TNG CNG TY IN LC MIN BC CNG TY VIN THNG V CNG NGH THNG TIN IN LC MIN BC

CHNG TRNH O TO NNG BC CNG NHN

TI LIU MN HC LP RP V BO TR MY TNH

H Ni thng 3 nm 2011
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MC LC
MC LC ................................................................................................................................. 1 CHNG 1. CC THNH PHN CA MY TNH ......................................................... 3 1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................................... 3 2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my vi tnh. ........................................................................ 3 3. Tm mch ch v cc thnh phn ca n ...................................................................... 4 4. B vi x l ...................................................................................................................... 10 4.1. Khi nim ................................................................................................................. 10 4.2. Cu trc b vi x l ................................................................................................. 10 5. B nh trong ca my vi tnh ........................................................................................ 11 5.1. Khi nim. ............................................................................................................... 11 5.2. Cc t bo nh. ........................................................................................................ 11 5.3. B nh RAM ............................................................................................................ 12 5.4. B nh ROM ............................................................................................................ 13 5.5. Mt s vn k thut. ........................................................................................... 13 CHNG 2: LP RP MY TNH.................................................................................... 16 1. Chn thit b theo mc ch s dng. ........................................................................... 16 2. Tng thch khi chn thit b ........................................................................................ 16 3. Chun b thit b cho mt b my tnh ......................................................................... 17 4. Cc bc tin hnh lp rp ........................................................................................... 19 5. Thit lp cu hnh cho my ............................................................................................ 21 CHNG 3. QUY TRNH BO TR-BO DNG MY VI TNH ............................ 25 1. Bo dng my tnh ....................................................................................................... 25 1.1.Cng tc chun b trc khi tin hnh bo dng ................................................ 25 1.2. Tin hnh bo dng ............................................................................................. 27 1.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh ............................................................................ 32 1.4. Dng tin ch ti u ha h thng ..................................................................... 35 1.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau bo dng ..................................................... 35 CHNG 4: TIN CH GHOST ......................................................................................... 37 1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................................. 37 2. Cc tin ch ca Ghost .................................................................................................... 37 3. Cc im cn lu khi Ghost........................................................................................ 39 4. Mc ch Ghost t a sang a.................................................................................... 39 5. Cc bc tin hnh ......................................................................................................... 40 7. Ghost t File Image ra a ............................................................................................. 48 8. Ghost t Partition sang Partition .................................................................................. 52 9. Ghost t Partition ti File Image .................................................................................. 55 10. Ghost t File Image v Partition ................................................................................. 59 2

CHNG 1. CC THNH PHN CA MY TNH

1. Gii thiu My tnh c nhn hay my vi tnh l mt dng my trong gia nh cc my tnhin t xut hin trong nhng nm cui thp nin 70, u thp nin 80. T n nay, my vi tnh c mt s pht trin ht sc mnh m, gp phn quyt nh a cc thnh tu ca Tin hc ng dng vo tt c mi lnh vc hot ng ca i sng con ngi, tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip mi nhn - cng nghip cng ngh thng tin - v m ra mt k nguyn mi y ha hn - k nguyn thng tin - trong lch s loi ngi. My vi tnh c nhiu loi song s dng ph bin Vit nam l loi my vi tnh h PC, do hng sn xut my tnh ni ting th gii IBM thit k ch to, s dng b x l trung tm 8086 ca hng Intel v phn mm h iu hnh ca hng Microsoft. Cng vi IBM, c rt nhiu hng my tnh khc cng ch to cc my vi tnh PC tng thch. Ngoi dng PC ni trn, cn c cc dng my vi tnh khc, v d dng my vi tnh Machintot ca hng Apple... Tu theo chc nng hot ng, c th phn loi cc my vi tnh thnh cc my vi tnh ch mng (PC Server ), cc my vi tnh bn ( PC Desktop ) v cc my vi tnh xch tay ( PC Laplop ). Trong ti liu ny trnh by v cc my vi tnh bn, l loi thng dng nht v c s lng nhiu nht. 2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my vi tnh.

