GTNN cua B =
(x + 4)(x + 9)
x

Ta co: B =

(x + 4)(x + 9) x 2 + 13x + 36 36
x x x

+ 13

V cac so x va
36
x

co tch x.
36
x

= 36 khong oi nen x +
36
x

nho nhat x =
36
x

x=6

A= x+
36
x

+ 13 nho nhat la min A = 25 x = 6
6)Trong khi tm cc tr ch can ch ra rang ton tai mot gia tr cua bien e xay ra ang
thc ch khong can ch ra moi gia tr e xay ra ang thc
V du: Tm GTNN cua A = 11m 5n

Ta thay 11m tan cung bang 1, 5n tan cung bang 5
Neu 11m > 5n th A tan cung bang 6, neu 11m < 5n th A tan cung bang 4
khi m = 2; n = 3 th A = 121 124 = 4 min A = 4, chang han khi m = 2, n = 3

CHUYEN E 20 PHNG TRNH NGHIEM NGUYEN

- PHNG PHAP 1: Phng phap a ve dang tong

105
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

( ) + x = 144 + 25
2 x y
2
(1) 4 x 4 xy + y + x = 144 + 25 = 169 + 0
( 2 x y ) + x = 169 + 0
2
( 2x y )2 = 122 x = 5 x = 5
y = 2 y = 22
x 2 = 52
( 2x y )2 = 52 x = 12 x = 12
y = 19 y = 29

( 2x y )2 = 132 x = 0
y = 13
x 2 = 0
( 2x y )2 = 0 x = 13
y = 26
Vay ( ) e
( 12;19) ;( 12; 29) ;( 0;13) ;( 0; 13) ;(13; 26) ;( 13; 26))
(2) 4x 2 4x + 4 y 2 4 y = 32 4 x 2 4x + 1 + 4 y 2 4 y + 1 = 34 ( 2x 1) + ( 2 y 1) = 52 + 32

( 2 y 1) = 52

( 2 y 1) = 3

2

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Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi cac phng trnh co cac bieu
thc cha an viet c di dang tong cac bnh phng.
- Bien oi phng trnh ve dang mot ve la mot tong cua cac bnh phng cac bieu
thc cha an; ve con lai la tong bnh phng cua cac so nguyen (so so hang cua hai ve
bang nhau).
Cac v du minh hoa:
- V du 1: Tm x; y e Z thoa man: 5x 2 4 xy + y 2 = 169 (1)

2 2 2

2

2

(II)

T (I) ta co:

;

2 2 ;
x = 12

Tng t t (II) ta co:

2 2
x = 13
(5; 2) ;(5; 22) ;( 5; 2) ;( 5; 22) ;(12; 19) ;(12; 29)
x, y `

V du 2: Tm x; y e Z thoa man: x 2 + y 2 x y = 8 (2)

2 2

( 2 x 1)2 = 32
2

( 2 x 1)2 = 52
2

x = 2; x = 1
y = 3; y = 2

x = 3; x = 2
y = 2; y = 1

Vay ( x; y ) e{( 2;3) ; ( 2; 2) ; ( 1;3) ;( 1; 2) ;(3; 2) ;(3; 1) ;( 2; 2) ;( 2; 1)}

V du 3: Tm x; y e Z thoa man: x3 y3 = 91 (1)
(1) ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = 91.1 = 13.7 (V ( x

2
+ xy + y 2 ) > 0 )

106

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

x y = 1 x = 6 x = 5
( x + xy + y ) = 91 y = 5 y = 6
x y = 91
( ) = 1

x 2 + x y 2 = 0 4x 2 + 4 x 4 y 2 = 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 1 2x + 1 2 y = 1 2 x + 2 y + 1 2 x xy + 1

y = 0

2 x + 2 y + 1 = 1 x = 1
2 x 2 y + 1 = 1 y = 0

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2 2 ;
( x y ) .( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = 91.1
2 2 VN
x + xy + y

V du 4: Tm x; y e Z thoa man: x 2 + x y 2 = 0 (2)

