IqATIONAL

AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINOTON DC 20546

TELS. wc) 9-41',s WO _-6925

FOR

RELEASE:

MONDAY P.M. November 29,

1965

RELEASE

N0:65-362

PROJECT: :Nr 716 a

CONTENTS
Title GENERAL NEWS RELEASE .................. =......... Page 1-3

Launch Vehicle Countdown ........................ 4 Nominal Mission Plan - Gemini 7 ................. 5-6 Gemini 7 Experiments .................. ...... =---7-14 Experiments Flown on Earlier Missions ........ 7 In-Flight Exerciser .......................... 7-8 In-Flight Phonocardiogram .................... 8 Bone Demineralization ........................ 8-9 Human 0tolith Function ....................... 9 Proton-Electron Spectrometer ................. 9-10 Tri-Axis Magnetometer ........................ i0 Celestial Radiometry Space Object Radiometry-10-11 Simple Navigation ............................ ii Synoptic Weather Photography ................ -12 Visual Acuity Astronaut Visibility ........... 12-14 Experiments to be First Time ...... 15-20 Synoptic Terrain Flown for the ................. Photography 11-12 Bioassays Body Fluids ..... z.................. 15 Calcium Balance Study ........................ 15 In-Flight Sleep Analysis ..................... 15-16 Optical Communication ........................ 16-18 Landmark Contrast Measurements ............... 18 Star Occultation Navigation .................. 18-20 Camera Equipment for Gemini 7 and 6 Missions .... 21-22 16 MM Maurer Movie Camera .................... 21 70 MM Hasselblad Camera ...................... 22 Gemini Gemini 7 to be 6 to be launched launched -moreno earlier days than later Dec. 4, 1965.

nine

-2-

Gemini 7 Fourteen Day Menu Cycle ................ Menu I, Menu II .............................. Menu III, Menu IV ............................. Gemini 6 Launch Preparations .................... Launch Vehicle Countdown - Gemini 6 ............. Nominal Mission Plan - Gemini 6 ................. Launch Windows ............................... Gemini 6 and 7 Rendezvous Orbit Geometry ..... Gemini 6 Experiments ............................. Gemini 6 Menu ................................... Manned Space Flight Network Gemini 6 and 7 Missions ........................................ Prime Computing Support ...................... Other Computer Support ....................... Network Readiness ............................. Tracking Two Manned Spacecraft .................. Orbits - Revolutions ............................ Crew Training Background ........................ Immediate Pre-Flight Crew Activities ............ Flight Activities ............................ Crew Safety ...................................... Survival Package .............................. Gemini 6 Suit .................................... Gemini 7 Suit .................................... Medical Checks ................................... Body Waste Disposal .............................. Food ............................................ Weather Requirements ............................ Planned and Contingency Landing Areas ........... Gemini Spacecraft ................................ Reentry Module ................................ Adapter Section .............................. Propellant ...................................... Rendezvous Radar ................................ Electrical Power Systems ........................ Gemini 7 ...................................... Gemini 6 ..................................... _el Cell Diagrams .......................... Gemini Launch Vehicle ........................... Crew Biographies ................................. Previous Gemini Flights ......................... Project Officials ............................... U.S. Manned Space Flights (chart) ............... Spacecraft Contractors .......................... NOTE TO EDITORS: will be released as

23-24 23 24 25-28 29 30-34 30 32 35 36-37 38-39 38 38-39 39 39-40 41 42-43 I_4-45 45 46-47 46-47 48 49 50 50 50-51 52 53 54-59 54 54 59 59-60 60-63 60-61 61 62-63 64-65 66-74 75-77 78 79 80-81

Supplemental information rapidly as it develops. -more-

NEWS
RELEASE NO: 65-362

NA11ONAL

AERONAUTICS SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, AND D.C. 20546

TELS.

wo_4,5
WO '3-6925

FOR

RELEASE:

MONDAY P.M. November 29,

1965

GEMINI?/6 FLIGHT
TO LONG ATTEMPT DURATION RENDEZVOUS, MISSIONS

Within Space space

the

next

three is

weeks,

the to flight

National carry out to

Aeronautics two manned 14 days and

and

Administration missions--a of two

scheduled

long-duration Gemini

of up

rendezvous

spacecraft.

Gemini launched no

7,

long-duration than Dec.

flight, 4.

is

scheduled

to be

earlier

Gemini launched

6, which days

will later,

rendezvous Dec. 13.

with

Gemini

7,

is

to be

nine

Success

in

the

two

flights

will

represent:

i. Astronauts 190 hours

The L. and

longest Gordon

U.S.

manned and

flight Charles eight

to

date

(Gemini were in

5 flight

Cooper

Conrad days).

56 minutes,

nearly

2.

The

first

space

rendezvous

of two

manned

maneuverable

spacecraft. -more11/23/65

--2--

3. from the

A minimum same pad.

turn-around

time

for

launch

of two

missions

Despite missions will major be will

the be

rendezvous carried and out

objective

of Gemini That

6,

the

two 7

independently. out in as the

is,

Gemini No

launched

carried made

originally Gemini

planned. plan.

changes

have

been

7 flight

The flight the

Gemini

6 mission is nearly which

will

be

carried to

out the

according one prepared Agena

to

a for

plan 25

which launch

identical postponed The have

Oct.

was

when only

the major with

Target is that

Vehicle the

failed

to achieve

orbit. was to

change the

Gemini

6 spacecraft

docked

Agena.

In the not

forthcoming

flight,

the

two

Gemini

spacecraft

will

be physically

connected.

It was availability (already carry out

decided of the out

that Gemini

the planned 6 launch 19) two

schedule vehicle an

of and

Gemini

7 and

the

spacecraft to

oheoked

on Pad of

presented manned

opportunity

a rendezvous

vehicles.

-more -

-3The devoted crew Gemini Gemini first to several out the the days of the Gemini At into attempt orbit 7 mission about five will days for the attitude, a be the

carrying maneuver During

experiments. spacecraft

will 6. 7

a target by and

orbit 6,

rendezvous their

Gemini

crew

will

maintain

spacecraft

performing better

only

those

maneuvers

required

to make

themselves

target.

Following begin fourth (fly maneuvers orbit. formation) Gemini

a successful to achieve Following on Gemini fly

liftoff, rendezvous

Gemini which Gemini two

6 immediately isplanned 6 will for

will its keep

rendezvous, 7 for about

station

revolutions. 6 for one

Subsespace-

quently, craft

7 will

formation

on Gemini

day,

about

40 minutes.

Gemini West Atlantic

6 will Ocean 8:20

reenter after EST.

the about

Earth's

atmosphere and

and

land

in

the

46 hours

45 minutes,

at ap-

proximately

a.m.

Gemini landing later. in

7 duration the same

will

be

about

329

hours

and

30 minutes, two days

area

at approximately

8 a.m.

EST,

(BACKGROUND

INFORMATION

FOLLOWS)

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-4-

LAUNCH VEHICLE COUNTDOWN

Gemini 7

F-3 days F-1 day T-12 hours T-390 minutes T-300 minutes T-120 minutes T-lO0 minutes T-75 minutes T-50 minutes T-35 minutes T-15 minutes T-O4 seconds T-O seconds T+2 minutes, 36 seconds T+5:41 T+6:ll

Start pre-count Start mid-count GLV propellant loading Complete propellant loading Begin terminal countdown Flight Crew to Complex 19 Crew enters spacecraft CloSe spacecraft hatches White Room evacuation Begin erector lowering Spacecraft OAMS static firing GLV ignition Liftoff Booster engine cutoff (BECO) Second stage engine cutoff (SECO) Spacecraft-launch vehicle separation

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-5-

NOMINAL Qe_ini-7 Gemini-7 at about is scheduled

MISSION

_L_

to be launched 4.

from Complex

19, Cape Kennedy into an elliptical The

e:3opmEST, December

It will be launched and 8 perigee

orbit with an apogee

of 210 miles 28.87

of I00 miles.

orbit will be inclined The spacecraft sustainer engine

degrees

rio the equator. the booster 30 seconds _fter

is to separate

from

cutoff. following spacecraft separation, the spacecraft keeping will

Immediately turn around booster minutes

to blunt stsge.

end forwsrd, Station

and begin will

station continue

on the 25

second ground

keeping

for sbout

elapsed

time (GET) from liftoff. before the first darkness

This

time extends

into about five minutes Celestial remainder radiometry

period. during the

experiments

will be conducted

of the first

darkness

period. after lift-off as the spacecraft is

AS three hours, at its third apogee, to raise the perigee craft orbital The next assigned

50 minutes thrusters

will be fired

in a posigrade establishes

maneuver a space-

to 12 miles. of 15 days. days

This m_neuver

lifetime several

of the flight

will

be devoted

to conducting

experiments. days in flight the proper the crew will circularize target orbit for Gemini 6. the speceThe exact 7 orbit d_ys,

At about five

craft orbit to provide maneuvers required

will depend

on the decay

rate

of the Gemini

and the expected 19 hours and four

liftoff

ti_J_ of Gemini

6, now planned 7 liftoff.

for eight

_,inutes following

Gemini

-more|,

-6-

Under present

plans,

circularization of the Gemi_

msneuvers

will be performed The crew will result in st 185 give

120 hours after lift-off the spscecraft change miles. The rendezvous described

7 spscecrafto

a posigrsde

thrust at apogee.

This will

of velocity

of 1OO feet per second

and circularizstion

portion

of the Gemini _ission

6 and Gemini _lsn.

7 spececrsft

is

in the Gemini

6 Nominal

The remsining completion retrofire

Gemini

7 experiments activities.

will be conducted The Gemini

following

of rendezvous near

7 crew will initiate Landing will be Jn

the end of the 206 th revolution. recovery szes st the beginning

the West Atlantic

of the 2OTth

revolution.

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-7-

G_MINI Twenty continuing flights, missions, under

7 mXPE_.Ik_';NTS for Gemini 7. Fourteen previous ere Gemini

experiu,ents are scheduled

experi_:,ents end hsve been csrried in repeating these over 8 number

sbosrd

of manned

spsce flight

experi_,sters hope to gsin date covering flight conditions. carried sbo_rd

s ntm,ber cf subjects

varying

.%esults of the experiments and 4 were presented 3Jmilsr flight

Gemini

missions

st a symposium

in Wsshington

esrly

this fell. sp_ce

sym pc s ia will be held perlodic_lly program. on Ear$ier Pdssions (5)*

during

the msnned

_Lxperiments Flown 1. Cardiovasculsr This

Conditioning

experi_ent

will determine

the effectiveness

of cyclic meesure

Jnflrof

tions of pneumstic cardiovascular induced

cuffs

on the thighs ss e preventive (heart snd blood

deeonditionJng

distribution are built

system) into the

by prolonged sround

weightlessness.