Mt my vi tnh ti thiu phi c cu to t ba thnh phn. l : * Bn phm l thit b dng nhp thng tin t bn ngoi vo my vi lnh. Cc thng tin t ngoi vo my vi tnh bao gm cc ch th ca ngi s dng, ra lnh cho my vi tnh thc hin mt hot ng no ; v cc thng tin d liu u vo, cung cp cho cc quy trnh ng dng x l . * Mn hnh l thit b dng hin th thng tin u ra ca my vi tnh phc v ngi s dng. Cc thng tin du ra ny bao gm cc thng tin thng bo, v yu
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cu gi chung l cc thng tin trng thi ca my vi tnh v cc thng tin d liu- kt qu ca cc quy trnh ng dng. * Khi x l trung tm , cn gi l khi CPU l thnh phn chnh ca mt my vi tnh. N cha ng tt c cc thit b , chi tit v cc mch in t thc hin vic x l v lu tr thng tin ca my vi tnh. Vi ba thnh phn trn y l yu t cu thnh mt my vi tnh. Tuy nhin trong thc t lm vic, nh vy l cha . My vi tnh cn cn thm mt lot cc thit b ngoi vi khc na c th thc hin c cc ng dng. Ty theo c im ca ng dng m ngi ta trang b thm cho my vi tnh nhng loi trang b no. C th k n nhng thit b ngoi vi quan trng hay c mt cng vi my vi tnh l thit b chut, thit b my in .. Khi CPU Thc ra khi CPU khng phi l mt thit b thng nht, m l mt tp hp cc thit b, bo mch in t v mt s cc chi tit ph khc c b tr , g lp chc chn vo mt khung st cng (case) v c ng np kn tr thnh mt khi thit b hnh ch nht c lp. Nu m khi CPU ra, ta s thy n c cc thnh phn sau : - Tm bng mch ch ( main board ), trn b tr cc linh kin bn dn c tch hp rt cao, l ni thc hin tt c cc thao tc x l thng tin ca my vi tnh. - H thng lu tr dung lng ln thng gm c a cng ( HDD - hard disk driver ) v mt hoc hai a mm ( FDD - floppy disk driver ), dng lm kho cha cc thng lin ca my vi tnh c trong lc lm vic cng nh lc tt ngun cung cp in. Tham gia vo h thng ny cn hay c mt c a CD- ROM. - Cc tm card giao tip ( interface card )vi cc thit b ngoi vi, c cm vo cc khe cm (slots ) ca tm bng mch ch . - Khi ngun ( Switching Power Supply ) dng to cc ngun h p mt chiu t in li cao p xoay chiu nui cc linh kin in t bn dn v cc chi tit c in khc. - Cc chi tit ph tr khc l h thng gm loa trong, cc cng tc, nt n v hin th chc nng c b tr mt trc ca khi CPU. 3. Tm mch ch v cc thnh phn ca n Tm mch ch (mainboard) cn c gi l tm mch h thng (systemboard) hay tm mch m (mother board) l thnh phn chnh ca my vi tnh, nm trong khi x l trung tm. l mt tm mch in c kch thc ln, nhiu lp ( thng l c bn lp mch in dn chng ln nhau ). Trn tm mch ch ngi ta gn cc linh kin in t v cc ng mch in rt b ni cc chn ca chng theo s thit k. Nh vy mt mt tm mch ch l ch cho cc linh kin in t, mt khc l mi trng kt ni truyn dn tn hiu gia chng. Cc ng mch in c ch to trc theo cng ngh lm mch in quang khc. Sau cc linh kin c hn b mt hoc hn chn ln mainboard. Mt hn linh kin gi l mt trn hay mt A ca tm mch ch, mt kia l mt di hay mt B. Nhng h hng trn tm mch ch rt kh khc phc v thng dn n vic phi thay th bng mt tm mch ch khc.
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Tm mch ch c gn vo mt tm gi chc chn bng st cng qua cc c vt c nh v cc cht nha. n lt mnh, tm gi c bt cht bng c vt hoc xung y ca v hp khi CPU ( thng l cc khi CPU dng nm ), hoc vo khung ca v hp khi CPU. Thit k theo tiu chun lm chnh xc ha s g ny v iu ny rt tin cho vic thay th khi h hng. Mt tm mch ch bt k v nguyn tc v trong thc t lun lun xy ra, thng c th g lp chc chn vo mt v hp khi CPU bt k khc. 1. Nu bn lp mt tm mch ch vo mt v hp m khi xong bn thy khng c chc chn kht khao cho lm th vic u tin l hy xem li qu trnh lp rp ca mnh. C th bn chn cc cht nha khng tt, hoc cm chng b sai. Lp tm mch ch vo tm gi khng tt cng thng dn n vic cm cc tm card ngoi vi vo cc khe cm ca mainboard khng chc chn, vnh vo hoc lch ln lch xung. 2.Thng ch c mt n hai c nh v khi g mt tm mch ch vo gi . Ch cho thm mt vng m cch in nh vo khi vn cc c ny v nn vn cht chng li. 3.Nu cn tha l cm th nn kim thm cht nha bt vo. Quan st trn tm mch ch ta c th thy nhng thnh phn in t chnh nh sau : B vi x l : Chip CPU i vi cc my PC hoc PC/XT th chip CPU l lntel 8088 hoc lntel 8086 hoc tng thch. i vi cc my PC/AT th chip CPU l Intel 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium hoc cc CPU tng thch ca cc hng khc. Cc b vi x l hin nay l nhng IC c tch hp rt cao, v c rt nhiu lp chn ra. Chc nng ca chng cng ht sc phc tp. Cc CPU hin nay thng khng hn vo mainboard m c cm vo mt cm c cc kha chc chn. Chng cng c gn cc tm ta nhit v khi lm vic nhit lng to ra rt nhiu. Thm ch cc CPU ca cc my AT 486 v 586 cn c thm mt qut con ta nhit lp vo mt trn ca CPU. Mch vi x l c chc nng rt phc tp, song v c bn chng dng thc hin cc vi lnh tnh ton s hc v logic, cc vi lnh kim tra trng thi v chuyn iu khin. B vi lnh ny l c nh v do nh sn xut thit k xy dng nn. i vi cc my vi tnh PC, b vi lnh ny l ca CPU 8086 ca hng Intel. Tt c mi hot ng ca my u l cc lp hp ca cc vi lnh ca b vi lnh ny. Cc mch ph tr cho CPU. C nhiu chc nng chuyn dng mch CPU khng th thc hin c hoc nu thc hin th cng khng thc hin trn vn m phi s dng cc thit k phn cng khc thc hin cho mnh. Thit k nh vy lm cho hiu sut chung ca h thng c nng cao rt nhiu. V d nh vn x l cc yu cu ngt bng tn hiu ngt phn cng, hay cc yu cu truy cp b nh trc tip DMA. lm vic ny, trong my PC IBM i u tin, phi dng ti vi mch IC Intel 8259 cho x l ngt, vi mch lntel 8253 cho x l b m thi gian, vi mch lntel 8237 cho x l DMA.. .
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Cc vi mch ny to nn i ng cc mch ph tr cho CPU. Chng cng c b tr trn mainboard. Cc mainboard hin nay, do mc tch hp cao hn rt nhiu, nhng vi mch thc hin cc chc nng ph tr li c kt hp vo vi nhau thnh cc b cc vi mch tch hp ph tr gi l b chipset. B nh ROM BIOS. ROM BIOS ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong hot ng ca my vi tnh. Vi mch ROM BIOS l mt vi mch nh ch cho php c, trong cha cc on chng trnh m my thc hin nhng chc nng sau : + Cc chc nng iu khin trc tip cc vi mch chc nng phn cng. Ch BIOS vit tt t cm t Basic lnput / Output Syslem cho thy cc chng trnh iu khin ny chim phn ln trong cc chc nng ca ROM BIOS. Cc on chng trnh ny thng c t chc thnh cc phc v trong cc ngt mm. + Cc kim tra k thut khi bt my hay khi ng li h thng. on chng trnh ny c gi l chng trnh t khi ng POST - Power On Self Test. + Mt s cc bng thng s phc v cho vic to lp mi trng lm vic ca h thng hoc ch lm vic ca mt s thit b ngoi vi. Trong bn b nh ca my vi tnh PC, ROM BIOS c t vng a ch cao nht , ti segment a ch FFFF H. Mt s thit b ngoi vi cng c BIOS ring ca mnh. Minh chng r nht l card iu khin mn hnh cng cha mt vi mch ROM trn mnh v trong c cc chc nng BIOS phc v cho vn iu khn hin th ca card. Trong qu trnh khi ng, chng trnh POST s tm kim cc BIOS thm vo v gn chng vo h thng BIOS c sn trong ROMBIOS ca mainboard thnh mt tng th. B nh trong RAM Trong qu trnh x l thng tin, CPU rt cn mt khng gian nh lu tr tm thi cc thng tin u vo, cc thng tin mi trng lm vic,cc kt qu trung gian, cng nh cc trng thi hot ng ca my vi tnh. Khng gian cn cn cho lu tr bn thn cc chng trnh ng dng v c cc chng trnh h thng ca h iu hnh khi ang lm vic. Khng gian nh ni trn cn c tc truy cp thng tin cao v CPU lin tc trao i thng tin vi n, v cng ln th cng tt. B nh trong RAM, cn gi l b nh h thng c gn ln trn mainboard thc hin cc yu cu trn. l cc IC RAM ng ( Dinamic RAM ), c sp xp v a ch ha thnh cc bng nh RAM theo bn a ch. Hin nay chng c chun ha, sp xp trn nhng thanh mch in nh gi l cc thanh RAM v cc thanh ny c cm vo cc khe cm RAM c bit. B nh DRAM c hai im yu : th nht, khi ct ngun in th thng tin ni dung trong RAM b xa sch v th hai iu khin RAM ng phc tp v phi thc hin c ch " lm ti " ni dung ca RAM lin tc. Trn tm mainboard cn c thm hai loi RAM na. l RAM CMOS - mt linh kin nh c bit c cp ngun lin tc ( khi tt my RAM CMOS c nui bng mt accu nh) dng lu gi cc thng s cu hnh ca my vi tnh; v RAM CACHE - b nh tng tc - dng nng cao tc x l thng tin ca h thng. Cc tuyn tn hiu - Bus
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Cc ng mch in trn mainboard ni cc chn ca cc linh kin li theo thit k truyn dn tn hiu. Ngi ta thng phn loi s b tn hiu thnh ba loi: + Cc tn hiu d liu. + Cc tn hiu a ch. + Cc tn hiu iu khin. C th hnh dung nm na, cc tn hiu d liu dng truyn dn ni dung thng tin m CPU cn ly t mt nh hoc mt thit b ngoi vi x l hoc truyn dn ni dung thng tin ca CPU sau khi x l vo mt nh hoc ra mt thit b ngoi vi; cc tn hiu a ch xc nh v tr chnh xc ca nh hoc ngoi vi CPU chuyn d liu ti hoc ly d liu t i; cn cc tn hiu iu khin dng trao i gia CPU v nh hoc ngoi vi t chc quy trnh ghi hoc c thng tin ny. Trong tm mainboard, s trao i d liu din ra song song theo 8, l6, 32 v thm ch 64 bit ( vi cc my vi tnh 586 hin nay ). Cc ng a ch cng rt nhiu (ring my PC truyn thng c 20 ng a ch ). Chng to thnh cc tuyn thng tin, gi l cc tuyn d liu - data bus , cc tuyn a ch - address bus hoc cc tuyn iu khin - control bus. Ngi ta hay dng ch D k hiu cc tuyn d liu, cn ch A k hiu cc tuyn a ch. V d , D0 l bit tr nht ca tuyn d liu cn A0 l bit tr nht ca tuyn a ch. Ngoi ra trn tm mch ch cn cha mt loi tn hiu c bit na, l cc tn hiu ngun nui. Trn mainboard thng c 4 loi ngun : + 5V, + 12V, - 5V v - 12V. B ngun c hai gic cm JP8 v JP9 cm vo tm mch ch, cp ngun cho cc linh kin. Cc my vi tnh PC/AT486 v 586 hin nay c th s dng nhng CPU v RAM chy in p ngun khng phi l +5V m nh hn, v d +3.0 V, +3.3 V hoc + 3.52 V.. C nhng mch in t chuyn dng gn trn tm mainboard chuyn i +5V thnh cc in p ny. Vic t cc in p ny cho CPU bng cch thit lp cc cu ni - jumper - trn tm mainboard. y l mt iu cn ht sc lu , khi lp rp CPU vo tm mainboard. Nu t in p thp hn, mch CPU s khng hot ng hoc hot ng chp chn. Nu t in p cao hn, mch CPU s b qu nng, dn n treo my v c th lm hng CPU. Cc khe cm ( slots ). Cc khe cm l cc u ni cc tuyn thng tin ni cc tm card giao tip vo h thng, nhm m rng h thng. Thng cc khe cm l cc on u ni bng nha, trong c hai hng cc chn cm tip xc, dng giao tip cc tin hiu v in. Cc chn cm ny thng c thit k c s n hi v hi cong ra pha trc. Nh vy khi cm mt tm card giao tip vo my, cc chn cm s m bm cht vo cc tip xc phn cm ca card.

