Bao Cao Linux

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux
LI GII THIU
Trong nhng nm gn y HDH Linux ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong trng hc v mi trng cng nghip. h Unix ny, vi chc nng v tnh n nh cho php n tn ti song song vi cc h iu hnh thng mi khc. Hn na, s ph bin ca m ngun Linux trn Internet ng gp rt nhiu cho s ph cp ca linux. iu ny l l do cho nhm chn ti nghin cu v pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux. Trn ht nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Nguyn Huy Phng tn tnh ch bo, hng dn chng em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny. Chng em xin gi n qy thy c khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin lng bit n su sc v ghi nhn s ch dn, ging dy, h tr v gip , cung cp nhng kin thc qy bu, to mi iu kin thun li v gp trong sut qu trnh hc tp cho sinh vin chng em thc hin ti tt nghip c thun li. Xin chn thnh t lng bit n n cc bn b thn hu ng vin gip chng ti trong sut thi gian hc tp cng nh lm ti tt nghip.
Bo co gm 2 phn:
Phn 1: Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux Phn 2: Cc dch v mng
TPHCM, Ngy 13 thng 06 nm 2008 Nhm sinh vin thc hin
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Li nhn xt ca GVHD
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Li nhn xt ca GVPB
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TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................320
CC T VIT TT.
Client: my khch. IP: Internet Address. RPM: Redhat Package Manager.
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FQDN: Fully Qualifield Domain Name. NFS: Network File System. Server: my ch. SMB= Samba chng trnh dng chia s ti nguyn gia cc Windows PC v Linux PC. MTA: Mail Transport Agent. PC= Personal computer: my tnh c nhn. Point, mount_point: im truy cp, thng l th mc, ni mount cc h thng tp tin. Mount: gn kt cc tp tin vo 1 point no . Umount: g b cc tp tin c mount vo 1 point no . Username: tn ti khon ngi dng. Password: mt khu tng ng vi username. SMB: Samba. SWAT: Samba Web Administration Tool.
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I. Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux.

1...............................................................................Tm hiu LINUX
Phn ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:
- Linux l g? - Ti sao Linux pht trin? - Cc bn pht hnh Linux - Li ch ca Linux - Ai pht trin Linux? - Linux cng sinh vi Windows - Thng mi ha Linux - UNIX v Linux - Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux
1.1.Linux l g?
Linux xut hin nh mt sn phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990 c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBM-PC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp. Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xut
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX. V c bn, Linux bt chc UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game v.v. Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim thiu chi ph u t vo my mc. Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng 10). C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip Sun SPARC. Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh khn. Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Linux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm tnh ton cao cp.
1.2.Ti sao Linux pht trin?

Trc ht, Linux pht trin v l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng ca chng theo nhu cu ring. Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun tr h thng. Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp m ngun m cho mi ngi. Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc Microsoft
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip Intel. Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2). Gn y, cc cng ty ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng cc phn mm ng dng cho n.
1.3.Cc bn pht hnh Linux

Nhiu ngi bit n cc nh sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4. Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th.
1.4.Li th ca Linux
Ti sao c th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ? Linux cung cp cho bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi tit l m ngun. Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn l sn chi
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng tin. Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn (1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin, nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai). Ngy nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin. Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dng rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t. Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows. Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh mini DEC PDP-7. Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu hiu. Nhng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh khc. Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng, cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in. n vi Linux, gii lp trnh s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy dng ngn ng ring cho mnh. Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m (open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m.
1.5.Ai pht trin Linux ?

Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker. Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h thng y b hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Thc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny m Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng an ton hn Ngoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s khng tr thnh cracker.
1.6.Linux cng sinh vi Windows

V nguyn tc, tt c cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux, nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l "VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh. Ngi ta cn xy dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux. Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt phin bn DR DOS sang Linux. Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung, Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ngc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi nht trn cc Web site v Linux. Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn. cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i. Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn . Khi phn vng li cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c cc chng trnh v d liu m bn mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt. Bn cn phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm: thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha Linux
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1.7. Thng mi ho Linux

Cng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera. C hai cng ty ny u tr gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph. V tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn (routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng Linux lm h iu hnh chnh. Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v. Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu. OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng vi mt b ng dng vn phng hng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux.
1.8.UNIX v LINUX
Lch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix. Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting do Tannebaum vit t gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Nm 1978, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng. Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobb's. Hin nay bn thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh Linux. UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu dng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng (single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n 19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m ngun h iu hnh ca mnh. T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm 1981, trong thi k cao im ca cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386. Sun Microsystems c ng gp ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t v tng thch vi nhau. IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c mt th phn ng k. Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh, trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca Linux?
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1.9.Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

Ni chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux v.v. Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNU's Not UNIX) v FSF (Free Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h. GPL cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m.
1.10.
Cc ng dng trn Linux
1.10.1. Cc ng dng vn phng
Cng vi thi gian, h iu hnh Linux ngy cng c hon thin, nhiu hng sn xut cng vi cc lp trnh vin xy dng c mt kho th vin phn mm khng l p ng phn ln nhu cu ca ngi dng.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh trong Windows c b Microsoft Office th trong Linux c nhng b Office khc nh KOffice, b Start Office hoc OpenOffice.org ca hng Sun Microsystem c phn phi min ph .
1.10.2. Cc ng dng gii tr
Ngoi cc ng dng vn phng ra, Linux cng c kh nhiu games phc v nhu cu th gin v gii tr ca ngi dng
1.10.3. H iu hnh mng v cc ng dng mng
C th ni cc ng dng mng l tp hp nhng ng dng ni bt nht ca h iu hnh Linux. Nhng kh nng m cc ng dng mng trn Linux c th thc hin c lm cho h iu hnh ny tr nn vt tri hn so vi Windows. Linux cho php ngi dng c th cu hnh 1 server vi y cc ng dng c bn nht ca Internet - Domain Name Service (DNS) - Web Server - Mail Server - FPT Server - SMTP Server - Pop3 Server - Firewall
1.10.4. Cc ng dng web
Vi s bng n cc ng dng trn Internet, h iu hnh Linux h tr mt mi trng l tng cho cc server ng dng. Cc hng phn mm ni ting u nghin cu lm sao c th ci cc ng dng ca h ln Linux
1.10.5. Cc ngn ng lp trnh Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 18
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux H iu hnh Linux c vit li hon ton t u bng ngn ng C nhm trnh vn bn quyn ca Unix. Do ngn ng lp trnh C c h tr mnh m v kh y cho vic pht trin cc ng dng mng. Tuy nhin ngn ng C khng phi l s la chn duy nht cho vic lp trnh trn Linux. C nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc cng c h tr bi Linux c lit k di y: Ada, C, C++, Forth, Fortran, Icon, Java, Lisp, Modular 2, Modular 3, Oberon,Objective C, Pascal, Perl , Prolog, Python, Smalltalk, SQL, Tck/Tl, Shell
1.11.
Linux Kernel
1.11.1. Gii thiu
Linux kernel cung cp mt giao din gia cc ng dng ngi dng, h thng phn cng v ti nguyn. Mt vi chc nng ca Linux l: Qun l b nh Qun l h thng file X l cc li v ngt Thc hin cc dch v I/O
Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng 1.11.2. Kernel Modules
Trong nhng nm u ca Linux, kernel Linux l mt monolithic kernel. Monolithic kernel l tt c cc dch v ca Kernel c bin dch ht vo trong n v khng c drivers ngoi no c gi. Vi monolithic kernel, kernel phi c bin dch li mi khi c mt thit b mi c gn vo h thng. Khi s h tr phn cng ca Linux tng ln th kch thc ca Kernel tng ln v cho thy s bt tin ca n. th l modular Linux kernel ra i.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Modular Linux kernel bao gm mt kernel ti tiu v mt tp cc modules c th c thm vo khi kernel ang chy h tr cc thit b v dch v mi
1.11.3. Cc chc nng ca Kernel
Qun l b nh. Qun l h thng file. X l cc li v ngt. Thc hin cc dch v I/O. Cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho cc ngi dng
1.11.4. GNU-GPL project (GNU General Public License) 1.11.4.1. GNU-GPL l g ?
GNU General Public License l mt hnh thc bn quyn cho php m bo vic trao i t do cc phn mm, m bo cc phn mm l min ph i vi tt c cc ngi s dng. General Public License p dng cho hu ht cc sn phm ca Free Software Foundation's. Bn c th p dng GNU GPL cho phn mm ca bn. Giy php phn mm m ngun m (Open Source OS) cho php ngi dng c, truy cp, thay i v lm li m ngun ca mt sn phm phn mm (theo t chc OSI Open Source Initiative). Cc giy php phn mm c OSI ph chun v qun l ti http://www.opensource.org. Xem thm chi tit trong http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd-vietnamese.php/ Open Source mang ngha t do nhiu hn l min ph. Mi loi giy php c nhng iu khon quy nh ring. V d: BSD Licensing ch di 1 trang vi 3 iu khon cn phi tun th nhng trong khi th Mozilla Public License 1.1 di n 12 trang cp mi th t vic nh ngha thut ng n cch thc p dng giy php cho chnh ph.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Mt trong nhng khon quan trng trong OS Licensing l: Nu ta thay i m ngun th phi lp li ti liu v cc thay i v nh km m ngun theo phn mm. Khng c thng bo bn quyn ca mnh (copyright) mc d thay i m ngun ca chng trnh. Xem thm thng tin ti http://www.linux.org/info/gnu.html Ngi ta cn ni GNU GPL l Copyleft thay cho khi nim Copyright.
1.11.4.2. Ni dung chnh ca GNU
Tc gi vn gi bn quyn phn mm ca mnh bn c th copy v phn phi chng trnh di bt c hnh thc no v gi ty Bn c th thay i mt phn ca chng trnh v phn phi thay i ca mnh cng ton b chng trnh ccho ngi khc vi iu kin ni r phn mnh thay i. Nu phn bn thay i khng th tch ri tan b chng trnh th GNU GPL s m rng sang ton b chng trnh, k c phn bn vit. Bn khng c thng bo bn quyn ca bn (copyright) mc d bn thay i m ngun ca chng trnh. Bn phi m bo cung cp m ngun khi bn bn mt sn phm theo GNU GPL cho ngi khc c th s dng v/hoc bn tip sn phm (ngi bn phn phi sn phm phi c c cc quyn li ging ca bn c hng khi bn nhn mt phn mm di GNU GPL). Open Source: Mt sn phm l Open Source phi tha mn cc iu kin: Free Redistribution: c th phn phi ti bt c i tng no. Source Code: Lun km theo source code.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Integrity of The Authors Source Code: C th c hn ch ch cho php thay i m ngunt hng qua cc patch (ch khng c t thay i), hoc nu thay i phi i qua tn khc. y l im khc vi GNU GPL. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: Khng c phn bit i x vi c nhn hay nhm ngi no trong qu trnh phn phi phn mm m ngun m. Distribution of License: quyn i vi phn mm c tip tc chuyn n nhng ngi nhn phn mm. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: Cc quyn i vi phn mm c tip tc thc hin khng ph thuc vo cc phn phi (distribution) cha phn mm. License Must Not Restrict Other Software: Cc sn phm khc i cng Open Source khng nht thit phi tun theo yu cu ca Open Source. License Must Be Technology-Neutral: License khng c bt buc gn kt vi bt k cng ngh hay kiu kt ni no. Ch : Bruce Perens vit cc quy nh trn cho "The Debian Free Software Guidelines". Sau ng b i cc phn c trng cho Debian-specific v xy dng thnh "Open Source Definition. Open Source v GNU GPL thng kt hp vi nhau: Ethereal is Open Source software released under the GNU General Public License
2................................................................Ci t v cu hnh Linux

2.1.Thao tc chun b
Bn s tm thy sau y cc thng tin cn thit trc khi ci t bt c bn pht hnh Linux no trn PC. Xin nh rng Linux khng phi l mt thng phm, do cn phi chun b i ph cc trc trc nu c.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Lu : Ci t h iu hnh c ngha l thay i c h thng qun l my tnh, v vy hy cn thn v chun b sn giy bt ghi chp cc thng tin cn thit. iu kin ci t Linux thnh cng l c cc phn cng ph hp. Mun chn cu hnh cho tng xng, bn phi bit trc bao nhiu ngi s s dng h thng v s chy nhng ng dng no. T bn tnh ra cc yu cu v b nh, dung lng a cng, chng loi thit b u cui, v.v. Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh c ci t Linux u l PC v thng cng ch ci t phin bn cho mt ngi s dng, mc d cc my y c th lin kt vi nhiu h thng Linux v UNIX ln hn. Nu bn ci t phin bn Linux cho mt ngi dng (trng hp hay gp nht) th bn cng l qun tr vin ca h thng. Bn c trch nhim hiu r h thng thc hin chc nng qun tr, sao cho h thng chy ti u. Bn phi bo m dung lng ti thiu trn a cng, sao lu u n, cc thit b kt ni vi h u c trnh iu khin (driver) v cc phn mm ci t thch hp, v.v.. Bn nn chn la cc loi phn cng m chnh a s nhng ngi to ra Linux s dng. Cc cng ty pht trin phn mm thng phm thng chy th sn phm ca h trn nhiu phn cng khc nhau, cn cng ng tnh nguyn trin khai Linux ch c my tnh ca chnh mnh. Cng may l cng ng Linux kh ng o cho nn hu ht nhng phn cng tiu chun ca PC u c Linux chp nhn. Lu : Linux l mt h thng tin ho v thnh thong li c thng tin cp nht. Bn pht hnh RedHat s dng trong ti liu ny chy kh n nh, tuy nhin thc t c nhng phn cng thay i m cha c Linux bit n. Mc d nhiu phn cng c th thay i bng cc linh kin nhi hoc tng thch Intel, song khng phi tt c nhng phn cng y u chy c vi Linux. Mc tiu: Nm c mt s yu cu cn thit nhm phc v tt trong qu trnh ci t.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Yu cu phn cng: (Ti thiu) - CPU 386 hoc mi hn. - Dung lng b nh: 16MB - Dung lng cng: ~ 100MB nu ch s dng Console Mode (~1000MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) ~ 500MB nu s dng Graphic Mode (~1500MB nu ci RedHat 9.0) - CD-ROM - a mm 1.44MB Yu cu phn mm: B ci t RED HAT Linux 9.0 (6 disks: CD1-CD6)
a mm khi ng Linux 2.2.To a mm khi ng

Mc tiu: To a mm khi ng Linux trong trng hp khng th khi ng t a CD-ROM hoc ROM-BIOS khng h tr khi ng t CD-ROM. Cc bc tin hnh: Kim tra c tp tin boot.img trong th mc Images ca CD1 khng? Thc thi rawrite.exe ghi boot.img ny ra a mm. Tin hnh khi ng t a mm va to. c nhng thng tin hng dn chi tit hn tham kho Readme trong CD1 hoc vo trang ch ca RedHat ti a ch: http://www.redhat.com/ c nhng ch dn c th hn trong qu trnh ti nh a (Disk Image
2.3.Cc bc ci t
2.3.1. Cc cch ci t
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux C n 4 cch ci t Linux, l t CD, NFS, FTP, hoc t a cng. Cch ph bin nht l ci t Linux t a CD. Mun ci t trc tip t CD, bn phi khi u bng DOS. du nhc DOS, bn g lnh: [ CD]:\dosutils\autoboot Trong [ CD] l tn CD trn my ca bn. C th bt u bng vic t li cu hnh cho BIOS c th khi ng bng a CD. a s cc BIOS sn xut sau 1997 u h tr vic ny. Khi , bn ch cn tt ngun in v khi ng li vi a CD Linux t sn trong . Nu a cng c sn mt phn vng trng, bn c th ci t Linux vo bn cnh h thng hin hnh khi xo mt nhng thng tin trc . Nh vy nhng g bn cn l mt CD, mt phn vng trng v mt a mi.
Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network h
thng tp) yu cu bn trc ht phi lp rp logic (mount) CD vo mt my tnh chp nhn h thng tp ISO-9660 vi phn m rng RockRidge, ri bn cng b h thng tp qua NFS. Bn phi bit ng dn ca h thng tp ny, cng nh a ch IP ca my, hoc tn ca my nu c DNS. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn tp qua mng LAN hoc WAN. Vic ci t qua FTP yu cu phi c a mi v a ph tr. Ci t Linux t a cng cng cn a mi v cc a ph tr ni trn. Trc tin phi to ra th mc mang tn Linux, sau sao chp th mc tng ng t CD cng vi tt c cc th mc th cp (subdirectory) vo th mc Linux. Bn c th s dng cc lnh DOS sau y thi hnh vic ci t: cd\Linux xcopy/s e:\Linux
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Lnh cd chn th mc lm vic l th mc Linux trn a cng; lnh xcopy sao chp th mc tng ng t a CD t E. Cho d bn s dng phng php ci t no, bn lun cn c a mi. Nhng trc ht bn phi tm mt s thng tin cn thit.
2.3.2. Cc bc ci t chung 2.3.2.1. Ci t bng dng lnh
Cng ging nh ci t vi giao din, bc chun b cng ging nh ci t bng giao din. u tin bn b a CD vo a (v tt nhin l phi c cng cn trng). Khi bn cho boot t a CD, bn nhp vo dng linux text.
Hnh 2.1 Kim tra a CD
Bn c th b qua bc ny bng cch nhn vo Skip. Cn nu bn mun test a CD th bn nhn vo OK.
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Hnh 2.2 Giao din cho mng
Bm OK tip tc.
Hnh 2.3 Chn ngn ng ci t
y nhm chn ngn ng l English. Nhn OK.
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Hnh 2.4 Chn ngn ng cho bn phm
Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.5 Chn loi chut ang s dng
Sau khi chn xong loi chut ca mnh th nhn OK.
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Hnh 2.6 : Chn loi mn hnh ang s dng
Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh monitor
Nn chn Default cho h thng t cu hnh.

Hnh 2.8 Chn loi cu hnh HDH ci vo my
Sau khi chn xong th bm OK.
Hnh 2.9 : Chn cch phn vng cng
Disk Partitioning Setup: Nu chn Autopartition: h thng s t ng chia tm phn vng cn trng v chia phn vng cn thit cho bn.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Disk Druid: Bn chn ch t chia phn vng bng tay. Back: Tr li bc trc.
Hnh 2.10 cnh bo s xa ht d liu
Bm Yes chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.11 Phn vng cn trng.
y vng cn trng 8192Mb. Bm New to phn vng Root.
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Hnh 2.12 To phn vng root
Sau khi to xong phn vng Root dng lu tr h iu hnh. Bn tin hnh to phn vng Swap.
Hnh 2.13 To phn vng swap
Sau khi phn vng xong bn nhn OK.
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Hnh 2.14 Sau khi to phn vng xong
Sau khi phn vng xong. Nhn OK chuyn sang bc k tip.
Hnh 2.15 : Chn cu hnh boot loader
Chn loi Boot Loader: Use GRUB Boot Loader: C s dng Boot Loader GRUB. No Boot Loader: Khng s dng Boot Loader. Nu bn ci 2 h iu hnh tr ln th nn s dng GRUB Boot loader. Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.
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Hnh 2.16 : Cu hnh boot loader
Bm OK qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.16 : t password cho boot loader
Nu bn khng cn t Password cho Boot Loader th c th nhn OK tip tc.
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Hnh 2.17 Hon thnh cu hnh boot loader
Qu trnh cu hnh Boot Loader hon thnh. Nu bn mun sa li file Boot Loader th c th nhn Edit. Nu khng th nhn Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.18 Chn ni ci boot loader
Bn nn chn ni lu tr Boot loader ti Master Boot Record.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Ok qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh network
Sau khi t xong a ch IP v Netmask (Mask Address). Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.20 t a ch DNS
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu bn khng kt ni Internet c th b qua bc ny. Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.21 t tn my
Bc ny cho php bn t tn cho my hoc c th b qua bng cch chn automatically via DHCP. Bm Ok qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.22 Cu hnh firewall
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn c th cu hnh cho h thng trnh s xm phm t bn ngoi. Hoc cng c th khng cn firewall nu nh bn khng ni mng internet. Nu chn Enable firewall th bn c th cu hnh cho firewall bng cch nhn vo Customize.
Hnh 2.23 Cu hnh firewall
Sau khi cu hnh xong nhn OK. Cn nu bn chn no firewall th h thng s cnh bo bn.
Hnh 2.24 Cnh bo khng firewall
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu chp nhn nhn Proceed. Chuyn qua bc tip theo.
Hnh 2.25 Chn ngn ng h thng
Bc ny cho php bn chn ngn ng cho h diu hnh Linux. Mc nh l English (USA). Nhn Ok tip tc. Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi cho my. Mc nh l America/New_York. Bm Ok chuyn qua k tip.
Hnh 2.26 t pass cho root
Khi t password th 2 password phi ging nhau. Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.27 Chn gi phn mm ci t
Bn c th chn cc gi phn mm ci t. nu mun s dng gioa din ha gi X Window System. Sau khi chn xong nhn OK chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.28 Bt u ci t
Nhn Ok chuyn qua bc ci t.
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Hnh 2.29 S a ci t
Bm Continue chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.30 Qa trnh ci t
Sau khi qu trnh ci t hon thnh.
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Hnh 2.31 To a boot khi ng
Nu mun to a boot th nhn Yes (dng boot vo h iu hnh bng a ny). Nu khng th nhn No.
Hnh 2.32 Khi ng li my
Nhn Enter Reboot li h thng.

Hnh 2.33 Giao din cho mng ca linux
Bm Next chuyn qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.34 Licens ca linux
Chn Yes v bm Next tip tc.