The cuffs

spscesuit

the thighs 8nd infleted incressing blood

periodicelly below

to 80_sJ of Th_ six _nd

_,ercury pressure, automstic uses 2.

pressure

the cuffs. out of every

pressurization

cycle lssts

two minutes

oxygen from in-Flight

the enviro_ental (4 snd 5)

control

systen_.

Exerciser

The objective capsci_y to perfom_

of this experiment physicsl

is to sssess

the sstron_uts' for sustsin_d to ncrme]

work 8nd their

cspability

performance.

The rapidity

with which

the hesrt

rste returns

*ind" c_:te_ prev_ ous Gemini mission

-_ore --

-8-

after

cessetion

of exercise

is an indication will

of an indiv_du_l's by specific periods on an

physical

fitness.

A workload

be provided

of exercise exercise

st the rate of one pull per second that requires device s known

for 30 _econds

device

sn_otmt of effort. of bungee cords attached end.

The exercise to e nylon handle fhe in-flight data 3. to determine In-_li_ht

consists

of e p_r

st one end and a nylon deta obtained the cepecity

foot strop

st the other

will be colJ,peredwith in spece.

the control

for work (4 and 5)

Phonopardiogrsm

in this experiment muscle will be deteyn_ned cf a _uscle

the fatigue

state

of en astronaut's

heart the

by _,easuring

the time _nterv_l

between

activation

end the onset

of its contraction. well _t the

A microphone cardiac apex.

will be epplied sounds

to sn estron_:ut's chest during the flight trace

Heart

detected

will be recorded

on sn onbosrd

biomedical obteined

recorder.

The sound

will be eompored elec_rocgrdiogram of the

to the waveform

froJ_; slmulteneous e between

inflight

to deter_.ine the time interval heart muscle 4. and

electrical systole.

activetion

_he onset of Ventriculsr (& and ))

Bone De_dnoralizatiqn The purpose

of this experiment

is to establish

the occur_nce

end

degree

of bone demineralisation with the cockpit

influenced

by the rel_tive spscecreft

h,,m_obJliz_and weight-

tion associated lessness. _pecial terminal bone

of the G_mini

X-rays

will

be token

of en astroneut's of the right hend.

heel bone Three

end the

of the fifth digit

pro-flight

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_ ......

-9-

and three post-flight exposures will be taken of these two bones _nd compared to determine if any bone demineralization has occurred due to the spece flight. The equipment to be used in this experiment will be closely calibreted clinicel X-ray machines, stendard ll-lnch by 14-inch X-rey films and calibrated wedge densitometers. 5. Human _tolith _unction (5) A visual tester will be used to detern_ne the _stron_uts orientation capability during flight. The experiment will me_sure changes in ear) functions.

otolith (gravity gradient sensors in the i_er

The tester is a p_ir of special light proof goggles, one eye piece of which contains a light source in the form of a movable white line. The astronaut positions the white line with a c_librated knurled

screw to what he judges to be the r_ght pitch axis of the spacecraft. The second astronaut then reads and records the numbers. 6. P_roton-_lect_n_S_ectrometer (4) In order to determine the degree of hazard, if any, to which the crew will be subjected on space flight, it is necessary to project what radiation environment any given mission will encounter. Specif-

icelly, this experiment will meke measurements outside of the sp_cecraft in a region where the inner Ven Allen rediation belt dips close _o the earth's surface due to the irregular strength of the e_rth's magnetic field. This region is usually referred tc Ps the South

Atlantic Geomagnetic Ano_mly.

-more-

-iO-

This measurement crystal,

will be accomplished analyzer

by means

of a scintJllati_gassembly of

charged-psrticle Data from

mou_]ted on the _dapter

the spacecraft. rmdie_icn levels 7.

this experiment

will be used to correlate _nd to predict r_d]_t]on

_,easure_ents made inside space n, ission. (&)

the spacecraft

on future

Tri-Axis

_agnetometer

The purpose a_plitude

of this experiment magnetic will

is to monitor

the direction

and

of the earth's

field operate

with respect

to pn orbStlng tri-sxis Geomag-

spacecraft. fluxgate netic

The astronauts

en adepter-_,ounted the South Atlantic

,mgneto_,_eter ss they pass The magnitude

through

Anomaly.

of the three directions with respect in conjunction

of the e_rth's The

magnetic

field will be measured will be performed

to the spacecraft. with

measurement Spectrometer

the Proton Electron and

experiment

to determine

the fie]d,

line direction

pitch angle of the impacting 8. Celestial rmdiometry Space Object ?_diometry The results radiation

p_rticles.

(5) will provide and various information objects on

of these experiments of celestial

intensity

bodies

in space. _ dual-

Instrtm,entation channel _ichelson cooled

includes

a three-channel

spectro-rsdiometer,

Interferometer-Spectrometer, The equipment can measure region.

and a cryogenically radiant intensity units the from _re

spectrometer.

the ultra-violet housed

through

the infrared section

The sensing

in the Gemini

adapter

and ere directed

toward

objective

by orienting

the spacecraft.

-more-

-ll-

The objectives for these experiments are to determine the onset of sensitivity values for earth objects and sky b_ckground radiation and radiation signatures of various objects in space and on the ground. Observations will include exhaust pltm_esof rocket vehicles launched fro_ the _astarn or Western 'resti_nges, rocket sled exhausts at Hollor,,anir Force Base, volcanoes and forest fires as well rs A contrasting background areas such as deserts and warm ocean currents. 9. _imple Navigation (4) The cap_.bilityof man to navigate in space and to provide a reliable navigation system independent of ground support will be tested in this experiment. _o special instruments have been developed

for use on Gemini spacecraft to allow detailed menu_l-vlsu_.lexamination of the space phenomena thought to be best for space navigation purposes. These are a space stadimeter and a sextant. This flight w_ll only

carry the space sextant w_th which the astronaut will use to make star-horizon angular measurelr_ents for orbit_l orient_tlon deter_tlin_tions. The results will be co1_paredwith actual measurements to det(_rmine the accuracy of the procecures. lO. Synoptic Terrain _'hotogroR_hxh and }) (4 The purpose is to obtain photos of selected parts of earth's surface for use in research in geology, geophysics, geography, oceFnography. This experiment has been flown on every flight since MA-8.

Experiment -- 70mm Hasselblad camera with 80mm Zeiss F2.8 lens; two packs of color film with 65 exposures each. Approximately n_nety

-more

pictures

will

be taken over aress around

of tile world,

rr_msry

eress

ere

the shallow central ll.

wsters

the _ehsmes,

the Red See, end

the west

portion

of _exico. Photography (3,4 end 5) experiment systems is designed to mske

Synoptic

Weather

The Synoptic use of man's

Westher

Photogrsphy

_bil_ty

to photogrsph detsil

cloud

selectively--in from the current

color and in greater TIROS meteorological A primary

_hsn cen be obLein_d

satellite. of the experiment which Js to sugment informetion substentielly to

purpose

from meteorologicsl knowledge information

s_tellites

ere contributing

of the earth's

westher

systems.

In many tress exist.

they provide

where few or no other -- 70_ Hasselblad with

observstions

_xperiment two magazines _uell lines, typical line

ostlers with 80nm 65 exposures _ctivity esch.

Zeiss F2.8 Areas

lens; --

of color film clouds,

of Interest squall

thunderstorm

not sssocisted jetstresm

with

frontsl morning

clouds end views stretus of Gulf

of fronts, states,

cirrus

clouds, tropic_l cellulsr end

cosstsl

cloudiness, zone,

and extratroplcsl pettern mountain regions. 12.

cyclones,

intertropic_l wsve

convergence clouds induced

in subtropicsl ranges,

phenomenon,

by islends winds

brosd banking

of clouds

in the trade

or other

Visual Acu_t_ Astronaut Visibil_t_ The visusl ability

(5) of the _stron_uts surface in the detection will be tested _nd recogexperJ-

nition

of objects

on the earth's

in these

-more-

.-13-

ments.

The spececraft will be equipped with _ visicn tester _nd

photo_,eter. The astronauts will use the vision tester t_ evaluate visual sightings from space relative to e_rthbound b_seline _lues.

I I I
I

I I
I J

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L .....

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I I I I i

I I i i I

L.___-J

I\EIIl,I ![' I J -II,llJl ,11 1 II']

-mOi_O -

-i_.

The photo_eter

will _e_sure While

light

Bttenu_tion

of the spscecr_f_

window

due ho scsttering. will view s pattern

the spscecraft

is oriented

the sstron_uts Tex_s _nd record experiments

of p_nels

lsid out near Lsredo,

their findings. and vision During astronaut attitude verbal

Viewings

will be correlated

w_th laborstory

will be checked passage

pre- end post-flight. over the sites, the cox1_1_nd spscecraft end m_kes

of the spacecraft

shall be responsible while the second

for msintsining observes

the proper

asSronsut

the target eree st the site. esch 8stroneut acuity

com_,ents to the principal minutes vision

investigator

_or five the on-board ity bas_s.

in each 2& hour period,

will use

tester

to test his own visusl

on an opportun-

EXPERIMENTS 1.

TO BE FLOWN FOR THE FIRST Bod_ Fluids experiment the astronauts by means samples

TIME

Bioassays In this

reaction

to stress fluids.

during

space

flight will be studied and post-flight measured blood

of analysing

body

Pre-flight

will be taken. of this

In-flight stored

urine will be bags. body may be

at each voiding

and a portion fluids

in special

From analysis hormones_ produced 2.

of these

experimenters amino acids

hope to measure and enzymes which

electrolytes_ as a result Balance

proteins_

of stress. Study of calcium change to the body during the conby means to

Calcium The rate

and amount

ditions

of orbital

flight will intake

be evaluated

in this experiment

of controlled calcium_ sodium

calcium

and output measurements. of interest

In addition

other electrolytes

such as nitrogen

phosphorous_

chloride

and magnesiumwill

be monitored. on a prescribed flight. calcium Careful diet record-

The two astronauts for two weeks

will be maintained

prior to flight, will

during and after

ing of input-output specimens by careful will

be accomplished for analysis.

and total Sweat

fecal and urine

be preserved

will also be measured following recovery.

cleansing will

of the crew in distilled cleaned

water

Undergarments 3. In-Flight

be similarly

and the water

analysed.