Cc khe cm tun theo quy nh chun mt cch nghim tc. Cc my PC v PC/ XT s dng cc khe cm 62 chn, trong dng bus d liu 8 bits. Cc my PC / AT 286, 386, 486 th dng bus d liu 16 bits vi hai khe cm t ni tip nhau cho mi v tr giao tip. Khe cm 62 chn ng nht vi khe cm 62 chn ca my PC/XT. Cn he cm th hai cha cc tn hiu m rng. Chun ny c gi l bus ISA ( Industry tandard Architecture ) Ngoi ra, cn loi my vi tnh s dng bus EISA. V hin nay bt u thng ng loi my dng chun bus PCL. Rt nhiu hng ch to mainboard thit k ainboard ca mnh c c v tr cm theo bus ISA, c c v tr cm theo bus PCI. Cc mch tch hp vo / ra khc Trong my PC truyn thng ban u ca hng IBM trn mainboard ngi ta b tr mt s mch iu khin vo ra ca bn phm, ca bng cassette, mch loa trong v mch ng h. Cc mch iu khin vo ra khc c ch to thnh cc tm card giao tip v cm trn cc khe cm. Hin nay do cng ngh ch to vi mch pht trin rt cao, ngi ta tch hp a s cc mch iu khin vo mt vi chp IC v t trc tip trn mainboard. Cc hng ni ting u thit k mainboard ca my vi tnh ca mnh theo con ng ny, trong ton b cc phn iu khin mn hnh, cc a cng v mm, cc cng vo ra song song ( cng my in ) v ni tip u trn tm mch ch mainboard. Vic tch hp cc mch iu khin trn mainboard lm cho hot ng ca cc mch nhanh hn ( v khong cch truyn dn tn hiu ngn hn ) v tin cy hn ( nh hng ca nhiu lon t bn ngoi cng gim i ). Song iu ny cng em li mt s phin toi khi cc mch ny c h hng. Lc ngi s dng phi cm hot ng ca phn mch h hng trn mainboard v cm phn mch thay th vo khe cm. Thao tc cm c th thc hin bng cch chuyn cc kha cu ni trn mainboard hoc / v thit lp ch cm trong SETUP UTILITIES. Nu khng thc hin thao tc cm, rt c th dn n xung t tn hiu v lm cho thit b khng hot ng hoc hot ng khng tin cy. i iu v mt s thnh phn khc. Cc cu ni. Cc cu ni - tm dch ngha ca t ting Anh Jumper - dng xc lp mt thng s hot ng no cho tm mainboard. Cu ni thc ra ch l mt cm gm hai hoc vi chn cm tip xc, c hn ln t mainboard . Mt mnh nha con cha trong mnh s ngn mch c chn gn ni gia hai chn inh cm tip xc . Tu theo s ngn mch gia hai chn cm no m phn cng ca my vi tnh thit lp mt thng s lm vic tng ng. C th c hai loi cu ni : cu ni hai chn cm hoc cu ni nhiu chn cm (t ba chn cm tr nn ). i vi cu ni hai chn cm, ch c hai trng thi chn la: hoc l c s ngn mch nu ta cm tm nha vo hoc khng c s ngn mch nu ta khng cm tm nha. i vi cu ni nhiu chn cm c th c nhiu trng thi chn la hn khi ta cm tm nha vo hai trong s nhiu chn inh cm.
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Thng thng trong tm mainboard, ngi ta hay dng ch JP ch ra v tr ca cu ni. Mt tm mainboard c th c rt nhiu v tr cu ni v mi cu ni c mt ngha nht nh. V d, ch ring xc nh hot ng ca CPU, cng phi dng ti trn di mi JP khc nhau la chn loi CPU , in p lm vic ca CPU, tc lm vic bn trong, tn s ng h nhp a vo... Nu t khng ng v tr ca cc cu ni c th h thng b hng, khng lm vic hoc lm vic khng tin cy. Vic thit lp cc cu ni rt quan trng khi sa cha h hng hoc khi nng cp cc thnh phn ca mainboard. Mt s tm mainboard in lun trn mch in ngha v cch thit lp cho tt c hoc mt s cu ni quan trng. Song nhiu tm khc th khng in cc thng tin nh vy thng tin v cch thit lp cc cu ni phi tm trong sch hng dn lp t mainboard i km khi mua my. V vy cn phi lu gi sch ny tht cn thn. Cc chn ni cp tn hiu. Cc tm mainboard hin nay u c s tch hp cc iu khin ngoi vi trn mnh, v vy trn tm mainboard cng c cc chn cm ni cp tn hiu ra cc ngoi vi v d nh chn cm cp ra cc a cng ( IDE port ), cc a mm, my in hay cng ni tip... cm ng v tr cp tn hiu vo hng chn cm, mt s tm mainboard s nh s u v cui cc hng chn inh . Mt s khc s dng k hiu nh du sn vt chn s 1 ca hng inh cm. Phi ch cm ng chiu chn v cm chc chn cc cp tn hiu. Nu cm ngc chiu hoc cm lch hng inh cm, chc chn thit b khng lm vic v i khi li gy ra hng hc. Ngoi ra, cn phi lu n cc cp cm ra u ni my in v u ni vi cc cng ni tip trong cc loi mainboard ny. Trong thc t, c t nht l hai loi cp cm ra u ni ca cc thit b ngoi ny. Khi mua mainboard c tch hp ngoi vi trn mnh, bao gi cng c b cp km theo. Cm cp ca mt b cp khc c th khng ng loi mc d hnh dng bn ngoi ca chng khng khc g nhau. Cc chn ni tn hiu iu khin v hin th trn khi CPU. Trn khi CPU c mt lot cc cng tc, nt n v hin th l : + n hin th ngun POWER LED. + Cng tc chuyn tc cao TURBO SWITCH. . + n hin th tc cao TURBO LED. + Nt n khi ng RESET SWITCH. + n hin th a cng lm vic HDD LED. + Loa trong SPEAKER. + Kha bn phm. T cc linh kin ny bao gi cng c cc dy cm tn hiu c u ni ra cm vo cc v tr chn inh cm tng ng trn mainboard. Thng thng, cc v tr ny thng nm tp trung ra mainboard gc di bn tri ( tr hin th HDD LED c th
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nm trn cc iu khin a cng / a mm ) v trn cc v tr ny trn mainboard c in k hiu vit tt khng b nhm ln khi cm. Cng c mt s mainboard khng ghi cc k hiu tt ny. V vy cn phi tm cc ch dn chnh xc t sch hng dn lp t mainboard i km khi mua my. 4. B vi x l 4.1. Khi nim B vi x l, cn c gi l b x l trung tm - CPU (Central Processing Unit), l mt thnh phn trong my vi tnh c chc nng thc hin cc php ton s hc, php ton logic v cc thao tc iu khin hot ng ca my tnh. Mt CPU bao gm mt n v s hc v logic ( ALU - arithmetic logic unit ) dng thc hin cc thao tc tnh ton s hc v logic; v mt n v iu khin ( CU Control Unit ) dng thc hin cc thao tc iu khin, trng thi v ng b ca CPU. Trong my vi tnh hin i cc CPU thng l mt vi mch nh song c rt nhiu lp chn tn hiu ra, c hn dnh hoc cm trn tm mch ch mainboard. C nhiu hng sn xut CPU cho cc my vi tnh. Song CPU ca hng lntel thng tr th trng my vi tnh bn t nhng nm 1970. Trong cc loi CPU sau ny s pht trin cn nhanh v a dng hn na, thi im hin nay chip Pentium II mi xut hin b xa cc chip Pentium thu ban u rt nhiu ln v cng sut v tc tnh ton. Bt u t 8088, hng my tnh ln IBM dng loi CP'U ny ca Intel v sn xut ra nhng chic my vi tnh " nghim chnh " u tin gi l IBM PC. Cn cc hng mua bn quyn v ch to cc my vi tnh tng thch gi l IBM clone ( my nhi theo IBM ). Cc i pht trin tip theo ca dng my ny l PC/XT v PC/AT . T PC/AT ngi ta thm phn ui ca loi CPU vo v ta c AT286, AT 386, AT 486 v AT Pentium. 4.2. Cu trc b vi x l B cc ch th lnh Cc b vi x l 80x86 u nm trong loi cc b x l c chng trnh c lu tr, hay cn gi l b x l kiu von Neumann, tn nh bc hc thit k cc nguyn l truyn thng cho MTT hin i ngy nay, m mt trong nhng nguyn l l lm vic theo chng trnh c m ha v tr sn trong b nh. Theo nguyn l ny, ngi ta np vo b nh ca my tt c cc m ch th ( instruction ) ra lnh cho CPU thc hin mt thao tc no . CPU phi c cc ch th ny t b nh, gii m ch th thnh cc thao tc c bn phi tin hnh v thc hin cc tc v c bn ny. Trong qu trnh thc bin mt ch th , tu theo dng ca ch th c th CPU cn c thm thng tin t b nh hoc ghi vo b nh kt qu thc hin. Sau khi thc hin xong mt ch th, b m lnh ch n a ch lu tr mt ch th tip theo v CPU lp li qu trnh ca mnh. Mi loi CPU c mt b cc ch th lnh khc nhau. CPU h 80x86 ca Intel khng " hiu " c cc ch th lnh ca CPU h 68000x ca Motorola v ngc li. Ngay trong h 80x86 ca Intel, b cc ch th lnh ca cc CPU i sau bao gi cng nhiu hn tin bi ca mnh ( CPU 8086 c b ch th gm hn 100 m lnh, cn CPU
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80386 l hn 150 m lnh ) , song chng bo m tnh tng thch. cc CPU i sau bao gi cng hiu v thc hin c cc ch lnh ca cc CPU i trc . Ngn ng gn gi nht vi cc lnh m my ca CPU l ngn ng assembler. Hu nh ngi lp trnh h thng cng nll cn b k thut u phi bit v n t nhiu s dng trong cng vic ca mnh. Cu trc ni ti Theo t chc ni ti, a s cc CPU thng c thit k t nhng n v chc nng hp thnh, mi n v c mt nhim v ring ca mnh. V d b vi x l 80386 gm c su n v chc nng hp thnh l : n v bus giao tip ( bus interface unit ) c xem nh l ca giao dch ca CPU vi th gii bn ngoi, qua thc hin tt c cc trao i d liu gia CPU v mi trng bn ngoi. n v tm trc ch th lnh ( instruction prefech unit ) lun lun tm np trc cc m ch th lnh lu trn b nh my tnh vo mt hng i lnh ( instruction prefech queue ) sao cho lc no hng i ny cng y. n v gii m ch th lnh ( instruction decode umt ) c nhim v gii m cc byte m ch th lnh t hng ch thnh cc thao tc tng bc cho CPU. n v thi hnh ch th lnh thc hin cc thao tc tng bc ca ch th lnh c gii m. Cc n v phn on v phn trang ( segmentation unit v paging unit ) dng lo vic to lp a ch vt l ca b nh. 5. B nh trong ca my vi tnh 5.1. Khi nim. c th hnh dung c hot ng ca b nh trong ca my vi tnh, cn phi nm c cc khi nim v s t chc v hot ng ca cc thit bi nh bn dn. Cng ngh ch to cc thit b nh ny pht trin rt nhanh chng cng vi cc b vi x l trong mi nm gn y. Rt nhiu chng loi thit b nh bn dn phong ph xut hin. Tuy vy, cc khi nim v hot ng c bn ca b nh bn dn vn nh nhau cho cc chng loi. 5.2. Cc t bo nh. Tt c cc vi mch nh bn dn lu tr chng trnh v d liu di dng mt dy di cc ch s nh phn 0 v 1- gi l cc bit , trong 1 i din cho s c mt ca in p tn hiu, cn 0 i din cho s vng mt ca n. Bi v mi bit i din cho mt mc in p, in p phi c lu gi trong mt mch in t trong linh kin nh bn dn. Mi mch in t ny c gi l mt t bo nh - storage cell . Ni dung ca mt t bo nh c th c sao chp ra bus d liu hoc ra mt linh kin ch no khc - l thao tc c t bo nh. Mt s loi linh kin nh bn dn cho php sao chp vo cc t bo nh ca mnh nhng mc in p tn hiu mi t bus tn hiu bn ngoi - l ng tc ghi ra t bo nh. Cu trc v cch t chc chnh xc ca t bo nh tu thuc vo loi thit b nh c th. Cc hng t bo nh c ch to trn mt ming silicon nh ging nh cc mch tch hp. C su loi t
11