Hnh2.35 Chnh gi h thng
Sau khi tinh chnh xong li ngy gi h thng. Nhn Next tip tc.
Hnh 2.36 To username h thng
Sau khi t xong user name v password, nhn Next tip tc.
Hnh 2.37 Cu hnh card sound
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh bn c nghe m thanh pht ra th nhn Next.
Hnh 2.38 Ci thm phn mm
Nu bn mun ci thm bt c mt gi phn mm no t CD th nhn vo Install. Bm Next qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.39 Ci t hon thnh
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Next hon thnh.
Hnh 2.40 ng nhp vo h thng
Sau khi nhp xong user name nhn Enter.
Hnh 2.41 : Nhp password
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi nhp xong username v password. H thng s c ng nhp vi giao din.
Hinh 2.42 ng nhp thnh cng
2.3.2.2. Ci t bng giao din (phin bn Fedora Core 4)
u tin khi Boot t CD v bn cho a CD 1 vo . Giao din xut hin.
Hnh 2.43 Giao din linux khi boot
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn s c nhng ty chn sau: Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din ha (graphical mode). Ci t (Intall) hoc nng cp (Upgrade) vi giao din s dng dng lnh (text mode). V s c nhng ch sau: F1: vo giao din chnh. ( nh hnh trn) F2: s dng nhng ty chn ca Linux.
tt (disable) thit b phn cng: g lnh linux noprobe -> nhn Enter.
kim tra cc thit b ang s dng : g lnh linux mediecheck -> Enter.
sa li cho linux (rescuse mode) : g lnh linux rescuse -> Enter. (Nhn F5 c thm hng dn v ch rescuse).
Nu bn c 1 a driver : g lnh linuxdd ->Enter nhc nh cho phng thc ci t s dng trn CD-ROM : g lnh linux askmethod -> Enter.
Nu bn c a cp nht h iu hnh (update) : g lnh linux updates -> Enter.
kim tra b nh trong h thng : g lnh memtest86 ->Enter.
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Hnh 2.44 Mt vi chc nng khi ci t
F3: Hng dn chung.
Hnh 2.45 Gii thiu chung
F4: Gip chung cho ch Boot.
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Hnh 2.46 Ch dn mt s dng lnh
F5: Hng dn ch rescuse.
Hnh 2.47 Cu cha HDH
Thng thng ci mi th tt nht l bn s dng giao din ha. mn hnh chnh bn nhn Enter.
Hnh 2.48 Qu trnh kim tra phn cng
Chng trnh s tin hnh kim tra mt s phn cng ca my tnh. Sau khi kim tra xong th giao din ci t nh sau:
Hnh 2.49 Kim tra CD
Cho php bn nhn Ok kim tra li a CD dng ci t hoc b qua bc ny nhn Skip. Nu nhn Ok th chng trnh bt u qu trnh kim tra a.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux y ti chn Skip b qua qu trnh kim tra a. Nhn test kim tra a hin ti ang c trong a hoc ly a ra.
Hnh 2.50 : Xc nhn CD
Nhn test th qu trnh kim tra bt u.
Hnh 2.51 Qu trnh kim tra a
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Hnh 2.52 : Qu trnh kim tra a hon tt
Qu trnh kim tra a 1 hon thnh v nhn ok tin hnh tin hnh kim tra cc a cn li.
Hnh 2.53 : Kim tra a k tip
Sau khi kim tra xong 4 CD th chng trnh bt u ci t. Giao din ci t nh sau.
Hnh 2.54 Giao din cho mng ca linux
Bm next qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.55 Chn ngn ng ci t
Chn ngn ng s dng trong sut qu trinh ci t. y mc nh l English. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.56 : Chn ngn ng bn phm
Chn ngn ng ca keybroad. Mc nh l U.S, English. Bm Next
Hnh 2.57 : Chn cu hnh cho h thng
Cho php bn chn cc ch ci t. Personal : ch ny dng cho cc my tnh cc nhn hoc laptops. Workstation : ch ny ci t thm mi trng pht trin thm cc ng dng v system administrator.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Server : ch ny cho php bn s dng ci t file sharing, print sharing v dch v web. Custom : cho php bn ty chn cc package hoc cc phn mm i km theo. y ti chn Custom v nhn next.
Hnh 2.58 : Chn ch phn vng
Automaticcally partition : chng trnh s t ng d tm phn vng cn trng v chia a theo yu cu ca h thng. Khi chn ch ny, cng ca bn s c hi l c mun xa ht khng nu nh cng khng cn ch trng. Manually partition with Disk Druid : cho php bn t chia a vi cng c Disk Druid c sn trong linux. Ch Manually partition with Disk Druid.
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Hnh 2.59 : C mun xa phn vng khng
bc ny chng trnh s hi bn c mun xa ht d liu c trong cng khng. Nu c : bm Yes. Nu khng : bm No.
Hnh 2.60 : Li thit b khi ci t
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu nh cng ca bn khng c phn vng cn trng th s bo li khng th tm thy thit b no to file h thng. Ngc li nu nh c phn vng trng th s qua bc k tip.
Hnh 2.61 : Phn vng trng
bc ny, nu nh phn vng ca bn cha nh dng th bm chn phn vng cn trng, bm New .
Hnh 2.62 : Chn phn vng swap
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux khung File System Type, bm s xung v chn Swap. khung Size, mc nh l 100Mb, nhng tt nht l bn chn 510 Mb (theo kinh nghim ci t ca c nhm). Ri bm OK.
Hnh 2.63 : Chia phn vng ci t
phn vng cn li, bn click chut vo v chn Edit.
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Hnh 2.64 : Qu trnh chia phn vng
khung Mount Point, bm s xung v chn du / lm th mc gc v ci t ln . Bm OK.
Hnh 2.65 : Cu hnh boot loader
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn c th check vo Configure advance boot loader options boot t 2 h iu hnh tr ln (nu my ca bn ci thm h iu hnh khc). Bm Next.
Hnh 2.66 : Cu hnh DHCP
Cho php bn cu hnh DHCP. Bm Next.
Hnh 2.67 : Cu hnh firewall
Cho php bn bt ch Firewall hay khng. Bm Next.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu bn khng chn chc nng Firewall th chng trnh s hi bn c chc chn khng. Hoc l mun cu hnh li.
Hnh 2.68 : Cnh bo khng firewall
Nu chc chn, bm Proceed.
Hnh 2.69 : Chn vng cho ngy gi
Bc ny cho php bn chn mi gi ca mnh. Bm Next.

Hnh 2.70 : t pass cho root
Bc ny yu cu bn t Password cho Root (tng ng vi Adminitrator trong Windows). V y l bc bt buc. Sau khi t xong, bm Next.
Hinh 2.71 : Chn cc gi phn mm ngun ci t
Bc ny cho php bn chn la cc gi phn mm ci t km theo. Nhng check mt nh th nn gi li.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn cng c th bm vo Details cui chn la chi tit hn.
Hnh 2.72 : Chi tit ci t
Hoc bn cng c th chn ci Everything hoc Minimal.
Hnh 2.73 : Dung lng a sau khi chn gi ci t
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V nh l phi xem dung lng sau khi chn c ph hp vi dung lng cng ca mnh hay khng. Bm Next.
Hnh 2.74 : Chun b ci
By gi bn c th click Next thc hin qu trnh ci t.
Hnh 2.75: Xc nhn ci
H thng s yu cu bn xc nhn mt ln na l c 4CD ci cha (v y l ci Fedora Core 4).

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu y th bm Continue. Qu trnh ci t bt u.
Hnh 2.76: Qu trnh ci t bt u
Hnh 2.77: Qu trnh cn 20 pht
Sau khi a 1 ci xong, chng trnh s yu cu a th 2, 3 v a th 4.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi ci t thnh cng h thng s yu cu bn reboot li thay i cc cu hnh.
Hnh 2.78 Ci t hon thnh
H thng yu cu khi ng li. Bm Reboot. Qu trnh khi ng.
Hnh 2.79: ng nhp h thng
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ang khi ng vo h thng. y l ln u tin bn khi ng vo h iu hnh Linux. Giao din cho mng.
Hnh 2.80: Giao din cho mng
Bm Next.
Hnh 2.81 License ca chng trnh
y l Lisence ca h iu hnh m ngun m Linux.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Chn Yes, I agre to the License Agreement. Bm Next.
Hnh 2.82 iu chnh gi h thng
Bc ny cho php bn iu chnh li ngy gi h thng. Bm Next.
Hnh 2.83 iu chnh phn gii ca h thng
Bc ny cho php bn chn phn gii ca mn hnh. Mc nh l 800x600.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bm Next.
Hnh 2.84: TXo User mi
Bc ny cho php bn to 1 User mi khng c quyn Adminitrative (Root). Nu bn khng mun to thm bt k User no v ch s dng User Root th bm next. H thng s cnh bo bn.
Hnh 2.85: Cnh bXo to User
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V nu bn ng th bm Cotinue ngc li bm Create account.
Hnh 2.86: Kim traX sound card
Bc ny kim tra li Sound card ca bn. kim tra bm Play test sound.
Hnh 2.87 Xc nhn m thanh
Nu c nghe m thanh th bm Yes (d nhin l bn phi c gn thit b nghe nh Loa hoc Headphone). Bm Next.
Hnh 2.88: Ci t thm gi phn mm t CD
Bc ny cho php bn ci t thm mt s phn mm t CD. Nu khng cn thit bm Next.
Hnh 2.89: Qu trnh cu hnh hon thnh
H thng ca bn c ci t xong. Bm Next tip tc.
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Hnh 2.90: Nhp User v pass ng nhp
Yu cu nhp tn User ang nhp h thng. y user ca ti l Root v password l 123456.
Hnh 2.91 ng nhp vo Linux
y l qu trnh nhn cc thit b.

Hnh 2.92 Giao din chnh ca Linux
Qu trnh ci t hon thnh. y l giao din chnh ca h iu hnh Linux.
2.4.Phn vng a cng

2.4.1. Gii thiu
Vi s hinh thanh va phat trin cua h iu hanh Linux, gi y chung ta co rt nhiu cach trong vic chon la cac h thng file (file system) cho tng loai ng dung. Trong bai vit nay ti mun gii thiu cac h thng file tin tin c s dung trong Linux nh EXT2, EXT3, VFAT Reiserfs, XFS, va JFS co tinh tin cy cao va co kha nng ghi nh qua trinh thao tac trn d liu (journaling). Chung ta hay tim hiu s lc v cach lam vic ca cac h thng file
2.4.2. nh dng file h thng EXT2 2.4.2.1. Gii thiu
Gii thiu h thng file ext2 c gii thiu vo u nm 1993 v c thit k ring cho Linux. N c nhiu tnh nng tng cng khc phc cc hn ch ca cc h thng file khc. Tnh nng Minix EXT EXT 2
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Kch thc h thng 64 MB file ln nht Kch thc file ln 64 MB nht Chiu di ti a tn 30 k t file Kch thc block tu Khng bin 255 k 255 t Khng t C k 2 GB 2 GB 2 GB 4 TB
2.4.2.2. Qun tr h thng file EXT2
Filesystem caching : Nhm tng hiu sut ca ton h thng file ext2, cache c dng lu gi cc d liu c dng thng xuyn. Thng tin ca filesystem c cache trong b nh, i khi c tham kho ti nh l mt b m a, bi v vic truy cp vo b nh th nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc a vt l. C hai qu trnh c v ghi u c cache d liu trn RAM. H thng buffers a cng ln th filesystem p ng cng nhanh cho cc thao tc c ghi. Do RAM l b nh tm thi, buffer s c ghi vo a khi my hot ng, hay khi filesystem c unmount. Lnh sync c th dng p kernel ghi tt c cc buffers vo cc file trn a. Lnh ny c th s dng khng cn tham s. V d: Vi l do ny c th gii thch v sao khi chp file vo a mm ta thy h thng chy rt nhanh tuy nhin lc ny thc s file cha c ghi vo a mm. nu th bn s thy khong 5 giy sau n mm mi bt u sng. Nu trc ta c tng l chp xong file m rt a mm ra th s khng c file no c ghi vo a c.
2.4.2.3. S phn mnh ca h thng file
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux H thng ext2 c thit k nhm hn ch ti thiu s phn mnh nn ta khng cn phi defragment h thng file ext2. Nguyn nhn gy ra s phn mnh ca file system l vic ghi file nhiu ln trn a. Trong cc file lm b nh m rng ca h thng trn a l c nguy c b phn mnh nhiu nht. i vi cc h iu hnh v MS Windows, h thng b nh m rng ny nm trn cng mt partition chnh ca h thng thng qua file pagefile.sys cn trong Linux th h thng b nh m rng ny c cho ra mt partition ring nn hn ch rt nhiu s phn mnh.
2.4.2.4. nh dng file h thng EXT3
c xy dng da trn c s cua h thng file chun ext2 ma Linux ang s dung, ext3 a vao thm chc nng mi v cung quan trong, journaling file system, giup thao tac d liu an toan hn. Ext3 con s dung c ch JBD (Journaling Block Device) bao v thng tin thao tac trn d liu, c anh gia la tin cy hn so vi cac h thng chi thc hin journaling trn chi muc d liu (journaling of meta-data only) nh Reiserfs, XFS hay JFS. Vi cach bao v hai ln nh vy thi hiu sut ghi d liu co phn nao chm hn ext2; nhng trong mt vai trng hp, nh thng tin trong journal log ma u t cng di chuyn hp ly hn, nn tc thao tac d liu nhanh hn. i vi nhng ng dung u tin cho tin cy cua d liu hn la tc ghi n thun thi ext3 la la chon thich hp. Ngoai ra, ext3 con cho phep cai thin tc thao tac trn d liu bng cach thit lp thng s cho h thng chi thc hin journaling i vi thao tac trn d liu (mode: data=writeback va data = ordered). Vi mode data=writeback, qua trinh khi ng nhanh, d liu c ghi vao ia ngay sau khi a ghi xong thng tin trong journal log (write back), vi mode nay i khi cung xay ra tinh trang h d liu nu s c xay ra ngay sau khi ghi journal log ma
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux cha kip ghi vao ia, nhng bu lai tc thao tac file nhanh hn trong mt vai trng hp. Vi mode data=ordered, d liu c ghi ln ia trc ri mi n journal log, cho phep lun lun bao am tinh toan ven cua d liu trong moi tinh hung va y cung chinh la mode mc inh cua ext3. Vi mode data=journal thi vic bao v c thc hin trn ca hai: d liu va journal log; thng tin c ghi chi tit va nhiu hn giup cai thin tc truy cp d liu nh ti u vic di chuyn cua u t, hoat ng rt tt i vi kiu d liu la database hoc d liu dung chung trn mang (NFS), tuy nhin do phai oc lai nhiu loai thng tin trn journal log nn thi gian khi ng lai may hi chm hn so vi hai mode trn mt chut. Vi ban cht cu truc cua ext3 c xy dng hoan toan da trn c s cua ext2 nn ta co th chuyn i d dang cac d liu ang tn tai trn cac h thng ext2 sang ext3 ma d liu khng h bi anh hng va thc hin tng i d dang, n gian. Vi kernel Linux t 2.4.15 tr ln thi ext3 a co sn ma khng cn phai a thm vao (patch) nh cac version cu. Hin tai hang Linux RedHat a a sn module ext3 vao kernel 2.4.7-10 trong ban RedHat 7.2. T phin bn Red Hat 7.2, h thng tp tin mc nh l ext3. H thng file ext3 thc cht l phin bn nng cao ca ext2. Ext3 c nhng u im sau: Tnh kh dng:
Khi b ngun b hng hay h thng v bt cht, mi phn vng nh dng theo ext2 trn my tnh phi c kim tra vic ng nht ca chng bng chng trnh e2fsck. Vic ny cn khong thi gian tin hnh lm thi gian khi ng h thng b tr ng k, c bit l vi phn vng ln.Trong sut thi gian ny d liu trn phn vng khng c dng n. Ext3 c a ra khng cn phi thc hin vic kim tra khi h thng my tnh b tt t ngt, vic kim tra ch xy ra khi phn cng b h hng,
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chng hn nh a cng b h. Thi gian kim tra khng ph thuc vo dung lng hay s lng file ca phn vng. Tnh ton vn ca d liu.
H thng tp tin ext3 cung cp vic bo ton d liu trong vic h thng tt t ngt, v cho php ta chn loi v mc bo v d liu. Mc nh l mc bo v cao nht (high level) Tc
Bt chp vic ghi d liu nhiu ln hay mt ln, ext3 c s lng d liu a vo qu trnh ghi nhiu hn hn so vi ext2 bi ext3 ti u ha u c chuyn ng ca a cng. Ta c th chn mt trong ba mc ti u tc nhng iu ny c th lm gim tnh ton vn ca d liu. D dng chuyn i
Tht d dng ta chuyn i t ext2 ln ext3 v t c nhng li ch ca mt h thng tp tin mnh m khng cn phi nh dng li. chuyn i t ext2 sang ext3, ng nhp bng root v g lnh:
/sbin/tune2fs j /dev/hdbx
/dev/hdb : thay bng tn thit b v x l s th t ca phn vng cn chuyn i.
tune2fs : l chng trnh chuyn i phn vng ext2 c sn sang ext3 m khng cn thay i d liu c trn phn vng . 2.4.2.5. nh dng file h thng VFAT
VFAT l ch tt (acronym) ca Virtual File Allocation Table. VFAT l mt h thng tp (file system) uc x dng trong h iu hnh Windows p dng cho Workgroups v Windows 95 v 98. VFAT l phin bn ca FAT32..
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux FAT32 tng s bit cho address clusters v ng thi gim kch c ca mi cluster. Nh th h iu hnh Windows 98 c th chy cc a cng ln hn cho ti 2 terabytes v lu tr d liu nhiu hn. FAT l bng m nh n, h iu hnh c th kim ra tp lu tr trong a cng m bn mun VFAT l dng o ca FAT (bng th hin s xp xp ca cc file trn a cng). VFAT c dng trong phin bn u Windows 95 tuy nhin Windows 98 cng h tr v l do tng thch sa li ny bn lm nh sau:
Boot vo Win98 ng Safe Mode (nhn F8 khi khi ng my hoc nhn gi phm Ctrl). Vo th mc Windows xem c mt file tn l "Ifshlp.sys". Nu c lm tip bc Nu khng bn copy file ny mt my tnh c Windows 98 khc vo th mc ny.
Bn m file "config.sys" C:\ ra v thm vo dng ny: DEVICE=C:\Windows\Ifshlp.sys. Nh li nhng thay i ri thot ra.
Bn m file "system.ini" trong th mc Windows ra, nu thy c dng "maxfilecache = 4096" th xo n i hoc thm du chm phy ";" vo ng trc dng ny. Nh li nhng thay i ri thot ra. Nu khng thy dng ny th ng thay i g c.
Nu bn thy mt file c tn l Winboot.ini trong th mc gc C:\, th cng xo file ny i. Nu khng th thi. Khi ng li Windows. Trong trng hp bn khng boot vo Safe mode c th boot vo "Safe Mode Command Prompt Only". Tip theo dng NC hoc mt chng trnh no tng t m file "C:\msdos.sys " ra. 3 dng di phn [Paths] phi c gi tr nh sau: WinDir=Windows WinBootDir= Windows HostWinBootDrv=C.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Gii hn : Linux ch h tr nhng tp tin ln ti 2GB. Bn c th phc gim thiu vic sao lu ln cc file ny bng cch chia ra thnh cc phn nh hn. Trong v d sau bn c th chia mt tp tin 5GB thnh cc phn nh hn trn vfat bng cch chia n thnh nhiu phn nh c dung lng 2000MB. > cd /myvfat > split -d -b 2000m /myext3/cryptfile cryptfile_backup > ls cryptfile_backup00 cryptfile_backup01 cryptfile_backup02 . nh dng mt h thng tp tin Vfat: Khi bn nh dng vi mkfs.vfat bn phi thm ty chn mt h tp tin 32 bt to ra. Nu khng c ty chn ny th mt tp tin 12 bt hoc 16 bt s c to thnh, ph thuc vo kch thc phn chia hoc s nh dng. Fat 16 ch h tr nhng tp tin ln ti 2GB, Fat 32 ln ti 2TB.
> mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1
3.........................................................Qun tr ngi dng v nhm

Cc ch chnh s c cp n trong phn ny bao gm: - Lm vic vi cc user - Lm vic vi nhm user - Qun l home directory - Qun tr qua giao din web
3.1.Gii thiu v ti khon trong Linux

Cng ging nh Windows Linux cng c cc loi ti khon khc nhau, xt v mt tng th th c 2 loi chnh ti khon ngi dng v ti khon qun tr hay cn gi l root.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Root l ti khon qun tr c nh hng rt ln i vi an ton ca h thng, ti khon root c cc cc quyn nh: to ti khon ngi dng, ci t phn mm, thm, xa, sa i cc ti khon Khi ng nhp vi ti khon root th ti giao din terminal thng c k hiu:#. Cc thng tin, d liu v ti khon ngi dng khc thng c lu tr trong th mc home
3.2.Thm xa sa ti khon ngi dng

3.2.1. Cu trc trn giao din Terminal 3.2.1.1. Thm mi mt ti khon
Trong cc phin bn t 6.x tr i, RedHat Linux chuyn script ny thnh mt lnh vi cc tham s nh sau: adduser [tn ti khon] [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group...] [-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]] [-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-n] [-r] name adduser [tn ti khon] -D [-g group] [-b base] [-s shell] [-f inactive] [-e expire] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau:
-c(comment) Tn y ca user(Full name) V d: To user c tn lvd vi tn y levanduan ta th hin dng lnh sau: Useradd lvd -c levanduan
-d(home) s dng th mc dnh cho vic login, nu ta khng ch ra mt th mc th h thng s t to ra mt th mc trng vi tn user, xt v d sau: V d: To 1 user c tn cntp cha trong th mc linuxgroup th mc, ta thc hin
dng lnh sau:

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux useradd cntp -d /home/linuxgroup Lu : Th mc cha thng tin user phi c to trc
-e(expire_date) Ngy ti khon ht hn( khng th s dng ti khon ny login vo h thng) V d: To ti khon cntp c php s dng n ngy 20-02-2007, cha trong th
mc linuxgroup vi tn y congnghiepthucpham useradd cntp -e 2007-02-20 -d /home/linuxgroup -c congnghiepthucpham
-f (inactive_days) Vi ty chn ny ta c th ch nh s ngy password mt hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha .Gi tr mc nh ca ty chn ny l -1, vi gi tr ny password khng th thit lp ngy mt hiu lc V d : To thi gian hiu lc cho passwosd ca ti khon cntp trong 20 ngy useradd cntp -f 20
-u (user id) vi ty chn ny ta c th rng s th t cho ti khon V d : To ti khon cntp vi s th t 550 ta thc hin dng lnh sau: useradd cntp -u 550
-p(password) ty chn ny dng t mt khu cho ti khon V d: t password 123456 cho ti khon cntp useradd cntp -p 123456
-g(group) dng ch nh user thuc v nhm no trong h thng cc nhm v nhm s t trng v quyn cho user nu user thuc v nhiu nhm, nhm ny thng c gi l nhm chnh(Primary group). Nu user mi khi to khng c ch nh thuc v nhm no th h thng t to ra nhm mi c tn trng vi tn user. V d : To ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root. Ta s dng dng lnh sau: useradd cntp -g root
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-G(group) ty chn ny cng dng ch nh user thuc v nhm no trong h thng nhm, tuy nhin vi ty chn ny ta c th ch nh mt lc nhiu nhm cho user, mi nhm cch nhau bi du ,(phy). V d : S dng dng lnh a ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root v
linuxx. useradd cntp -G root,linuxx Lu : Ta cng c th s dng ty chn ny ch nh user thuc v mt nhm.Tuy nhin ty chn ny khng th ch nh nhm ny lm primary group, h thng s t to ra primary group trng vi tn user.
-o Ty chn ny thng c dng chung vi ty chn -u (user id), nu s dng ta c th t trng s id cho ti khon ta mun to trng vi ti khon bt k no trc . V d : To ti khon cntt c s id trng vi s id ca ti khon cntp(id 550) useradd cntt -o -u 550
-l Nu s dng ty chn ny th ti khon c to khi ng nhp vo h thng s khng c ghi vo file nht k ng nhp h thng
-M Thng thng khi mt ti khon mi c to h thng s to mt th mc c tn ging vi tn ti khon cha trong th mc home, nu ta s dng ty chn ny th h thng s khng to th mc ny. Khi ng nhp h thng ti khon s s dng tp tin login.defs to th mc ng nhp.
-r Ty chn dng to ra ti khon h thng vi s id nh hn s id c nh ngha trong fije login.defs, khi s dng ty chn ny th ti khon c to s khng c th mc ca ti khon trong th mc home, nu mun to th mc cho ti khon h thng ta s dng thm ty chn -m.
-s(shell) Ch nh nhn phc v cho vic ng nhp vo h thng ca ti khon(Tm hiu thm phn lp trnh nhn trong linux)
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3.2.1.2. Xa ti khon c
xa mt ti khon trong giao din terminal ta s dng lnh userdel vi cu trc nh sau: userdel Tn ti khon [option : -r] Vi ty chn -r km theo th h thng s thc hin vic xa ti khon cng vi vic xa tt c cc th mc c lin quan n ti khon V d: Xa ti khon cntt nhng khng xa cc th mc lin quan n
ti khon cntp cng nh th mc c trong th mc home userdel cntt