Sleep Anal_sis of this experiment levels are to assess the astronauts' of sleep during

The objectives state of alertness_

of consciousness,

and depth

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-16

flight.

An electroencephalograph flight

(EEG) on the astronauts the possible

will be taken

daring weightless monitoring sleep.

to establish

use of the EEG as a and depth of

tool to help determine activity

the state of alertness

The electrical

of the cerebral and recorded

cortex will

be monitored recorder.

by two pairs of scalp electrodes 4. Optical Communication (Laser)

on the biomedical

Laser is an acronym of Radiation atom. phase When Stimulated excited

for Light _Amplification emission is produced emit small

by Stimulated by greatly

Emission the

exciting in

the atom will the light

quantities

of light

or unison.

Thus

is "coherent, " that is, it is directed direction. a new technique for In

in a constant

steady beam

in one precise

This experiment communication doing will value between

is an attempt an orbiting

to demonstrate spacecraft

and a ground

station.

this, a demonstration be achieved and certain

of optical atmospheric

frequencies

for communications and the

data will be recorded

of an astronaut

as a "pointing

control"

will be established. are background obtained radiance experi-

The primary and attenuation. ment will

atmospheric This

data to be obtained

data and the experience future

from this

be useful

in designing equipment

systems. transmitter and a ground-

The experiment based receiver The flight movie camera.

consists

of a flight

transmitter transmitter It weighs

system. resembles and is about the same size as a home self-contained. (eight to d.c.

about

six pounds lasers,

and is completely power

It is made rechargeable converter,

up of four injection nickel-cadmium a telescopic

a lO-volt a d.c.

supply current)

batteries),

(direct

sight and a microphone.

-more-

-17Four gallium
transmitter. wavelength arsenide deliver injection a total lasers are the heart of light of the power at a form

They

of 16 watts

of 9,000 angstroms.

The beams one above

produced

by the lasers

four lines of light arranged pattern at distances

the other

making a square

of several chosen

feet to infinity. for their compactness, into light light weight

Injection and efficiency

lasers were

in converting receiver

electric

energy

energy. telescope. It unit

The ground-based is 30 inches with

resembles

a short, blunt

in diameter

and consists

of a collector located

and focusing

a photomultiplier

(optical detector) is mounted atop

at the focal barrel.

plane.

An argon gas laser beacon

the receiver watts

The argon gas laser has an output radian beam spread or about 0.9 mile systems 0.17

of three

into a three

millibe

degree.

At 300 miles

the beam will

approximately Receiver Ascension radars

in diameter. installed at White Sands Missile Range_

have been

Island and Kauai,

Hawaii.

The receivers spacecraft when

are slaved to FPS it is within range

and always

point toward the

of the radar. In operation orientation through the command pilot will maintain aims the laser proper spacecraft by sighting The argon laser

while the co-pilot

transmitter laser.

the telescope

at the ground-based to the naked laser eye.

argon

beam will be visible When

the spacecraft argon

beacon

is acquired

by the ground receiver that contact

the ground-based has been

laser viii

be flashed will

to indicate

established.

Both beacons

then be aligned

and voice

-more-

communications and say, Voice During protection

can begin.

The co-pilot

will

switch

to the voice

channel

"i, 2, 3, 4, 5, testing communications the experiment against will

5, 4, 3, 2, 1." - from spacecraft to ground. for

be one way only

the astronauts might

will wear be caused have

safety

goggles

eye damage which laser.

by stray shields

or reflect-

ed light from the onboard radiation which

The glasses

for stopping out

enter the eye from the side and lenses emitted by the laser.

that filter

the infrared 5. Landmark

energy

Contrast

Measurements experiment is to measure of terrain Apollo the visual contrast of

The purpose land-sea

of this

boundaries

and other types

to be used as a service and Navigation system. will naviga-

of navigation Landmark provide

data for the onboard measurements made

Guidance

contrast

Ik'om outside

the atmosphere duplicate

data of a high

confidence

level

to effectively

tion sightings Landmark

for Apollo. _rlll be made of such areas Coast as the Florida and A_stralian Coast_ Coast.

measurements Chilean telescope

South American A photometric tion 6.

Coast I African-.Atlantic sensor

and equiI_nent used used.

for the Star Occulta-

Navigation Star

experiment

will be

Occultation

Navigation and operational of a simple, will value of star occulting and self-contained in this measurements orbital

K_e feasibility in the development navigational

accurate

capability will

be investigated the orbit

experiment. spacecraft by

The astronauts measuring the time

determine

of the Gemini

stars dip behind

an established

horizon.

-_re

-19-

As much be used

of the existing

Gemini

onboard

equipment

as is possible signal

will

for the recording Nevertheless,

of photometric certain special

sensor

output

intensity for

and time.

equipment

will be necessary

the performance

of the navigational sensor. sensor

studies.

Included

in the equipment

is a photoelectric

The photoelectric partially plle_, silvered

consists

of a telescope, optical

eyepiece,

reticle,

mirror,

iris,

chopper,

filters,

photomultiis

pre-amplifier

and associated

electronics.

The instrument

hand-held window. Asthe

to the astronaut's

eye for viewing

out the spacecraft's

astronaut

views

the horizon,

he looks

for bright

stars

about the

to be occulted. star within diverted initiates measured

He then points circle.

the telescope A portion

at one and centers is then

a reticle

of the radiation switch,

to a photomultipliero a calibration automatically mode

With a hand-held in which

the astronaut

the intensity

of the star is the reticle as

}_ then tracks

the star within

the star passes The tracking this tracking

into the atmosphere

and behind

the edge of the earth. lO0 seconds. indicate During

period period

for each star is approximately the astronaut the air glow, by momentarily will manually

the passage

of the star through occultation simply

the 50% intensity depressing role

level and complete switch. First, he

the calibration

The astronaut

plays an essential problem

in the procedure, the next

solves the star acquisition transited. Second,

by locating to point

star to be thus elimin-

he uses his head automatic tracking

the telescope would

ating a two-gimbal be used if he were

system which

of necessity times

not onboard.

Third, he records

star occultation

-NK)re-

-20-

manually for comparison with the automatic calibration mode. he notes peculiarities in the data as it is collected.

Finally,

In performing

this latter function_ the man is used to greatest advantage to advance the state of the navigational art as rapidly as possible.

-21-

CAME_

EQUIPMENT FOR G_MINI 7 AND 6 MISSIONS 16_94MAURER MOVIE CAMERA

I.

Camera A. Equipment i. 2. 3. two cameras 75mmlens (one camera) 75ram,25ram,18ramlens set (second camera)

B.

Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Six frames/second f-ll aperture 1/200 second shutter speed 40 lines/mmresolution

II.

FiLm Kodak S. O. 217 color film

III.

purpose Weather and Terrain Photography General purpose

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-22-

70MM HASSELBLAD CAMERA

I.

Camera A. Equil_nent 1. Camera 2. 80mm lens 3 250nmmlens 4. Photo event indicator 5. Ring Sight 6. UV filter 7. Film backs B. Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 80_n focal length f2.8 to f22.0 aperture Time exposures and speeds up to 1/500 second Resolution: approximately 125 lines/mm Approximately 1.5X magnification

II.

Film Kodak S. O. 217, MS, Ektachrome ASA-64 color emulsion on 2.5 railEstar Polyester base

III.

Purpose Weather and Terrain General Purpose

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-23-

G_IINI 7 FOURTEEN DAY P_NU CYCLE

MENU I - DAYS i. 5. 9 & 13 MEAL A (R) (B) (a) (R) (R) Days 5, 9, 13 only CALORIES 83 114 223 282 87

_NU

ii - DAYS 2,6, i0 & 14 CALORIES 83 9_ 268 165 297 905

MEAL A (R) (R) (B) (R) (B)

Grapefruit drink Apricot cereal cubes (8) Sausage patties (2) Banana pudding Fruit cocktail

Grapefruit drink Chicken end gravy Beef sandwiches (6) Applesauce Peanut cubes (6)

Al_ricot cereal cubes (day 13 only_ 9_ MEAL B (R_ (_) (B) (B) (R) Beef and vegetables Potato salad Cheese sandwiches (6) Strawberry cubes (6) Grange drink 98 1Z_3 324 283 83 931

M_AL B (_) (R) (B) (2) Orange-grapefruit Beef pot roast Bacon & egg bites (6) Chocolate pudding 83 119 206 307 715

MEAL C _AL (R) (R) (R) (B) Orange-grapefruit drink Tuna salad Apricot pudding Date fruitcake (4) 83 214 150 262 709 (R) (R) (B) (R) C Days 2, 6, iO only 220 119 262 8) 684

Potato soup Shrimp cocktail Date fruitcake (4) Orange drink

Total Calories Food 0nlyWeight

2,429 521.12 gm

Total Calories Food 0nly Weight

2,304 518.62 gm

(B) = Bite-sized food not requiring rehydration prior to ingestion. Usual serving consists of six bite-sizepieces. (R) = Rehydratable food, i.e., food which must be reconstituted prior to ingestion. -more-

MENU III-

Day 3, 7, ll

MENU IV - Day 4, 8, 12

M_AL A (R) (R) (B) (B) (_{)

CALORZES 2A6 81 1O7 183 190 807

_AL (B) (B) (R) (R) (R)

A Strawberry cereal cubes (8)-day 8 only Bacon squares (4) Ham and applessuce Chocolate pudding Orange drink

CALORIES

_a]_lon_alad Green peas Toasted bread cubes (8) Gingerbread (6) Cocos

ll4 135 127 307 82 766

Toasted bread cubes - day 3 only _AL B (R) (B) (_) (B) (B) Grapefruit drink Bacon squares (4) Chicken & vegetables Apricot cubes (6) Pineapple fruitcake (6)

MEAL B 83 90 75 284 _79 911 (R) (R) (B) (_) Beef and gravy Corn chowder Brownies (6) Peaches 16C 252 2A1 __ 751