bo nh in hnh c s dng hin nay l : SRAM, DRAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM v EEPROM. 5.3. B nh RAM Vi mch nh RAM c tn vit tl t cm t b nh truy cp ngu nhin ( Random Access Memory ). Thut ng " b nh ghi / c " c l l st ngha hn nhng RAM l mt tn gi thng mi kh c th vt b. Vi mch nh RAM c hai c trng quan trng : th nht, cc t bo nh RAM u c th c ra v ghi vo cho nn ni dung d liu lu tr trong RAM c th thay i; th hai, b nh RAM l loi khng c nh ( volatile ) - c ngha l RAM yu cu phi lun lun c ngun nui duy tr cc ni dung lu tr ca mnh. B nh RAM l thit b l tng lm b nh lm vic trong ca my vi tnh. C hai loi thit b nh RAM l b nh RAM tnh - SRAM - v b nh RAM ng - DRAM. RAM tnh ( static RAM SRAM) Cc t bo ca b nh RAM tnh c tc dng ging nh nhng ci chuyn mch in t; chng m mch in ( lgic 1 ) hoc ng mch in ( lgic 0 ) phn nh trng thi nh ca t bo. Trong thc t, cc t bo SRAM l nhng mch cu lt ( flip- flop ) , c thit lp khi ghi lgic 1 hoc b xa khi ghi lgic 0. Mch lt ny gi nguyn trng thi ca chng cho n khi c mt thao tc ghi mi tin hnh. Khi d liu c ghi vo DRAM, n s c gi mi, khng cn my tnh tc ng g vo c. Tuy nhin cng ngh ch to cc SRAM phc tp v cc mch SRAM thng c kch thc ln, dung lng nh khng cao v tiu tn nhiu in nng. Hin nay, dung lng cc vi mch RAM thng b hn ch 512 K. RAM ng (dinamic RAM- DRAM) RAM ng lu tr cc bit thng tin di dng nhng in tch trong cc t in bn dn cc nh. Mi transistor bn dn c mt t in trong bn thn hot ng di vai tr ci chuyn mch. S tn ti hay khng c in tch ca t in ny s quyt nh bit l lgic 1 hay l lgic 0. Do t in ny rt nh nn thi gian phng np in tch ca t in ch trong vi nanogiy. Mi t bo DRAM c kch thc rt nh v hu nh khng tiu th dng in nn mt lu tr kh cao v tiu hao in rt t. Mt trong nhng nhc im ln nht ca DRAM l theo thi gian din ra s phng in tch ca cc t in do r r trong mch. Cc in tch ca t c np vo i din cho trng thi thng tin lu nh ch c tui th chng vi miligiy. Sau khong thi gian , cc mc in tch s b gim v tc dng nh s b ph hy. duy tr mc in tch, ngi ta phi u n theo chu k tin hnh mt thao tc c bit l ghi li gi tr ca thng tin vo t bo nh DRAM. Thao lc ny gi l s lm ti cho DRam. V phi lm ti lin tc, mch in lm vic vi DRAM ca my tnh tr nn phc tp. Hin nay, DRAM l thnh phn chnh trong b nh lm vic ca cc my vi tnh. Ta ni n b nh RAM ca my vi tnh chnh l ni n thnh phn ny. SRAM cng tham gia vo trong mt loi b nh c bit ca cc my vi tnh gi l b nh tng tc - Cache Memory - c t chc tng nhanh tc x l ca my vi tnh.

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5.4. B nh ROM B nh ch cho php c ROM - Read Only Memory l loi b nh bnh thng ch cho php thao tc c thng tin. Cc t bo ROM truyn thng thc cht l mt t chc ghp ni mch in c sn th hin cc trng thi c ni ( lgic 0 ) hoc khng ni ( lgic 1 ). Ni dung nh c ch to sn trong qu trnh sn xut, v vy khi xy dng cc vi mch ROM ny, khch hng phi t trc ni dung lu tr cho nh ch to. Khi vi mch ROM c ch to ra th khng cn g c th thay i ni dung ca n c na. V khng yu cu mt mch in tch cc no, cc vi mch ROM c mt lu tr kh cao. Ni dung ca ROM, tt nhin, khng b mt i khi tt in ngun nui. Vi mch ROM cng c nhng loi bin th ca n, cho php ngi s dng t lp trnh hoc lp trnh nhiu ln nh nhng cng c v quy trnh c bit. l cc loi PROM ( B nh ch c ra c kh nng lp trnh - Programmable Read Only Memory ), EPROM ( B nh PROM c th xa - Erasable PROM ), EEPROM ( B nh PROM xa bng in - Electrically Erasable PROM ). Trong my vi tnh, b nh ROM dng trong chc nng ca ROM BIOS, cha nhng chng trnh c s iu khin phn cng, cc vo ra v qu trnh khi ng my tnh. l mt thnh phn rt quan trng. 5.5. Mt s vn k thut. Thi gian truy cp Trong thc t khi truy cp vo b nh lun lun tn ti mt khong thi gian tr no gia thi im tn hiu a ch c hiu lc v thi im m d liu c chn tr nn xc nh trn bus d liu. Khong thi gian tr ny c gi l thi gian truy nhp ( access time ). Mc d thi gian truy cp ny rt nh, tnh bng nangiy song n cng lm nh hng n hiu sut lm vic chung ca c h thng. Cc linh kin DRAM c thi gian truy cp ngn hn, trong khi cc mch RoM c thi gian truy cp lu nht. Cc trng thi i Khi cc b vi x l mnh xut hin v tr nn ph bin, kh nng duy tr mt s ng b gia b nh v CPU tr nn nghim trng. Cc nh thit k phi gii quyt vn bng cch lm chm tc ca CPU trong qu trnh truy cp b nh. H b sung thm mt s trng thi i lm cho CPU phi hon bt cc hot ng ca mnh trong mt hoc vi nhp ng h. Ngi ta gi l cc trng thi i. S lng cc trng thi i nhiu hay l ph thuc vo tng quan tc gia CPU v b nh. Thao tc lm ti b nh. in tch c np vo cc t bo nh DRAM phi u n theo chu k vi miligiy mt ln lm y li. l s lm ti thng tin cho mch nh DRAM. Nu khng c lm ti th d liu s b mt. Theo nguyn tc, vic lm ti yu cu tng t bo nh phi c c ra v ghi li thng tin vo mng lu tr. Trong thc t, iu ny thng c thc hin bng cch c ra v ghi li trn c mt hng ca mng cng mt lc. Cc bit trong tng
13

hng ln lt c c vo mt b khuch i cm nhn / lm ti ( sense/ refresh amplirler ), mt b phn nm trong DRAM, n np li y cho cc t in lu tr thch hp, ri sau ghi li tng bit ca hng vo mng lu tr. Nh vy ton b mng lu tr c lm ti bng cch c tng hng trong khong thi gian vi miligiy. Phng php lm ti nm trong bn thn phng php a ch cc DRAM. Cc DRAM c gi a ch theo hai bc. a ch ny chia thnh a ch hng ( thp ) v a ch ct ( cao ). Cc a ch hng c a vo bus a ch ca DRAM trc, ng thi ng dy RAS (Row address select - chn a ch hng ) c tc dng xung lgic 0 multiplex cc bit vo mch gii a ch ca vi mch. Phn a ch thp ny s hiu lc ha ton b mt hng trong mng v lm cho tng bit trong hng c cm nhn v c lm ti li. Cc mc logic 0 duy tr mc logic 0, cn cc mc logic 1 th c np li gi tr ca chng. Cc bit a ch ct tip lc c a vo bus a ch ca DRAM, ng thi tc dng xung lgic 0 vo dy CAS ( Column Address Select - Chn a ch ct ). Phn a ch ny s chn cc bit thch hp v tn hiu ghi c s tc dng ghi hay c thng tin ca DRAM. B nh nng cao Tc b nh lin quan trc tip ti hiu sut hot ng ca my vi tnh. Ngi ta thy n hn 90 % cc thao tc truy nhp d liu l lm vic vi b nh trong. Nhiu thit k ca my tnh nhm mc tiu ci thin cht lng lm vic ca b nh. Sau y trnh by mt s phng php nng cao b nh. Phn trang cho b nh RAM nng cao hiu qu lm vic cho b nh, mt trong nhng mc tiu l duy tr trng thi ch zero. RAM trang ( page - mode RAM ) s dng c vi mch nh tnh ln vi mch nh ng gim cc trng thi ch. RAM trang chia ton b cc mng lu tr ca n thnh cc on nh, mi on khong 2K , gi l cc trang - page. Khi truy cp d liu nhiu ln trn cng mt trang th b nh c th hot ng khng c trng thi ch. Khi truy cp vt n mt trang khc, th phi b sung cc trng thi ch cho n khi no truy cp vo c trang mi. Hot ng ny s t hiu qu cao nht nu t phi truy cp t trang ny sang trang khc. Ti a c th ci thin cht lng b nh ln khong 60 % khi ng RAM trang. B nh chia bng Mt phng php khc c th ci thin hot ng ca b nh l chia bng (banh ) hoc an xen nhau ( interleave ) cho b nh h thng. B nh xen nhau cng gn ging nh RAM trang song c th dng cc vi mch RAM thng thay cho RAM trang v c rng ca bng c th ln hn nhiu. RAM h thng c chia thnh hai hay bn bng. Cc bit lin tip c ct gi ln lt trong cc bng ( v d byte 1 trong bng 1 , byte 2 trong bng 2, byte 3 trong lng 1 , byte 4 trong bng 2.. ) cho nn CPU s bc ln lt t bng ny sang bng khc. Khi CPU ang c bng ny th bng kia c truy cp trc sao cho khng phi ch khi CPU c tr li. B nh chia bng c th tng kh nng hot ng ca h thng ti 75 %.
14