userdel cntp -r 3.2.1.3. Chnh sa ti khon trong h thng
Xa ti khon cntp v cc th mc ca ti khon cntp
Khi ta cn chnh sa thng tin v ti khon ta s dng lnh usermod vi cu trc sau: usermod [-u uid [-o]] [-g group] [-G group...] [-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]] [-f inactive] [-e expire] [-p passwd] [-L lock|-U unlock][tn ti khon] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau
-c(comment) Sa li Tn y ca user(Full name) V d: Sa li ti khon c tn cntp vi tn y congnghiepthucpham thnh tn
y l congnghiep ta th hin dng lnh sau: usermod -c congnghiep cntp
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-d(home) i th mc dnh cho vic login, nu ta khng i th mc mi th h thng s ly th mc trc , xt v d sau: V d: i ti khon c tn cntp vi th mc cntp trong th mc home thnh
thucpham , ta thc hin dng lnh sau: usermod -d thucpham cntp
-e(expire_date) Ngy ti khon ht hn( khng th s dng ti khon ny login vo h thng) V d: Sa li ti khon cntp c php s dng n ngy 20-02-2007 thnh
ngy 20-03-2007 usermod -e 2007-03-20 cntp
-f (inactive_days) Vi ty chn ny ta c th thay i ngy password mt hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha .Gi tr mc nh ca ty chn ny l -1, vi gi tr ny password khng th thit lp ngy mt hiu lc V d : To thi gian hiu lc cho passwosd ca ti khon cntp trong 20 ngy
thnh 30 ngy usermod -f 30 cntp
-u (user id) vi ty chn ny ta c th thay i s th t cho ti khon V d : Thay i ti khon cntp vi s th t 550 thnh 500 ta thc hin dng lnh
sau: usermod -u 500 cntp
-p(password) ty chn ny dng t li mt khu cho ti khon V d: Chuyn password 123456 thnh cntp123 cho ti khon cntp usermod -p cntp123 cntp
-g(group) dng ch nh li user thuc v nhm no trong h thng cc nhm v nhm s c trng v quyn cho user nu user thuc v nhiu nhm, nhm
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ny thng c gi l nhm chnh(Primary group). Nu user mi khi to khng c ch nh thuc v nhm no th h thng t to ra nhm mi c tn trng vi tn user. V d : i primary group ca ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root thnh linuxgroup. Ta s dng dng lnh sau: usermod -g linuxgroup cntp
-G(group) ty chn ny cng dng thay i hng lot nhm m ti khon thuc v, cng ging nh khi to mi cc nhm cch nhau bi du ,(phy). V d : S dng dng lnh a ti khon cntp thuc v phn nhm root v
linux. usermod -G root,linux cntp Lu : Cng ging nh khi to mi mt ti khon ta cng c th s dng ty chn ny ch nh user thuc v mt nhm.Tuy nhin ty chn ny khng th ch nh nhm ny lm primary group, h thng s t to ra primary group trng vi tn user.
-o Ty chn ny thng c dng chung vi ty chn -u (user id), nu s dng ta c th t trng s id cho ti khon ta mun to trng vi ti khon bt k no trc . V d : Chnh li ti khon cntt c s id trng vi s id ca ti khon cntp(id 550) usermod -o -u 550 cntt
-l(login_name) Dng ty chn ny thay i tn ng nhp vo h thng, cu trc lnh nh sau: usermod -l Tn ng nhp mi Tn ng nhp c V d : i tn dng nhp ca ti khon cntp thnh cntt usermod -l cntt cntp
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-L Vi ty chn ny ta dung kha tinh nng mt m ca mt ti khon, nu ti khon c t password th khi s dng ty chn ny chnh sa tii khon, mt m s b kha. V d : Kha password cntp123 ca ti khon cntp usermod -L cntp
-U Ngc li vi ty chn trn ty chn ny c chc nng m kha cho password ca mt ti khon. V d : M kha password cho tai khon cntp usermod -U cntp
-s(shell) Thay i nhn ng nhp vo h thng

3.2.2. Cc thao tc qun l ti khon trn giao din X - Windows 3.2.2.1. Thm mi mt ti khon
vo c giao din qun l ngi dng ta cn phi ang nhp vi ti khon root hoc cc ti khon khc nhng ta cn bit c password ca root. Sau ta thc hin nh sau: Ti giao din windows chn ln lt nh sau: Desktop->System settings->Users and Groups
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Hnh 3.1 ng nhp vo giao din qun l ti khon v nhm
Khi ng nhp thnh cng giao din k tip nh sau.
Hnh 3.2 Giao din qun l ti khon v nhm
Vic to mi ti khon trn giao din windows rt n gin, to mi mt ti khon ta thc hin nh sau: trn giao din qun l c mc Add User ta click vo khi xut hin giao din nh sau:
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Hnh 3.3 To User mi
Ti giao din ny ta cn in cc thng tin cn thit to ti khon nh: User name: Tn ang nhp Full Name : Ghi chu hay tn y ca ti khon Password: Mt m ca ti khon ng nhp h thng Confirm password: nhp li password nhm trnh sai st Login shell: chn nhn phc v cho vic ng nhp Create home directory: to th mc cha thng tin v phin lm vic ca ti khon. Create a private group for the user: To nhm ring cho ti khon thng trng vi tn ca ti khon. Specify user ID manually: nh s th t cho ti khon Sau khi in y thng tin cho ti khon ta chn Ok hon tt vic to mi
3.2.2.2. Xa ti khon c Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 89
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Vic xa mt ti khon cng tng i n gin, ta chn vo mt ti khon mun xa trn giao din qun l xut hin ch Delete ta click vo khi xut hin giao din hi ta mun xa thc mc ca ti khon khng, nu ta mun xa thi ta c click voYes nu khng mun xa th mc nhng vn mun xa ti khon ta b chn mc delete linuxxs home directory(home/linuuxx) and temporary files(Xt phn minh ha ny), sau ta chn Yes hon tt.
Hnh 3.4 Xa ti khon
3.2.2.3. Thay i thng tin ti khon
chnh sa cc thng tin lin quan n n ti khon cn sa i ta chn ngay ti khon cn thay i sau chon vo mc properties giao din xut hin nh hnh bn di.
Hnh 3.5 Thay i thng tin ti khon
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux th th u tin(User data) ta c th thay i tn ng nhp, tn y , mt khu.... Ta click chn tip th Account info giao din nh sau.
Hnh 3.6 Thng tin ti khon
Ti th ny ta c th ch nh ngy ti khon ht hn, kha mt m ca ti khon. Chuyn sang th k tip (Password info) chnh sa cc thng tin lin quan n mt m.
Hnh 3.7 Thng s lin quan n mt m
Ti th ny ta c th thay i cc thng tin lin quan n mt m nh sau:

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Days before change allowed: ch nh s ngy cho php thay i mt m Days before change required: ch nh s ngy trc khi thay i c yu cu. Days warning before change: Ch nh s ngy nhc nh trc khi thay i mt m. Days before account inactive: Ch nh s ngy mt m ht hiu lc trc khi ti khon b kha. Chuyn sang th cui cng(Groups) ti th ny chng ta c th thay i primary group v thm hoc bt cc nhm ti khon ny ph thuc bng thao tc n gin thm hoc b chn.
Hnh 3.8 Nhm cho ti khon
3.3.Thm xa sa ti khon nhm

3.3.1. Cu trc trn giao din Terminal 3.3.1.1. To mi nhm
to mt nhm ngi dng mi ta s dng lnh groupadd vi cu trc nh sau: groupadd [option: -g -f -o -r ] [tn nhm] Nu s dng cc ty chn ta cn bit ngha tng ty chn nh sau :
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux - g: (gid) nh s th t cho nhm vi gi tr hp l thng ln hn 500, cn khong gi tr t 0 n 499 thng dng cho cc nhm nhm mc ch nghin cu cc ti khon h thng. V d: Thc hin vic to mi nhm c tn linux vi s th t 501 groupadd -g 501 linux - o: ty chn ny thng c dng km theo ty chn -g nhm cho php ta c th nh trng s th t ca cc nhm. V d: To nhm c tn linuxgroup c s th th trng vi nhm c tn linux. groupadd -g 501 -o grouplinux - r: Vic s dng ty chn ny nhm mc ch cho bit vic to ra nhm ny cha cc ti khon h thng.Thng thng s th t ca nhm thng nh hn 499 h thng s t ng cp nht. -f : Khi s dng ty chn ny th d c to ra mt nhm mi c tn trng vi nhm a c thi h thng cng khng cnh bo hay bo li, ni cch khc y l ty chn to nhm vi trng thi thnh cng.
3.3.1.2. Xa mt nhm trong h thng
Vic xa mt nhm trong h thng tng i n gin vi lnh groupdel c cu trc nh sau: groupdel V d: Xa nhm c tn linux. Ta thc hin dng lnh sau:
groupdel linux
Tn nhm cn xa
3.3.1.3. Chnh sa cc thng tin ca nhm Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 93
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chnh sa nhm ta s dng lnh groupmod vi cu trc nh sau: groupmod -g -o -n ngha cc ty chn cng ging nh cc ty chn khi to mi mt nhm
-g: vi ty chn ny cho php t li s th t ca nhm, dy s hp l cng ging nh khi to mi.
V d: t li s th t cho nhm linux( ID ban u: 650) vi ID mi bng 600 groupmod -g 600 linux
-o cho php t trng s th tc ca cc nhm.
V d: t li s th t ca nhm c tn linuxgroup trng vi s th t ca nhm c tn linux(600)

groupmod -g 600 -o linuxgroup 3.3.2. Cc thao tc qun l ti khon trn giao din Windows
Vic chnh sa, to mi v xa mt nhm trong giao din windows tng i n gin. thc hin c ta cn ng nhp vo h thng qun l ti khon va nhm ca linux, cch thc ng nhp hon ton ging nh cch thc ng nhp vo giao din qun l ti khon nh cp mc trn.
3.3.2.1. To mi nhm
Cng ging nh khi to mi user ta cng s thy trn giao din qun l cng c mc add group. to mi nhm ta c click chut vo giao din xut hin nh sau:
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Hnh 3.9 Thng tin to nhm
Giao din ny yu cu ta in hai thng tin n gin l tn nhm v s th t ca nhm, nu ta khng din s th t h thng s t ng cp nht s th t
3.3.2.2. Xa nhm trong h thng
Vic xa mt nhm cng tng i n gin, xa mt nhm sau khi chn ta cng click vo ch delete trong giao din, sau h thng cng s xc nhn ta c mun xa hay khng bng cch hin th thng bo nh hnh bn di:
Hnh 3.10 Xc nhn xa nhm
Nu ta mun xa th chn Yes, nu mun hy b ta chn No.
4.................................................................Qun tr h thng tp tin

4.1.Cu trc v trt t ca h thng tp tin
Cc cp th mc cao nht trong h thng tp tin ca Linux. /: y l th mc gc(root) trong Linux.Tt c cc tp tin v th mc khc u
nm trong th mc gc ny. /bin: Th mc ny cha cc chng trnh c th thc thi c trong h iu
hnh Linux,chng hn nh cat, cp, ls, more, tar...

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /boot: Cha nhn (kernel) ca Linux v cc tp tin khc m trnh qun l
GRUB hay LILO cn khi ng. /dev: Cha cc tp tin c bit lin quan n cc thit b gn trn h thng, v
d nh fd0(a A). /etc: Cha hu ht cc tp tin cu hnh v cc on m kch bn (script) lc
khi ng.
/home: Cha th mc ch ca cc ti khon trn Linux, v d vi ti khon
tienmap, ta c th mc /home/tienmap. /lib: Cha driver ca cc thit b np lc khi ng Linux v cc tp tin th
vin dng cho cc chng trnh trong /bin v /sbin. /lost+found: Cha tt c cc b mt.Mi phn vng trn a cng u c th
mc lost+found ny. /mnt: Th mc tm cha cc mount-point ca h thng tp tin nh CD-
ROM,hay a mm.
/opt: Cung cp vng lu tr tm cho cc gi chng trnh ng dng ln. /proc: y l th mc c bit, cha thng tin v cc tin trnh ang chy trn
h thng Linux. /root: Th mc ch ca ti khon root. /sbin: Cha cc tp tin c th thc thi c dng cho cng vic qun tr h
thng v ch c thc thi bi root, v d halt, shutdown. /selinux: Cha cc thng tin c dng cho Security Enhanced Linux
(SELinux) v cc tin ch lin quan n bo mt h thng.
/sys: Cha cc thng v cc thit b c nhn bit bi nhn Linux kernel. /tmp: Th mc tm.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /usr: Cha nhiu th mc ca cc chng trnh quan trng, v d nh: /usr/X11R6: Cha cc tp tin ca chng trnh X Window System /usr/bin: Cha cc tp tin c th thc thi ca nhiu dng lnh trn Linux,bao gm c cc tin ch thng thng c sn trn Linux, nhng khng lin quan n phn li ca h iu hnh Linux. /usr/game: Cha cc tr chi (games) trn Linux. /usr/include: Cha cc tp tin header (*.h) ca C v C++, cc tp tin header ca X Window trong th mc /usr/include/X11, cc tp tin header ca Linux kernel trong th mc /usr/include/linux.
/usr/lib: Cha cc tp tin th vin ca ngn ng C, C++ v cc th vin khc nh th vin ha, th vin c s d liu.v.v
/usr/local: Cha cc tp tin cc b,v d nh th mc /usr/local/bin cha cc tp tin thc thi c pht trin trn h thng ca bn.
/usr/sbin: Cha nhiu dng lnh qun tr h thng, chng hn nh v th in t, mng my tnh...
/usr/share: Cha cc d liu c chia s,v d nh /usr/share/doc cha cc tp tin ti liu ca nhiu ng dng trn Linux.
/usr/share/man: Cha cc ti liu gip m c th c qua lnh man. /usr/src: Cha m ngun ca Linux kernel (li ca h iu hnh) /var: Cha cc tp tin h thng nh: /var/cache: Vng lu tr d liu cache ca ca ng dng. /var/lib: Cha cc thng tin lin quan n tnh trng ca cc ng dng.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux /var/lock: Cha cc tp tin b kha m bo mt ti nguyn ch c th s dng bi 1 ng dng. lu trong th mc /opt khi ng li.
/var/log: Cha cc tp tin log ca h thng. /var/mail: Cha cc tp tin trong hp th ca ngi dng. /var/opt: Cha cc bin d liu ca cc gi chng trnh
/var/run: Cha thng tin m t h thng lc khi ng. /var/spool: Cha cc d liu ang ch x l. /var/tmp: Cha cc tp tin tm c lu li khi h thng
/var/yp: Cha tp tin c s d liu ca dch v Network Information Services(NIS)
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Hnh 4.1 Cc th mc nm trong th mc gc
4.2.Cc quyn trn tp tin v th mc

xem cc quyn hin c trn tp tin v th mc,s dng lnh ls l. VD:
Hnh 4.2 Quyn trn tp tin v th mc
VD: tp tp n .profile sau l tp tin bnh thng c s id l 1, ngi to ra l user2 c quyn c v ghi(rw), thuc nhm staff ch c quyn c(r), mi ngi dng cn li c quyn ch c(r).
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Hnh 4.3 Quyn trn tp tin n
4.2.1. File type
d: th mc l: l tp tin lin kt n mt th mc hay tp tin no . -: tp tin bnh thng

4.2.2. Cc nhm quyn
User (owner): ngi to ra tp tin. Group: nhm ca tp tin, th mc. Others: nhng ngi khc
4.2.3. Thay i quyn
Chng ta c th hiu chnh cc quyn trn tp tin hay th mc bng dng lnh chmod C php: chmod mode filename
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Hnh 4.4 Cu trc mode ca dng lnh Chmod
4.2.4. Cc loi quyn
r: quyn c w: quyn ghi x: quyn thc thi -: cm quyn

4.2.5. Cc php ton trn dng lnh
=: gn quyn. +: thm quyn. -: bt quyn

4.2.6. Cc nhm quyn
u: ngi to ra tp tin.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux g: nhm ca tp tin, th mc. o: nhng ngi khc. a: tt c cc trng hp trn VD: gn quyn thc thi(x) cho tt c cc user vo tp tin allfile.txt (ngoi tr root)
Hnh 4.5 Gn quyn x cho cc user
Hnh 4.6 Tp tin etcfile.txt
Ring i vi th mc phi c quyn thc thi (x) th mi c th di chuyn vo th mc c. VD: ta c th mc test, gi lnh ls l xem cc quyn trn , sau b i quyn thc thi ca user, v cui cng gi lnh cd di chuyn vo th mc test. Kt qu: b cm quyn. Sau thm quyn x vo user,sau di chuyn vo th mc test.
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Hnh 4.7 Kt qu khi thm bt quyn
Lu : vi ti khon root, ta c quyn lm mi vic trn tt c cc tp tin, khng b hn ch no, khng b nh hng bi bt c quyn hn no. Mi quyn c mt gi tr octal, chng ta c th dng s octal ny gn quyn vo tp tin hay th mc.
Hnh 4.8 Gi tr Octal tng ng cc quyn
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Hnh 4.9 Gi tr Octal thng dng
C php: chmod octal_mode filename
Hnh 4.10 Octal_mode thng dng
VD: gn quyn c/ghi (6) vo user, group v Others.
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Hnh 4.11 Quyn c/ghi s dng s Octal
4.2.7. Thay i quyn s hu (Ownerships)
thay i ngi to ra tp tin, dng dng lnh chown C php: chown new_owner filename VD: thay i quyn s hu (owner) t tienmap thnh root
Hnh 4.12 Thay i owner sang root
4.2.8. Thay i nhm s hu (Group ownerships)
C php:
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chgrp new_group filename VD: thay i nhm s hu t tienmap thnh root
Hnh 4.13 Thay i Group
5.................Ci t v g b bng cng c RPM (Redhat Package Manager)

Hai bn pht hnh Red Hat Linux v Caldera OpenLinux u s dng gi phn mm (Package) qun l vic ci t. Gi phn mm l mt chng trnh y c th nghim v lp sn cu hnh ci t. Gi phn mm c xy dng t cc tp m ngun m, lm cho ngi s dng ln ngi trin khai u bit c mnh ang c ci g trong tay. qun l nhng phn mm y, Red Hat Software pht trin cng c RedHat Package Manager (RPM).
5.1.Tm kim vi RPM

rpm -q: Truy vn cc thng tin v cc gi rpm..
Hnh 5.1 S phin bn ca Linux
rpm qa: Tm kim tt c cc gi rpm c ci t trong h thng.

Hnh 5.2 Lit k cc gi rpm c ci t vo h thng
rpm ql: Lit k tt c cc file c trong gi rpm.
Hnh 5.3 Lit k cc tp tin theo tng trang c trong kernel
rpm qc: Lit k tt c cc tp tin cu hnh trong gi rpm.

Hnh 5.5 Lit k cc tp tin cu hnh trong xinetd
rpm qd: Lit k tt c cc tp tin ti liu trong gi rpm.
Hnh 5.6 Lit k cc tp tin ca gi xinetd
rpm qf: Xem tn ca gi rpm (nu c). rpm qi: Xem cc thng tin chi tit v gi rpm , bao gm: s phin bn, dung lng, ngy ci t, thng tin m t ca gi rpm.
Hnh 5.7 Xa thng tin gi xinetd
rpm qs: Xem trng thi ca cc tp tin trong gi rpm.
Hnh 5.8 Cc tp tin trong gi xinet trng thi normal
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cc dng lnh rpm ch cung cp thng tin v cc gi c ci t. Nu mun tm kim thng tin v cc gi rpm cha c ci t, ta thm ty chn p vo dng lnh rpm. D nhin dng lnh ny ch thc hin c trn cc th mc c cha cc gi rpm.
Hnh 5.9 Lit k s phin bn ca gi rpm
rpm -qwhatprovides filename: Cho php xem thng tin ca mt tp tin xc nh. rpm -qwhatrequires packname: Xem thng tin nh cung cp ca gi rpm xc nh.
Hnh5.10 Xem thng tin ca gi openssl
5.2.Ci t bng RPM

Bn ch c th xy dng mt gi phn mm RPM t dng lnh vi c php sau y: rpm [tu chn] tn_gi phn mm
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux . Tn gi phn mm bao gm nhng thnh phn nh sau: tn phin bn n bn cu trc my tnh phn m rng rpm i: Ci t mt gi rpm. quota 1.55 4 i386 .rpm
Hnh 5.11 Ci t gi phn mm
rpm ivh: Ci t v xem qu trnh ci t gi rpm.
Hnh 5.12 Qu trnh ci t
rpm -i --force package: Buc phi ci gi package d li c xut hin.
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Hnh 5.13 Gi c ci thnh cng
5.3.G b bng RPM

Mun g b mt gi phn mm ra khi h thng my bn, RPM phi qua cc bc nh sau: - Kim tra tnh ph thuc. RPM kim tra c s d liu xem c gi phn mm no khc ph thuc vo gi phn mm y hay khng. Nu c, RPM s khng xo, tr khi bn khng nh l phi xo. - Chun b g b. RPM thi hnh mt script chun b cho vic g b ci t. - Kim tra cc tp cu hnh. RPM lu bn sao ca mi tp cu hnh thay i. - Xo cc tp. RPM xo tt c cc tp kt hp vi gi phn mm c xc nh. - Dn dp. RPM thi hnh mt script dn dp sau khi g b ci t. - Cp nht c s d liu. RPM g b tt c mi ch mc tham chiu n gi phn mm tho b. Ta thng lm theo cc bc sau m bo qu trnh g b package. rpm qa | grep package: Lit k package cn g b. rpm e package: G b package.
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Hnh 5.14 G b gi thnh cng
5.4.Cp nht bng RPM

rpm U packagename: Cp nht gi rpm. Mun cp nht 1 gi rpm, trc ht ta phi c sn gi rpm trn thit b lu tr, sau ch nh ng dn xc nh ti file mun cp nht. Thc hin vic cp nht bng cch xa b phin bn c, sau ci t phin bn mi vo. Qu trnh cp nht s t ng lu nhng tp tin cu hnh ca phin bn c, sau s cu hnh li chng trnh va c ci mi
5.5.Xc minh li gi RPM

Tm cc gi phn mm: Mun bit nhng gi phn mm no ci t vo h thng, bn dng lnh nh sau: rpm qa Lnh s hin th danh sch cc gi phn mm hin c trn h thng. Mun ly thng tin t mt gi phn mm nht nh, bn cn g tu chn q. Bng sau lit k cc tu chn m bn c th s dng vi nhm lnh rpm q tm cc gi phn mm. Tu chn -q tn -qa -qf tp -qp gi_phn_mm -qi M t Cung cp tn, phin bn v s pht hnh ca gi phn mm. Lit k tt c cc gi phn mm ci t trn h. Tm gi phn mm lin kt vi tp. Tm gi_phn_mm. Cung cp tn, m t, bn pht hnh, kch c, ngy to ra, ngy
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux gi_phn_mm -ql gi_phn_mm C th ta t khi lm iu ny, nhng nu nghi ng 1 phn mm no khng chc l c ci, ta s xc minh li bng lnh rpm V rpm V packagename: Kim tra li gi rpm. ci t v cc thng tin khc v gi phn mm. Lit k tt c cc tp lin kt vi gi phn mm.
Hnh 5.15 Xc nh li nhn
Kt qu xut ra thng c 3 phn: 8 k t u tin ch ra loi khc nhau c tm thy, bao gm: M c 5 S L T D U G M khong trng. Phn cui cng l ng dn ti tp tin, da vo phn ny ta s bit c tp tin nm ng v tr no. ngha Tp ny l tp cu hnh Tp ny khng qua c th nghim tng kim MD5 Kch c tp thay i sau thi im ci t C vn vi cc mi lin kt tng trng Thi gian chnh sa tp khng trng vi nguyn thu Thuc tnh thit b Cc thit lp cho user thay i Cc thit lp cho nhm thay i Ch
Phn hai l k t c k tip cho bit l tp tin cu hnh b thay i, mt khc l
6.........................................Ci t phn mm t cc tp tin ngun