M_AL C 70 324 234 8_ 711 2,&29 515.06 gm

I_AL C (B) (B) (S) (S) (_) Coconut cubes (6) Cinnamon to_st (6) Chicken salad Applesauce Grepefrut drink 310 99 237 165 83 894 2,All 509.58 gm

(B) (g) (R)

Cheese sandwich (6) Butterscotch pudding Orange drink

Total Calories Food Only Weight

Total Calories Food Only Weight

-monte -

-25G_INI 6 LAUNCH PREPARATIONS

The launching of Gemini 7 and the rapid turn-around for the Gemini 6 mission will be one of the most complex operations ever conducted by launch operations crews. A work schedule has been established for

flight testing, checkout and launching of Gemini 6 nine days after Gemini 7. The Gemini 6 spacecraft and launch vehicle were checked out thoroughly and counted down to some 42 minutes before liftoff on October 25. Since that time both the spacecraft end launch vehicle

were placed in "bonded" storage under guard to insure that their mechanical and electrical integrity remains intact. The Gemini 6 checkout will be the same as if a problem had occurred several days before the originally planned Gemini 6 flight and the spacecraft had to be de-mated from the launch vehicle. With

the problem solved, the spacecraft would again be _mted and a "compressed" checkout would take place in the days leading up to a launch, as most of the previous testing was still valid. Once Gemini 7 has been launched_ crews will be ready to erect the 6 launch vehicle and mate the spacecraft as soon as possible. schedule liftoff. Certain testa conducted during a normal mission will not have to be repeated for Gemini 6 because they will still remain valid (their validity will be checked, however). These include various The

calls for this to be completed some 24 hours after Gemini 7

calibrations of launch vehicle, spacecraft and blockhouse automatic

,-mo_e -

-26-

ground support equipment; weight and balancing of the erector, certain spacecraft pre-mate and extensive spacecraft launch vehicle combined systems tests. Another departure from regular checkout

procedure is that the Gemini 6 spacecraft will be fueled and the water supply and batteries will be installed before it gets to the launch pad. The spacecraft and launch vehicle crews (McDonnell Aircraft is prime contractor for the spacecraft and Martin Company for the launch vehicle) will work on a three-s_ft, the period between the launches. The following is a general outline of the comprehensive work schedule: The Gemini 7 is scheduled for launch at 2:30 p.m. EST. As soon as possible an assessment of pad damage will be made. The blast d_ge meritpri_rily has been very minimal in the past, requiring replaceof some expendable wiring at the base of the pad. 24_hour schedule during

Various umbilical cables etc. will be checked to insure that they are operating. This work can be accomplished at the same time as

the two launch vehicle stages are being erected end as the spacecraft is mated. During launch days plus one and two_ preparations will be made for final spacecraft systems tests. The validity of the electrical

interface between the spacecraft and launch vehicle _ill be verified on the third day as individual tests of the two continue.

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-27-

The final spacecraft systems tests are to be conducted on days three and four. guidance betwe_ During this time the previous verification of the spacecraft and launch vehicle is checked.

Liquid oxygen for the spacecraft environmental control system will be loaded aboard during this time as preparations are made for the simulated flight, scheduled for launch day plus five. From this

point, to Gemini 6 liftoff, the checkout will be generally the saae as of any other Gemini flight. The simulated flight, which lasts some i0 to 12 hours, consists of three simulated launches -- A mode II abort run (an abort occurs some 1:38 after liftoff), a switchover to secondary guidance during powered flight, and finally, a normal flight and insertion into orbit, during which various orbital exercises, reentry and recovery tests are run. The prime pilots and their backups participate in

these tests aboard the spacecraft at Launch Complex 19. Another "time saver" comes after the simulated flight when the various pyrotechnics aboard the spacecraft ere thoroughly checked and connected. Since the pyrotechnics system was varified previously

and left in a flight mode configuration, only a short test for verification will be required. 6 pre-_ount (lasting some four hours on the third day before

The Gemini

launch) and the mid-count (lasting some four hours on the second day before launch) will be very s_m_lar to regular Gemini procedures. During the pre-

count significant portions of each spacecraft system ere again checked.

-__0 i_e -

-28-

Final interface tests between the spacecraft and launch vehicle (guidance, abort procedures etc.) are conducted during the mid-count. The Gemini 7 and 6 final countdowns will be about the same-the spacecraft starting at about T-6 hours end the launch vehicle at T-4 hours. However, on Gemini 6, s hold will be declared st T-3

minute mark in the count to adjust the launch time to the planned rendezvous with Gemini 7. This hold will last 25 minutes. The

Gemini 6 launch time is scheduled for 9:35 a.m. EST.

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-_{9LAUNCH Gemini 6 VEHICLE COUI_DOWN

F-3 days F-1 day T-12 hours T-390 minutes T-3OOminutes T-120 minutes T-9O minutes T-75 minutes T-50 minutes T-35 minutes T-15 minutes T-3 minutes T-04 seconds

Start pre-count Start mid-count GLVpropellant Complete loading loading

propellant

Begin terminal K[ight

countdown 19

Crew to Complex spacecraft

Crew enters Close White Begin

spacecraft

hatches

Room evacuation erector lowering static firing

Spacecraft 25-minute GLVignition Liftoff 36 seconds Booster Second

OAMS hold

T-O seconds T+2 minutes_ T+5:41 T+6:II

engine

cutoff

(BECO) (SECO) separation

stage engine

cutoff

Spacecraft-launch

vehicle

-mo re-

-30NOMINAL Gemini 6 6 is scheduled Complex to be launched December Fla. 13 at shout 9:34am EST into MISSION PLAN

Gemini from Launch

19 at Cape Kennedy, apogee

It will

be launched perigee.

an elliptical stage booster same orbital inclination

orbit of 168 miles yaw steering will 7.

and lO0 miles

Second into the

be used to place Yaw steering

the spacecraft

plane as Gemini increment

provides

up to 0.55 degree will trail Gemini 7

change if needed.

The spacecraft

by 1208 miles at insertion.

Launch Windows Nominal N N N N + + + + 1 2 3 4 Day

(EST) 9:34am 9:38am 8:07s_ 8:llam 6:59am to lO:21am to lO:25am to 8:54am to 8:51_m to 7:25am 8:14am to 9:01am 9:42am to lO:14am ll:O_am to ll:24am

Rendezvous is on time. lO0 seconds If liftoff attempted coverage

is planned

for the fourth

orbit

of Gemini

6, if liftoff opportunity each

During

the first 35 minutes

of each launch

delay in liftoff time occurs beyond

delays rendezvous 300 seconds,

by one spacecraft will not be

orbit.

rendezvous

until the beginning is available.

of the seeonc_ day when better

tracking

Sho_h]. l[ftoff 47 minute

occur clurin_ the last intermediate

12 _minutes oI.'the r_imum sequence between of maneuvers will

win_Jow, a different to narrow

be initiated

the catch-up -more-

distance

the spacecraft.

-31-

In this case, engine cutoff occurs earlier to reduce velocity by 50 feet per second. This causes the spacecraft to be inserted into

a lower orbit than planned, with a perigee of about i00 miles and apogee of 138 miles. In this orbit the Gemini 6 catchup rate will

be increased due to the greater difference in altitude between the two spacecraft. Varying insertion velocity as described above has the effect of widening the launch window. Following a successful, on-tlme liftoff and insertion the uncertainties of the effect of drag on the spacecraft during its initial orbit may require a one foot per second posigrade burn at first perigee to raise apogee. In the event of small insertion

dispersions, the magnitude of this maneuver may vary but the resulting apogee will be 168 miles. Near the second apogee a posigrade burn will add 53 feet per second to raise perigee to about 134 miles. This reduces the catchup

rate from 6.7 degrees to 4.5 degrees per orbit and will provide the proper phase relationship between the two spacecraft for circularization at third apogee. Should the two spacecraft be in different planes, s plane adjustment will be made by Gem/ni 6 at the common node (where the two spacecraft orbits intersect) following the second apogee posigrade burn. At the third Gemini 6 spacecraft apogee, a posigrade burn of 53 feet per second will be made to circularise the orbit at 146 miles.

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_3L)_

-33-

Gemini 6 will then be trailing Gemini 7 by about 184 miles. This is within range of the onboard radar and lock-on should have
occurred.

A 32 feet per second posigrade burn will be made at terminal phase initiation along the line of sight to Gemini 7. This will be

at a ground elapsed time of about 5 hours, 15 minutes - about one minute after entering darkness. The range between the spacecraft

at this time is expected to be about 39 miles. Approximately 33 minutes following terra,el phase initiation a posigrade velocity of 43 feet per second will be applied to Gemini 6. This places the two spacecraft into the same orbit and

rendezvous will have been accomplished. Should there be ccuputer, platform or radar failure, the mission can still proceed using ground data and radar-optical or optical rendezvous modes. Retrofire will occur at a ground elapsed t_m_ of 46 hours and I0 minutes, during the 29th revolution. West Atlantic recovery area. Landing will be in the

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-35-

G_NI

6 EXPEi_NTS

Three i. 2. 3.

experin_nts

will be performed Photography Photography

during

the Gemini

6 mission:

Synoptic Synoptic _adiation

Weather Terrain

in sImcecraft experiments flights. are repe_ts of those of these flown eppears on in

The photogrsphy all previous the Gemini Gemini

A description

7 experiments

section. is designed to n_asure 3even r_di_tion sensors are

The radiation levels located

experiment inside

and distribution throughout

the spacecraft.

the spacecraft.

One is shielded

to simulate beneath their

the amount skin.

of radiation

the crew members be removed

8re receiving

The shield w_ll

as the spececraft where

p2sses

through

the South Atlantic dips closest

anomaly,

the area surface.

the radiation

belt

to the earth's

This experiment

was _iso flown

on Gemini

4.