2 2

2 x + 2 y + 1 = 1 x = 0
2 x 2 y + 1 = 1

Vay: ( x; y ) e{( 0;0) ; ( 1;0)}

- PHNG PHAP 2: Phng phap cc han
Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi cac phng trnh oi xng
- V phng trnh oi xng nen x; y; z co vai tro bnh ang nh nhau. Do o; ta gia

thiet x s y s z ; tm ieu kien cua cac nghiem; loai tr dan cac an e co phng trnh n

gian. Giai phng trnh; dung phep hoan v e suy ra nghiem.
Ta thng gia thiet 1 s x s y s z s ....

Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Tm x; y; z e Z + thoa man: x + y + z = x. y.z (1)

Nhan xet Tm hng giai:
Ta thay ay la phng trnh oi xng.
Gia s 1 s x s y s z . Khi o:

(1) x.y.z = x + y + z s 3z x.y s 3 (V x; y; z e Z + ) x. y e{1; 2;3}

* Neu: x.y = 1 x = y = 1 2 + z = z (vo l)

* Neu: x.y = 2 x = 1; y = 2; z = 3

* Neu: x.y = 3 x = 1; y = 3 z = 2 < y (vo l)

107
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ = 2 (2) +
(2) 2 = + + s x s x = 1
Vi: x = 1 1 = + s y s 2 y e{1; 2}
.Neu: y = 1 = 0 (vo l)
= = 1 + 2
x + x + 1
V : ( x 2 + x + 1) > 0; x e x 2 + x + 1 = 1

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Vay: x; y; z la hoan v cua (1; 2;3)

V du 2: Tm x; y; z e Z + thoa man:

1 1 1
x y z

ay la phng trnh oi xng.
Gia s 1 s x s y s z . Khi o:

1 1 1 3 3
x y z x 2

1 1 2
y z y

1
z
.Neu: y = 2 z = 2

Vay: x; y; z la hoan v cua (1; 2; 2)

- PHNG PHAP 3: Phng phap s dung tnh chat chia het
Cac v du minh hoa:

V du 1: Tm x; y e Z e: A =

x 2 + x
x 2 + x + 1

nhan gia tr nguyen

Ta co: A =

x 2 + x x 2 + x + 1 1 1
x 2 + x + 1 x 2 + x + 1 x + x + 1

. Khi o:

e A nh n gia tr nguyen th

2
1

nhan gia tr nguyen.

1 ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) eU (1) = {1;1}

x = 0
x = 1
Vay e A nhan gia tr nguyen th: x = 0 hoac x = 1
V du 2: Tm x; y e Z thoa man: 2 y 2 x + x + y + 1 = x 2 + 2 y 2 + x. y

(2) 2 y 2 .( x 1) x.( x 1) y.( x 1) + 1 = 0 (*)

108

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

( x 1) eU (1) = {1; 1}
V du 3: Tm x; y e Z + thoa man: 3x + 1 = ( y + 1) (3)
(3) 3x = ( y 1) 1 = y ( y + 2) . 3x
y + 2 = 3 (**)
Vi: m > 1; n > 1 T (*) ;(**)
Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen:

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Vi: x = 1;(*) 1 = 0 x = 1 khong phai la ngiem cua phng trnh. Nen:

2 y 2 x y +

1
x 1

= 0 (**) .

Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen

1
x 1

e
x = 0
x = 1

2

Ta co:

2
la so le y;( y + 2) la hai so le lien tiep

( y; y + 2) = 1 y; y + 2 la cac luy tha cua 3, nen:

y = 3m (*)
n

( m + n = x) 3m + 2 = 3n m < n
Vi: m = 0; n = 1 y = 1; x = 1.

y 3
( y + 2) 3

( y;( y + 2)) = 1 ( vo l)

x = 1
y = 1
- PHNG PHAP 4: Phng phap s dung bat ang thc
Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi cac phng trnh ma hai ve la
nhng a thc co tnh bien thien khac nhau.
- Ap dung cac bat ang thc thng gap:
*Bat ang thc Co si:
Cho n so khong am: a1; a2 ; a3;......; an . Khi o:
a1 + a2 + a3 + ...... + an
n