B nh video Trong my tnh PC mt vng nh RAM c nh a ch dnh cho b nh hin th, gi l video RAM ( VRAM ). VRAM c chc nng nh l mt b m khung hnh, ni m mt bit, mt byte hoc vi bytes dng i din cho tng phn t ca hnh nh ( pixel ), tu theo ch mn hnh. B iu khin hin th s c VRAM vi chu k t 30 n 60 ln trong mi giy. Cn my tnh th phi np vo VRAM nhng thay i hnh nh hin th. V vy xut hin vn phi ch i nhau gia hai tin trnh ni trn. Nhiu h thng hin th hin nay ng dng cc vi mch nh c bit c hai ng d liu, mt cho li vo v mt cho li ra. Nh vy ti mt v tr c th ghi c ng thi v c lp. B nh tng tc S dng b nh tng tc , hay cn gi l b nh m ( Cache Memory ) l mt trong nhng phng php nng cao tc b nh c ng dng trong cc h my hin i ngy nay. B nh tng tc l mt vng b nh nh, c tc rt cao, nm gia CPU v b nh chnh ca h thng. Mt mch iu khin cache s theo di vic truy cp b nh ca CPU v c gng lm sao cho b nh cache ghi li cc d liu m CPU c th cn dng nht cho bc k lip. Trng thi Cache t xy ra khi d liu cn thit c tm thy b nh cache - cc d liu ny s c truy cp m khng c trng thi i. Cn nu d liu khng c tm thy trong cache, l trng thi Cache miss - d liu s c truy cp bnh thng vi b nh h thng. B vi x l dng mt trong ba phng php sau y xc nh d liu c nm trong cache hay khng : dilect mapped, full - asociative v set - asociative. Thc t hin nay cc b nh cache thc t trong cc my vi tnh c dung lng t 8 n 256 K. (cc my vi tnh hin i c th cha ti 512K cache. Bn thn cc b vi x l Pentium cng c thit k cha trong khong 8K Cache. Ngi ta gi l b nh cache cp 1. Cn b nh cache thit k ngoi trn mainboard gi l b nh cache cp 2.

15

CHNG 2: LP RP MY TNH 1. Chn thit b theo mc ch s dng. My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic ha nh + V thit k + X l nh + Chi game 3D + To phim hot hnh. Cn thit phi s dng cu hnh + Chip Pentium tc t 1,8 GHz tr ln. + B nh Ram t 512 MB tr ln + Mainboard c Card video ri + Card video 8x vi b nh 32 MB tr ln. + cng t 40GB tr ln. Nu cu hnh thp hn th my s chm v khng m bo cho cng vic, nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt. My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic vn phng nh: + Son tho vn bn + Hc tp + Truy cp Internet + Nge nhc, xem phim + Cc cng vic khc C th s dng cu hnh + Chip Celeron + B nh Ram t 512 MB tr xung + Mainboard c Card video Onboard + cng t 40G tr xung. Vi cu hnh nh vy th bn c th tit kim khong 40% chi ph so vi b my cu hnh cao m vn m bo cho cng vic. Nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt nhng s khng cn thit nu bn mun tit kim kinh ph. 2. Tng thch khi chn thit b
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Trong my tnh c 3 thit b c tnh tng thch, bn phi chn ng b nu khng x th chng s khng hot ng hoc khng pht huy ht tc dng, ba thit b l + Mainboard + CPU + B nh RAM Ba thit b ny rng buc tc Bus, bn hy chn theo nguyn tc sau: Chn Mainboard trc, Mainboard phi p ng c cc yu cu ca cng vic s dng. Chn CPU c tc Bus ( FSB ) nm trong phm vi Mainboard h tr. Chn RAM c tc Bus 50% tc Bus ca CPU Theo bng di y l tc tng thch tt nht Tc FSB ca CPU 400 MHz 533 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz Tc Bus ca RAM DDR 266 MHz DDR 333 MHz DDR 400 MHz DDR 400 MHz Loi Mainboard C h tr hai tc trn -

3. Chun b thit b cho mt b my tnh 1. Case ( Hp my ) Case l v my, hy chn case sao cho m bo c thong mt cho my, b ngun hng i theo case hoc bn ri, hin nay ta nn dng ngun c cng sut 350 W 2. Mainboard Mainboard l tht b quan trng nht m bn cn quan tm, Mainboard n quyt nh trc tip n tc v bn ca my, nn chn mainboard ca cc hng uy tn nh Intel, Gigaby, Asus, v mt s hng khc v c s dng Chipset ca Intel. Khi chn Mainboard cn quan tm n Socket v SFB ca CPU v Bus ca RAM 3. CPU Phi chn CPU thch hp vi Mainboard m bn chn v CPU phi c tc dm bo vi yu cu cong vic ca khch hng. 4. RAM Bn phi chon RAM c dung lng m bo cho yu cu cng vic ca khch hng, cn tc Bus th ph thuc vo Bus ca CPU 5. Card Video ( Nu Mainboard cha c )

17

Nu nh Mainbord cha c Card Video on board th bn cn phi lp thm Card Video ri, dung lng RAM trn Card video cng ln th cho php bn x l c cc bc nh p hn v khi chi Game nh khng b git, cn tc bao nhiu x ca C phi ph thuc vo Mainboard.

6.

cng HDD

Bn c th mua cng t 10GB tr ln l my c th chy bnh thng vi Win XP, tuy nhin bn nn chn dung lng gp 2 ln dng lng bn s s dng l tt nht, khng nn dng qu ln khi dung lng s dng qu t.

7.

Keyboard: Bn c th chn mt bn phm bt k theo s thch.

8.

Mouse: Bn c th chn mt con chut bt k theo s thch.

9.

a CD Rom

Bn c th lp hay khng lp CD Rom u c, nhng khi mun ci t phm mm ta phi cn n n, bn c th dng CD Rom c hay mi u c m khng nh hng n tng thch ca my.

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10.

Card Sound ( Nu Mainboard cha c )

Nu Mainboard bn chn m khng c Card Sound on board th bn s khng nghe c nhc, c th nghe nhc bn cn lp thm Card sound ri. 11. Speaker Bn c th mua mt b loa bt k ty theo s thch min l loa c b khuch i cng sut m tn trong.

12.

FDD

Bn c th lp hay khng lp mm u c, xu hng ngy nay t khi s dng mm m thay vo l cc di ng USB c bn cao hn v dung lng ln hn.

13.

Card Net ( Nu Mainboard cha c )

Khi bn c nhu cn ni mng LAN hay mng Internet th cn phi lp Card net nu nh Mainboard cha c Card on board.

Nh vy b my ti thiu c th hot dng c cn c 8 thit b v b my tnh tng i y c ti 13 thit b. 4. Cc bc tin hnh lp rp Lp CPU, qut CPU v thanh RAM vo Mainboard Lp Mainboard ( c sn CPU v RAM ) vo hp my,, cn ch cc chn c nu bt sai cc chn c c th lm chp in hng Mainboard hoc nt mch in trn Mainboard
19

u dy cp ngun cho Mainboard, du cc dy cng tc ngun, cng tc Reset, n bo ngun, bo cng v loa vo Mainboard theo hng dn trn Mainboard hoc teen quyn hng dn i theo Mainboard. Gn Card Video vo ( nu Mainboard cha c Card onboard ) Cm dy tn hiu mn hnh, bn phm, chut vo my, cp in ngun v bt cng tc Nu sau vi giy bt cng tc c mt ting bp v mn hnh xut hin cc dng ch ( phin bn BIOS- nh hnh di ) l qu trnh lp t trn ng v my chy

Sau khi lp xong Mainboard, CPU, RAM vo Case ta cp in v bt ngun th, nu c mn hnh nh trn l qu trnh lp trn OK Sau khi bo ln phin bn BIOS bn tt in v ;p tip cng v CD ROM vo my, khi lp cng v CD Rom bn lu : + Nn lp mi trn mt si dy cp ring => my cho tc tt hn, khi lp nh vy ta khng cn thit lp Jumper + Trng hp bt buc phi lp 2 trn mt cp th bn cn thit lp Jumper cho mt l Master kia l Slave, bn c th lp mt cng v mt CD Rom trn cng mt cp hoc 2 cng trn cng mt cp. + Cp tn hiu chia lm 2 on th lp on di hn v pha Mainboard

20

5. Thit lp cu hnh cho my y l vic lm bt buc sau khi lp rp v trc khi ci h iu hnh, qu trnh ny cho php ta thit lp cu hnh ca my, trong c mt s thit lp cn thit ta phi thc hin trc khi ci t l: Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh ( Default ) Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha? Khai bo a mm. Thit lp CD- ROM khi ng trc Khi ta bt my tnh, u tin BIOS s cung cp chng trnh khi ng my, tip sau l qu trnh kim tra thit b cn gi l POST ( Power On Seft Test Bt ngun v kim tra ), qu trnh POST c thc thi theo ni dung np trong RAM CMOS Cu hnh mc nh ( Default ) ca my c nh sn xut np trong BIOS, khi ta kch hot chng trnh CMOS SETUP th phin bn mc nh dc np ln b nh v hin th ln mn hnh cho php ta c th thay i cc la chn. Sau khi thay i xong, nu ta bm SAVE th bn CMOS ta va thay i c nh trong b nh RAM COMS, nu RAM CMOS c ni dung th mi ln khi ng CMOS SET UP n s ly ni dung t y. RAM CMOS l mt loi b nh tiu th rt t in nng, RAM CMOS hin nay c tch hp trong Chipset Sourth Bridge v c nui bng Pin 3V trn Mainboard, mt qu Pin c th s dng c trong 5 nm. Trong qu trnh POST my th CPU s ly thng tin tron RAM CMOS b xa hoc ht Pin th my s chy tm bng chng trnh mc nh c trong ROM, nu chng trnh mc nh m khng ph hp vi cu hnh ca my hin ti th my s b bo li trong khi khi ng.. Bc 1: Vo mn hnh CMOS Khi ng li my tnh, trong lc khi ng => bm lin tc vo nt Delete i vo mn hnh CMOS
21

( Ch nu bm Delete khng c th bm F2 hoc F10 ) Mn hnh CMOS c biu th nh sau:

Mn hnh thit lp CMOS SETUP m mt mc bn di vt sng n mc , v nhn enter di chuyn cc vt sng ta dng cc phm mi tn

* thay i la chn bn dng phm Page up hoc Page down * Cc la chn Enabled: l cho php * Disabled: l khng cho php Bc 2: Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh: Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh l tr li trng thi ban u ca my, thng thng trng thi ban u l trng thi chun. Di vt sng xung dng LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS Hp thoi sau xut hin Load Option Settings ( Y/N ) ? N Bn chn phm Y v ( Enter ) Di tip vt sng n dng LOAD SETUP DAULTS V cng lm tng t nh trn Bc 3: Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha?
22

<Enter>

Vo mc STANDARD CMOS SETUP cc dng Primary Master Primary Slave Secondary Master Seconmary Slave Nu nh cc dng trn c hin th cc thng s ca a nh SIZE, CYLS, HEAs v.v th a my nhn.