-36-

DAy #I

MEAL

"A"

CALORIES

Bacon Square Potato Soup (Rehydratable) Gingerbread Peanut Cubes Grapefruit Drink (Rehydratable) TOTAL CALORIES

90 252 183 297 83

MEAL

"B"

Chicken and Gravy (Rehydratable) Cheese Sandwiches Strawberry Cereal Cubes Pineapple Fruitcake 0range-Grapefruit Drink (Rehydratab2e) TOTAL

92 324 171 253 83 CALORIES

MEAL

"C"

Salmon Salad (Rehydratable) Cinnamon Toast Butterscotch Pudding (Rehydratable) Brownies Grapefruit Drink (Rehydratable) TOTAL

CALORIES

21_6 99 ii? 241 83 -_

FIRST

DAY

- TOTAL

2,611_

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-37-

DAY

#2

MEAL

"A"

CALORIES

Chicken Sandwich Shrimp Cocktail Date Fruitcake Coconut Cubes 0range-Grapefruit

(Rehydratable)

Drink

(Rehydratable) TOTAL CALORIES

196 i19 262 310 83 --97-0---

MEAL

"B"

Tuna Salad (Rehydratable) Apricot Cereal Cubes Strawberry Cubes Peaches (Rehydratable) Grapefruit Drink (Rehydratable) TOTAL, CALORIES

214 171 283 98 83

MEAL

"C"

Bacon and Egg Bites Meat & Spaghetti (Rehydratable) Toasted Bread Cubes Chocolate Pudding (Rehydratable) Grapefruit Drink (Rehydratable) TOTAL CALORIES

178 70 161 307 83

SECOND

DAY TOTAL

2,618

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-38-

MANNED SPACE FLIGIIT NEw'WORK G_41NI 7AND 6 MISSIONS

The Manned Defense

Space Flight

Network

consists

of NASA and Delm_rtment of

facilities. Control Center in Houston, Texas (MCC-H) will control

1_e Mission the entire Real-Time

Gemini Computer

7-6 mission. Complex

As on Gemini _missions 4 and 5, Houston's (a key element of the MCC-H) will serve

(RTCC)

as the mission For Gemini (i)

computing

center. will provide: and orbital for position phases determination

7-6 the network and telemetry

Tracking

data during launch 6 spacecraft

from both the Gemini and systems (2) to either control mation

7 and the Gemini

operation. for transmission spacecraft. These and verification of ground commands

Capability or both

commands s generated computer to provide

at the mission ctu_rent inforand

center s update

the spacecraft

for time-of-retrofire

determination

and reentry

calculations

di splays. Prime Computin_ Su_ort support will be provided Spacecraft receive from launch through During radar the launch data from System)

Immediate

computing

impact by the RTCC and insertion Bermuda

at the Manned

Center. high-speed

phase s the RTCC will and MISTRAM

and radar

(Missile

Tracking

and Measurement

data from the Air Force Eastern Kennedy-Houston Other Computer GLDS Support Space Flight

Test Range

(AFETR) radars

via the Cape

(Gemini Launch

Data System).

NASA's for Gemini

Goddard

Center

(GSFC) real-time of skin tracking

computing information

support

7-6 includes

the processing

-more-

-39-

obtained

from the second of their

stages of both impact

launch vehicles

and the the

computation

predicted

points.

Additionally_ space

GSFC RTCC will position

generate

skin track

(radar echo bounce) Space Flight

predictions of Defense

for the Manned for their

Network

and the

Department beacon Network

use in the event

of spacecraft

loss or powered-down Readiness

flight.

Computers readiness CMD_ RDR_ called

at the GSFC will Gemini

certify

the worldwide

network's TLM, method Tests).

to support

7-6 through

a system-by-system checkout

station-by-station_ (Computation

computer-progrsmmed

CADFISS

and Data Flow Integrated also _ll be performed

Subsystem

Checkout _ring

of network

facilities periods when

by the GSFC

post-launch by some

the spacecraft until

are not electronically the vehicles are again

"visible" within

stations range.

and continue

acquisition

Data Flow Tests Spacecraft the Manned Director. Center's

(DFT's) from the worldwide Real-Time Center Computing Complex

network

to the Manned from

will be conducted of the CADFISS

Spacecraft

under the direction

Test

TRACKING For Gemini data acquisition station 7-6,

TWO MANNED

SPACECRAFT of spacecraft trackln_ and

various

combinations

assignments

will be accomplished

according

to individual

capability.

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-40-

Both Gemini spacecraft are equipped with C-Band beacon systems that aid station radars of the Manned Space Flight Network in pinpointing precise space position of each vehicle. In order that these

radiated signals be readily distinguishable by the ground systems, their identifying codes have been altered slightly for precise recognition. Through the detection of the spacecraft beacon, ground trackers pinpoint each spacecraft with an accuracy equivalent to a 22 bullet hitting a twenty-five cent piece at a distance of one mile. Electroni-

cally coordinated (slaved) telemetry receiving and radio command antenna systems acquire data from and send instructions to each spacecraft based in part on the space position information provided by the beacon tracking radars. After Gemini 6 spacecraft insertion into orbit, stations in the Manned Space Flight Network will, for the first time, simultaneously track and acquire information from two orbiting manned spacecraft. While both spacecraft are in orbital flight the on-slte flight data summary computer: (UNIVAC 1218) called TOMCAT (Telemetry 0n-Line Monitoring_ Compression and Transmission) processes Gemini 6 or 7 (whichever spacecraft has been designated "prime") spacecraft data. Upon termination of the Gemini 6 mission, all network station systems will revert to previous Gemini 7 operating modes for the remainder of the mission.

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-41ORBIT3 - _OLU'i'lON_
The sp_cecrsft's earth. A revolution course is messured esch in revolutions eround the

is completed

time the sp_cecrsft sltitudes

pssses once

over 80 degrees every

west longitude,

or at Gemini

sbout

96 _inutes. Orbits are spsce referenced and in Gemini tske _bcut 90 minutes.

-moPe-

-21.2-

CREW TRAINING

BACKGROUND

In addition flight plished 1. Dynamic 2.

to the extensive the following

general

training have

received

prior to

assignment

preparations

or will be accom-

prior to launch: Launch abort training in the Gemini Mission Simulator and the

Crew Procedures Egress

Simulator. activities using a spacecraft boilerplate

and recovery recovery usin_

model and actual egress 3. Chapel 4. training

equipment

and personnel,

pad emergency

elevator

and slide _rlre. in the Moorehead Planetarium,

Celestial

pattern

recognition

Hill, North Carolina. Parachute descent training over _ater using a towed parachute

technique. 5. 6. 7. member 9. Zero gravity Suit_ training in KC-135 fittings. crew. simulator. experiment briefings; flight aircraft.

seat and harness sessions

Training

for each

on the Gemini Detailed

translation briefing;

and docking detailed

systems

plans and mission IO.

rules reviews. in mockup reviewsj systems revie_ subsystem tests

Participation

and spacecraft

acceptance

review.

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-43-

During final preparation for flight, the crew participates in network launch abort simulations, Joint combined systems test and the final simulated flight tests. At T-two days, the major flight

crew medical examinations will be administered to confirm readiness for flight and obtain data for comparison with post-flight medical examination results.

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-44IMMEDIATE PEE-FLIGHT CREW ACTIVITIES

T-7 hours

Back-up flight crew reports tc the 100-foot level of the White Room to participate in final flight preparations. Pilots' ready room, lO0-foot level of White Room and crew quarters manned and made ready for prime crew. Primery crew awekened Medical examination Breakfast Crew leaves euarters Crew arrives st ready room on Pad 16

T-5 hours

T-% hours, 30 minutes T-4 hours T-_ hours, &O _dnutes T-3 hours, 15 minutes T-3 hours, 5 minutes

During the next hour, the biomedical sensors are placed, underwear end signal conditioners are donned, flight suits minus helmets and gloves are put on end blood pressure is checked. The helmets

and gloves are then etteched and con_unications end oral temperatures systems are checked. T-2 hours, 15 minutes T-2 hours, 4 minutes T-2 hours Purging of suit begins Crew leaves reedy room Crew arrives _t lO0-foot level Crew enters spacecraft

T-I hour, 30 minutes

From entry until ignition, the crew participetes in or monitors systems checks and preparations.

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-_5-

_t

Activities

At ignition assessing seconds system after

the crew begins status

the primary abort

leunch

phase

task of Thirty

end detecting pilot

sittmtions. forwerd

_Co,

the co_snd spacecraft

initietes

thrusting rate velccity

and the pilot actuates contend attitude

separetion

end selects

control.

Ground

ccmput_,tions of insertion adjustments

corrections

are received After

end velocity successful

ere m_de by forwerd of the

or aft thrusting. insertion

insertion flight

and completion

check llst,

the detailed

plan is begun.

-46-

CREW

SAFETY

Every (Back-up) the the for launch crew

Gemini feature. vehicle

system The

affecting Malfunction

crew

safety

has System

a reduadant aboard warns time

Deteetion

monitors

subsystem catastrophic

performance malfunction

and in

of a potentially

escape.

There MODE I

are

three

modes

of

escape:

Ejection seats, and personal parachutes, used at ground level and during first 50 seconds of powered flight, or during deseent after reentry. (Delayed) Retrorockets used between 50 and i00 seconds, allowing crew to salvo fire all four solid retrorockets five seconds after engine shutdown is cow,handed. Normal separation from launch vehicle, using OAMS thrusters, then making normal reentry, using computer.

MODE

II

MODE

III

Except Vehicle, landing

for

Mode

I,

spacecraft forward,

separates then

from

Gemini reentry

Launch and

turns with

blunt-end aboard.

completes

crew

Survival

package

Survival to the

gear,

mounted parachute

on

each

ejection

seat

and

attached weighs

astronaut's

harnesses

by nylon

llne,

23 pounds.

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-47Each 3.5 astronaut pounds of has: drinking water

Machete 0ne-man flation, sea life raft, dye 5 by 3 feet, with sun CO 2 bottle bonnet. signal mirror, and for in-

anchor, light kit,

markers, with

nylon

Survival compass, striker, sewing

(strobe), 14 feet

flashlight, line, and

of nylon

cotton

balls

halazone

tablets, with

a whistle, homing beacon

batteries voice

for power. reception.