> n a1.a2 .a3.......an . Dau = xay ra a1 = a2 = a3 = ...... = an
* Bat ang thc Bunhiacopxki:
Cho 2n so thc: a1; a2 ; a3;......; an va b1; b2 ; b3;......; bn . Khi o:

109

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ + = 3 (1)
+ + > 3. 3
x. y y.z z.x x. y y.z z.x
V du 2: Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh: ( x + y + 1) = 3( x 2 + y 2 + 1) (2)
Dau = xay ra = = x = y = 1

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( a1.b1 + a2 .b2 + a3.b3 + .... + an .bn )
2
s ( a1. + a2 . + a3 + .... + an ) (b1 + b2. + b3 + .... + bn ) .

Dau = xay ra ai = kbi (i = 1; n) .

*Bat ang thcgia tr tuyet oi:

a + b a.b > 0
a + b =
a b a.b < 0

Cac v du minh hoa:

V du 1: Tm x; y e Z + thoa:

x.y y.z z.x
z x y

Ap dung BT Co si. Ta co: 3 =

. .
z x y z x y

= 3. 3 x. y.z .

3 x.y.z s 1 x. y.z s 1 x = y = z = 1

Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la: x = y = z = 1

2

(Toan Tuoi th 2)
Theo Bunhiacopxki,ta co:
( x + y + 1)

2
s (12 + 12 + 12 )( x 2 + y 2 + 1) = 3( x 2 + y 2 + 1)

x
1

y 1
1 1
Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la: x = y = 1

V du 3: Tm tat ca cac so nguyen x thoa man:
x 3 + x 10 + x + 101 + x + 990 + x + 1000 = 2004 (3)

Ta nhan thay: 2104 = 3 + 10 + 101 + 990 + 1000 =101 + 2003 va a = a

Ta co:(3) 3 x + 10 x + x + 101 + x + 990 + x + 1000 = 2004 .

110

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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3 x > 3 x

Ma a > a x + 101 > x + 101

2004 > x + 101 + 2003 x + 101 s 1
Do o: 1 s ( x + 101) s 1 ( x + 101) e{1;0;1} x e{102; 101; 100} .

Vi x = 101 2004 = 2003 (vo l). Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la: x e{102; 100}

1) Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 s xy + 3 y + 2 z 3

V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 s xy + 3 y + 2 z 3

2 2 2 | 2 y 2 | | 3 y 2 |
4 4

2 2
y y 2
\ 2 . \ 2 .

2 2

\ 2 . \ 2 .

2

x, y e R

|
\

y

y| | y| 2 y
2. \ 2 . 2

2 2 x = 1

x = 1
Cc s x,y,z phi tm l y = 2
z = 1

PHNG PHAP 5: Phng phap la chon
Phng phap: Phng phap nay c s dung vi cac phng trnh ma ta co the nham
(phat hien de dang) c mot vai gia tr nghiem
- Tren c s cac gia tr nghiem a biet. Ap dung cac tnh chat nh chia het; so d; so
chnh phng; ch so tan cung .. ta chng to rang vi cac gia tr khac phng trnh vo
nghiem
Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Tm x; y e Z + thoa man: x6 + 3x3 + 1 = y 4


10 x > 10 x
x + 990 > x + 990
x + 1000 > x + 1000
( ) x + y + z xy 3 y 2z + 3 s 0 x xy + | + 3 y + 3 | + z 2 2 z + 1 s 0
\ . \ .
| | | |
| | + ( z 1) s 0
x + 3 1
(*) M | | || + ( z 1) > 0
y | | y
x + 3 1
x
x 2 = 0
1| + ( z 1) = 0 | + 3 1 = 0 y = 2
z = 1
z 1 = 0

111
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

x6 + 2 x3 + 1 < x6 + 3x3 + 1 < x6 + 4 x3 + 4 ( x3 + 1) < y 4 < ( x3 + 2) (*)
(3) ( x 3) = 4( )
y s 5
25 y 2
) = n ( n e )

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Ta thay vi x = 0; y = 1 th phng trnh c nghiem ung. Ta can chng minh

phng trnh vo nghiem vi x = 0
+ Vi x = 0; y = 1 th phng trnh c nghiem ung

+ Vi x > 0 . Khi o:

2 2

V ( x3 + 1) ;( x3 + 2) la hai so nguyen lien tiep nen khong co gia tr nao cua y thoa (*)

Vay x = 0; y = 1 la nghiem cua phng trnh.