6.1.Cn bn ca vic ci t
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux iu u tin khi bn tin hnh ci t l bn phi c m ngun ca gi trc. Hy ln mng search bt k gi no bn thch nh th vin Gtk+ hoc Gnome .v.v... Sau khi ti v, thng thng c dng l .gz hoc .bz2, y u l 2 chun nn khc nhau, sau khi gii nn bng gunzip cho gz hoc bunzip2 cho bz2 th cc gi s c dng mi l tar, cng l mt chun nn khc, bn c th gii nn bng lnh, tar -xvf ... Th nhng d dng v tit kim dung lng a th chng ta c th gp cc cu lnh thnh 1 nh sau: i vi gi .gz: # tar -zxvf tengoi.gz i vi gi .bz2: # tar -jxvf tengoi.bz2 Sau khi gii nn xong v tm tp tin INSTALL c c th cho phn hng dn ci t. Th nhng hu nh cc gi u tun theo cc thao tc tun t sau: # ./configure # make # make install Ch c vi gi c bit s c ring cch ci t nhng khi bn nm vng nguyn tc chung th d l cch thc no bn cng c th xoay x c. Chng ta hy xt n cu lnh u tin, ./configure ... Thc cht configure l mt shell script s kim tra nhng yu cu ca h thng ca bn c p ng ci t gi ln khng, v d nh mt s gi i hi bn phi c sn th vin ha Gtk 2.4 tr ln hoc l th vin gii nn nhc Mp3..v.v... Rt nhiu gi c s ph thuc nh th ch cc gi khi ti v khng h c sn cc gi tng ng cn thit cho n. Khi bn chy configure xong kt qu s cho bn bit cc gi no cn thit ci t. Nhim v ca bn khng g hn l phi tm cc gi ph thuc ci ln my ri mi tip tc vic ci t. Nu nh h thng ca bn tha mn y cc yu cu ci t th cc Makefile s c to ra. Makefile l mt file c bit ca tin ch make nhm hng dn bin dch m ngun ca gi ra dng thc thi. Sau khi bn thc thi lnh 'make' xong th tan bm ngun ca gi c bin dch sang dng thc thi nhng cc file thc thi vn
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux cn nm trn th mc hin hnh. Do bn cn phi thc hin thm lnh make install' chp cc file thc thi sang ng v tr ca n trn h thng. Nu nh khng c thng bo li g xy ra th bn han tt vic ci t gi ln h thng ca mnh.
6.2.T chc cc file trn h thng

Bn hon ton bit th mc trn Linux th th mc /usr l th mc quan trng nht v n s cha cc chng trnh v hm th vin trn . Trong th mc /usr/bin l s cha cc file thc thi cho cc gi bn ci t trn my, cc file trong th mc ny bn s thy cc file rt quen thuc nh mozilla, gedit .v.v... Th mc /usr/lib s cha cc hm th vin, bn s thy rt nhiu files c phn m rng l .so (shared object) l cc hm th vin lin kt ng hoc .a (archive) hoc .la u l cc hm th vin lin kt tnh. c tnh cn bn ca 2 dng th vin ny l hm th vin lin kt tnh s c lin kt thng vi files thc thi lun trong qu trnh lin kt, cn hm th vin lin kt ng th s c lin kt trong qu trnh thc thi, cho nn sau khi chng trnh c bin dch v lin kt ri cc th vin tnh chng ta c th b i nhng th vin lin kt ng th bt buc phi i km vi chng trnh. Th mc /usr/share s cha cc icon, manual hoc info ca gi.
6.3.Loi b mt gi
Nu bn mong mun lai b mt gi ci t trn hthng th cch duy nht l bn phi vo li th mc m ngun ca gi v g lnh 'make uninstall' ... thng thng bn s c cc cu lnh sau: 'make clean' 'make distclean' ... Cc cu lnh c ngha rt tng i v c nh ngha trong tp tin Makefile, nn u tin bn c th vi 'make uninstall' ri 'make clean' ci cui cng 'make distclean' l gip bn xa ht cc tp tin bin dch th mc ngun v ng thi xa Makefile, bn phi chy li ./configure to li Makefile.
6.4.Qun l cc gi
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Do vic xa b mt gi nh trn rt l phin phc i lc bn chng th xa bc nu nh mt i m ngun, cho nn bn c th thay v ci n vo th mc mc nh l /usr th bn c th ci vo cc th mc ca ring bn, v d nh bn c th to th mc '/soft' ... Sau ci gi gedit th bn to thm th mc /soft/gedit v dng lnh ./configure ... bn thm ty chn sau: ./configure --prefix=/soft/gedit th khi bn g make install s copy tan b sang th mc /soft/gedit .. Khi bn mun xa tan b gi th ch n gin xa i th mc thi. Lu l khi bn ci vo th mc ring ca mnh ri bn phi to 2 ng dn cho 2 bin mi trng (environment variable) LD_LIBRARY_PATH v PKG_CONFIG_PATH ... LD_LIBRARY_PATH s c ng dn n th mc lib ca gi va to (v d nh /soft/gedit/lib) cn PKG_CONFIG_PATH s c ng dn n th mc pkg_config trong th mc lib (v d nh /soft/gedit/lib/pkg_config) .. Bn cnh nu bn mun chng trnh gi t ng th bn cng nn thm vo bin PATH cho gi ca mnh.
6.5.Li kt
Trn mng Internet c rt nhiu chng trnh ngun c phn phi m khng c tp tin thc thi. Trc khi s dng phn mm dng ny, ta phi to ra tp tin thc thi bng vic bin dch theo nhng hng dn c sn i km. Ti v v gii nn chng trnh. Hu ht cc phn mm m ngun m trn mng thng c nn gim bt dung lng nhm truyn ti linh hot hn, cc nh dng thng dng l .tar, .tgz, .z, .zip VD: gi s ta download c gi phn mm xvnkb-2.0.9a1.tar lu trong th mc /root/Desktop/Nhan NTFS, Gii nn tp tin dng tar bng dng lnh sau: tar xvf xvnkb-2.0.9a1.tar
Hnh 6.1 Qu trnh gii nn
Chuyn n th mc cha cc tp tin c gii nn.
Hnh 6.2 Chuyn qua th muc xvnkb-0.2.9a
c cc tp tin nh README hay INSTALL km theo trong cc chng trnh ci t chng trnh. Xy dng phn mm t cc tp tin ngun. Vic ci t thng c 3 bc sau, ly v d ci t gi chng trnh g ting vit xvnkb-0.2.9a1.tar ./configure
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Hnh 6.3 Qu trnh chy lnh./configure
on m configure ny s d tnh cc bin ph thuc h thng v to ra mt Makefile phc v cho vic xy dng chng trnh.
make
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Hnh 6.4 ang ci t
Sau khi on m kch bn configure hon thnh, ta g lnh make nhm gi tin ch GNU make, y l tin ch dng c Makefile c trc v bt u bin dch cc tp tin ngun cn c vo thng tin c trn Makefile. Dng lnh make s to ra tp tin thc thi v cc th vin nhm chy chng trnh. Vic ny mt mt khon thi gian, ph thuc vo chng trnh ln hay nh. make install
Hnh 9.5 Qu trnh ci t
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi lnh make thc hin xong, ta thc hin ci t chng trnh bng dng lnh: make install Dng lnh ny cng chy tin ch GNU make, nhng s ci t cc i s da trn mt tp hp cc dng lnh t Makefile. Nh vy l ta ci xong chng trnh, hy c cc ti liu hng dn i km nhm bit cch s dng hay cu hnh li phn mm va ci t.
7............................................................................. Qun tr h thng

7.1.Kim tra h thng tp tin
Khi b ngun hng, phn cng b h bt cht hay c nhng li thao tc c th lm hng h thng tp tin, ta c nhng dng lnh kim tra v khc phc nhng h hng . e2fsck: kim tra h thng tp tin ext2 hay ext3. tune2fs: iu chnh li cc tham s sao cho ph hp vi h thng tp tin. debugfs: gi chng trnh sa nhng li nghim trng ca h thng tp tin. ext2ed: chnh sa li h thng tp tin loi ext2. dumpe2fs: xem cc thng tin v h thng tp tin ext2 hay ext3
7.2.Cc tin ch
Xem dung lng a cn trng bng dng lnh: C php: option: -k: hin th theo n v KB (mc nh) -m: hin th theo n v MB df <option>
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux -t: chn mt h thng tp tin c th -a: xem tt c cc mount-point Xem dung lng a s dng: C php: du option Option: -s: tm tt theo tn tp tin. -c: tnh tng dung lng s dng. -h: theo inh dng ty .
-a: xem chi tit tt c cc tp tin. 7.3.Mount v Umount

n y, bn c khi nim kh r rng v h thng tp. Cu hi tip theo l bn lm nh th no thit lp mt th mc thnh mt h thng tp ring bit. Vic mount c th thc hin qua dng lnh hay thm dng lnh vo trong tp tin /etc/fstab
Hnh 7.1 File fstab
Dng lnh mount
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux C php: mount <option> <t fstype> <device> <mount_point> option: Ty c h n -f -v -w -r -n -t Lm cho mi th din ra "nh tht", song ch l thao tc gi Cung cp thm thng tin v nhng g m mount s thc hin Mount h thng tp vi cc quyn hn c v ghi Mount h thng tp vi quyn hn ch c m thi Mount h thng tp nhng khng ghi mc no vo tp /etc/mtab Xc nh loi h tp c mount M t
[fstype] -a C gng mount mi h thng tp khai bo trong /etc/fstab -o danh- Khi pha sau lnh mount c mt lot cc tu chn c cch nhau bng schcc-tuchn du phy, mount s p dng cc tu chn y vo h thng tp ang c mount. Mun c danh sch y cc tu chn bn hy xem trang man ca lnh mount.
Cc fstype c bn nh: auto: d tm cc h thng tp tin t ng. minux: h thng tp tin dng minux (tn b gii hn bi 30 k t) ext2: h thng tp tin dng ext2 ( cc phin bn linux c). ext3: h thng tp tin dng ext3 (cc phin bn linux hin ti). xiaf: h thng tp tin dng xiaf. msdos: h thng tp tin cho cc phn vng MSDOS(16 bits).
vfat: h thng tp tin cho cc phn vng Windows 95,98 v Millennium(32 bits).
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux xfs: h thng tp tin dng Silicion Graphics (SGI). ntfs: h thng tp tin ca Windows NT,Windows XP v Windows 2000 tr v sau (ch cho php c) smbfs: h thng tp tin samba, ging nh nfs. hpfs: h thng tp tin cho cc phn vng ca cc h iu hnh a nhim c hiu sut cao. nfs: tp tin c chia s bng dch v network file systems. iso9660: tp tin dng iso dng cho vic mount CD-ROM, thng di kem voi tham s -o loop VD1: mount tp tin FC_4 i396 ftp #1.iso vo thu mc /media/cdrom mount -t iso9660 FC_4\ i386\ ftp\ #1.iso /media/cdrom -o loop
Hnh 7.2 Mount thit b
umsdos: h thng tp tin dng UMS-DOS. swap: phn vng Linux swap hay tp tin swap. sysv: h thng tp tin Unix System V.
proc: loi tp tin c h iu hnh dng cho vic x l.
devpts: h thng tp tin ttys-cc cng giao tip vi kernel (Unix 98 Pseudo Terminals)
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux shmfs v tmpfs: truy cp vo b nh o Linux, b nh c chia s POSIX. VD2: mount phn vng /dev/hda5 c nh dng l fat32 /root/hda5 nh sau: mount t vfat /dev/hda5 /root/hda5 vo th mc
VD3: mount phn vng /dev/hda7 c nh dng l ext3 vo th mc /root/hda7 nh sau: mount t ext3 /dev/hda7 /root/hda7 VD3: mount usb vo th mc /mnt/usb Mount /dev/sdx /mnt/usb (Vi x c th a->z tu theo tng my) VD4: mount a cdrom vot th mc /mnt/cdrom mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom VD5: mount a mm (A:) vo th mc /mnt/floppy mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
-O option-list: mount h thng tp tin Option-list bao gm: async: ng b ho cc h thng tp tin. auto: mount t ng lc khi ng h thng. defaults: s dng cc tu chn mc nh l: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser v async. dev: nhn bit cc thit b trn h thng. kudzu: kim tra cc thit b c ci t v c th truy cp. noauto: khng t ng mount h thng tp tin khi khi ng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux exec: cho php thc thi cc tp tin nh phn. nouser: cm ngi dng thng thng mount h thng tp tin. remount: mount li h thng tp tin c mount. ro: mount h thng tp tin ch c c. rw: mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c/ghi. suid: cho php t nh danh ngi dng hay nh danh nhm. user: cho php ngi dng mount h thng tp tin vi cc tu chn nh noexec,nosuid v nodev. nodev: khng nhn bit cc thit b trn h thng. noexec: khng cho php thc thi cc tp tin nh phn. nosuid: khng cho php t nh danh ngi dng hay nh danh nhm. -O : thng i km vi tham s -a, dng gii hn khng mount mt s loi tp tin no . -w : mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c/ghi VD: mount a O no_netdev =>> mount tt c cc h thng tp tin trong /etc/fstab ngoi tr loi no_netdev device: thit b mun truy cp. mount_point: th mc tm dng truy cp thit b.
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Hnh 7.3 File fstab sau khi ci nhn NTFS
Khi khng truy cp vo h thng tp tin no , ta s dng lnh unmount. Lnh unmount c ba dng c bn: unmount thit_b /mount_point unmount -a unmount -t loi_fs
7.4.NTFS trn Linux

mount c phn vng NTFS th c nhiu cch , y chng ti xin trnh by 2 cch n gin v thng dng nht: cch 1: ci t Driver h tr kernel: Bc 1: xc nh phin bn Vit u tin bn cn lm l xc nh phin bn bn ang dung Bn m termial ln nh vo #uname -r xc nh phin bn. V # rpm -q --queryformat "%{ARCH}\n" kernel
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux xc nh processor (a s dng i686 processor (a recent Pentium computer). hoc i586 or i386. V d trong trng hp c th my mnh ang dng : 2.6.11-1.1369_FC4 v i686 n trang: http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/rpm/fedora4.html Tm bn thch hp http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/linux-ntfs/kernel-module-ntfs-2.6.111.1369_FC4-2.1.22-0.rr.6.0.i686.rpm Download gi tp tin kernel-module-ntfs-2.6.11-1.1369_FC4-2.1.220.rr.6.0.i686.rpm v my ng nhp bng ti khon root. Ci t bng lnh rpm -ivh kernel-module-ntfs-2.6.11-1.1369_FC4-2.1.22-0.rr.6.0.i686.rpm
Hnh 7.4 Qu trnh ci nhn
Np module ntfs bng dng lnh: /sbin/modprobe ntfs Tim driver cua ntfs # dmesg | grep NTFS
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Hnh 7.5 Kim tra driver
Kim tra xem module ntfs c np cha bng dng lnh: cat /proc/filesystems Nu thy dng ntfs th module ntfs c np, ngc li th lnh /sbin/modprobe ntfs cha thc hin c.
Hnh 7.6 Cc h thng file
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cui cng, mount phn vng nh dng ntfs dng. To tp th mc Winxp mount bng lnh: mkdir Winxp Xem nh dng cc phn vng c trn a cng: /sbin/fdisk l
Hnh 7.7 Xem cc nh dng phn vng
Mount phn vng ntfs vo th mc Winxp vi tham s -t ntfs. mount t ntfs /dev/hda6 Winxp umount /dev/hda6
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Hnh 7.8 Mount phn vng ntfs
mount t ntfs /dev/hda5 Winxp rw o umask=0222
Hnh 7.9 Xem phn vng ntfs c mount
Nu mun g b gi NTFS rpm, trc ht ta lit k tt c cc gi rpm c tn ntfs bng dng lnh: rpm qa | grep i ntfs Sau ct v dn tn vo dng lnh rpm g b: rpm -e
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Hnh 7.10 G b nhn
cch 2:ci t fuse h tr NTFS v NTFS-3G : Bc 1: Ci t fuse phin bn ln hn 2.5.x , y chng ti ci t gi fuse2.6.0.tar, bc ci t th ging nh ci t cc gi khc m chng ti trnh by Bc 2: sau khi ci t thnh cng chng ta phi np module fuse h tr c NTFS bng dng lnh sau: # sbin/modprobe fuse Bc 3: chng ta c th kim tra li modul fuse c np hay cha bng dng lnh: # cat /proc/filesystems Nu c mt dng c tn l fuse th chng ta np thnh cng Bc 4: n gin hn chng ta ch ci t NTFS-3G ci t cng ging nh cc gi phn mm khc Bc 5: khi ci t thnh cng chng ta mount phn vng NTFS bng dng lnh sau: # mount t ntfs-3g /dev/hdcx /th mc mount ti * ch : ntfs-3g ch c h tr bi fuse phin bn 2.5.x tr ln, i vi kernel 2.6.12 Tr ln h tr sn fuse.
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II. Cc dch v mng.

1.
Cu hnh card mng (Network)

1.1.t tn my
1.1.1. Bng dng lnh Dng lnh hostname chng ta c th xem tn my hoc i tn my vi c php nh sau: Xem tn my:
hostname (hnh)
Hnh 1.1 Xem t my
t tn my:
hostname tn_mi (hnh)
Lu : tn my t ch c th tn ti ti thi im ang lm, vic khi chng ta khi ng li my th tn my tr li tn ban u.
Hnh 1.2 i tn my
lu c tn va mi t ta cn sa li file /etc/sysconfig/network (hnh)
1.1.2. Bng giao din Ta chn Desktop -> system settings -> Network.
Hnh 1.3 i tn my bng giao din
C th sa trc tip tn my trong tab DNS. Sau chn File -> Save.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Restart li dch v mng bng dng lnh. # Service network restart
1.2.Cu hnh a ch IP 1.2.1. Dng lnh

Xem a ch IP: xem a ch IP ta dng dng lnh ifconfig.
Hnh 1.4 Xem a ch Ip
Eth0 l tn ca card mng, cn lo l tn ca Lookback interface (hnh). Thay i a ch IP: thay i a ch IP ta c th lm nhng cch sau # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up Dng lnh ny ch thay i a ch IP ca my tm thi, khi khi ng li my th a ch IP va thit lp s b mt v tr li nh ban u, c lu gi li sau khi reboot h thng th ta phi thm lnh trn vo tp tin /etc/rc.local Ta c th thay i thng tin trong file etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0. t a ch IP tnh:
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t a ch IP ng:
Sau ta dng lnh : ifdown eth0, ifup eth0 Thng thng phng thc to nhiu a ch IP cho Card mng c gi l ip alias. Alias ny phi c tn dng: parent-interface-name: X, trong X l subinterface number. To mt tn file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0 t file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 sau ta thay i thng tin a ch trong file ny.
Bt v tt alias interface thng qua cu lnh ifconfig. Ifup eth0:0
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ifdown eth0:0 Kim tra thng tin cu hnh alias interface dng lnh ifconfig:
Hnh 1.7 Kim tra Alias
Lnh NETSTAT kim tra trng thi ca tt c cc card mng ta dng lnh: # netstat -in
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Ngoi ra ta cn c th dng lnh netstat rn xem bng routing table ca router..
Thay i DEFAULT GATEWAY : V vic ch nh a ch default gateway cho h thng l cng vic rt quan trng v default gateway chnh l iu rt quan trng gip cho h thng ni b c th giao tip vi h thng bn ngoi v ngc li, vic t a ch default gateway trn Linux ta c th dng lnh router. Thng qua lnh ny ta c th m t, cp nht cc con ng i h tr vic xy dng bn nh tuyn trn router. Ta ch nh a ch 192.168.55.252 l default gateway cho h thng ni b, ta c th dng lnh sau : # router add default gw 192.168.55.252 Ta c th dng lnh router add ch nh nhiu default gateway: # router add net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 gw 192.168.55.254 eth0.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux 1.2.2. Bng giao din Ta chn Desktop -> system settings -> Network.
Mc nh th khi ci t, my c sn mt card mng, bn ch vic click chn card mng v nhn Edit. Nu my cha c th c th to mi bng cch nhn vo New hoc File -> new.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi t xong a ch IP bn chn OK. Save li : File -> save V restart li dch v mng thay i c hiu lc bng dng lnh : # service network restart
2.
Truy cp t xa
Khi cu hnh h thng kt ni vo mng, my ch s cung cp mt s dch v Internet. Thng thng mi dch v Internet gn lin vi mt daemon v thc hin trong ch background. Nhng daemon ny hot ng bng cch lin kt n mt cng no v sau i nhng yu cu kt ni c gi n t chng trnh client. Khi mt kt ni xy ra n s to ra mt tin trnh con m nhim kt ni ny v tip tc lng nghe nhng yu cu kt ni khc. Nu nh h thng c qu nhiu daemon s lm tng x l ca CPU. khc phc iu ny, Linux to ra mt superserver gi l Xinetd.
2.1.Xinetd
Mi dch v Internet u gn lin vi mt cng chng hn nh: smtp - 25, pop3 110, dns - 53... Vic phn b ny do mt t chc qui nh. Xinetd l mt Internet server daemon. Xinetd qun l tp trung tt c cc dch v Internet. Xinetd qun l mi dch v tng ng vi mt cng(port). Xinetd lng nghe v khi nhn c mt yu cu kt ni t cc chng trnh client, n s a yu cu n dch v tng ng x l. V sau , Xinetd vn tip tc lng nghe nhng yu cu kt ni khc. Khi h iu hnh c khi ng, Xinetd c khi to ngay lc ny bi script /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd. Khi Xinetd c khi to, n s c thng tin t tp tin cu hnh /etc/xinetd.conf v s dn n th mc /etc/xinetd - ni lu tt c nhng dch v m Xinetd qun l. Trong th mc /etc/xinetd, thng tin cu hnh ca mi ch v c lu trong mt tp tin c tn trng vi tn dch v . Ni dung tp tin ca
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux dch v telnet . c th nh sau: service telnet { disable = yes flags wait user = REUSE = no = root socket_type = stream
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd log_on_failure += USERID }
2.2.Tp tin /etc/services