Survival

radio,

and

Sunglasses. Desalter of seawater. Medical and antibiotic sickness. kit, containing and stimulant, aspirin, plus pain, motion sickness for pain and kit, with brickettes enough to desalt eight pints

tablets

injectors

motion

-more-

- 8-

G_MINI 6 SUIT

The pressure suit worn by the crew of Gemini 6 is identical to that worn by the Gemini 5 crew. vehicular activity. It has five layers: 1. White cotton constant wear undergarment with pockets to hold biomedical instrumentation equipment. 2. 3. Blue nylon comfort layer. Black neoprene-coated nylon pressure garment. It is not suitable for extra-

4. Restraint layer of dacron and teflon link net to restrain pressure garment and maintain its shape. 5. White HT-lnylon outer layer to protect against wear and solar reflectance. The suit is a f,ll pressure garment, including a helmet_rlth mechanically sealed visor. control system. Oxygen is furnished by the environmental

Gaseous oxygen is provided to the suit through a

"suit loop" to cool the astronaut and provide him_rith a breathable atmosphere of i00 percent oxygen. pounds per square inch Oxygen in the cabin maintains 5.1 The suit_ if cabin pressure fails,

(psi) pressure.

is pressurized to 3.5 psi (+.4,-0).

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-49G_L_[INI7 SUIT

A new lightweight space flights. crew. It will

suit has been developed be worn for the first suit desigmed

for long duration time by the Gemini to give maxim_un 7

it is en intravehicular when depressurized.

_Jbility

It has two layers: i. The inner layer coated 2. nylon is the pressure retaining neoprene-

bladder. HT-I nylon including

Th_ outer

layer is six ounce

it is a full pressure an aviator's

suit and weighs 16 pounds, is worn under off during

crash he]]net which taken

the soft helmet. or c_n be worn are removed t(Jform a

The suit can be completely in a partially and the helmet headrest. .Exael'gency ti,,_eto donn is about _) seconds. five to ten minutes When doffed mode

flight

in which

gloves and boots and rolled

is unzipped

at the neck

back

the suit from a p_rtielly the suit is totally doffed

doffed

mode

it takes from

to donn it.

-50MEDICALCHECKS
At least member. consist one medical check a day will be made by each crew station, a check will food

Performed of: Oral

over a convenient temperature# blood

ground

pressure

measurement_

and water

intake

evaluation.

BODY WASTE Two separate A plastic ment systems are used

DISPOSAL for collection lip to provide of body wastes. secure attach-

bag with

an adhesive

to the body which

is used

for the collection formation

of feces.

It contains Soiled

a germicide

prevents

of bacteria are placed

and gas.

itemsj toilet following use.

tissues

and a wet towel_

in the bag seal

The adhesive

lip is then

used to form a liquid food container

and the bag is rolled and brought back

and stowed

in the empty

spaces

to earth for analysis. into a horn-shaped receptacle with a self

Urine is collected adjusting pump opening.

The receptacle either transfers The system

is connected the liquid is much

by a hose to a

device which

to the evaporator tube used

or dumps it overboard. in military fighter

like the relief

planes.

FOOD Number Type of Meals -- Three per day per astronaut Water is placed in

-- Bite-sized with

and rehydratable. gun.

rehydratables

special

Bite-sized

items

need no rehydration.

-more-.

-51Storage-polyethelene_ compartment Meals individually laminate. wrapped First in aluminum day meals foil and

polyamide beside knees

stored in days meals

of each crewman.

Succeeding

in right aft food compartment. The water A mechanical gun. intake measuri_ of each astronaut system will be carefully measured.

is an integral bellows

part of the water in a small metal holds one-half a spring in right Each

It consists mounted

of a neoprene at base When of gun.

housed

cylinder

The bellows

ounce of water. pushes side water

plunger

of gun is depressed_ gun.

out of bellows number

and through of times

A counter

of gun registers will

bellows

is activated. numbers at

crewman

record how much

he drinks by noting

beginning

and end of use of gun_

-more-

-52-

The following

are

guidelines

only,

Conditions

along

the

grotmd

track will be evaluated prier to and during the mission. Launch Area Surface Winds -- 18 knots with gusts to 25 knots Ceiling -- 5,000 feet cloud base Visibility -- Six miles Wave Height -- Five feet maximum Planned I_udin_ Ar_

Surface Winds ~- 30 knots maximum Ceiling -- 1,500 feet cloud base Visibility -- Six miles Wave Height _ Eight feet maximum

Contineenc_ Landin_ Areas Fllght director will make decision based upon conditions at the time. Parare_cue_ Surface Winds -- 25 knots maximum

Ceiling -- ipO00 feet cloud base Visibility -- Target visible Waves -- Five feet maximum; swells I0 or ii feet maximum

-illo32e -

-53PLANNF_ AND CONTINGENCY LAN_ING AREAS

There are two types of landing areas for Gemini spacecraft, planned and contingency. Planned areas are those where recovery

forces are pre-positioned to recover spacecraft and crew within a short time. All other areas under the orbital track are contingency

areas, requiring special search and rescue techniques and a longer recovery period. P_a_ne_ Lan_ing Area_ PRIMARY Landing in the West Atlantic where the primary recovery vessel, an aircraft carrier, is pre-positioned. Landing in East Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid-Pacific areas where ships are deployed. Landing in the event of off-the-pad abort for abort during early phase of flight, includes an area about 41 miles seaward from Cape Kennedy, 3 miles toward Banana River from Complex 19. Landing in the event of abort during powered flight, extending from 41 miles at sea from Cape Kennedy to west coast of Africa.

S_CON_ARY

LAUNCH SITE

LAUNCH ABORT

Contingency Landin_ Areas All the area beneath the spacecraft's ground track except those designated Planned Landing Areas are Contingency Landing Areas, roquiring aircraft and pararescue support for recovery within a period of 18 hours from splashdown. Recovery forces will be provided by the military services, and during mission time will be under the operational control of the Department of Defense Manager for Manned Space Flight Support Operations. -more-

OEMINI The Gemini in diameter two major _eentry spacecraft

SPACgCRAF I' 18 feet, 5 inches long, lO feet lts

is conical,

at its base and 39 inches are the reentry

in dia_.eter at

the top.

sections

module

and the adapter

section.

_odule module is ii feet high and 7_ feet sections: (3) (I) rendezvous in diameter and recovery ,t its (_R),

The reentry base. (k)

It has three main reentry control

(_iCS), and

cabin. is the forward (small) end of the

_ndezvous spacecraft, _eentry fuel

and recovery

section pilot

containing control

drogue,

and main p_rachutes _&_ and cabin

and radar. contains

section

between

sections

and oxidizer thrusters

tanks,

valves,

tubing

and two rings reentry.

of eight _ttJtude ad_pter

control assembly

each for control for main

during

A parachute

is included

parachute

attachment. section, houses the crew

Cabin section seated side-by-side,

between

RCS and adapter

their instruments

and controls. titanium

Above each se_t hull. Equipment hull

is a hatch. not requiring

Crew compartment pressurized

is a pressurized

environment

is located

between

pressure

and outer beryllium aerodynamic large

shell which

is corrugated Dish-shaped

and shingled heat shield

to provide forms the

and heat protection. section.

end of cabin

Adapte.r _e ction The adapter base, containing section is 7_ feet high and i_ feet and equipment sectJ ons. Jn diameter at J ts

retrograde

-i_ore -

-561.1.1

I-I-!

:D

O _

>-

OD
c,D I--I.U

zO O_
_Z
I--

,,,O
<I: _:_ U
I.U

-r U
a.

-57-

t_

0 Z
m

C_ I,LI

.....

,,

,, ,,,,,,

-;8-

".

-59-

.Retrograde section part of the radiator

contains

four

solid system.

retrograde

rockets

and

for the cooling

E qu_pmentse_c_io_nn contains for the orbit attitude

electrics1 system

power

source

systems, fuel oxygen for

and _mnuever system

(OA_S), primary

the envlron_entsl for the cooling NOTE: retrorockets after retros

control system,

(ECS).

It also

serves as a radiator section. before is jettisoned

also contained

in the equipment

The equipzJ_nt section are fired are fired.

is jettisoned

immediately section

for reentry.

The retrograde

P_OPELLANT Gemini-? Gemlni-6 -- &23 pounds -- 669 pounds GEMINI The following craft to support 1. rendezvous 2. -7 SPACEC_A_!MODIFICATIONS have been made mission: signals from the Gemini-6 to the Gemini-? sp_ce-

modifications

Gemini-6

rendezvous

A transponder radar system

to receive has been lights

end transmit installed

in the nose

of the spacecraft. section

Two acqusition aport.

have been placed

on the adapter

180 degrees

These are the same lights

designed

for the Agena and can be seen

target vehicle. for approximately

They flash about 80 23 _iles. P_NDEZVOUS

times per minute

RADA_

Gemini-6 Purpose -- _ables crew to measure data range, range rate, and bearing System computer

angle to Ge_inl-7.

Supplies

to Inertial

Guidance

-_ore-

-60-

so crew can determine maneuvers necessary for rendezvous. Operation -- Transponder on Gemini 7 receives radar impulses and returns them to Gemini 6 at a specific frequency and pulse width.

Radar accepts only signals processed by transponder. Location -- small end of spacecraft on forward face of rendezvous and recovery section. Size -- less than two cubic feet. Weight -- less than 50 pounds. Power Requirement -- less than 80 watts. _L_CTRICAL POWER SYSTemS Gemini-7 The fuel cell power subsystem includes two 68-pound pressurized fuel cell sections, each containing three fuel cell stacks of 32 seriesconnected cells. Operating together, these sections produce up to two

kilowatts of DC power at peak load. Four conventional silver zinc batteries provide bBckuppower the fuel cells during launch and are l_ri_ and post-landing. to

power for reentry, landing

Three additional batteries are isoleted electricelly (The four m_in batteries

to activate pyrotechnicsaboard the spacecraft.

can also be brought on line for this purpose if necessary.) Besides its two cylindrical sections, the fuel cell battery subsystem includes a reactant supply of hydrogen and oxygen, stored ,t supercritlc_] pressures and cryogenic temperatures.

-61-

'_rlergyis produced the stacks poly_er whore

in the fuel

ce]l by forc_g

the reactants of

into

they ere chez,icslly changed end s catalyst of platin_,

by en electrolyte

plastic

i_su]t_",t electrons heaC end w_ter. ss long es fuel

end This

ions combine chemic_l oxid8nt

with oxygen will

to form electricity, continue is used end w8ter

reaction

theoretically Electrici_y system,

end

are supplied.

for power,

heat is rejected into the front the crew's drinking

by the spacecraft spacecraft drinking water. _emini-6 Gen_ni-6

coolant supply

is diverted

drinking

_anks where

it is sepereted

supply

by a bledder

end used as pressursnt

to supply

spacecraft

carries

lO batteries.