Ngc li nu cc thng s bng 0 th a cha c nhn Nh hnh trn ta thy dng Primary Master v dng Secondary Master ta thy xut hin cc thng s ca a a. Trng hp my cha nhn a, bn cn kim tra li cp tn hiu, dy cp ngun v c bit l cc Jumper nu nh bn u 2 a chung 1 cp tn hiu th phi thit lp mt l Master kia l Slave Nh vy l my nhn cc a trn. Nu nh thng s ca c 4 dng trn u l s 0 ngha l my cha nhn cc

Jumper thit lp cho a Bc 4: Thit lp a mm FDD Vn trong mc STANDARD CMOS SETUP Trong phn thit lp a mm

Trng hp c lp mm th ta khai bo nh trn my mi s dng c mm Trng hp my khng lp mm th ta phi khai bo nh sau:

23

Drive A : None Drive B : None Ch : Nu khng c mm trong my m ta thit lp l c mm th my s bo li v dng li trong qu trnh khi ng. Bc 5 : Thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng trc Vo mc BIOS FEATURES SETUP Di vt sng xung mc Boot Sequence : CDROM, C, A Thit lp cho CDROM ng trc.

Hoc mt s my c cc ty chn khc First Boot Second Boot Third Boot : CDROM : HDD 1 : FDD

Th bn chn mc First Boot l CDROM Bc 6: Lu li v thot Hoc di vt sng xung dng SAVE & EXIT SETUP ( Enter ) => Ra bng la chn SAVE TO CMOS and EXIT ( Y/N )? Chn Y v ( Enter )

24

CHNG 3. QUY TRNH BO TR-BO DNG MY VI TNH

1. Bo dng my tnh 1.1.Cng tc chun b trc khi tin hnh bo dng * Qui nh v an ton - Phi ngt cc ngun in p cung cp cho my trc khi tin hnh bo dng - Trong qu trnh hiu chnh my trc khi lp rp cn phi ch n cc ngun in. - V tr ng kim tra hiu chnh my phi c thm cch in, dp cch in. * Dng c cn thit cho bo dng Khi lm vic vi cc thnh phn my tnh, c th lm tt cng vic lau chi v sinh h thng bn cn phi c mt s cng c sau: T vt 2 cnh v 4 cnh loi nh, va c t tnh; Km nhn; Bnh xt kh; Bn chi nh; My ht bi;Vi bng mm khng c si vi hoc ming xp mm; Cn 90 0 v dung dch BUTIN, cht ty SUMO v m bi trn SILICONE. * iu kin lm vic - in p xoay chiu t 220 V n 240 V ( 10%), tn s 50/60 (Hz). - Bn lm vic phi m bo thun tin, sng. * S tng th qu trnh bo dng * Lu : - Trc khi tin hnh bo dng cn thc hin vic sao lu d liu v qut tm dit Virus - Khi tin hnh tho lp cn lu Trc khi g b h thng, bn nn ghi li tt c cc thit b v cu hnh ca tng b phn, bao gm cc thit lp chuyn mch (jumper v Switch), cc hng v sp xp cp ni, cc v tr dy thm ch c v tr sp xp ca cc card iu hp.
25

Vic ghi chp ny ht sc quan trng, v nu cc jumper hoc Switch t khng ng, bn vn bit lc u chng c thit lp nh th no trong khi ti liu hng dn khng c. Ngoi ra bn cng nn ghi li cc nh hng cp ni, hu ht cc h thng c nhn mc sn xut u c s dng cp v u ni c kho bn khng lp ngc, tuy nhin i vi mt s cp ni th khng c c tnh ny. Thm vo , cc cp ni ca cng v mm c t gn nhau, v th bn nn nh du v ghi li tng u cp ni cng nh nh hng thch hp cho chng. Cp ni thng c mt dy mu (, xanh hoc en) mt u cho bit chn s 1, cng c th l mt du hiu trn u ni cp nh mt tam gic s 1. Thit b c ni cp cng c nh du cho bit nh hng chn s 1. Thng thng bn cnh chn s 1 c nh du mt im.

Tip nhn my Lp h s bo dng Tin hnh bo dng

V sinh khi ngun

V sinh card mn hnh

V sinh qut b x l

V sinh bo mch ch

V sinhh mm, CD

V sinh chut, bn phm

V sinh v my

Lp rp, kim tra ton my Chy tin chAce-Utilities Chy tin ch Defragmenter Tr my cho n v

Tuy nhin vic cm nhm hoc ngc cp tn hiu khng gy thit hi g ngoi vic mt thi gian cm li. Nhng khi ni cp ngun li l chuyn khc. Nu bn cm ngc hoc sai u ni cp ngun ca bo mch ch th mt in th 12V s c t vo v tr m l ra ch l in th 5V, trng hp ny c th dn n n bo mch ch.
26

Hin nay vic s dng bo mch ch v ngun ATX th vic cm ngc kh c th xy ra. Khi lm sch cc thit b in t, bn nn phng vi vn phng tnh in c bit khi thi tit hanh kh. Bn nn p dng mt s bin php chng tnh in i vi cc thit b cn lau chi gim thiu nguy c phng tnh in. Mt s thit b chng tnh in tiu biu nh cc dy ni t, mt u dy ny s c ni t bo mch ch cn lm sch, u cn li c tip t. N c tc dng loi b hin tng tnh in. Mt cch khc l chm tay bn tay cm bo mch ch xung t khi lau chi, lc tay s ng vai tr l dy tip t. Khi tho cc mch hoc chp ta c bit khng c chng ln b mt kim loi dn in. V hin nay c nhiu bo mch ch, card v cc mch khc c ci sn cc pin loi Litium. Nhng pin ny phn ng mnh khi chng b chp mch, pin s nhanh chng b qu nng v c th pht n. 1.2. Tin hnh bo dng 1.2.1. Tip nhn, nh gi tnh trng - Kim tra lnh bo dng. - Kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi, tem nim phong. - Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca my. - So snh cu hnh thc trng vi lnh bo dng - My vn ang hot ng, cn tin hnh bo dng theo nh k. - D tr vt t cn thay th. 1.2.2. Bo dng khi ngun
Qat khi ngun

Dy ngun cung cp cc thit b

Bng mch khi ngun

Dy ra cng tc ngun 27

- Rt cc dy ngun cung cp ti cc thit b (bo mch ch, a cng, a mm, CD, qut b x l trung tm,...). Ring i vi ngun AT th thm thao tc rt 4 dy ngun ra khi cng tc ngun (nn ghi nh li v tr mu dy tin cho vic lp li sau ny), cng c mt s loi c hn trc tip ln cng tc, khi ta phi tho c cng tc. - Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v khi ngun pha sau my. Nh nhng lch khi ngun ra khi khung my. - Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt trn khi ngun, m v khi ngun. - V sinh qut ngun: Rt dy cm ngun cung cp ra khi bng mch. Dng t vt 4 cnh tho 4 vt nh v qut trn khung ngun ra. Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn cnh qut. Dng m hoc du bi trn Silicon tra vo trc cnh qut ngun lm tng kh nng vn hnh ca qut. - V sinh bng mch khi ngun: Dng t vt 4 cnh tho cc vt nh v bng mch, chn phch cm trn v khi ngun ra. Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn bng mch, mch in. S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in. Ch : Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi cho ngun hot ng. 1.2.3. Bo dng Card mn hnh - S dng T vt 4 cnh tho vt bt gi card mn hnh ra khi khung my. - S dng chi lng qut sch kt hp vi my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm trn b mt bng mch v mch in Card mn hnh, k c u ra tn hiu ca card. - S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b xi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in.

28

Ram u ra tn hiu Chp st

Chn ni

Ch : - Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my. - S dng bng chm cn 900 lau chi sch cc chn cm ca card mn hnh ri kh. Trong qu trnh tho lp khng nn chm tay vo cc chn ni c m vng (trng) . - i vi loi card mn hnh c cm RAM. Ta nhc b RAM ra khi card ri ly chi lng qut sch cc bi bn trong , k c chn RAM. Ri cm tr li, m bo c cm chc chn. - i vi card mn hnh c b phn qut tn nhit (Card c b nh ln) ta cn phi v sinh qut bng cch dng chi lng, bnh xt kh lm sch cc bi bn bm trn qut. Tra m bi trn vo trc qut. (i vi card sound,... ta u tin hnh tng t) 1.2.4. Bo dng qut b x l trung tm - Vi b x l cm:
B khung nh v khi tn nhit Qut b x l trung tm Kho

Khi tn nhit Ly B x l trung tm cm

29

 tho khi tn nhit ra ta cn gt 2 kho, bt ln lt 4 ly 4 gc khung nh v khi tn nhit ra. Nhc c khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l. Mt s loi bo mch v trc, khi tn nhit c nh v bi 1 ai mc vo 2 mu trn cm b x l. Dng tay, km nhn hoc t vt dt nhn ai gi khi tn nhit xung. Nhc khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l. - Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v qut trn khi tn nhit. - Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut. - Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut. Vi b x l s dng khe cm:
Trc qut
Ly gi khi tn nhit

Qut b x l trung tm

Chn cm

- Gt 2 ai gi khi tn nhit vi b x l. Tho ri khi tn nhit ra khi b x l. - Tho qut ra khi khi tn nhit. - Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut. - Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut. 1.2.5. Bo dng bo mch ch - S dng T vt 4 cnh tho ln lt cc vt c bt trn bo mch vi sn my (g b cc cht nha nu c). - Bo mch ch c tho ra v t trn b mt phng v mm, khng dn in, s dng chi lng nh nhng qut sch kt hp vi my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm trn b mt bng mch v mch in. - S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in. Ch :sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my.