Khi xinetd c khi to n s truy cp n tp tin /etc/services tm cng tng ng vi tng dch v. Ni dung ca tp tin ny nh sau: echo echo discard 9/tcp discard 9/udp systat 11/tcp users systat 11/udp users daytime 13/tcp daytime qotd qotd msp msp chargen chargen ftp-data ftp-data
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7/tcp 7/udp sink null sink null
13/udp 17/tcp quote 17/udp quote 18/tcp# message send protocol 18/udp# message send protocol 19/tcp 19/udp 20/tcp 20/udp
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ttytst source ttytst source
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux # 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp ftp ftp ssh ssh telnet telnet smtp smtp time time rlp rlp 21/tcp 21/udp fsp fspd 22/tcp # SSH Remote Login Protocol 22/udp # SSH Remote Login Protocol 23/tcp 23/udp 25/tcp 25/udp 37/tcp 37/udp mail mail timserver timserver # resource location # resource location # IEN 116 # IEN 116
# 24 - private mail system
39/tcp resource 39/udp resource name name
nameserver 42/tcp nameserver 42/udp
Mi dng trong tp tin m t cho mt dch v, bao gm nhng ct sau: - Ct 1: tn ca dch v. - Ct 2: s cng v giao thc m dch v ny hot ng. - Ct 3: danh sch nhng tn gi khc ca dch v ny.
2.3.Khi ng xinetd
Sau khi chnh sa tp tin cu hnh ca tng dch v trong th mc /etc/xinetd, ta thc hin lnh sau c li ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh : /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart
2.4.Telnet Server
2.4.1. Khi nim Telnet V mt l do no ngi dng khng th ngi trc tip trn my Linux lm vic. Dch v telnet h tr cho ngi dng trong vn lm vic t xa, . Nhng m bo tnh bo mt cho h thng, mt iu cnh bo l chng ta khng nn lm vic t xa bng telnet m nn lm vic trc tip ti my Linux
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux 2.4.2. Ci t Thng thng khi ci t Linux, dch v telnet c ci sn. Nu cha ci bn c th ci telnet server t packet bng dng lnh sau : rpm -i telnet-server-0.17-20.i386.rpm 2.4.3. Cu hnh C nhiu cch cu hnh telnet server, sau y l hai cch cu hnh c bn nht: - Cch 1: Da vo tp tin cu hnh, Khi ci t xong trong th mc /etc/xinetd.d s xut hin tp tin telnet. Tp tin ny lu nhng thng tin cu hnh v dch v telnet. service telnet { disable = yes flags wait user server } Nu disable l no th TELNET server c khi ng, ngc li nu disable l yes th TELNET server khng c khi ng. Sau khi chnh sa tp tin cu hnh trn ta start, stop bng lnh : /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart Hoc dng lnh: # service xinetd restart - Cch 2: Cu hnh telnet Server bng dng lnh: chkconfig telnet on Kim tra telnet thng qua lnh: #netstat-a|grep telnet tcp
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socket_type = stream
log_on_failure += USERID
*:telnet
*:*
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Kim tra telnet c c t nh dch v h thng: # chkconfig --list | grep telnet
telnet: on
Dng telnet server: # chkconfig telnet off 2.4.4. Bo mt Telnet
2.4.4.1. Cho php telnet server hot ng trn tcp port khc
Nh ta bit telnet traffic khng c m ha do nu ta cho telnet server hot ng trn tcp port 23 th khng c an ton v th ta c th t telnet server hot ng trn tcp port khc 23. lm iu ny ta thc hin cc bc sau: - Bc 1. M tp tin /etc/services v thm dng. # Local services stelnet 7777/tcp # "secure" telnet - Bc 2. Chp file telnet thnh file stelnet. # cp /etc/xinetd.d/telnet /etc/xinetd.d/stelnet - Bc 3. Thay i mt s thng tin trong file file /etc/xinetd.d/stelnet
service stelnet { flags wait user server = REUSE = stream = no = root = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd = no = 7777 socket_type
log_on_failure += USERID disable port }
- Bc 4. Kch hot stelnet thng qua lnh chkconfig

# chkconfig stelnet on
- Bc 5. Kim tra hot ng stelnet thng qua lnh netstat.

# netstat -an | grep 777 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:7777 0.0.0.0:*
- Bc
LISTEN
6 . Ta c th logon vo Telnet thng qua lnh : #telnet 192.168.1.100 7777
2.4.4.2. Cho php mt s a ch truy xut telnet

Ta hiu chnh mt s thng s sau :
service telnet { flags wait user server disable } = REUSE = stream = no = root = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd = no socket_type
log_on_failure += USERID only_from = 192.168.1.100 127.0.0.1 192.168.1.200
2.5.VNC Server (Virtual Network Computing)

2.5.1. Khi nim VNC VNC (Virtual Network Computing) l mt phng php iu khin t xa my tnh vi giao din ha, nhn chung tng t nh Remote Desktop trong Windows. 2.5.2. Ci t
Kim tra VNC v VNC Server c ci hay cha
# rpm -qa | grep vnc vnc-server-4.1.2-23.fc8 vnc-4.1.2-23.fc8
Nu cha c chng ta c th ci t nh sau :
# yum y install vnc-server ( Trng hp my c kt ni Internet )

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux # rpm ivh vnc-4_1_2-x86_linux.rpm ( Khng kt ni Internet ) 2.5.3. Cu hnh Gi s ta c mt user l duyvu721 trn my, ta s cu hnh VNC Server truy cp t xa vo my bng user ny. M file /etc/sysconfig/vncservers, ni cha thng tin khi to ca VNC, chnh sa nh sau VNCSERVERS="3:duyvu721" VNCSERVERARGS[3]="-geometry 1024x768 -depth 16"
Ngha l VNC server khi ng vi user duyvu721 display 3, ngoi ra ta cn c th cu hnh phn gii (resolution) v su mu (color depth). Mi mt instance ca VNC s nghe cng (5900 + display number), nh vy theo cu hnh trn VNC server ca user duyvu721 s nghe cng 5903. C th to ra nhiu instance VNC cho cc user khc nhau nh v d sau VNCSERVERS="1:quoccong VNCSERVERARGS[1]="-geometry VNCSERVERARGS[2]="-geometry 2:quocchien 1024x768 800x600 -depth -depth 3:vanduan" 16" 8"
VNCSERVERARGS[3]="-geometry 1024x768 -depth 16"
Cc VNC instance tng ng vi tng user s nghe ln lt cc cng 5901, 5902 v 5903. Khi ng li VNC server # service vncserver restart
C th thit lp VNC lun chy lc khi ng # chkconfig vncserver on

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Trong account ca user, g lnh : $ vncpasswd Nhp password mi truy cp t xa. 2.5.4. S dng VNC Viewer Dng lnh trn Linux th ny # vncviewer 192.168.100.11:5903 Trn Windows - Khi ng VNC Viewer : Nhp vo a ch kt ni ti server v display tng ng ca tng USER. Click OK.
Hnh 2.1 : Kt ni VNC Server
- Mn hnh k tip ta nhp vo password kt ni ti VNC Server tng ng ca tng USER. Click OK.
Hnh 2.2 ng nhp user
- Mn hnh sau khi ng nhp thnh cng VNC Server

Hnh 2.3 ng nhp thnh cng
2.5.5. Cu hnh VNC qua SSH Mt phn v password kt ni qua VNC khng c bo mt cng nh tt c lnh, v thng tin khng c m ho qua kt ni. Trong mt mng LAN nh, khng phi l vn lm, nhng ti khuyn co rng, bn khng nn thc hin n qua mng Internet. Trong bi vit ny ta s kt ni t Windows Client kt n Fedora Server chy vncserver.
u dim ca vic tunneling qua SSH - Phin lm vic c hon ton m ho. - Khng cn m port 5900+ trn my cn remote v c tunnel qua SSH
(default: port 22) v v vy cng khng pht hin c l bn ang VNC ti my ch. - Bc 1 : khi ng trnh SSH Client Putty
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Hnh 2.4 Cu hnh SSH Client
- Bc 2 :Cu hnh ch Host Name hay IP Address v port tng ng vi dch v SSH, in tn m t v Sesions Save. - Bc 3 : Ta chn th connection SSH Tulnels : Ti ay ta in Port v a ch IP tng ng nhn Add
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Hnh 2.5 Cu hnh VNC thng qua SSH
- Bc 4 : Ta v li th Sesion Save li ln na Open. Sau ta nhp User v Pasword ng nhp SSH Server.
Hnh 2.6 ng nhp SSH
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bc 5 : Ta dng VNC Viewer kt ni vo VNC Server Sau khi ng nhp thnh cng ta c nh sau :
Hnh 2.7 ng nhp thnh cng
2.6.SSH Server (Secure Shell)

C rt nhiu ngi mun bit mt khu ca ngi dng root xm nhp vo h thng nhm mc ch ph hoi h thng hay tm kim nhng thng tin no . Chng trnh telnet trong Linux cho php ngi dng ng nhp vo h thng Linux t xa, nh n c khuyt im ca chng trnh ny l tn ngi dng v mt khu gi qua mng khng c m ha. Do , n rt d b nhng ngi khc nm gi v s l mi nguy him cho h thng. Phn mm Secure Remote Access l mt s h tr mi ca Linux nhm khc phc nhc im ca telnet. N cho php bn ng nhp vo h thng Linux t xa v mt khu s c m ha. V th, SSH an ton hn nhiu so vi telnet 2.6.1. Ci t SSH Server trn Server Linux Dng lnh rpm ci package openssh-server. *.rpm rpm -ivh opensshserver.*.rpm Tp tin cu hnh /etc/ssh/sshd_config v /etc/ssh/ssh_config. start hay stop server dng lnh sau: /etc/init.d/sshd start/stop/restart 2.6.2. S dng SSH Client trn Linux
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Trn client(Linux hoc Unix) dng lnh ssh login vo server. C php ca lnh: $ssh [ty_chn] [tn/IP_my] [ty_chn] [lnh]
V d:
$ssh [-l ] <tn_user> <ssh_address>
2.6.3. S dng SSH Client trn Windows Mt trong cc chng trnh ssh client min ph xut sc l PuTTY c th ti v t http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html . Sau khi ti v ta ch cn double click vo biu tng PuTTY khi ng v nhp vo cc tham s nh di y:
Th Session:
Hnh 2.8 Th Session
Host Name (or IP address) 203.210.218.12 l a ch public ca remote server Port 8022 l TCP Port ca SSH
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Connetion type: chn kiu kt ni ph hp, trong trng hp ny bn chn SSH.
Th Windows : bn click vo mc Windows bn tay tri hiu chnh ca s windows s xut hin m bn lm vic khi m kt ni.
Colums : qui nh s ct ca ca s Rows : qui nh s dng ca ca s
Hnh 2.9 Th Windows
Th Connection.
s dng proxy cho kt ni t xa ny, bn chn Connection > Proxy: Proxy type : ch loi proxy ph hp. Proxy hostname vo port : ch nh tn ca proxy server v port m proxy ny s dng. Username v Password : nhp tn v mt khu ca proxy server (nu c)
Hnh 2.10 Th Proxy
Sau khi cu hnh xong PuTTY, bn click chn Open m kt ni. Khi xut hin dng ch login as , bn nhp vo mt ti khon ng nhp vo h thng, sau nhp mt khu tng ng vi ti khon dng ng nhp, v d nh sau :
Hnh 2.11 ng nhp t xa
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3.
Ci t, cu hnh v s dng NFS (Network File System)

3.1.Gii thiu
Giao thc NFS cho php mt my tnh no truy cp mt a hoc mt my tnh khc trong cng mt mng ch trong sut. C ngha l a cng c th b truy cp mt cch d dng nu a cng thuc mt my a phng trong mng. truy cp mt a cng thng qua mng, a cng phi c ci t NFS trn my a phng . NFS gm ba thnh phn chnh: - Nhng h thng tp no mun mount bng NFS phi nm trn my c kh nng lin lc vi nhau qua mng TCP/IP. - Bn thn chic my c h thng tp m bn nh coi nh l h thng tp ti ch, th h thng tp y phi c mount. Chic my ny s gi vai tr my ch (server) v tin trnh lm cho h thng tp ca server c th s dng t xa c gi l xut khu h thng tp. - My no mun mount b h thng tp c xut khu gi l my khch (client). My khch phi mount h thng tp di dng tp NFS qua tp /etc/fstab lc khi ng, hoc di dng tng tc qua lnh mount.
3.2.Chia s h thng tp tin bng NFS

C 2 bc c bn sau:
V pha NFS server, lit k mt hay nhiu th mc vo tp tin /etc/exports
v gi dng lnh /usr/sbin/exportfs. Ngoi ra ta phi chy NFS server (lm vic ny bng cch ng nhp bng root, gi dng lnh service nfs start)
Trn mi h thng my khch, s dng lnh mount nhn thy cc th
mc c my ch a ra.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Mun s dng NFS, cc h thng my khch (client) phi h tr n.Hu
ht cc my tnh c nhn thng khng h tr, nu mun chia s tp tin bng NFS th phi mua phn mm NFS ca hng khc.Tuy nhin nu tt c cc my tnh trong mng LAN chy h iu hnh Linux hay h iu hnh khc cng h vi UNIX u c h tr NFS th vic s dng NFS s d dng hn. Lu : an ton ca NFS khng cao, c th b tn cng c, v th khng nn ci t NFS trn h thng c kt ni trc tip vi Internet. Chng ta s lm v d trn 2 my tnh chy h iu hnh Linux trn cng mng LAN.
3.3.S dng tin ch NFS Server Configuration

m tin ch NFS Server Configuration, chn System Setttings > Server Settings > NFS
Hnh 3.1 : Giao din chnh NFS
Click Add chn tp tin th mc cn chia s. Th Basic: Directory: nhp ng dn ca tp tin th muc mun chia s Host(s): nhp tn my Basic Permission: quyn trn tp th mc cn chia s Read - only: quyn ch c.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Read/ write: quyn c ghi.
Hnh 3.2 : thm th mc chia s
Th General Options: Allow connection from port 1024 and higher: cho php cc kt ni t cng 1024 v ln hn. Allow nsecure file locking: cho php kha tp tin khng an ton. Disable substree checking: Sync write operations on request: ng b cc thao tc ghi . Force sync of write operation immediately: bt buc ng b cc thao tc ghi d liu ngy lp tc. Hide filesystems beneath: n cc tp tin h thng cp thp. Export only if mounted: ch chia s nu c c mount.
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Hnh 3.3 Cc ty chn nng cao
Th User Access: cu hnh cc ti khon truy cp. Treat remorte root user as local root: cho php ti khon root iu khin t xa nh ti khon root cc b. Treat all client users as anonymous users : i x tt c cc client nh cc ngi dng n danh. Local user ID for anonymous users: nh danh ngi dng cc b cho ti khon anonymous. Local group ID for anonymous users: nh danh nhm cc b cho ti khon anonymous.
Hnh 3.4 Cu hnh truy cp user
Cui cng, chn OK hon thnh.

Hnh 3.5 Sau khi cu hnh chia s xong
4.
Ci t, cu hnh v s dng Web Samba

4.1.Gii thiu
Samba l chng trnh tin ch h tr vic chia s ti nguyn t h thng Linux vi cc h thng khc(Linux, Windows), n h tr tnh nng gia nhp(join) Linux vi Windows nh gia nhp Linux vo PDC trn Windows, gia nhp vo Windows Workgroup, B Samba gm nhiu thnh phn. Daemon mang tn smbd cung cp dch v in n v tp tin. Tp tin cu hnh ca Daemon ny l smb.conf, cn daemon nmbd th h tr dch v tn NETBIOS, cho php cc my tnh khc truy cp v s dng cc ti nguyn c cp bi my ch Samba Trnh smbclient, mt thnh phn khc ca b Samba, hot ng nh mt client bnh thng ging nh ftp. Trnh tin ch ny dng khi bn truy cp nhng ti nguyn trn cc server tng thch khc.
4.2.Ci t v cu hnh bng giao din
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c th chia s ti nguyn gia cc my tnh s dng h iu hnh Window v cc my tnh s dng h iu hnh Linux(Fedora Core),ta s dng chng trnh SAMBA (c sn trong cc bn phn phi Linux, y ta dng RedHat Fedora Core) lm vic ny. Gi chng trnh SAMBA gm cc thnh phn ch yu sau: /etc/samba/smb.conf: tp tin cu hnh SMB Server. /etc/samba/smbusers: tp tin lu cc tn ngi dng Samba ng vi cc ti khon c trn my cc b Fedora Core. server. nmblookup : dng lnh tr v a ch IP ca PC Windows qua tn nmbd : tn server (NETBIOS),gip cho cc client tm kim cc my
NETBIOS ca n. smbadduser : chng trnh thm ngi dng vo tp tin mt khu smb. smbcacls: chng trnh thao tc vi danh sch cc iu khin vic truy
cp (ACLs) trn cc tp tin c chia s. smbclient : l Windows client chy trn Linux cho php Linux truy cp
cc tp tin, ti nguyn hay my in c chia s trn bt k Windows server no. winbindd. smbd : y l SMB server cho php cc kt ni t Windows client v smbcontrol :chng trnh gi cc thng ip ti smbd,nmbd hay
cung cp dch v chia s tp tin v my in. smbmount : chng trnh dng mount mt th mc chia s bi
Samba trn Fedora Core PC. SMB.

smbpasswd: chng trnh dng thay i mt khu cho mt ngi dng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux smbprint: on m cho php thao tc in trn mt my in SMB server. smbstatus: dng lnh lit k cc kt ni SMB hin ti trn my hin ti. smbtar: chng trnh sao lu tp tin chia s SMB trc tip vo bng
a t trn. mount. testparm: chng trnh dng kim tra tp tin cu hnh Samba c chnh smbumount: chng trnh unmount mt th mc chia s SMB c
xc hay khng.
winbindd: chng trnh dng phn gii tn ca Window server.
4.2.1. Ci t
Kim tra ci xem Samba c ci t hay cha bng dng lnh: rpm q samba
Hnh 4.1 Kim tra gi samba c ci cha
Nu Samba cha c ci t, ta lm nh sau: ng nhp bng ti khon root,a a CD hay DVD ci t Fedora Core vo, g lnh: mount /mnt/cdrom Di chuyn n th mc cha tp tin ci t samba: cd /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS Gi lnh ci t Samba
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux rpm ivh samba*
Sau khi ci t,ta phi cu hnh Samba trc khi s dng n.
4.2.2. Cu hnh cu hnh Samba d dng, ta s dng cng c Samba Server Configuration. Chn Main Menu > System Settings>Server Settings>Samba. -Nhp mt khu root nu cha ng nhp bng ti khon root. Click vo nt Add. Hp thoi Create Samba Share xut hin. Th Basic : ch nh ti nguyn cn chia s. Directory: nhp ng dn ca ti nguyn cn chia s.Click Browse chn. Description: dng m t cho ti nguyn cn chia s. Basic Permissions: ch nh quyn trn ti nguyn c chia s. Read-only: quyn ch c. Read/Write: quyn c v ghi.
Hnh 4.2 Th Basic
Th Access: chn cc ti khon c php truy cp.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux o Only allow access to specific users:ch cho php nhng ngi dng c th truy cp. o Allow access to everyone: cho php mi ngi truy cp.
Hnh 4.3 Th Access
Chn OK thit lp. t tn cho Samba Server trong workgroup,chn Preferences ->Server Settings trong cng c Samba Server Configuration .
Hnh 4.4 t tn nhm cho my samba
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cc thng tin cu hnh ny s c la vo trong tp tin /etc/samba/smb.conf Th Security trong hp thoi Server Setting: ch nh cch Authentication Mode: cch chng thc khi truy cp chia s bi Samba. User:yu cu nhp username v password khi truy cp cc tp tin chia s bi Samba. ADS: Samba Server hot ng nh mt thnh vin domain trong mt Active Directory Domani(ADS). Domain: Samba Server da vo cc ti khon trn Windows Primary hay Backup Domain Controller. Tn NetBIOS ca Primary hay Backup Domain Controller khc c nhp trong mc Authentication server. Nu mc ny c chn th tu chn Encypted Passwords phi c chn l yes. Server: Samba Server th xc nhn username v password trn mt Samba Server khc, nu khng c Samba Server s s dng cch chng thc User.Tn NetBIOS ca Samba server khc c nhp trong mc Authentication server. Share: khng cn nhp username v password ng nhp . Authentication server:chng thc theo server. Encrypt Passwords: m ha mt khu (yes: chp nhn, no: khng cn m ha) Guest Account:Chn ti khon guest c php truy cp.
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Hnh 4.5 Th seccurity trong server settings
thm cc ti khon c php truy cp chia s bi Samba,chn Preferences>Samba Users trong cng c Samba Server Configuration m hp thoi Samba Users. Add User : thm mt user. Edit User: chnh sa user tn ti. Delete User: xa user.
Hnh 4.6 Hp thoi samba user
in y thng tin trong hp thoi Create New Samba User.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Unix Username: chn ti khon trn Linux PC. Windows Username: nhp tn ti khon trn Windows PC. Samba Password: t mt khu cho Samba. Confirm Samba Password:nhp li mt khu cho Samba.
Hnh 4.7 Hp thoi create new samba user
Sau chn OK hon thnh,hay Cancel hy b. Tip tc chn OK ng hp thoi Samba Users.
Hnh 4.8 : Thng tin v th mc chia s
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi cu hnh xong cc ti nguyn c chia s, ta kim tra li cc tp tin cu hnh ng hay cha bng dng lnh: testparm
Hnh 4.9 Thng tin cc tp tin cu hnh
Lu : khi ng dch v Samba t ng khi khi ng h thng, g dng lnh:

chkconfig level 35 on
4.3.Ci t v cu hnh bng dng lnh

4.3.1. Ci t Goi phn mm Samba co th ly t ia CD cua h iu hanh RedHat hoc download t website www.Samba.org. Phin ban cua Samba cung c thay i thng xuyn, hin a co phin ban 2.2.1. Bai vit nay ly phin ban 2.0.7 co sn trn ia Redhat 7.1 lam vi du. Goi Samba trn ia RedHat c ong goi theo chun RPM (Redhat Package Manager) va c lu tai th muc /mnt/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS/. Cac bc cai t nh sau: # mount /mnt/cdrom ; mount file system cua CD
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux #cd /mnt/cdrom/Redhat/RPMS # rpm # rpm
# rpm
-Uvh Samba-common-2.0.7-8.i386.rpm -Uvh Samba-2.0.7-8.i386.rpm