Included

in these

are:

Adepter

Batteries

three /_uO-emp/hour units, housed in the adapter section. Primery power source. four LS-amp/hour units in the reentry section for power prior to end during reentry. three 15-sJJlp/hour units in the r_entry section, used to trigger e_plos]ve squibs.

_ain

Batteries

_quib Batteries

--mC r_]-

-64-

GI_LINI LAUNCH

VEHICLE

The Gemini

Launch

Vehicle

(GLV) is a modified missile consisting

U. S. Air Force of two stages.

Titan

II intercontinental GLV dimensions F_IGHT DIAMET_q THRUST

ballistic are:

First Sta_e 63 feet l0 feet 430,000 pounds (two engines)

Second Sta_e _ feet lO feet lO0,000 pounds (one engine) and

FUEL

50-50 blend of monomethyl hydrazlne unsymmet ri cal-dimethyl hydrazine Nitrogen tetroxide (Fuel is hypergolic, eously upon contact

OXIDIZER

ignites spontanwith oxidizer).

Overall Combined

height

of launch

vehicle

and spacecraft

is 109 feet.

weight

is about 340,000 to Titan

pounds. Launch Vehicle

Modifications include : i. booster 2. system 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Malfunction performance Backup

II for use as the Gemini

detection information control

system added

to detect

and transmit

to the crew. system added to provide a secondary

flight

if primary Radio Retro

system

fails. for inertial deleted. truss added. skirt assembly simplified. systems modified. added guidance.

guidance

substituted rockets

and vernier

New second New second Trajectory Electrical_

stage equipment stage forward tracking

oxidizer

requirements

hydraulic

and instrument -more-

-65-

Gemini direction CoN_and.

Launch

Vehicle

program

management

for NASA

is under the Systems

of the Space Systems

Division

of the Air Force

-more-

-66CREW Frank BORN: Borman, Ind., I0 Gemini Mar. BIOGRAPHIES 7 command 14, 1928 WEIGHT: 163 ibs. Blonde hair, pilot

Gary,

HEIGHT: 5 feet, blue eyes EDUCATION:

inches

Bachelor of Science degree, United States Military Academy, 1950; Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1957. Married Ariz. to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson,

MARITAL

STATUS:

CHILDREN:

Frederick,

Oct.

4,

1951;

Edwin,

July

20,

1953

EXPERIENCE: Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, Calif. From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter United States and in the Philippines and at the Air Force Fighter Weapons School. squadrons in the was an instructor

From 1957 to 1960 he was an instructor of thermodynamics fluid mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy.

and

_ was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test briefings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours more than 3,600 hours in Jet aircraft. CURRENT by NASA Bo_nan ASSIGNMENT: in September is the son Borman 1962. and was one flying time, including

of the

nine

astronauts

named

of Mr.

Mrs.

Edwin

Borman,

Phoenix,

Ariz.

-more-

j_

-67-

James BORN: HEIGHT: EDUCATION:

A.

(for

Arthur) Ohio,

Love11, 25, ibs.

Jr., 1928

Gemini

7 pilot

ClevelanJ, 6 feet

March 165

WEIGHT:

Blond

hair,

blue

eyes

Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy, 1952; attended University of Wisconsin 1946-1948. Married to Milwaukee the former Marilyn Gerlach of

MARITAL

STATUS:

CHILDREN:

Barbara Lynn, Oct. 13, 1953; Susan Kay, July 14, 1958

James

A.,

Feb.

15,

1955;

EXPERIENCE: Lovell, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval aviator assignments inclmding a three-year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Md. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was University graduated from the Aviation of Southern California. instructor Naval Air Safety School of the

lie served as flight Squadron i01 at the

and safety officer with Station at Oceana, Va. flying time, including

Fighter

Lovell has logged 3,000 hours 2,000 hours in Jet aircraft.

more

than

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Lovell was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overall astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties monitoring design and development oi" recovery and including crew life support systems and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery. Lovell is the son of Mr. Edgewater Beach, Fla. and Mrs. James A. Lovell, Sr.,

-mor-

-68-

Edward H. command pilot BORN: HEIGHT: EDUCATION: San

(for

Higgins)

White

II,

Gemini

7 backup

Antonio,

Tex.,

Nov. 171

14, Ibs.

1930 Brown hair, Brown eyes

6 feet

WEIGHT:

Bachelor of Science degree from United States Military Academy, 1952, Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering, University of Michigan, 1959 Married to the of Washington, May 15, 1953; former D.C. Bonnie Patricia Eileen Finegan

MARITAL

STATUS:

CHILDREN: PROFESSIONAL

Edward,

Lynn,

Sept.

15,

1956

ORGANIZATIONS:

Associate member of Institute of Aero-space Sciences; member of Sigma Delta Psi, athletic honorary; and member of Tau Beta Pi, engineering honorary

EXPERIENCE: White, _ an Air Force Major, received flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point. He spent 3 years in Germany with a fighter squadron, flying F-86's and F-100's. He attended Force Base, the Air Calif., Force Test in 1959. Pilot School at Edwards Air

White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommendations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. I_e has logged more than 3,600 hours flying more than 2,200 hours in Jet aircraft. time, including

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: White is a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962. He was assigned as the !pilot for the second manned Gemini mission which flew for four days (June 3-7, 1965). White was the first U.S. astronaut to take part in extravehicular activities. He was outside the Gemini _ spacecraft for 22 minutes and was the first human to use a personal propulsion unit for maneuvering in space. White is the son Petersburg, Fla. of MaJ. Gen. and Mrs. Edward H. White, St.

-more-

-69-

Michael BORN: Rome

Collins, Italy,

Gemini 31,

7 backup 1930 WEIGHT:

pilot

Oct. i0

I_IGHT: 5 feet, brown eyes EDUCATION:

inches

163

ibs.

Brown

hair

Bachelor Military

of Science Academy

degree

from

United

States

MARITAL

STATUS:

Married to the former of Boston, Mass.

Patricia

M.

Finnegan

CHILDREN:

Kathleen, May 6, 1959; Ann Michael L., Feb. 23, 1963

S.,

Oct.

31,

1961;

EXPERIENCE: Collins, an Air Force Major, chose career following graduation from West Point.

an

Air

Force

He served as an experimental flight test officer at the Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California. In that capacity, he tested performance and stability and control characteristics of Air Force aircraft, primarily Jet fighters. He has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,700 hours in Jet aircraft. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Collins NASA He is James in was one of the 1963. third group of astronauts ! Gen. James D.C. L. Collins and Mrs. selected by

October

the son of the late MaJ. L. Collins of Washington,

-more--

-70-

Walter pilot BORN:

M.

(for Marty)

Schirra,

Jr.,

Gemini

6 command

Hackensack,

N.J., i0 inches

Mar.

12,

1923 170 ibs. Brown hair,

HEIGHT: 5 feet, brown eyes EDUCATION:

WEIGHT:

Bachelor Academy,

of Science 1945 to the Wash. June

degree,

United

States

Naval

MARITAL

STATUS:

Married Seattle, M. III,

former

Josephine

Fraser

of

CHILDREN:

Walter

23,

1950_

Suzanne,

Sept.

29,

1957

EXPERIENCE: Schirra, a Navy Captain, received flight training at Pensacola Naval Air Station, Fla. As an exchange pilot with the United States Air Force, 154th Fighter Bomber Squadron, he flew 90 combat missions in F-84E aircraft in Korea and downed one MIG with another probable. He received the Distinguished Flying Cross and two Air Medals for his Korean service. He took part in the development of the Sidewinder missile at the Naval Ordnance Training Station, China Lake, Calif. Schirra was project pilot for the PTU3 Cutlass and instructor pilot for the Cutlass and the FJ3 _ry. Schirra Fighter flew F311-2N Demons as operations officer of the 124th Squadron onboard the Carrier Lexington in the Pacific.

He attended the Naval Air Safety Officer School at the University of Southern California, and completed test pilot training at the Naval Air Center, Patuxent Rive:r, Md. He was later assigned at Patuxent in suitability development work on the F4H. He has more 2,700 hours Schirra 1959. was than 3,800 hours in Jet aircraft. one of the seven flying time, including more than

Mercury

astronauts

named

in

April

-more-

-71-

On Oct. 3, 1962, Schirra flew a six-orbit mission in his "Sigma 7" spacecraft. The flight lasted nine hours and 13 minutes from liftoff through landing and he attained a velocity of 17,557 miles (28,200 kilometers) per hour, a maximum orbital altitude of 175 statute miles (281 kilometers) and a total range of almost 144,000 statute miles (231,700 kilometers). The impact point was in the Pacific Ocean, about 275 miles (443 kilometers) northeast of Midway Island. Me was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his flight. He was the backup command pilot for the Gemini 3 mission. Schirra is the son of Mr. and Mrs., Walter M. Schirra, St., San Diego, Calif.

-more-

-72-

Thomas BORN: HEIGHT: EDUCATION:

P.

(for

Patten) Okla.,

Stafford, Sept. 175 17,

Gemini 1930 Black

6 pilot

Weatherfordj 6 feet

WEIGI_:

Ibs.

hair,

blue

eyes

Bachelor of Science Naval Academy, 1951

degree

from

United

States

MARITAL

STATUS:

Married to the Former Weatherford, Okla. July 2, 1954; Karin,

Faye

L.

Shoemaker

of

CHILDREN:

Dianne,

Aug.

28,

1957

EXPERIENCE: Stafford, an Air Force Major, was commissioned in the United States Air Force upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. Following his flight training, he flew fighter interceptor aircraft in the United States and Germany, and later attended the United States Air Force Experimental Flight Test School at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. He served as Chief of the Performance Branch, USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards. In this assignment he was responsible for supervision and administration of the flying curriculum for student test pilots. He established basic text books and participated in and directed the writing of flight test manuals for use by the staff and students. Stafford is co-author of the Pilot's Handbook for Performance Flight Testing and Aerodynamic }landbook for Performance Flight Testing. He has logged more than than 3,600 hours in Jet LJ,300 hours aircraft. flying time, including more

Stafford was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA in September 1962. He was the backup pilot for Gemini 3. Stafford is the son of Mrs. Mary E. Stafford and the late Dr. Thomas S. Stafford, Weatherford, Okla.