30

1.2.6. Bo dng a mm, CD-ROM

a CD-ROM

a mm

S dng a lau u t bo dng thng xuyn cho thit b ny. Ngoi ra ta c th tho cc b phn a ra, lm nh vy khng nhng ta c th lau c u t m cn c th bi trn mt s c ch trong a, lm sch cc u ni. Ch : Khi thuc c th gy ra hin tng n mn trn mt s b phn ca my tnh, c bit l i vi mt s b phn nhy cm nh u c ca a mm, cc thu knh trong cc a quang. Do ta nn trnh ht thuc l gn cc thit b ny. -Ta nn dui thng v lm sch cc u ni ca cp tn hiu mm, cng, CDROM... 1.2.7. Bo dng bn phm, chut, v my * Bo dng bn phm Khi bn phm c hin tng chp, kt phm.

31

Tin hnh: - S dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau sch b mt v quanh phm. - S dng t vt 4 cnh tho b cc vt mt sau bn phm. - Nhc mt bn phm ln. - Tho ri tng phm, dng bn chi lng v bnh xt kh lau chi vng tip xc gia phm v bn mch. * Bo dng chut - Khi chut c hin tng dch chuyn khng theo mun cng l lc chut cn c bo dng.
Bi cao su

Trc ln

Trc ln

- Xoay ming nha hnh vnh khn y con chut theo chiu mi tn. Tin hnh: - Tho vin bi cao su ra, dng vi mm lau sch bi cao su. - Dng bng hoc vi mm lau sch b mt cc trc ln bn trong ca chut. - Dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau sch mt ngoi ca chut. Lu : hn ch li do chut gy ra, ta nn bo dng chut thng xuyn hn v vic dng bn di chut cng l mt bin php lm tng kh nng chng nhim bn ca chut. * Bo dng v my - Tin hnh bo dng v my khi tho ri ht tt c cc linh kin ra khi khung my. - S dng chi lng qut nh kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trong khung my. - Dng vi m lau sch li bn trong. - S dng vi mm hoc ming xp mm c tm dung dich ty vt bn (nh Sumo, hoc kem Canna...) lau nh nhiu ln ln b mt ngoi ca v my. Sau dng vi mm sch lau. 1.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh

32

Sau khi bo dng cc thit b, ta tin hnh lp rp chng li thnh mt PC hot ng. 1.3.1. Lp t b vi x l ln bo mch ch - i vi CPU cm (Socket): Tm chn s 1 trn CPU; n thng nm mt gc ca CPU v c nh du bng mt chm nh. Tip theo tm chn s 1 tng ng trn cm ZIP trn bo mch ch; n cng thng c nh du ngay trn bo mch ch hoc mt gc ca cm c un cong. t CPU vo cm bng cch nng ai bo v thng ng ln, sau t tng ng cc chn ca CPU vi cc chn cm ri nh nhng nhn xung. Nu qu trnh nhn xung thy cht tay phi dng ngay v kim tra cc chn CPU xem chn no b cong th dng km nh ko thng. Khi CPU c t vo , nhn ai bo v vo ng v tr nhm nh v CPU. Tip theo l lp b tn nhit: i vi dng my t PIII tr v trc th b tn nhit c c nh bi mt ai c nu hai u vo hai mu trn cm, trc tin ta phi t mt u (thng l u nh) mc vo mu trn cm, dng tay hoc km nh y u cn li mc vo mu i din. Ring i vi dng my Pentium 4 hin nay, b tn nhit kh ln, do thit k lp t cng khc, c khi tn nhit c chp bi mt b khung, ta m 2 kho trn b mt khi tn nhit ra nhm ni lng khung vi khi tn nhit. t t t c khi chp ln b vi x l. Khi no c 4 cht trn khung tn nhit khp vo khung trn bo mch ch th ta ng 2 kho nh v khi tn nhit li. - i vi CPU s dng khe cm (Slot): Trc ht nh v hai gi vo hai bn ca khe cm. y cht qua l vt trn gi v bo mch ch cho n khi vo ng v tr (khi nghe thy ting tch). t cc chn gi cht qua l nh v v tr. Sau y b vi x l ( lp tn nhit, qut) trt trn gi cho n khi vo ng khe cm trn bo mch ch. Cht ca b vi x l s t kho khi b vi x l c t vo ng ch. 1.3.2. Lp cc module nh Tu tng loi module m c nhng phng php lp khc nhau. Thng thng lp cc module vo cc khe cm hoc bank nh c nh s thp nht. - i vi SIMM ta phi lp hoc l 2 module hoc l 4 module. Vic lp 2 module th yu cu 2 module phi trong cng mt khi nh v c dung lng bng nhau. Khi tho lp phi theo th t vo trc ra sau, gi nging module t vo khe cm ri y vo khi no module c kho 2 u l c. - i vi DIMM v 1 khi nh cn 1 DIMM do khng nht thit phi lp 2 module. Trc khi lp phi m kho hai u khe cm ra ri n nh module xung. Khi no kho bp vo cc khc trn module l c. Nu khng thy module trt vo khe cm th chc chn l do ta cm sai hng. Vic n qu mnh c th lm gy module hoc v khe cm. Nu kp gi ca khe cm b v, module khng th nm chc chn c trong khe cm do khi hot ng d gy li do tip xc chp chn. 1.3.3. Lp bo mch ch vo khung my

33

Trc khi lp bo mch ch cn xem trn bo mch ch c nhng v tr no c th bt vt c, t ta i lp cc nha (khi trn l khng c vng m) hoc kim loi (khi trn l c vng m) ln khung my tng ng vi cc v tr xc nh. t bo mch ch xung khung my ri y n trt i nh cc v khe cm trn khung my sao cho khp vo khung my. Tc l phi khp cc cng trn bo mch ch vi tm bo v I/O trn khung my. Khi t bo mch ch vo v tr ph hp, cc l vt trn bo mch ch s thng hng vi cc l vt trn khung my. Dng t vt 4 cnh c t tnh ln lt bt cc vit vo ng v tr bt sau xit cht ln lt cc vt nhm nh v bo mch ch. 1.3.4. Lp a cng, a mm, a CD Theo v tr c nh sn xut xc nh sn trn khung my t ta tin hnh lp t a sao cho ph hp. La theo chiu thun ta t a vo v tr, khi vo ng v tr, cc l vt trn a s thng hng vi l trn khung my. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt cc vt hai bn , m bo c xit cht vo khung my. 1.3.5. Lp khi ngun a khi ngun ph hp vo v tr xc nh sn. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt 4 vt nhm nh v khi ngun vo khung my. Sau ln lt xit cht 4 vt, m bo khi ngun c c nh ln khung my. i vi bo mch v khung my s dng ngun AT. Ta cn phi cm 4 chn vo cng tc ngun. Cn phi ch mu dy cm cho ng: Theo chiu cng tc th dy mu xanh u vi dy mu nu, dy mu en u vi dy mu trng. Sau khi lp t xong khi ngun. Ta tin hnh ni ngun cung cp ti: bo mch ch, qut CPU, cng, mm, CD.. Ring vi dng PIV, ngoi dy ngun ATX (20chn) cho bo mch ch cn c mt dy ngun ATX_12V (4chn) cng c ni xung bo mch ch.

34

1.3.6. Ni cp I/O v cc cp khc vo bo mch ch - Ni cp gia mm v u ni iu khin mm 34 chn trn bo mch ch. - Ni cp IDE gia cng, CD-ROM vi u ni IDE (master, slaver) 40 chn trn bo mch ch. Thng thng ta dng u ni IDE chnh cho cng v IDE ph cho CD-ROM hoc nhng thit b khc. - Ni cc dy n LED ( cng, ngun, loa trong, nt RESET, nt Power v nt TURBO trn mt s h thng) t khung my vo v tr tng ng trn bo mch ch (nu khng th phi xem sch hng dn ni cho ng). - i vi bo mch ch dng PIV. Ta cn phi ni cc dy cho cng USB t khung my ln bo mch ch. 1.3.7. Lp t cc card m rng bus Hu ht cc h thng u s dng card m rng cho cc card mn hnh, card m thanh, card mng... Nhng card ny c cm vo cc khe cm m rng trn bo mch ch. Gi cc cnh ca card cn thn, y vo khe cm, trnh chm vo cc chip v mch. t y card vo khe cm ph hp, n nh nhng t nh card, cho n khi card vo ng v tr. Dng vt 4 cnh xit cht gi card ln khung my. Ni dy t card m thanh ti CD-ROM. 1.4. Dng tin ch ti u ha h thng Sau khi thc hnh xong cc thao tc bo dng, lp t xong ton b my. kim tra li ln cui, sau s dng cc tin ch sau ti u ho h thng: - Trnh tin ch Ace-Uttilities - Chy cng c Defragmenter trong Windows 1.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau bo dng * Khi ngun: n biu th bo ngun trn mt trc ca my tn phi sng, qut ngun v qut lm mt vi x l phi quay m v u. in p mt chiu trn cc u ra ca ngun cung cp phi c * Bo mch ch: Bo mch ch sch s, phi hot ng tt, khng c hin tng treo my khi ang lm vic, hoc trong qu trnh ci t khng xut hin cc thng bo li phn cng ca bo mch ch. m bo chc nng vn c ca bo mch ch. * Card mn hnh: m bo hin th ng cc thng tin hnh nh khi kt xut ra mn hnh. Hnh nh khng b rung, nho hoc b bin dng. phn gii ca card mn hnh t ng theo ch tiu k thut ca nh sn xut. * a mm, CD: m bo c v ghi c d liu tt. * Bn phm v chut:
35

Bn phm sch s, khng b kt. Chut sch s, di chuyn nh nhng chnh xc. * Qut b x l trung tm: Qut quay m v u. * V my: Sch s, khng b vnh.