-Uvh Samba-client-2.0.7-8.i386.rpm
4.3.2. Cu hnh Tp tin cu hnh /etc/samba/smb.conf. y l mt tp tin c dng text. Cc thnh phn trong file cu hnh:
Thnh phn Gii thch
[global]
Cha cc tham s cu hnh chung ca samba

server.
[printers] [homes] [netlogon] 4.3.2.1. on [global]
Cha cc tham s s dng cho vic cu hnh

my in. Ch nh SMB chia s th mc home directory ca user.
Chia s logon script.
on [global] kim sot tham s ca ton b server smb v cung cp gi tr mc nh cho nhng on khc. Sau y l nhng dng (trch t trong danh sch 15.1) c th cn gii thch k hn. [global] workgroup = LINUX server string = Samba Server hosts allow - 192.168.1.192.168.2.127. include = /etc/samba/smb.conf %m socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF = 8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Dng u tin ca on [global] cho bit chic my ny s thuc v nhm lm vic LINUX. K n l cc thng tin v my ch Samba nh a ch IP ca n v.v. load printers = yes printcap name = /etc/printcap printing = lprng Dng u bn trn cho bit my ch ca bn cn ti np h thng in n ln mng, dng tip theo cho bit v tr ca tp cu hnh my in, dng cui cho bit kiu in ca h thng (mt trong cc gi tr: bsd, sysv, plp, lprng, aix, hpux, qnx) guest account = pcguest log file = /var/log/samba/smb.%m max log size = 50 Nhng dng trn cung cp: - username cho mt trng khon client trn server ca bn. Trng khon ny dng nhn din nhng user no c dng cc dch v Samba dnh cho client. - v tr ca tp k s (log file) cho tng client no mun truy cp dch v Samba. Bin vit tt %m bt server Samba to ra cho mi client mt tp log ring bit. - kch c ti a cho nhng tp log c to ra (gi tr tnh bng kB). Tu theo phin bn v h iu hnh, cc bin vit tt c th khc nhau. Bng sau gii thiu cc bin s s dng cho Samba: Bin %S %P %u %g %U %G %H %v %h ngha Tn ca dch v hin hnh, nu c. Th mc gc ca dch v hin hnh, nu c. Tn user ca dch v hin hnh, nu c. Tn ca nhm chnh ca %u. Tn phin lm vic ca user Tn ca nhm chnh ca %U. Th mc gc ca user (%u) Phin bn ca Samba. Tn ca host m samba ang chy.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux %m %L %M %N %p %R %d %I %a Tn NetBIOS ca my client (rt thng dng) Tn NtBIOS ca my ch. Tn Internet ca my client. Tn ca my ch NIS. ng dn n th mc gc ca dch v. Gi tr auto.map c th coi l gm %N:%p Mc giao thc chn sau khi trao i v giao thc. C th nhn cc gi tr CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1, LANMAN2 hay NT1. Ch s (ID) ca tin trnh my ch hin hnh. a ch IP ca my client. Kin trc ca my t xa. Ch c mt s my t xa l c cng nhn Samba, WfWg, Win95, WinNT v Win2k. Cc h khc s c coi l %T %$ "UNKNOWN". Ngy v gi hin hnh. (envvar) Gi tr ca bin mi trng envar.
Tip theo l nhng dng xc nh ch bo mt ca h thng Samba: security = user ; password server = WINDOWSNT ; password level = 8 encrypt passwords = yes smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd ; unix password sync = Yes ; passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u ; passwd chat = *New*UNIX*password*%n\n*ReType*new*UNIX*pass word*%n\n*passwd:*all*authentication*tokens*updated*successfully* Mc security c mt trong 4 gi tr: share: Tng t ch bo mt ca Windows 9x File/Print server. User ch cn cung cp password ca ti nguyn. user: Cp user/password s c my ch kim tra.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux server: Vic lng gi user/password s do mt my ch password xc nh (c chn thng qua mc password server - y l c tn l WINDOWSNT). domain: V c bn, mc bo mt ny ging nh mc bo mt server tr mt vic l my ch Samba phi l thnh vin ca mt Windows NT domain. Mc encrypt passwords cho bit cn hay khng cn m ho cc mt khu khi ng nhp vo my ch Samba. T Windows 98 SE cng vi cc Security Patch, Microsoft m ho mi mt khu khi gi t mt my trm Windows 9x/2000/NT n mt my ch bt k. Do , nu bn chn gi tr no th my ch server s khng chp nhn s ng nhp ca bt k user no. Ch rng, nu gi tr l yes (true) th ch c cc user c password trong tp /etc/samba/smbpasswd l c th thy my ch Samba. Tip theo l cc tham s mi trng cho my ch Samba: ; interfaces = 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 ; remote browse sync = 192.168.3.25 192.168.5.255 ; remote announce = 192.168.1.255 192.168.2.44 ; local master = no ; os level = 33 ; domain master = yes ; preferred master = yes ; domain controller = <NT-Domain-Controller-SMBName> ; domain logons = yes ; logon script = %m.bat ; logon script = %U.bat ; logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U ; name resolve order = win lmhosts bcast ; wins support = yes ; wins server = w.x.y.z
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ; wins proxy = yes ; dns proxy = no ; preserve case = no ; short preserve case = no ; default case = lower ; case sensitive = no Cc gi tr trn dng xc nh mi trng hot ng ca my ch Samba: -C hot ng nh mt my ch WINS khng ("wins support = "), -Ch r hay khng a ch IP v netmask ca giao tip mng ("interfaces="), -S dng mt my ch WINS khc ("wins server="), -v.v. Cc tham s preserve case v short preserve case cho server Samba bit phi ghi li ch thng hoc ch hoa khi c thng tin c ghi vo server. Vic ny quan trng bi v tn tp ca Windows khng nht thit phi phn bit dng ch thng hay ch hoa, trong khi Linux li phn bit hn hoi. 4.3.2.2. on [homes] on [homes] gip cc client kt ni vi home directory ca mnh trn server m khng cn phi c mc ghi r rng trong tp smb.conf. Khi user pht i yu cu s dng dch v, server Samba s tm trong tp smb.conf on tng ng vi dch v c yu cu. Nu khng tm ra mc ghi , Samba kim tra xem c on [homes] khng. Nu c, Samba xem tn ca mc c yu cu nh l tn ca user v tip tc d tm trong tp mt khu. Nu tn ca user tn ti v mt khu tng ng l ng, th home directory ca user y s c mang ra chia s trn mng da vo cc gi tr trong on[homes]. [homes] comment = Home Directories
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux path = %H read only = No valid users = %S only users = yes browseable = no writable = yes create mask = 0775 directory mask = 0775 Mc comment hin th cho client bit nhng phn no h c dng chung (phn chia s). Mc browseable bo Samba cch hin th phn chia s trn danh sch duyt mng. Mc read-only kim tra xem mt user no c quyn to ra v thay i tp trong home directory ca mnh khi home directory y ang c chia s trn mng. Mc create mask s kim tra xem trong s nhng tp c to ra trong th mc chia s, th tp no c php (quyn hn) g. 4.3.2.3. on [printers] [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba browseable = no # Set public = yes to allow user guest account' to print public = no guest ok = no writable = no printable = yes create mask = 0700
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux on [printers] cho bit cc dch v in s c kim tra ra sao trong trng hp khng c mc tng ng trong tp smb.conf. Ging nh on [homes], nu khng c mc c bit no, Samba dng on [printers] cho php user kt ni vi cc my in c xc nh trong tp /etc/printcap. Cc mc ghi comment, browseable v create mask cng cng ngha vi nhng g gii thch ti on [homes]. Mc path cho bit v tr ca tp spool s dng khi cung cp dch v in qua SMB. Nu c bt sang "yes", gi tr printable cho bit my in s dng c. Mc public cho bit trng khon "guest" c c php in hay khng (theo phin bn mi bn thay bng mc guest ok = ''). 4.3.2.4. Chia s th mc Sau khi lp cu hnh mc nh cho server Samba, bn c th to ra nhiu th mc dng chung (th mc chia s) v quyt nh xem c nhn no, hoc nhm no c php s dng chng. Th d bn mun th mc pladir ch dnh ring cho user leduan m thi. Bn cn vit ra mt on mi v ghi cc thng tin cn thit vo: khai bo user, ng dn n th mc, cng vi thng tin cu hnh cho server SMB nh sau: [pladir] comment = Pla's remote source code directory path = /usr/local/src valid users = leduan browsable = yes public = no writable = yes create mask = 0700
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux on trn y to ra mt th mc chia s mang tn plasdir. ng dn n th mc ny trn server ti ch l /usr/local/src. V mc browseable c khai bo "yes", danh sch duyt mng s c tn l plasdir. Nhng v mc public li l "no" nn ch c user tn l lan_anh mi c quyn dng Samba vo ra th mc. Mun cho ai c truy cp, bn ch cn lit k h ti th mc valid users.
4.4.Kim nghim tp smb.conf

Sau khi to ra tp cu hnh, bn nn dng chng trnh testparm kim tra li xem tp c ng n hay khng. Nu testparm bo co khng vn g, bn c th yn tm rng smbd s np tp cu hnh mt cch ng n. Ghi ch: Chng trnh testparm khng bo m rng nhng dch v khai bo trong tp cu hnh s sn c trn mng hoc s chy nh mong mun. Dng lnh testparm nh sau: testparm [tp_cu_hnh][hostname hostip] Vi tp_cu_hnh l v tr thc s ca tp smb.conf nu tp y khng nm v tr mc nh (/etc/samba/smb.conf). Tham s hostname hostIP bt testparm kim tra xem my ch c quyn truy cp cc dch v c khng nh trong tp smb.conf hay khng. Th d sau y trnh by nhng g my s hin th sau khi chy lnh testparm. Nu tp smb.conf c li, chng trnh s cho bit l nhng li g. [tl@submail t1]$ testparm Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf Processing section "[home]" Processing section "[printers]" Loaded services file OK Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Khi bn bm phm <Enter>, testparm s bt du nh gi tng on c khai bo trong tp cu hnh.
4.5.S dng smbclient

Chng trnh smbclient cho php cc user ca Linux truy cp nhng phn chia s SMB trn my khc, nht l cc my chy Windows. V mun dng cc tp trn nhng my Linux khc, bn c th s dng nhiu phng php nh FTP, NFS v cc lnh r- (nh rcp). Smbclient c mt giao din ging nh FTP bn chuyn tp sang mt my khc ang dng server SMB. iu ng tic l smbclient khng lm c nh NFS, ngha l khng cho php bn mount mt chia s khc vo th mc ti ch. mount mt th mc cho dch v Samba, bn thng dng smbmount hn l dng mount -t smbfs. Smbclient cung cp cc tu chn dng lnh yu cu server chia s th mc hoc trao i tp. bit thm thng tin v cc tu chn ny, mi bn xem trang man dnh cho smbclient. Lnh sau y s hin th mi phn chia s trn my win.netwharf.com: smbclient - L -I win.netwharf.com Tham s -L hin th danh sch. Tham s -I bt smbclient x l my win.netwharf.com nh l mt mc ghi DNS ch khng phi mc NetBIOS. Mun chuyn tp, trc tin bn phi kt ni vi server Samba bng lnh: smbclient '\\WORKGROUP\PUBLIC' -I win.netwharf.com -U lan_anh Tham s '\\WORKGROUP\PUBLIC' xc nh dch v t xa trn my pha bn kia. Thng thng, l mt th mc h thng tp hoc mt my in. Tu chn -U gip bn xc nh username m bn mun kt ni. Samba s hi bn mt khu (nu trng khon y i mt khu), sau s hin ra du nhc. smb:\
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux vi \ l th mc hin hnh. T dng lnh ny, bn c th ra bt k lnh no c lit k bng sau. Bng 15.1: Cc lnh smbclient Lnh ? hoc help Tham s [lnh] M t Hin th thng bo tr gip tng ng vi lnh, hoc trong trng hp khng c lnh ! cd [lnh dng shell] [th mc] th cho thng bo tr gip tng qut. Thc thi lnh shell hoc a user v du nhc shell. Chuyn v th mc trn server (ch khng phi trn my ti ch). Nu th mc khng c xc nh, smbclient s bo th mc lcd [th mc] hin hnh. Chuyn v th mc trn my ti ch. Nu th mc khng c xc nh, smbclient s del [cc tp] bo th mc hin hnh trn my ti ch. Nhng tp c khai bo s b xo khi server, nu user c quyn thc hin thao dir hoc ls exit hoc quit get [cc tp] tc ny. C th dng k t wildcard. Lit k cc tp c chn. C th dng lnh
ls c danh sch cc tp. khng c Thot khi chng trnh smbclient. [th mc][tn ti Truy cp tp t xa v sao lu vo server ti ch] ch. Nu c tn ti ch, tp s c sao lu vi chnh tn ti ch, thay v sao lu vi tn trn server t xa. Sao chp mi tp c xc nh vo my ti ch. To th mc trn my t xa. Xo th mc trn my t xa. Sao chp tp t my ti ch vo server.
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mget md
[cc tp] hoc [th mc] [th mc] [tp]
mkdir rd hoc rmdir put
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux mput print queue [cc tp] [tp] khng c Sao chp mi tp t my ti ch vo server. In tp trn my t xa. Lit k mi cng vic in n ang xp hng ch trn server t xa.
4.6.Samba trong mi trng X

Trong mi trng ho Windows, bn c th truy cp vo cc th mc ca Samba trn my Linux thng qua Network Neighborhood hay Windows Explorer. Trong mi trng Linux dng vn bn, bn s dng smbclient (xem mc 15.4) Trong mi trng X (GNOME hay KDE), bn c th gi trnh duyt Nautilus. Vi GNOME, bn chn Main Menu Button => Programs => Applications => Nautilus. Khi ca s ca trnh Nautilus hin ra, bn g smb: ti thanh a ch (location toolbar)) Trn ca s bn s thy nhiu biu tng m mi biu tng biu hin cho mt SMB workgroup trn mng. Bn ch cn bm p ln biu tng thch hp truy cp. Minh ho 15.1: Truy cp th mc chia s bi Samba. Nu th mc i phi ng nhp nh mt user vi mt khu, bn cn nhp vo thanh a ch theo mu sau: smb://user:password@servername/sharename/ Bn cn thay user, password, servername, sharename bng cc gi tr tng ng.
4.7.S dng
th truy cp vo Samba server trn h thng Fedora Core t mt Windows h thng trong mng LAN. i vi Windows 95/98/Me: doube-click vo biu tng Network Neighborhood trn Desktop.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux i vi Windows XP: chn Start>My Network Places > View Workgroup Computer. Tt c cc my tnh c trong workgroup s c hin th. Nu thy Samba Server, doube-click vo biu tng ca n m, sau nhp Samba username v Samba password to.
Hnh 4.10 Truy cp Samba
Nu cc thng tin trn l chnh xc, ta s thy c cc ti nguyn c chia s trn Fedora Core PC.
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Hnh 4.11 Th mc trn Samba server
5.
Cu hnh Samba bng giao din web

Swat l mt cng c cho php bn c th cu hnh SAMBA qua giao din Web. Nu ta mun s dng cng c ny th ta phi ci thm package samba-swat-3.0.72.FC4.rpm (trong Fedora Core).
5.1.S dng dng lnh ci t Swat:

- Nu bn cm thy thun tin hn khi ci t gi dng cng c dng lnh, bn theo cc bc hng dn sau dng lnh : + a vo a cdrom fedora core cha gi swat v bo m rng a CD-ROM c gn kt. + Chn th mc lm vic hin hnh l : /mnt/cdrom/fedora/RPMS. + Dng dng lnh rpm vi ty chn ivh ci t gi Samba-Swat.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux - Thc hin cc bc ny dng lnh nh sau : # mount /mnt/cdrom # cd /mnt/cdrom/fedora/RPMS # rpm ivh samba-swat*.rpm - Sau khi gi swat c ci t bn phi khi ng dch v Swat trc khi bn c th dng n cu hnh Samba - Dng lnh dng khi to mc nh Swat khi h thng khi ng l : # sbin/chkconfig level 5 swat on - By gi bn c th s dng c cng c cu hnh Swat
5.2.Tp tin cu hnh Samba Swat

. Trc khi cu hnh SAMBA-SWAT ta cn thit lp mt s thng s :
disable = no only_from = 172.29.14.149 localhost
Trong file /etc/xinetd.d/swat khi ng dch v SWAT v cho php cc host no c quyn truy xut SAMBA SWAT qua Web.
service swat { disable = no port = 901 socket_type = stream wait = no only_from = 172.29.14.149 localhost user = root server = /usr/sbin/swat log_on_failure += USERID }
5.3.Khi to Swat v cu hnh samba c bn

- Cng c Swat ch c th c truy cp t trnh duyt web. khi to Swat, bn m trnh duyt web v ch th cho n np URL : http://localhost:901(127.0.0.1:901), bn c yu cu login vo h thng vi ti khon root nh hnh di .
Hnh 5.1 : ng nhp Samba swat vi user root
- Sau khi bn thc hin vic ny trang Swat chnh c hin th nh hnh:
Hnh 5.2 : Giao din chnh ca Swat
Ch : trnh duyt web mozilla ghi nh cc gi tr m bn nhp gn y trng cc hp thoi , nu bn nhp mt khu khng ng th bn phi thot ra khi trnh duyt v khi to li n trc khi c khi to li Swat ln na. - Trc khi cu hnh cc cy th m m bn mun chia s, bn phi cu hinh mt s ty chon ton cc cho php giao tip gia my Windows v my linux. Nhp vo nt cu hnh Globals hin th trang nh hnh sau:
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Hnh 5.3 : Phn global
- dng vic cu hnh chia s tp tin windows c bn bn phi cu hnh mt s ty chn gn pha trn ca trang. c bit l bn cn thc hin nhng vic sau : + Nhp vo tn ca workgroup ca windows trong hp np liu ca workgroup. + Nhp vo eth0 trong hp thoi interfaces. + Chn SHARE t danh sch security s xung.c nhiu ch bo mt khc hin c h tr trn mng windown. Nhng ch SHARE l cch d nht qun tr v chnh v vy n l vn c cp y. - Khi bn thc hin xong vic cu hnh cc ty chn , bn nhp vo nt commit changes lu tr cc thay i. v by gi bn sn sng bt u chn cc cy Filesystem m bn mun chia s vi cc my tnh windows trn h thng mng.
5.4.Cu hnh chia s Samba

Nhp vo nt cu hnh SHARES gn pha trn ca trang np mt trang cho php bn cu hnh cc cy th mc samba nh hnh
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Hnh 5.4 : Phn share
- thm mt cy th mc vo danh sch cc chia s samba, bn nhp vo tn m bn mun dng cho vic chia s trn h thng mng, bn nhp vo tn chia s hp thoi Create share v nhp vo nt Create share. Mt s cch ty chn mi xut hin nh hnh trn. - cu hnh vic chia s mi, bn thc hin cc bc sau: + Nhp vo mt m t cho vic chia s trong hp nhp liu Command. + Nhp vo cy th mc m bn mun km theo vic chia s ny trong hp nhp liu path + Nu chia s ny l ch c, chn yes t danh sch s xung Readonly, nu khng chn No + Nu chia s ny c th c truy cp cho ngi dng khch (guest) ngha l ngi dng windows s khng phi nhp vo thng tin ti khon truy cp chn Yes t danh sch guest s xung nu khng chn No. - Sau khi thc hin xong vic cu hnh chia s, nhp nt Commit changes lu tr vic cu hnh ca chia s ny. to thm cc chia s khc, bn nhp tn chia s m bn mun to trong hp nhp liu Create share v lp li ton b qu trnh chia s nh trn. - Khi ng v t khi ng dch v samba swat
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux khi to samba sau khi bn cu hnh n, nhp vo nt status mt trang cha thng tin trng thi c hin th, nhp vo nt Restart smbd v nmbd khi ng li cc thay i cu hnh m bn to nh hnh sau:
Hnh 5.5 : Phn status
5.5.To cc ti khon Samba

- Nhp vo nt password. Mt trang mi c hin th cha cc cng c lm vic vi cc ti khon ngi dng nh hnh:
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Hnh 5.6 : To user cho samba
- thm mt ngi dng, bn nhp vo ti khon c ca ngi dng trong linux trong hp thoi nhp liu server Password Management User Name. Sau , bn nhp vo mt mt m ca dch v tp tin windows cho ngi s dng trong hp thoi nhp liu New Password v nhp n li ln na trong hp thoi Re-type New password. Sau nhn vo nt Add New User thm ngi dng vo. Ngi dng c th dng username Linux ca h v mt m mi truy cp chia s nonguest t my windows trn h thng mng. Ch : xa mt ti khon ngi dng, th nhp vo tn ca ngi dng trong hp nhp liu user name v nhp nt delete user.
5.6.Xem tp tin cu hnh Smb

- Sau khi chng ta cu hnh xong cc chia s c th nhp vo view xem li cc cu hnh ca chng ta va thc hin.
5.7.i Port truy cp mc nh cho Swat

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bc 1 : dung vi Edit file cu hnh /etc/services. Sau tm dng Swat Swat 901/TCP Sa li thnh : port cn i thnh/TCP
Bc 2 : dung vi Edit file cu hnh /etc/xinetd.d/Swat sau d sa thnh :

service swat { disable = no port = port cn chuyn thnh socket_type = stream wait = no only_from = 172.29.14.149 localhost user = root server = /usr/sbin/swat log_on_failure += USERID } 6.
Ci t v cu hnh dch v DNS (Domain Name Systems)

6.1.Gii thiu
DNS (Domain Name System) l mt h c s d liu phn tn dng nh x gia cc tn min v cc a ch IP. DNS a ra mt phng php c bit duy tr v lin kt cc nh x ny trong mt th thng nht. Trong phm vi ln hn, cc my tnh kt ni vi internet s dng DNS to a ch lin kt dng URL (Universal Resource Locators). Theo phng php ny, mi my tnh s khng cn s dng a ch IP cho kt ni m ch cn s dng tn min (domain name) truy vn n kt ni . Vi m hnh phn cp nh hnh di y :
Hnh 6.1. m hnh phn cp DNS
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V d hot ng ca DNS:
Hnh 6.2. M hnh hot ng
6.2.
C ch phn gii tn
6.2.1. Phn gii tn thnh IP Root name server : L my ch qun l cc nameserver mc top-level domain. Khi c truy vn v mt tn min no th Root Name Server phi cung cp tn v a ch IP ca name server qun l top-level domain (Thc t l hu ht cc root server cng chnh l my ch qun l toplevel domain) v n lt cc name server ca top-level domain cung cp danh sch cc name server c quyn trn cc secondlevel domain m tn min ny thuc vo. C nh th n khi no tm c my qun l tn min cn truy vn. Qua trn cho thy vai tr rt quan trng ca root name server trong qu trnh phn gii tn min. Nu mi root name server trn mng Internet khng lin lc c th mi yu cu phn gii u khng thc hin c. Hnh v di m t qu trnh phn gii grigiri.gbrmpa.gov.au trn mng Internet
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Hnh 6.3 C ch phn gii a ch Ip
Client s gi yu cu cn phn gii a ch IP ca my tnh c tn girigiri.gbrmpa.gov.au n name server cc b. Khi nhn yu cu t resolver, Nameserver cc b s phn tch tn ny v xt xem tn min ny c do mnh qun l hay khng. Nu nh tn min do server cc b qun l, n s tr li a ch IP ca tn my ngay cho resolver. Ngc li, server cc b s truy vn n mt Root Name Server gn nht m n bit c. Root Name Server s tr li a ch IP ca Name Server qun l min au. My ch name server cc b li hi tip name server qun l min au v c tham chiu n my ch qun l min gov.au. My ch qun l gov.au ch dn my name server cc b tham chiu n my ch qun l min gbrmpa.gov.au. Cui cng my name server cc b truy vn my ch qun l min gbrmpa.gov.au v nhn c cu tr li. Cc loi truy vn : truy vn c th 2 dng : - Truy vn quy (recursive query) : Khi nameserver nhn c truy vn dng ny, n bt buc phi tr v kt qu tm c hoc thng bo li nu nh truy vn ny khng phn gii c. Nameserver khng th tham chiu truy vn n mt name
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux server khc. Nameserver c th gi truy vn dng quy hoc tng tc n nameserver khc nhng n phi thc hin cho n khi no c kt qu mi thi. - Truy vn tng tc: khi nameserver nhn c truy vn dng ny, n tr li cho resolver vi thng tin tt nht m n c c vo thi im lc . Bn thn nameserver khng thc hin bt c mt truy vn no thm. Thng tin tt nht tr v c th ly t d liu cc b (k c cache). Trong trng hp nameserver khng tm thy trong d liu cc b n s tr v tn min v a ch IP ca nameserver gn nht m n bit. 6.2.2. Phn gii IP thnh tn my tnh nh x a ch IP thnh tn my tnh c dng din dch cc tp tin log cho d c hn. N cn dng trong mt s trng hp chng thc trn h thng UNIX (kim tra cc tp tin .rhost hay host.equiv). Trong khng gian tn min ni trn d liu -bao gm c a ch IP- c lp ch mc theo tn min. Do vi mt tn min cho vic tm ra a ch IP kh d dng c th phn gii tn my tnh ca mt a ch IP, trong khng gian tn min ngi ta b sung thm mt nhnh tn min m c lp ch mc theo a ch IP. Phn khng gian ny c tn min l in-addr.arpa. Mi nt trong min in-addr.arpa c mt tn nhn l ch s thp phn ca a ch IP. V d: min inaddr.arpa c th c 256 subdomain, tng ng vi 256 gi tr t 0 n 255 ca byte u tin trong a ch IP. Trong mi subdomain li c 256 subdomain con na ng vi byte th hai. C nh th v n byte th t c cc bn ghi cho bit tn min y ca cc my tnh hoc cc mng c a ch IP tng ng.
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Hnh 6.4 Phn gii Ip thnh tn my tnh
Lu : khi c tn min a ch IP s xut hin theo th t ngc. V d nu a ch IP ca my winnie.corp.hp.com l 15.16.192.152, khi nh x vo min inaddr.arpa s l 152.192.16.15.inaddr.arpa 6.3. Domain Name Space
C s d liu phn tn ca DNS c ch mc bi domain name, v bn cht mi domain name ch l mt phn trong mt h thng cy nghch o (domain name space), nh hnh v bn di. Cu trc cy c th t tng t nh h thng file ca UNIX. Cy c mt im gc root v c th r nhnh nhng im giao nhau (node), chiu su ca cy ti a l 127 cp. Domain Names: Mi node trong cy c mt nhn (ti a 63 k t). Tn domain name y ca mt node trong cy l mt chui cc nhn i t node n root. Trong DNS, nhng node ngang hng vi nhau c cng mt node cha phi c tn khc nhau. Domains: Domain ch l mt nhnh con ca domain name space.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Domain name ca mt domain tng t nh domain name ca mt node v tr cao nht ca domain , xem hnh v: Tng t trong h thng filesystem, mc cao nht trong th mc /usr, ta c mt node /usr Mt domain name c th nm trong nhiu nhnh, v cng c th trong nhiu domain, v d, domain name pa.ca.us l mt phn ca ca.us domain v cng l mt phn ca domain us 6.4. S khc nhau gia Domain Name v Zone
Mt min gm nhiu thc th nh hn gi l min con (subdomain). V d: min ca bao gm nhiu min con nh ab.ca, on.ca, qc.ca,...(nh hnh v di). Bn c th y quyn mt s min con cho nhng DNS Server khc qun l. Nhng min v min con m DNS Server c quyn qun l gi l zone. Nh vy, mt Zone c th gm mt min, mt hay nhiu min con. Hnh sau m t s khc nhau gia zone v domain.
Hnh 6.5 Domain v zone
6.5. Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)