-more-

-73-

Virgil I. command pilot BORN: Mitchell,

(for

Ivan)

"Gus"

Grissom,

Gemini

6 backup

Ind., 7 inches

April

3,

1926 150 Ibs. Brown hair,

HEIGHT: 5 feet brown eyes EDUCATION:

WEIGHT:

Bachelor of Science degree from Purdue University Married to the Mitchell, Ind. May 16, 1950; former

in mechanical

engineering

MARITAL

STATUS:

Betty

L. Moore

of

CHILDREN:

Scott,

Mark,

Dec.

30,

1953

EXPERIENCE: Grissom is a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force, and received his wings in March 1951. He flew i00 combat missions in Korea in F-86's with the 334th FighterInterceptor Squadron. He left Korea in June 1952 and bec_ne a Jet instructor at Bryanj Tex. In August 1955, he entered the Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, to study aeronautical engineering. In October 1956, he attended the Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., and returned to WrightPatterson Air Force Base in 1957 as a test pilot assigned to the fighter branch. Grissom has logged more than 4,000 hours flying time, including more than 3,000 hours in jet aircraft. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with Cluster for service in Korea. Grissom was named in April 1959 as one of the seven Mercury astronauts. He was the pilot of the Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7) suborbital mission, July 21, 1961 and the command pilot of the Gemini 3 mission, March 23, 1965. He is responsible for the one of three organizational Apollo and Operations). Grissom Ind. is the son of Mr. Gemini group in units in that the Astronaut office. (The Office, others

and

Mrs.

Dennis

Grissom,

Mitche11,

-more-

K'

w !"

-74-

John BORN: San

W.

(for

Watts)

Young,

Gemini Sept. 24, 172

6 backup 1930 ibs.

pilot

Francisco,

Calif.,

HEIGHT: 5 feet green eyes EDUCATION:

9 inches

WEIGHT:

Brown

hair,

Bachelor of engineering

Science degree in aeronautical from Georgia Institute of Technology former Barbara V. White of

MARITAL

STATUS:

Married to the Savannah, Ga_ Apr. 30, 1957;

CHILDREN:

Sandy,

John,

Jan.

17,

1959

EXPERIENCE: Upon graduation from Georgia Tech, Young entered the United States Navy and is now a Commander in that service. From 1959 to 1962 he served as a test pilot, and later program manager of F4H weapons systems project, doing test and evaluation flights and writing technical reports. He served as maintenance officer for all-weather Fighter Squadron ill3 at the Naval Air Station, Miramar, Calif. In 1962, Young set world time-toclimb records in the 3,000 meter and 25,000 meter events in the F4B Navy fighter. He has logged more than than 2,700 hours in jet Young was among the in September 1962. He is the son of Mr. 3,200 hours aircraft. flying time, including more

group of nine astronauts selected by NASA He was the pilot of Gemini 3, March 23, 1965. and Mrs. William H. Young, Orlando, Fla.

-more-

-75-

PRE_IOUS

GEMINI

FLIGHTS

Gemini

i, Apr.

8_

1964

Unmanned to test Gemini and and No

orbital launch

flightj vehicle

using

first

production and ability

spacecraft, of launch Spacefour

performance launch

vehicle craft days.

spacecraft stage

to withstand launch vehicle

environment. for about

second recovery

orbited

attempted.

Gemini

2,

Jan.

19_

1965

Unmanned heat protection

ballistic and

flight

to qualify systems.

spacecraft Delayed

reentry times December system by

spacecraft

three Dora.

adverse launch shut

weather, attempt

including terminated

hurricanes after

Cleo

and

malfunction

detection

engines

down

because after

of hydraulic ballistic

component reentry into

failure. Atlantic Ocean.

Spacecraft

recovered

Gemini

3_ Mar.

23_

1965

First John W.

manned as

flight, crew.

with Orbited

Astronauts earth (81

Virgil times

I. Grissom in four

and hours,

Young

three

53 minutes. landing expected out area lift

Landed

about

50 miles because

kilometers) did not

short

of plamned

in Atlantic during after

spacecraft First manned Grissom, man to fly

provide to maneuver subtwice.

reentry. its own is

spacecraft who into made

of plane,

orbit. first

orbital

Mercury

flight,

space

-more-

-76-

Gemini

4_

June

3-7_

1965

Second and landed

manned

Gemini

flight

completed recovery James H.

62

revolutions after 97 was pilot, (_A), in space.

[.

in primary of flight.

Atlantic Astronaut Edward of

area A.

hours,

59 minutes command

McD1vitt II was Activity

pilot. 21

Astronaut minutes

White

accomplished using Attempt failed a hand to

Extravehicular unit for with

held

maneuvering

first GLV

time second

perform of

near-rendezvous insufficient Guidance

stage fuel. to

(_

because

quantity System

of maneuvering required crew

Malfunction perform

in Inertial

zero-lift

reentry.

Gemini

5, Au$.

21-29_

1965

Longest Cooper 120 and

space Charles

flight (Pete) days, orbital human.

on

record. Jr., and

Astronauts circled

L. Gordon the earth Cooper time in is

Conrad_ 22 hours space

times

in

seven two

59 minutes. has first more

first space becomes of

to make than any

flights; on

other second

Conrad,

space

flight, Failure threatened of of' fuel to ]OO vessel

world's heating during

most in

experienced fuel cell

astronaut. supply system use

oxygen

system day

mission

first and

of" flight,

but

careful

electrical cells

power, crew

excellant ground

operational personnel, Spaco_raft

management crew about

by both flight

and

permitted landed

complete miles

._ucce_Jully. from

(161

kilometers)

primary

Atlantic

recovery

-more-

-77because onboard planned. carried with of erroneous base-line information itself programmed performed into as pod

computer, Plan aloft cell to by

although rendezvous Gemini

computer with

a transponder-bearing because of

5 was supply.

cancelled

problem

fuel

oxygen

Note: 1965. which despite

Gemini The Gemini a

6 previously attempt to

was was

scheduled cancelled failed launch.

for

launch

Oct.

25j with

launch 6 was

whenthe

Agena,

rendezvous, Atlas booster

to achieve

orbit

successful

-more-

-7g-

PROJECT

OFFICIALS

George

E o Mueller

Associate A_linistrator_ Office of Manne_i Space Flight, NASA Headquarters, Acting Director, Gemini Program

LeRoy E. Day

Acting Deputy Director, NASA Headquarters

Gemini

Program,

William

C. Schneider

Deputy Director, Mission Operations_ Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters, Gemini 7 and 6 Mission Director

Charles

W. Mathews

Gemini Progr_n Manager, Mannec_ Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas

Christopher

C. Kraft

Flight Director, Center, Houston

Manned

Spacecraft

G. Merritt

Preston

Deputy Mission Director for Launch Operations t Job_l F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA_ Kennedy Space Center, Florida

Lt. Gen. Leighton

I. Davis

USAF, National Range Division Co_nander and D0D Manager of Manned Space Flight Support Operations

Maj.

G_n.

V. G. Hasten

USAF, AFETR

Deputy

DOD Manager and Commander

Col. Richard

C. Dineen

Director, Directorate Gemini Launch Vehicles, Space Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command

Lt. Col. John G. Albert

Chief, Gemini Launch Division, 6555th Aerospace Test Wing, Air Force Missile Test Center# Cape Kennedy, Florida

Rear Adm. W.

C. Abhau -more -

USN, Manned Spacecraft Support, Conm_nder, Task Force 140 (Atlantic Ocean Recovery Forces)

-79-

U.S. MISSION

MANNED HRS. SEC. 22

SPACE

SPACECRAFT HRS. MIN. 15

FLIGHTS MAN-hUED HOURS IN MISSION HRS. MIN. SEC. 15 22

TOTAL MANNEDHRS. CUMULATIVE HRS. MIN. SEC. 15 22

MR-3

(Shepard)

MR-4

(Grissom)

15

37

15

37

30

59

MA-6

(Glenn)

55

23

55

23

26

22

MA-7

(Carpenter)

56

05

56

05

l0

22

27

MA-8

(Schirra)

13

ll

13

ll

19

35

38
i

MA-9

(Cooper)

34

19

49

34

19

49

53

55

27

Gemini 3 (Grissom & Young)

53

00

46

O0

63

41

27

Gemini 4 (McDivitt & White)

97

56

ll

195

52

22

259

33

49

Gemini 5 (Cooper & Conrad)

190

56

O1

381

52

02

641

25

51

-more-

-80-

SPACECRAFT

CONTRACTORS

McDonnell tractor for the

Aircraft Gemini

Corp.,

St.

Louis, Others

Mo.,

is prime

con-

spacecraft. Co.

include: Control

AIResearch Manufacturing Los Angeles, Calif. The Eagle Pitcher Joplin, Mo. IBM New Corp. York, Co.

Environment System Batteries

Computer, N.Y. Parachutes

Guidance

Northrop Newbury

Corp. Park, Calif.

Rocketdyne Canoga Park, Thiokol Elkton,

OAMS, Calif. Corp.

RCS

Chemical Md.

Retrorocket

System

Weber Aircraft Corp. Burbank, Calif. Westinghouse Electric Balt_nore, Md. Atlas contractors include: Convair Calif. Corp.

Ejection

Seats

_endezvous

Radar

System

General Dynamics, Div., San Diego,

Airframe and Integration Propulsion

Systems

R0cketdyne Div., North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif. General Electric Co., Syracuse, New york Titan II contractors include:

Systems

Guidance

Martin Co., Baltimore Divisions, Baltimore,

Md. -raore-

Airframe and Integration

Systems

-81-

Titan

II

contractors

(cont.) Propulsion Systems

AeroJet-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif. General Electric Syracuse, N.Y. Burroughs Corp., Paoli, Pa. Aerospace E1Segundo, Agena Corp., Calif. include: Co.,

Radio Command System Ground Guidance

Guidance

Computer

Systems Engineering Technical Direction

and

D contractors

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, Bell Aerosystems Co., Niagara Falls, N.Y. McDonnell Aircraft St. Louis, Mo. Food contractors: U.S. Army Laboratories, Natick, Mass. Whirlpool Corp., St. Joseph, Mich. Swift and Pillsbury Suit contractor: The David Worcester, R. Clark Mass. Co., Co.,

Calif.

Airframe and Integration Propulsion

Systems

Systems

Co.,

Target

Docking

Adapter

Food

Formulation

Concept

Procurement, Packaging Principal

Processing,

Chicago and Minneapolis

Food

Contractors

Co.,

-end-