V du 2: Tm x; y e Z + thoa: x 2 + x 1 = 32 y +1

(2)

(Tap ch Toan hoc va tuoi tre )
Goi b la ch so tan cung cua x ( Vi b e{0;1; 2;...;9} . Khi o: ( x 2 + x 1) co ch so tan

cung la: 1, 5 hoac 9.

(*)
Mat khac: 32 y +1 la luy tha bac le cua 3 nen co tan cung la 3 hoac 7. (**)
T (*) va (**) suy ra phng trnh vo nghiem.
V du 3: Tm x; y e Z + thoa man: x 2 6 xy + 13 y 2 = 100 (3)

2

( 25 y

2

2
Do o: y e{5; 4; 3;0;3; 4;5} x e{3;9;11;13}

Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen: ( x; y ) e{( 5;3) ;( 4;9) ;( 3;11) ;( 0;13) ;(3;11) ;( 4;9) ;(5;3)}

PHNG PHAP 6: Phng phap lui vo han (xuong thang)
Phng phap: Phng phap nay thng s dung vi nhng phng trnh co (n 1) an
ma he so co c chung khac 1
- Da vao tnh chat chia het ta bieu dien an theo an phu nham ha (giam bt) hang
so t do, e co c phng trnh n gian hn.
- S dung linh hoat cac phng phap e giai phng trnh o.

112
TRNG THCS TIN THNG

Khi o: (1) ( 27 x1 3 y 9 z ) 3 (9x1 y 3z ) 3 y 3 y 3 y = 3 y1 .
(9x1 27 y1 3z ) 3 z 3 z 3 y = 3z1 .

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Cac v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Giai phng trnh: x3 3 y 3 9z 3 = 0 (1)

Ta thay x3 3 y 3 9 z 3 = 0 ( x3 3 y 3 9 z 3 ) 3 ma ( 3 y 3 9 z 3 ) 3 nen x3 3
Ta co: (1) ( x3 3 y 3 9z 3 ) 3 x3 3 x 3 x = 3x1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3

* Tiep tuc s bieu dien tren va neu goi x0 ; y0 ; z0 la nghiem cua (1)

3 eU ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va 0 s x0 ; y0 ; z0 s 9 . Thc hien th chon ta c: x0 = y0 = z0 = 0

Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la: x0 = y0 = z0 = 0

cc bi tp KHC

1/Dng nh ngha

va th

1) Cho abc = 1 v a 3 > 36 . . Chng minh rng

Gii

Ta c hiu:

113
a2
3

+ b2+c2> ab+bc+ac

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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a2
3

+ b2+c2- ab- bc ac =
a2
4

+
a2
12

+ b2+c2- ab- bc ac

= (
a2
4

+ b2+c2- ab ac+ 2bc) +
a2
12

3bc =(

a
2

-b- c)2 +
a 3 36abc
12a

a 2
2
a 3 36abc
12a

>0 (v abc=1 v a3 > 36 nn

a >0 )

Vy :
a2
3

+ b2+c2> ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh

2) Chng minh rng

a)
x 4 + y 4 + z 2 + 1 > 2 x.( xy 2 x + z + 1)

b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c : a 2 + 5b 2 4ab + 2a 6b + 3 > 0

c)
a 2 + 2b 2 2ab + 2a 4b + 2 > 0

Gii :

a) Xt hiu :
2

H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

b) V tri c th vit
H = (a 2b + 1)2 + (b 1)2 + 1

c) v tri c th vit
H = (a b + 1)2 + (b 1)2

Ii / Dng bin i tng ng

1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng :

Gii :

(x y)2
2

> 8

Ta c
2 2

(v xy = 1)

(
x

2

+ y 2

2

2

Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi

1
1

=( -b- c) +
H = x 4 + y 4 + z 2 + 1 2x y 2 + 2x 2 2 xz 2 x = (x 2 y 2 ) + (x z)2 + (x 1)2
2
(x ) + y 2
2
x 2 + y 2 = (x y) + 2xy = (x y) + 2
) = (x y)
4
+ 4.(x y) + 4
4

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

( x y ) 2
(x y)4 4(x y)2 + 4 > 0 ( > 0
2
| +
1 + y . \ 1 + y
| > 0
+
(1 + x 2 ).(1 + xy) (1 + y 2 ).(1 + xy) > 0 (1 + x ).(1 + xy) (1 + y 2 ).(1 + xy) > 0
+
(1 + x 2 ).(1 + y 2 ).(1 + xy) > 0
Chng minh rng (a + b + c).| + + || > 9
(1) 1 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 > 9 3 + | + || + | + || + | + || > 9

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(x y)4 + 4(x y)2 + 4 > 8.(x y)2

2

BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh

2) Cho xy > 1 .Chng minh rng :
1
1 + x

2

+
1
1 + y

2

>
2
1 + xy

Gii :

Ta c

1
1 + x

2

+

1
1 + y

2

>

2
1 + xy
| 1
\ 1 + x

2

1 | | 1
2 |

2

1 |
1 + xy |.

xy x 2 xy y 2

( y x) (2 xy 1)

2
x( y x) y( x y)

BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c iu phi chng minh

Iii / dng bt ng thc ph

1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1

Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 + c 2 >
1
3

Gii :

p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)

Ta c

(1.a + 1.b + 1.c)2 s (1 + 1 + 1).(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
(a + b + c)2 s 3.(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 >
1
3

(v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)

2) Cho a,b,c l cc s dng
1 1 1
\ a b c .

(1)

Gii :

a a b b c c a b a c b c
b c a c a a \ b a . \ c a . \ c b .

115

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

+ > 2
Vy (a + b + c).| + + || > 9
2a 3 + 2b3 + 2c 3 < 3 + a b + b c + c a
Do a <1 a 2 <1 v b <1 Nn (1 a 2 ).(1 b 2 ) > 0 1 + a b a 2 b > 0
Hay 1 + a b > a 2 + b
Vy a 3 + b 3 < 1 + a b
b3 + c 3 < 1 + b c
a 3 + c 3 < 1 + c a
2a 3 + 2b3 + 2c 3 < 3 + a b + b c + c a
Ta thy 3111 < 3211 = ( 25 ) = 255 < 256
Mt khc 256 = 24.14 = ( 24 ) = 1614 < 1714

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p dng BT ph
x
y
y
x

Vi x,y > 0

Ta c BT cui cng lun ng
1 1 1
\ a b c .

(pcm)

Iv / dng phng php bc cu

1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng :
2 2 2

Gii :
2

2

(1)
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1 a 2 > a 3 ;
2
b > b 3 1 + a 2 > a 3 + b3

Tng t ta c :

2

2

2 2 2

(pcm)
2) So snh 31 11 v 17 14

Gii :
11

14

Vy 31 11 < 17 14

(pcm)

V/ dng tnh cht t s

v d 4: Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k, chng minh rng:

(a + c) 2 + (b + d ) 2 s a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

ta c ac + bd s

a 2 + b 2 . c 2 + d 2
m (a + c)2 + (b + d )2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2(ac + bd ) + c 2 + d 2 s (a2 + b 2 ) + 2 a 2 + b2 . c 2 + d 2 + c 2 + d2

116

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

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(a + c) 2 + (b + d ) 2 s a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2

117

TRNG THCS TIN THNG

(Vnmath - Com) - 21 Chuyen de BD HSG Toan 8

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