36

CHNG 4: TIN CH GHOST 1. Gii thiu chung ci t h iu hnh Windows v cc chng trnh ng dng bn phi mt khong 60 pht, nhng bn c th dng chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b a v ch mt khong 10 pht Mt dn Game hoc mt dn Net thng b li h iu hnh hoc li cc phm mm, bn c th Ghost ton b a vo mt file d phng, khi cn thit bn s Ghost tr li v bn li c mt b my nh lc mi ci t. 2. Cc tin ch ca Ghost Bn c th Ghost t mt a cng c chng trnh c ci t ( gi l a ngun ) sang mt a cng khc gi l a ch.

Ghost t a 1 sang a 2 c dung lng nh hn sau khi Ghost xong, dung lng cc thay i nhng t l % ca cc khng thay i. Lu : Nu ch qu nh so vi ngun s b li v bn khng th Ghost c. Bn c th Ghost ton b a vo 1 Flie Image ca mt khc d phng, khi cn thit th bn Ghost ngc li.

37

Ghost ton b a 1 vo Flie Image trn a 2 d phng.

Ghost ngc li t File Image trn a 2 v a 1 khi a 1 b li h iu hnh. Bn c th Ghost ton b mt logic sang mt logic khc. Th d Ghost ton b C a 1 sang C a 2.

Ghost t Partition sang Partition khc. Bn cng c th Ghost ton b logic C thnh mt File nh trn mt Logic khc cng a hoc khc a d phng, khi cn thit bn Ghost ngc tr li t File nh v logic ban u.

38

Ghost t logic C thnh mt File Image trn D a 2 Ghost ngc li t File Image v C trong trng hp C b li h diu hnh.

Ghost ngc li t File Image d phng trn D a 2 v C a 1khi a 1 b hng diu hnh.

Bn cng c th Ghost t C thnh mt File Image trong D trn cng mt a cng. 3. Cc im cn lu khi Ghost Nu bn ci t Windos XP vo a ngun sau khi Ghost sang a ch bn ch dng c trn my c cng chng loi Mainboard. Trng hp khc loi Mainbord th t nht hai loi Mainboard phi c cng tn Chipset chnh ( North Bridge ) Khi Ghost t a sang a, nu a ch c d liu th ton b d liu c s b xa v c thay th bng d liu mi nh a ngun. 4. Mc ch Ghost t a sang a Khi bn cn lp nhanh mt b my tnh trong khong 15 n 20 pht, bn cn s dng chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b ni dung v cc phn vng ca a ngun ( l c ci t chun ) sang a ch ( l lp mi tron my ), so vi thi gian lp rp v ci t hon chnh cho mt b my mt khong 80 pht th chng trnh Ghost tit kim cho bn c 60 pht lm vic.
39

Dng a 1 c d liu lm a ngun Ghost sang a 2 (a ch) l a cn ci t 5. Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt a ngun ( c ci t chun ) Lp a ngun chung cp tn hiu vi a cng trong my, thit lp Jumper cho a ngun l Master v a ch l Slave Vo CMOSE SETUP thit lp cho CD ROM l First Boot Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my, my s khi ng vo mn hnh MS- DOS vi du nhc t A A:\> G lnh Ghost < Enter >

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

40

Chn Local => Disk => To Disk

Chn To Disk nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s mc nh chn ch l Driver 2 cho bn, bn nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn a ngun, bn hy chn dng s 1 (Dng s 1 l vi thit lp Master) nhn <Enter>
41

Chng trnh cho php bn c th thay i kch thc cc logic trn a ch mc New site, nu bn khng mun thay i th gi nguyn kch thc mc nh. Sau nhn phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK v nhn <Enter>.

Chng tnh hi b c ng Ghost vi cc la chn trn hay khng ? Bn chn Yes ri nhn ( Enter )

42

Chng trnh bt u Ghost trong khong 5 pht (ty tc my, tc my cng cao th thi gian cng ngn) Thanh trng thi bn trn cho ta thy % d liu hon thnh.

Khi qu trnh Ghost hon thnh 100%, bn cn chn Reset Computer khi ng li my. Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh. 6. Ghost t a vo File Image Tin ch ca vic Ghost d phng a cng vo mt File nh, v nh vy vi mt a d tr bn c th lu c nhiu File nh Ghost t nhiu a cng ci t trn cc Mainboad khc nhau.

43

Cc bc thc hin : Chun b mt cng c ci t lm ngun. Mt cng v Format trc bng chng trnh FDISK v lnh Format. Hai cng trn u chung mt cp tn hiu, thit lp cho ngun l Master, cn lu File Image l Slave. Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo, khi ng li my. T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin.

44

Chn Local => Disk => To Image

T To Image nhn <Enter>

Chn a ngun l Drive 1 nhn <Enter> Giao din sau xut hin.

45

Bn chn Logic ni t File Image, bn bm phm Tab a la chn v mc Look in dng phm mi tn tri xung.

Chn Logic t File Image (V d trn ang chn F) ri nhn <Enter>

t tn cho File Image trong File name (v d trn t tn l LUUTRU) sau dng phm Tab a mc chn sang phm Save

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Giao din trn yu cu bn chn t s nn cho File Image, nu bn chn No l khng nn. - Nu bn chn l Fast - Nu bn chn l High l nn li cn khong 80% l nn li cn khong 60 %

Chn Yes ng vi cc la chn trn

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Qu trnh Ghost c thc thi trong khong 5 pht (ty tc my) sau khi trng thi t 100% l xong.

Bn chn Continue sau thot khi chng trnh Ghost. Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh. 7. Ghost t File Image ra a Bn c th s dng File Image trn Ghost ra mt a cng mi khi lp my, hay Ghost ra a b li h iu hnh sa cha.

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Ghost t File Image ra a cng Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt cng c cha File Image lm File ngun. Mt cng mi m bn cn ci t u hai chung cp tn hiu, thit lp cho c File ngun l Master, mi cha c d liu l Slave. Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my. T du nhc g lnh Ghost < Enter > A:\> Ghost < Enter >

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local => Disk => From Image

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Chn From Image nhn <Enter>

Bn dng phm Tab a la chn vo mc Look in, sau m a c cha File Image.

Chn File Image cn Ghost ri nhn <Enter>

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Chng trnh s t chn a ch cho bn, bn nhn <Enter> Dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK ri nhn <Enter>

Bn chn

Yes ng vi cc la chn trn.

Qu trnh Ghost thc thi trong khong 5 pht (ty theo tc my)
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Khi kt thc bn chn Reset Computer khi ng li my => Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh. 8. Ghost t Partition sang Partition Bn c th Ghost ton b d liu ca C a 1 sang C hoc D trn a 2, qu trnh l Ghost t Partition sang Partition, trng hp ny thng c s dng cho cc a c phn vng sn Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun. a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s dng b li phn mm Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave, Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost. Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CDROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my T du nhc g lnh Ghost < Enter > A:\> Ghost < Enter >

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin.

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Chn Local => Partition

=> To Partition

Chn To Partition nhn <Enter>

Bn hy chn a ngun, trn a Driver 1 l a bn thit lp l Master, sau khi chn a ngun bn nhn <Enter>
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Chng trnh tip tc yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ngun, thng thng bn chn dng Primary l cha h iu hnh.

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ch, bn c th chn Primary hoc Logical sau < Enter >

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Ca s trn hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng? Bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Qu trnh sao chp bt u v ko di trong khong 5 pht th kt thc. 9. Ghost t Partition ti File Image Bn c th Ghost t Partition sang mt File Image nh d phng, khi hng bn s Ghost ngc tr li t File Image v phn vng ban u.

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image

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Ghost tt Partition thnh File Image trn cng mt a cng Cc bc tin hnh. Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun. a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s dng Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave, Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng l my T du nhc g lnh Ghost < Enter >

A:\> Ghost

< Enter >

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn To Image < Enter >

Bn hy chn a ngun, Driver 1 l c thit lp l Master

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Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng trn a ngun m bn cn Ghost d phng, thng thng l phn vng chnh Primary.

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng ch ni t File Image Ghost ti, bn c th chn mt trong cc a trong mc Look in

Bn nhp tn cho File Image vo mc File name, th d trn t tn l LUU_C sau dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn sang phm Save v nhn <Enter>

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Chng trnh s yu cu bn chn t s nn, bn nn chn t s nn cao nht l High sau nhn <Enter>

Tip theo l ca s hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng. Bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

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Chng trnh bt u sao chp trong khong 5 pht ( ty tc tng my )

Kt thc bn hy chn Continue ri thot khi chng trnh Ghost, Sau khi ng li my. => qu trnh Ghost hon thnh. 10. Ghost t File Image v Partition Bn c th s dng File Image d phng Ghost ngc tr v phn vng ty .

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Ghost ngc li t Fie Image v Partition

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image trn cng mt a cng. Cc bc tin hnh. Chun b mt a c File Image lm a ngun. a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s dngj. Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave. Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ngli my T du nhc g lnh Ghost < Enter >

A:\> Ghost

< Enter >

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

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Chn From Image <Enter>

Dng phm Tab la chn v mc Look in, sau chn phn vng cha File Image, nu khng nh bn hy lc tm trong cac logic C, D, E, F trn

Nu c File Image th chng s c hin th trong khung ca s, chn ng tn File ri nhn < Enter >

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Tip theo bn cn chn a ch, bn lu khi cm hai trn 1 cp, th thit lp l Master s c hin th mt s dng nh trn.

Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng ch Ghost ti, nu bn chn Primary th bn s Ghost ti C, nu chn l Logical th bn s Ghost ti D.

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Tip theo l ca s hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng. Bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh bt u sao chp trong khong 5 pht, cho n khi thanh trng thi chy ht 100%.

Kt thc bn hy chn Continue ri thot khi chng trnh Ghost, Sau khi ng li my. => qu trnh Ghost hon thnh.

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