Mi nt trn cy c mt tn gi(khng cha du chm) di ti a 63 k t. Tn rng dnh ring cho gc (root) cao nht v biu din bi du chm. Mt tn min y ca mt nt chnh l chui tun t cc tn gi ca nt hin ti i ngc ln nt gc, mi tn gi cch nhau bi du chm. Tn min c xut hin du chm sau cng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c gi l tn tuyt i (absolute) khc vi tn tng i l tn khng kt thc bng du chm. Tn tuyt i cng c xem l tn min y c chng nhn (fully qualified domain name - FQDN) .
6.6. Phn loi Domain Name Server

6.6.1. Primary Name Server Mi min phi c mt Primary Name Server. Server ny c ng k trn Internet qun l min. Mi ngi trn Internet u bit tn my tnh v a ch IP ca server ny. Ngi qun tr DNS s t chc nhng tp tin CSDL trn Primary Name Server. Server ny c nhim v phn gii tt c cc my trong min hay Zone. 6.6.2. Secondary Name Server Mi min c mt Primary Name Server qun l CSDL ca min. Nu nh server ny tm dng hat ng v mt l do no th vic phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP v ngc li xem nh b gin on. Vic gin on ny lm nh hng rt ln n nhng t chc c nhu cu trao i thng tin ra ngoi Internet cao. Nhm khc phc nhc im ny, nhng nh thit k a ra mt Server d phng gi l Secondary (hay Slave) Name Server. Server ny c nhim v sao lu tt c nhng d liu trn Primary Name Server v khi Primary Name Server b gin on th n s m nhn vic phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP v ngc li. Trong mt min c th c mt hay nhiu Secondary Name Server. Theo mt chu k, Secondary s sao chp v cp nht CSDL t Primary Name Server. Tn v a ch IP ca Secondary Name Server cng c mi ngi trn Internet bit n. 6.6.3. Caching Name Server Caching Name Server khng c bt k tp tin CSDL no. N c chc nng phn gii tn my trn nhng mng xa thng qua nhng Name Server khc. N lu gi li nhng tn my c phn gii trc c phn gii trc v c s dng trong nhng trng hp sau: + Lm tng tc phn gii bng cch s dng cache
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux + Gim bt gnh nng phn gii tn my cho cc name server + Gim vic lu thng trn nhng mng tin.
6.7.Ci t BIND bng dng lnh

6.7.1. Ci t d liu cho DNS Ta cu hnh nhiu file c s d liu (database files) trong mt file nh x tt c host name vo a ch, v file khc nh x t a ch vo host name (phn gii ngc). v file /etc/named.conf. Tt c cc entries trong database file c gi l NDS resource records. Khng phn bit in hoa. Ta c cc loi resource records trong database sau:

SOA record : NS record : Other records : A: PTR :
Indicates authority for this zone data. Lists a name server for this zone Data about hosts in this zone nh x tn thnh a ch nh x a ch thnh tn.
CNAME : 6.7.1.1.
Canonical name (for aliases SOA (Start Of Authoryty) record
Entry u tin trong file l SOA (start of authority) resource record. Trong mi tp tin CSDL phi c mt v ch mt record SOA Record SOA ch ra rng my ch name server l ni cung cp thng tin tin cy t d liu c trong zone. C php ca record SOA: [ tn min ] IN SOA [ tn-server-dns ] [ a-ch-email ] (
Serial number Refresh number

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Retry number Expire number Time-to-live number ) V d cu trc ca 1 record SOA (BIND name server) linuxgroup.com. IN SOA dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. root.linuxgroup.com. ( 1 10800 3600 ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours ; Retry after 1 hour
604800 ; Expire after 1 week 86400 ) ; Minimum TTL of 1 day Tn min linuxgroup.com. phi v tr ct u tin v kt thc bng du chm. IN l Internet. dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. l tn ca primary master name server ca d liu ny. root.linuxgroup.com. l a ch mail ca ngi ph trch d liu ny. Lu l a ch mail thay th du @ bng du chm sau root Du ( ) cho php ta m rng ra vit thnh nhiu dng. Tt c cc tham s trong du ( ) c dng cho cc slave name servers Serial : Khi mt slave name server kt ni vi master server ly d liu, trc tin n s kim tra s serial, nu s serial ca master ln hn tc l d liu ht hn s dng v n s load li d liu mi. v vy khi ta cp nht d liu trn name server ta nn tng s serial. refresh : Khong Thi gian (giy) m slave bit phi kim tra li d liu c cn s dng c khng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux retry : Nu slave khng th kt ni vi master name server sau mt khong thi gian refresh th n s c gng kt ni li sau retry giy. expire: Nu slave khng th kt ni vi master server sau khong thi gian expire giy, th slave s khng tr li cho vng d liu khi c truy vn, v n cho rng d liu ny qu c. TTL : Time To Live, gi tr ny c dng cho tt c cc resource record trong file c s d liu. gi tr ny cho php nhng server khc cache li d liu trong 1 khong thi gian xc nh TTL 6.7.1.2. NS (Name Server) record
Record tip theo cn c trong zone l NS (name server) record. Mi name server cho zone s c mt NS record. C php: [ tn-domain ] IN NS [ my-DNS-Server ]
V d 2 record NS sau: linuxgroup.com. linuxgroup.com. IN IN NS NS dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. server.linuxgroup.com.
ch ra 2 name servers cho min linuxgroup.com 6.7.1.3. A (Address) record v CNAME (Canonical Name) record
Tip theo bn to nh x name-to-address (t tn vo a ch). Record A (Address) nh x tn vo a ch. Record CNAME to tn b danh alias tr vo mt tn canonical khc. C php record A [ tn-my-tnh ] IN A [ a-ch-IP ]
V d mt s record A trong tp tin db.linuxgroup

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ; Host addresses ; localhost.linuxgroup.com. IN dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. server.linuxgroup.com. ; ; Multi-homed hosts ; server.linuxgroup.com. server.linuxgroup.com ; Aliases ; server.linuxgroup.com. server.linuxgroup.com IN IN CNAME CNAME phong101.linuxgroup.com. www.linuxgroup.com. IN IN A A 192.168.100.2 192.168.100.3 IN A IN A 127.0.0.1 A 192.168.100.1
192.168.100.2
Khi mt name server tm kim mt tn v tm thy CNAME record th n s thay th tn bng canonical name v tip tc tm vi tn mi. v d. khi name server tm www.linuxgroup.com, n pht hin mt CNAME record tr n dnsserver.linuxgroup.com, sau dnsserver.linuxgroup.com s c tm v kt qu tr v l c 2. 6.7.1.4. MX (Mail Exchange) record
DNS dng record MX trong vic vn chuyn mail trn mng Internet. Ban u chc nng chuyn mail da trn 2 record: record MD (mail destination) v record MF (mail forwarder). MD ch ra ch cui cng ca mt thng ip mail c tn min c th. MF ch ra my ch trung gian s chuyn tip mail n c my ch ch cui cng. Tuy nhin vic t chc hot ng ny khng tt. Do , chng c tch hp
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux li thanh mt record l MX. Khi nhn c mail, trnh chuyn mail (mailer) s da vo record MX quyt nh ng i ca mail. Record MX ch ra mt mail exchanger cho mt min mail exchanger l mt my ch x l (chuyn mail n mailbox cc b hay lm gateway chuyn sang mt giao thc chuyn mail khc nh UUCP) hoc chuyn tip mail n mt mail exchanger khc (trung gian) gn vi mnh nht n ti my ch ch cui cng hn dng giao thc SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - trnh vic gi mail b lp li, record MX c thm 1 gi tr b sung ngoi tn min ca mail exchanger l 1 s th t tham chiu. y l gi tr nguyn khng du 16-bit (0-65535) ch ra th t u tin ca cc mail exchanger - Khai bo cho mail, tt c cc mail s c chuyn i da vo MX record ny. - C php: [ tn-domain ] - V d record MX sau: linuxgroup.com. linuxgroup.com. IN IN MX MX 0 5 mailserver.linuxgroup.com. mail.linuxgroup.com. IN MX [-u-tin] [tn-mail-server]
- Cc gi tr 0, 5 xc nh u tin ca mail server. Gi tr cng nh u tin cng cao. 2 dng trn c ngha sau: mail ca min linuxgroup.com s c nhn bi my mailserver.linuxgroup.com v mail.linuxgroup.com trong my mailserver.linuxgroup.com s c u tin hn. C ngha l mail s c a v my mailserver.linuxgroup.com, ch a v my mail.linuxgroup.com khi mailserver.linuxgroup.com qu bn hay b down.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux - Trnh chuyn th mailer s th phn pht th n mail exchanger c s th t tham chiu nh nht trc. Nu khng chuyn th c th mail exchanger vi gi tr k sau s c chn. Trong trng hp c nhiu mail exchanger c cng s tham chiu th mailer s chn ngu nhin gia chng. 6.7.1.5. PTR (Pointer) record
Tip theo ta to nh x address-to-name (t a ch vo tn) trong tp tin db.172.16.1 bng cch dng record PTR (pointer) - C php [a-ch-IP] IN - V d: 1.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 2.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 3.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 4.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN IN IN IN PTR dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. PTR server.linuxgroup.com. PTR mailserver.linuxgroup.com. PTR mail.linuxgroup.com PTR [tn-my-tnh]
6.7.2. Setting up a BIND configuration File Trc khi cu hinh nhng Name Server chng ta cn phi tri qua nhng bc sau: ng k mt domain name To mt danh sch nhng tn v a ch IP tng ng. To tp tin /etc/named.conf
To nhng tp tin d liu cho zone. Tp tin /etc/named.conf Sau khi to xong file c s d liu, name server cn phi c hng dn c
file d liu bng cch cu hnh file /etc/named.conf. Tp tin ny cha thong tin
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux quan trng c s dng bi daemon named khi daemon ny start. Ni dung tp tin ny nh sau: options { directory "/var/named"; // Place additional options here. forwarders { 192.168.100.1; };
}; directory /var/named : Khai bo v tr lu cc file c s d liu.
forwarders : ch ra nhng a ch IP ca cc name server m n s gi yu cu truy vn khi c nhu cu. zone "linuxgroup.com" in { type master; file "db.linuxgroup.com"; }; type : loi name server master : nu l primary name server. slave : nu l secondary name server, server ny lu mt bn
sao CSDL t master. Nu mt tp tin c ch ra n s sao chp ton b zone master v.

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Master ch khng phi ton b d liu.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Hint : zone ch ra nhng root name server
Master : ch ra a ch IP ca master name server file : tn tp tin c s d liu
zone "." in { type hint; file "db.cache"; }; =>Dng cu hnh name server dng cache 6.7.3. Cu hnh Primary Name Server Khi cu hnh Primary Name Server, bn phi tri qua nhng bc sau:

nh ngha zone trong tp tin /etc/named.conf. To tp tin CSDL phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP. To tp tin CSDL phn gii tn a ch IP thnh tn my tinh.
Sau y l cc bc tun t: To tp tin /etc/named.conf V d v to tp tin /etc/named.conf cho min linuxgroup.com options { directory /var/named; }; zone . { type hint; file named.ca;
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux }; zone localhost { type master; file localhost.zone; allow-update { none; }; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file "named.local"; allow-update { none; }; }; zone "linuxgroup.com" in { type master; file "named.hosts"; }; zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file named.rev }; To tp tin c s d liu chuyn i tn my tnh thnh a ch IP - Gi s tp tin ny c tn l named.host - Tp tin ny lu danh sch tt c nhng my tnh trong min. N c dng phn gii tn my tnh thnh a ch IP. Nhng record khc nh : CNAME, MX cng c nh ngha trong tp tin ny.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V d: @ IN SOA dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. root.linuxgroup.com. (
2001112800; 10800; 1800; 36000; 86400 ) IN IN NS MX dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. 0 IN IN mailserver www
mailserver.linuxgroup.com. A A IN IN 192.168.100.1 192.168.100.2 A 192.168.100.3 server.linuxgroup.com.
dnsserver server
CNAME
To tp tin CSDL chuyn i a ch IP thnh tn my tnh Gi s tp tin ny c tn named.rev Tp tin ny c s dng phn gii a ch IP thnh tn my V du v tp tin ny: @ IN SOA dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. root.linuxgroup.com. (
2001112800; 10800; 1800; 36000; 86400 ) IN NS dnsserver.linuxgroup.com.

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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux IN 1
2
MX
mailserver.linuxgroup.com.
IN
IN
PTR dnserver.linuxgroup.com.
PTR server.linuxgroup.com.
6.7.4. Cu hnh Secondary Name Server

Cu hnh Secondary Name Server tng t nh cu hnh Primary Name Server nhng c mt s im khc nh sau: Khng to cc tp tin CSDL cho zone. Nhng tp tin ny s t ng c sao chp t Primary Name Server v lu ti my mt bn. Trong tp tin /etc/named.conf thay th thuc tnh type l master thnh slave. Cung cp a ch IP ca Primary Name Server Sau y l v d tp tin named.conf cu hnh Secondary Name Server. options { directory /etc/DNS; forwarders { 192.168.20.1 }; }; zone . { type hint; file root.cache; }; zone localhost { type master;
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux file localhost.zone; allow-update { none; }; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file "127.0.0"; notify yes; }; zone "linuxgroup.com" in { type master; file "named.hosts"; }; zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file named.rev }; zone "secgroup.net" in { type slave; file "sec/secgroup.net "; masters { 192.168.100.1 }; };
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux zone "100.168.172.in-addr.arpa" in { type slave; file named.rev master { 172.168.100.1 }; }; 6.7.5. Mt s quy c Field th 2 trong khai bo zone ca file /etc/named (zonednsserver.linuxgroup.com v zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa")c th gip ta mt s khai bo nhanh chng trong file c s d liu sau:
dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. c th vit: dnsserver c th vit 1 @ IN 1 10800 3600 SOA ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours ; Retry after 1 hour 86400 ) ; Minimum TTL of 1 day tng ng vi: linuxgroup.com. IN 1 10800 3600 ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours ; Retry after 1 hour SOA dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. root.linuxgroup.com. ( IN PTR dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. root.linuxgroup.com. ( dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. IN A PTR 192.168.100.1 dnsserver.linuxgroup.com. 1.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN IN A 192.168.100.1
604800 ; Expire after 1 week
604800 ; Expire after 1 week 86400 ) ; Minimum TTL of 1 day
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Nu field u ca mt entry trong file c s d liu l cc khong trng hay spacebar th n s ly resource record ngay dng trn ca n. V d:
server1 IN A IN 192.168.100.3 A 192.168.100.5
Tng ng vi:
server1 server1 IN IN A A 192.168.100.3 192.168.100.5
6.7.6. Khi ng Domain Name Server Ta dng script khi ng: # /etc/rc.d/init.d/named start
6.8.S dng BIND configuration Tool

6.8.1. Gii thiu BIND = Berkeley Internet Name Domain, y l cng c gip ta cu hnh bind mt cch d dng m khng cn thng qua dng lnh. - Yu cu: Trc ht kim tra xem bind c ci c ci t trn my tnh cha: rpm q bind - Cc tp tin cu hnh ca bind Tp tin cu hnh named /etc/named.conf /etc/rndc.conf Tp tin c s d liu Zone /var/named/* - Khi ng system-config-bind ng nhp bng ti khon root.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Vo Desktop > System Settings > Server Settings > Domain Name Service Hoc gi lnh : # system-config-bind 6.8.2. Ci t cc cu hnh mc nh cho BIND Nu bn cha ci t bt c tp tin cu hnh mc nh cho bind khi system-configbind thc thi, mt hp thoi xut hin nhc nh cho php ci t cc cu hnh khi to cho bind. Click chn OK chp nhn
Hnh 6.6 Yu cu ci t mc nh
6.8.3. Cu hnh BIND Giao din chnh ca Bind:
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Hnh 6.7 Giao din chnh ca Bind
- Cu hnh: Xt v d, bn s phn gii a ch IP (192.168.1.2) thnh tn min (www.linuxgroup.com). Thao tc lm nh sau : a/ To zone phn gii a ch IP thnh tn min: Chn New > Zone
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Hnh 6.8 To zone
Trong mc Class : chn IN Internet
Origin Type : chn Forward Zone Type : chn Master Sau nhp chn nt OK bn di Class v Origin
Type:
Hnh 6.9 Zone cn to
Trong textbox IN, bn nhp a ch mun phn gii, lu phi c du . cui tn min. V d : linuxgroup.com.
Sau nhp chn OK.
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Hnh 6.10 Cc thng s m rng zone thun
Responsible Person Email Address : nhp a ch email ca ngi qun tr website. Nhp cc tham s ph hp vi yu cu ca bn.
Sau nhp chn OK to zone mi. b/ To zone phn gii a ch tn min thnh a ch IP
Chn New > Zone
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Hnh 6.11 To zone thun
Class : chn IN
Internet
Origin Type : chn IPV4 Reverse Zone Type : chn master
Sau nhp chn nt OK di Class v Origin Type
Hnh 6.12 To zone ngc
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Hnh 6.13 To zone ngc
Mc nh l ng mng thuc lp A (192.x.x.x), thay i ng mng, nhn chn nt Add. V d: y ta chn n mng thuc lp C (192.168.1.x)
Sau nhp chn OK.
Hnh 6.14 Cc thng s m rng zone ngc
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- Responsible Person Email Address : nhp a ch email ca ngi qun tr website. Nhp cc tham s ph hp vi yu cu ca bn. - Sau nhp chn OK to zone mi.
Sau khi to ra 2 zone nh trn, giao din bind s nh sau :
Hnh 6.15 Sau khi to cc zone thnh cng
Bn thy s xut hin zone mi l 192.168.1 v linuxgroup.com c / To record PTR: Bn to record PTR nh x mt a ch IP c th trong ng mng 192.168.1.x thnh tn min.
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Click chn zone 192.168.1, sau nhp chn New > PTR Reverse Address Mapping
mc Domain Name, chn a ch IP phn gii thnh tn min. (vd: 192.168.1.2) mc Host Name: nhp tn min cn nh x ti V d : linuxgroup.com. =>> Lu : kt thc bng du chm .
Sau nhp chn OK to record
Hnh 6.16 To Record PTR
Record sau khi c to s nh sau :
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Hnh 6.17 Sau khi to Record PTR
d. / To nh x t tn vo a ch
Nhp chn zone linuxgroup.com, sau chn New > A IPv4 Address
Domain Name : nhp tn min cn nh x (lu : kt thc bng du .) v d : www.linuxgroup.com. Ipv4 Address : chn a ch IP cn nh x ti. V d : 192.168.1.2
Sau nhp chn OK to record.
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Hnh 6.18 To record A
Record A sau khi c to s nh sau :
Hnh 6.19 Sau khi To record A
e / To record MX
Nhp chn zone linuxgroup.com , sau chn New > MX Mail Exchange
Domain Name : nhp tn domain Priority: chn u tin cho mail server. Mail Server Name : nhp tn ca my tnh lm mail server V d : mail.linuxgroup.com.
Sau nhp chn OK to record mi.
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Hnh 6.20 To record MX
Sau , bn to tip record A phn gii tn mail server thnh a ch IP c th.
Hnh 6.21 To record A phn gii tn mail server thnh a ch IP c th
Domain name : nhp tn min cn phn gii. Ipv4 Address : nhp a ch IP ca my tnh lm mail server.

Sau chn OK to record mi. Kt qu sau khi to record MX v record A nh sau :

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Hnh 6.22 Sau khi cu hnh hon thnh
- Chn File > Save lu li cu hnh ca Bind. -Sau khi cu hnh xong, bn phi khi ng li dch v bind np li cu hnh mi s dng c. # /etc/init.d/named restart - Sau khi khi ng li dch v bind, dng chng trnh nslookup kim tra.
6.9.Chng trnh NSLOOKUP

Nslookup l chng trnh thng c dng kim tra dch v dns xem cu hnh c ng hay khng. ch dng lnh, gi lnh: # nslookup Tip theo , g cc tn min hay a ch IP xem chng c c phn gii hay khng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux V d: kim tra cc tn min v a ch IP m ta cu hnh pha trn.
Hnh 6.23 Test DNS server ti my cc b bng nslookup
7.
Dch V FTP Server (File Tranfer Protocol)

7.1.Gii thiu
- VSFTP l 1 dch v FTP server, chng ta s dng h thng VSFTP c th chia s ti liu (ti nguyn) cho ngi khc.
- FTP l FTP server chy trn mi trng Linux. - VSFTP s phn quyn da trn cu hnh v File Permisson ( c trnh by trn). Hot ng ch Active:
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ch ny, my khch dng 1 cng ngu nhin (cng N>1024) kt ni vo cng 21 ca FTP server. Sau , my khch lng nghe trn cng N+1 v gi lnh n FTP serrver v t cng d liu ca m nh, FTP server kt ni li vi cng d liu ca my khch khai bo trc . Khi FTP server hot ng ch ch ng, client khng to kt ni tht s vo cng d liu ca FTP server, m ch n gin l thng bo cho FTP server bit rng n ang lng nghe trn cng no v Server phi kt ni ngc vo cng . kha cnh Firewall, FTP h tr ch active cc knh truyn phi m : Cng 21 ca FTP server phi c m cho bt c ngun gi no ( client khi to kt ni Cho kt ni t cng 20 ca FTP server n cc cng >1024 (server khi to kt ni vo cng d liu ca client) Nhn kt ni n cng 20 ca FTP server t cc cng >1024 .
S kt ni Active:
Bc 1: Client khi to kt ni vo cng 21 ca server v gi lnh PORT 1027.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bc 2: server gi xc nhn ACK v cng lnh ca client. Bc 3: server khi to kt ni t cng 20 ca mnh n cng d liu m client khai bo trc . Bc 4: client gi ACK phn hi cho server. Hot ng ch Passive ch th ng, FTP client to kt ni n server, trnh vn firewall lc kt ni n cng ca my bn trong t server. Khi kt ni FTP c m, client s m 2 cng dnh ring (>1024), cng th nht dng lin lc vi cng 21 ca FTP server, nhng thay v gi lnh PORT v sau l server kt ni ngc tr li , th lnh PASS c pht ra. Kt qu l server s m mt cng bt k (>1024) v gi lnh PORT P ngc tr li cho client . Sau client t kt ni t cng th hai vo cng P trn server truyn d liu. h tr cho FTP ch passive, cc knh truyn cn phi c m l: Cng 21 ca FTP server nhn kt ni t bt c ngun no (cho client t khi to kt ni) Cho php tr li t cng 21 ca FTP server ti bt c cng no (>1024) Nhn kt ni trn cng FTP server >1024 t bt c ngun no (client kt ni truyn d liu n cng ngu nhin m server ch ra). Cho php tr li t cng FTP server >1024 n cc cng >1024 ca client
S kt ni passive:
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Bc 1: client gi yu cu. Bc 2: server tr li bng lnh PORT 2024, cho client bit cng 2024 ang c m nhn kt ni d liu. Bc 3: client to kt ni truyn d liu t cng d liu ca n n cng d liu 2024 ca server. Bc 4: server tr li bng xc nhn ACK v cho cng d liu ca client. Ch : i vi FTP th ng, cng m lnh PORT m t chnh l cng s c m trn server. Cn i vi FTP ch ng cng ny s c m client
7.2.FTP Server
FTP server l my ch lu tr nhng ti nguyn v h tr giao thc FTP giao tip vi nhng my khc cho php truyn d liu trn internet.
7.3.FTP Client
My c th giao tip c vi FTP server gi l FTP client. Khi m mt phin lm vic FTP server v FTP client iu dng giao thc FTP. thit lp c mt phin lm vic ta cn phi c ti khon trn FTP servers. Mt s dng lnh dng trong FTP.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Dng lnh help [command] cd [directory] create [filename] debug version dir echo get lcd [directory] lls lookup host lpage filename lpwd mkdir directory name mode mode open [option] hostname Chc nng Lit k tt c cc dng lnh trong FTP Thay i th mc lm vic trn my ch FTP To mt file rng trn my t xa, bn c th s dng file ny nh mt tin nhn. Bc ch bt li on hoc off Hin th version ca phn mm FTP Hin th tt c cc th mc trn FTP Hin th mt chui, s dng macros Download mt file t my ch FTP v my ang lm vic. Chuyn i th mc lm vic trn my cc b Lng nghe tt c cc flie trn th mc ca my ang lm vic. HIn th danh sch nhng my trm Hin th ni dung ca file trn my cc b, mi ln mt trang Hin th cc my khch ang lm vic. To mt th mc trn my FTP server Chuyn i ch (b for block mode, s for stream mode) Kt ni ti mt FTP server. Mt s option c th chn khi thc hin lnh open: -a: login bng ti khon anonymous -u: login vi mt user v password -r : kt ni t ng -d: Hin th thi gian tr hon trc khi quay s; s dng vi tham s -r -g: Hin th s max ca quay s, s dng vi tham s -r page filename pdir
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux pls redir predir Ging nh lnh ls, nhng c th xut ra mt trang. c s dng trn giao din dng lnh. Khng hin th th mc cui khi l ng nghe. Khng hin th th mc cui khi dng lnh dir v xut ra mt trang nu ang lm vic trn giao din dng lnh. put filename Uploads mt file ln FTP server pwd Hin th th mc ang lm vic trn my t xa rename orig-name new-name Thay i tn ca mt file trn my t xa. quit Thot khi FTP server quote Gi mt giao thc FTP n server. rhelp [command] Gi mt yu cu gip n my t xa. rm filenames Xa mt file trn my t xa. rmdir directories Xa mt th mc. site command Thc hin lnh c th. type type Thay i kiu (ASCII, binary, image) ! command Escapes to the shell and executes the following shell command or script Thot v thc hin a. Download t FTP server v my cc b: Dng dng lnh get [option] Option: Command -G -R directory -f filenames -C -z remote-file local-file -n num Chc nng Bc ch Turns wildcard matching cho cc file l on hoc off Downloads mt th mc v tt c cc th mc con. Tc ca tt c cc file c bit Tc bt u li ca download t ni c ngt. Thay i tn ca mt file khi download file ny t my ch v my khch. Downloads tt c cc file trc mt ngy c th.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux khi bn download mt file khng thnh bn c th s dng li dng lnh mget download li file ny. b. Upload mt file ln FTP server:
Dng lnh Put
7.4.Cc bc thc hin ci t

C 2 cch ci t: Trc ht chng ta nn kim tra xem Linux ang xi c h tr VsFTP hay cha. Kim tra bng cch vo Server FTP Server Cch th 1: Nu Linux c h tr sn dch v VSFTP. - Kim tra xem VsFTP c ci trc sn trong my cha : Kim tra bng cch vo th mc /etc nu c VsFTP th s tm c 1 th mc l vsftp. - Nu th mc vsftp cha c th chng ta s tin hnh ci t bng cch vo Add/Remove program v Add them vo Service VsFTP. Cch th 2: Nu Linux khng c h tr sn VsFTP th: Truy cp ln a ch ftp://rpmfind.net/linux/fedora/core/4/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/vsftpd-2.0.31.i386.rpm down load file vsftpd-2.0.3-1.i386.rpm v my File ny thc cht ch l 1 file nn nhng khi double click vo th n c chc nng tng t nh file . exe bn Windown, n s t ng bung cho mnh nhng file cn thit vo ng nhng ch cn thit. Sau khi chy xong file ny th VsFTP c ci t thnh cng. System Setting Add/Remove Application
7.4.1. Cu hnh 1 Server VSFTPD

Sau khi ci t xong th th mc chnh ca VsFTP l /etc/vsftp. Bn trong th mc ny s c 1 file cu hnh chnh l vsftpd.conf . File ny dng file text.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bn cnh cn 1 file text quan trong na l file user_list , chc nng ca 2 file ny s c trnh by tip theo sau: File vsftpd.conf C 3 dng bin c s dng trong file ny thay i cc OPTION trong cu hnh. Dng 1: BOOLEAN OPTION <tn option>=YES hay <tn option>=NO Vd: no_log_lock =NO Dng 2: NUMERIC OPTION <tn option>=<1 s> Vd: accept_timeout = 60 Dng 3: STRING OPTION <tn option>=<chui>
Vd: banner_email_file=/etc/banner
7.4.2. User ca Server VSFTPD VsFTP dng chung user vi user do linux qun l. Khi to bn Linux 1 user mi vi tn v password y th mc ca user s l th mc chnh khi user ng nhp vo h thng. Chng ta c th phn quyn trn th mc phn quyn ngi dng trn Server
7.4.3. Mt s Option quan trng

BOOLEAN + listen : y l 1 option rt quan trng dng bt tt ch Standalone, mc nh Option ny l NO. Tuy nhin i vi tt c cc my chy VsFTP n l nht thit phi thit lp option listen=YES , nu khng thit lp Server VsFTP s khng khi ng c.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux + anomymous : option ny nu =YES th cho php ng nhp vo server vi vai tr anomynous. Default =YES. Nu server FTP ngi dng mun xy dng v khng cho s xm nhp ca ngi l th nn set anomynous=NO. + local_enable : c cho php user hin ang trn local host truy xut n Server FTP ang chy local. Default = NO + write_enable : cho php user c c ghi ln server hay khng. y l 1 option quan trng n cng 1 phn quyt nh v FTP server dng no : ch c, c th ghi, vvv. Default = NO. + anon_upload_enable : cho php user anonumous c c upload file hay khng. option ny phi c cu hnh chun vi option write_enable pha trn. Nu mun user upload file c th ng thi bt 2 option ny bng YES. Default = NO + anon_mkdir_enable : cho php user anonymous to c th mc trn server, nu bt YES th write_enable cng phi bt YES. + download_enable : cho php User download file hay khng. Nu =NO, tt c cc yu cu download u b t chi ht. Default = YES. + userlist_deny: NO cho php cc user trong danh sch trong File user_list c php truy cp vo FTP (file user_list nm cng th mc vi File cu hnh). Nu YES th ngc li. NUMERIC + max_client : khi cht standalone c bt tc listen=YES th max_client ny quy nh s kt ni ti a ca Client vo Server. Default = 0 . nu =0 tc l khng gii hn s kt ni. + connect_timeout: quy nh thi gian timeout cho 1 connection, c tnh bng giy. Default = 60 + data_connection_timeout : quy nh thi gian ti a thc hin vic truyn d liu, qu thi gian ny s b ct khi truyn . tnh bng giy. Mc nh l 300. bo m vic truyn d liu th chng ta cng nn option ny c 1 gi tr cao. + file_open_mode : umask ca file s c user upload (nu server cho php upload) . Default = 0666
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Tham kho thm cc Option ti a ch : http://vsftpd.beasts.org/vsftpd_conf.html STRING +listren_address: khi server ch StandAlone a ch lng nghe mc nh s c thay bng a ch ny. +vsftpd_log_file: tn file log m server s ghi log xung + ftp_username: y l tn user mnh s s dng qun l cho cc anonymous user. Default : ftp 7.4.4. Khi ng Sau khi chng ta cu hnh xong th cng vic tip theo l cn phi khi ng server . Server c 3 lnh chnh l start, top, restart. gi thc hin 3 lnh ny th c 2 cch. Cch 1: lnh /etc/init.d/vsftpd start /etc/init.d/vsftpd stop /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart Cch 2: l cch khi ng chung cho cc server service vsftpd start service vsftpd stop service vsftpd restar c th mc nh mi ln khi ng my th VsFTP c khi ng theo: + dng cho dng Redhat/ Fedora:
+ dng cho dng ubuntu/ debian:
chkconfig vsftpd on sysv-rc-conf on
7.4.5. Testing VSFTPD Sau y l cch kim tra xem VsFTP c ang hot ng hay khng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cch 1: vo System Monitor Cch 2: nh lnh sau y: netstat a | grep ftp ngha ca lnh l hin ra tt c cc tin trnh ang chy nn vi b lc l cc tin trnh FTP Kt qu sau y ta c c khi VsFTP c khi ng: tcp V d 1 cu hnh 1 Server FTP cho anonymous, c 2 th mc 1 th mc B c th ghi v 1 th mc A ch c,c th download v khng ghi c. Bc 1: vo user & group to 1 group v user c tn l ftp Sau khi to xong th c 1 th mc /home/ftp . th mc ny l th mc chnh ca user ftp Bc2: vo trong /home/ftp to 2 th mc A v B bng lnh: mkdir mkdir A mkdir B Bc 3: Cu hnh Permission cho 2 th mc u tin chng ta nn chuyn quyn s hu cho 1 user khc. Nn l user Admin Chuyn quyn s hu bng lnh chmod 774 A th mc B cho php c v ghi vi Anonymous:
*:ftp
*:*
LISTEN
chown
th mc A ch cho php c i vi Anonymous:
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chmod 776 B Bc 4 Cu hnh li File vsftpd.conf Cc cu hnh cn thit trong File by gi l: listen=YES anonymous=YES write_enable=YES anon_upload_enable=YES download_enable=YES Bc 5: Khi ng VsFTP service vsftpd start V d 2 Cu hnh 1 server FTP khng cho anonymous ng nhp.c nhiu th mc, tt c cc user c th thy v c tt c cc th mc v ch c th mc ca mnh l c th ghi c. Bc 1: To 1 group chung c tn bt k ( y ly tn l xam) To cc user thuc group v ly th mc chung lm th mc gc lun Nh vy th mc l /home/xam Bc2: To cc th mc cho cc user v phn quyn. Phn quyn 744 cho tt c cc th mc Bc 3: Cu hnh li File vsftpd.conf Cc cu hnh cn thit trong File by gi l: listen=YES anonymous=NO
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux write_enable=YES anon_upload_enable=NO download_enable=YES Bc 4: Khi ng VsFTP service vsftpd start 7.4.6. Thit lp my o My o l my khc cc my trm truy nhp trn a ch IP khc (a ch IP o) v nhn c chuyn hng ti site FTP khc. thit lp my o, thc hin cc bc sau: Bc 1: thit lp a ch IP o To thm cho my tnh mt a ch IP dng phc v cho cc kt ni FTP. Th d, hin ti my tnh c mt a ch l 192.168.1.2, ngi dng to thm a ch 192.168.1.10. Bc 2: to ti khon ngi dng v v tr cho site o mi. to ti khon ngi dng v th mc cha ni dung cho site, thc hin cn lnh sau: # useradd d /var/ftp_site2 ftp_site2 # chown root.root /var/ftp_site2 # chmod a+rx /var/ftp_site2 # umask 022 # mkdir /var/ftp_site2/pub # echo test > /var/ftp_site2/pud/content Bc 3: thay i ni dung site hin c tr li cho a ch IP chnh Sa tp tin /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd, v b sung theo dng sau:
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bind = 192.168.1.2 Bc 4: to mt site mi, tr li cho a ch IP o To mt tp tin cu hnh mi # cp /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd2 Sa vsftpd2 nh sau: - Sa dng bind thnh bind = 192.168.1.10 - B sung thm dng server_args = /etc/vsftpd_site2.conf, gi thi hnh site FTP ny vi tp tin cu hnh vsftpd khc. To tp tin cu hnh cho vsftpd # cp /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd_site2.conf B sung thm hai dng: ftp_username=ftp_site2 ftpd_banner=this is the alternative FTP site Bc 5: khi ng li xinetd v kim tra Khi ng li xinetd # /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart Kim tra truy nhp $ ftp 192.168.1.2 Connected to 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2). 220 ready,dude (vsFTPd 1.1.0: beat me, break me) Name (192.168.1.2:chris): 530 this FTP server is anonymous only. Login failed.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ftp> quit 221 Goodbye $ ftp 192.168.1.10 Connected to 192.168.1.10 (192.168.1.10). 220 this is the alternative FTP site. Name (192.168.1.10: chris): 530 this FTP server is anonymous only. Login failed ftp> 7.4.7. Kt ni ti FTP Server kt ni ti FTP ta c th dng nhiu cch khc nhau nh trnh duyt web hay phn mm. y l cch truy cp bng trnh duyt S dng bng trnh duyt IE:
Hnh 7.3 Kt ni FTP Server bng trnh duyt IE
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux FTP server yu cu bn nhp username v password (nu c)
Hnh 7.4 Nhp thng tin ti khon
Giao din sau khi ng nhp thnh cng
Hnh 7.5 Sau khi login thnh cng
8.
Dch V Web Server (WWW)

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8.1.Gii thiu
Apache: web server ph bin nht, chim 2/3 tng s web server hin nay (theo thng k ca Netcraft, http://www.netcraft.com). Apache l mt phn mm c hiu tnh nng mnh v linh hot dng lm Webserver. H tr y nhng giao thc HTT trc y nh HTTP/1.1. C th cu hnh v m rng vi nhng module cu cng ty th 3. Cung cp source code y vi license khng hn ch. Chy trn nhiu h iu hnh nh Windows NT/9x, Netware 5.x, OS/2 v trn hu ht cc h iu hnh Unix. s dng Fedora Core nh mt web server, bn thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Ci t Apache. Ci t cng c system-config-httpd cu
hnh Apache web server web server khi khi ng h thng. i cc yu cu ca web
Cu hnh Linux t ng khi ng Apache
Cu hnh firewall ca Linux cho php trao
8.2.Ci t v cu hnh bng giao din

Ta c th download apache t website chnh sau: http://www.apache.org 8.2.1. Ci t Dng cng c Package Management ci t. Chn Desktop > System Settings > Add/ Remove Applications.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ko thanh trt xung, check vo Web Server.
Hnh 8.1 S dng cng c ci t Apache bng giao din ha
Tip theo ci t cng c system-config-tool trong mc Server configuration tools Chn mc Detail pha bn phi ca Server Configuration Tools
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Hnh 8.2 Ci t cng c cu hnh Apache bng giao din
Tip theo chn vo dng system-config-tool Apache configuration tool, sau chn Close.
Hnh 8.3 Chn gi system-config-httpd ci t
Cui cng chn click vo nt Update ci t cc gi chn.
8.2.2. Cu Hnh HTTP Configuration Tool cho php tp tin cu hnh /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ca Apache HTTP Server bng giao din
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux gi chng trnh, vo Main Menu Button => System Settings => Server Settings => HTTP hay gi lnh # system-config-httpd. S dng HTTP Configuration Tool cu hnh Apache HTTP Server thng gm nhng bc sau :

Cu hnh nhng ci t c bn trong th Main Chn th Virtual Host v cu hnh nhng ci t mc nh. Cu hnh Virtual Host mc nh. Cu hnh cc ci t cho server trong th Server. Cu hnh cc ci t ca cc kt ni trong th Performance Tuning. Sao chp tt c cc tp tin cn thit n th mc DocumentRoot v cgi-bin. Thot khi ng dng v lu nhng ci t li. Th Main
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Hnh 8.4 Giao din httpd
Server Name : nhp tn my server. Webmaster email address : a ch email ca ngi qun tr web server. Available address : ch nh cc port m server chp nhn khi c yu cu
gi n, Chn add thm port vo.
Hnh 8.5 Chn a ch Ip cho php kt ni n Apache
Listen to all addresses : chp nhn tt c cc port kt ni ti. Address :nhp a ch IP cho php kt ni. Port : chn port tng ng vi a ch IP trn.
Chn Edit hiu chnh thng tin ca port kt ni. Th Virtual Hosts :
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Hnh 8.6 Th virtual host
Click vo nt Edit Default Settings chnh sa li cu hnh mc nh. Th Page Options:
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Hnh 8.7 Th Page Option
Directory Page Search List : danh sch cc trang s c gi khi c yu cu Chn Add thm tp tin s c tm kim khi c yu cu.
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Hnh 8.8 Nhp tn tp tin
Error pages : cc trang thng tin li. => Cc gi tr mc nh ca Directory Page Search List v Error pages lm vic
tng thch vi hu ht cc server. Bn cng c th chnh sa theo mnh. Default Error Page Footer : trang Footer li mc nh. Show footer with email address : hin th footer cui ca tt c cc trang b li km vi a ch email. Show footer : ch hin th footer cui trang b li. No footer : khng hin th footer Th logging:
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Hnh 8.9 Th login
Transfer log : cha danh sch tt c cc kt ni ti web server. N ghi li a ch IP ca my client kt ni ti, thi gian kt ni, v cc tp tin trn web server m client ly v. Error log : cha tt c cc li xy ra khi client kt ni ti. =>Mc nh, server s ghi thng tin truy cp vo trong tp tin log /var/log/httpd/access_log v ghi cc li vo trong log /var/log/httpd/error_log Log to file : ghi thng tin log vo tp tin c ch nh.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Log to program : ghi thng tin log vo chng trnh c ch nh. Use system log : s dng tp tin log ca h thng. -Log Level : chn cp log. Cc cp c th chn l emerg, alert, crit, error, warn, notice, info hoc debug. -Reverse DNS Lookup : chn ch tm kim tn min theo hostname. + No Reverse Lookup : tt. + Reverse Lookup : bt. + Double Reverse Lookup : bt ch phn gii tn min 2 ln. Th Environment Thnh thong chng ta cng cn phi hiu chnh cc bin mi trng thc hin c cc m kch bn CGI v hay cc trang SSI (server-side include). Apache HTTP Server c th s dng module mod_env cu hnh cc bin mi trng ny.
Hnh 8.10 Th Environment
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Set for CGI Scripts : a bin mi trng c th thc thi CGI scripts v cc trang SSI. VD: a bin mi trng MAXNUM c gi tr l 50 vo, ta chn Add , trong phn Environment Variable g MAXNUM, phn Value g 50.
Hnh 8.11 Bin mi trng
Pass to CGI Scripts: a vo gi tr ca cc bin mi trng server c th thc thi c cc CGI script. Unset for CGI Scripts: a vo tn ca bin mi trng khng cho php thc thi cc CGI script hoc cc trang SSI.
Hnh 8.12 Bin mi trng
Th Performance
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Hnh 8.13 Th Performance
Nhp chn nt Edit gc phi cu hnh cc tu chn mc nh cho tt c cc th mc ngoi tr cc th mc trong mc Directory.
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Hnh 8.14 Cc ty chn mc nh cho th mc
ExecCGI: cho php thc thi cc CGI script. FollowSymLinks: cho php cc lin kt i km Includes: cho php thc thi cc trang SSI (server-side includes) IncludesNOEXEC: cho php thc thi cc trang SSI nhng tt cc dng lnh #exec v #include trong CGI script. Indexes: trnh by ni dung th mc theo khun mu nu DirectoryIndex (vd : index.html) khng c trong th mc c yu cu.

Multiview : bt tnh nng h tr xem a chiu (mc nh: tt tnh nng ny) SymLinksIfOwnerMatch: ch cho php cc lin kt km theo nu tp tin hay
th mc ngun cng c cc lin kt ging nh vy. cu hnh tu chn cho mt th mc c th, nhp chn nt Add trong mc Directory.
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Hnh 8.15 Cc ci t ca th mc mc nh
Order Let all host access this directory: cho php tt c cc my khch truy cp th mc ny Process Deny list before Allow list: x l mc Deny list trc mc Allow list. Process Allow list before Deny list: x l mc Allow list trc mc Deny list. Deny list Deny access from all hosts: cm tt c cc my khc truy cp. Deny hosts from: cm truy cp t my
Allow list Allow access from all hosts: cho php tt c cc my khc truy cp.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Allow hosts from: cho php truy cp t my.
Cc gi tr hp l trong mc Deny hosts from v Allow hosts from V d ngha all Tt c kt ni ti 192.168.1.148 T mt a ch IP c th 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 Mt ng mng Mt nh tuyn lin min lp (classless interdomain 10.3.0.0/16 routing) Let .htaccess files override directory options : cc ch th cu hnh trong tp tin .htcacess theo mt th t trc sau. Cu hnh virtual hosts (my o) Virtual hosts cho php chy cc server khc nhau da vo cc a ch IP khc nhau, hoc tn khc nhau hoc da vo cc port (cng) khc nhau trn cng mt my server. C 2 kiu virtual host: "IP-based" (mi IP cho mt web-site) v "name-based" (nhiu web-site trn mt IP). Cn hiu r c im ca mi loi (xem http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/vhosts/), ty vo iu kin hin c (s IP) v nhng yu cu c th (m hnh dch v) chn cch thch hp.
Thm hoc chnh sa my o (virtual host) Nhp chn nt Add thm mt my o. Nhp chn nt Edit chnh sa li mt my o c sn.
Mc General Options: cc ci t trong mc ny ch c hiu lc vi virtual host
ang cu hnh. Basic Setup Virtual Host Name: t tn cho my o. Document Root Directory: ng dn ti th mc cha trang ch (vd: index.html)
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Webmaster email address: a ch email ca ngi qun tr web server. Host information : thng tin v cc my client.
IP based Virtual Host: mi IP cho mi web-site
Hnh 8.16 Th virtual hosts
IP address: nhp a ch IP. ch nh nhiu a ch IP, mi a ch IP cch
nhau khong trng. cu hnh mt port, s dng c php IP Address:Port . cu hnh tt c cc port cho a ch IP, s dng IP Address:* Server Host Name : ch nh tn my o.
Name based Virtual Host : nhiu web-site trn mt IP da vo tn o.

ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ci im yu ca vic s dng tn o da vo tn l bn khng th xi SSL (https://) cho tt c cc tn v SSL yu cu mi tn phi c ring mt IP trong khi s dng tn o da vo tn th bn ch c mt IP duy nht cho nhiu tn khc nhau.
Hnh 8.17 Th virtual hosts
IP address: ch nh a ch IP. Server Host Name: ch nh tn my o. Trong mc Alias, nhp chn Add thm mt b danh (alias) cho my. Default Virtual Host: cc ci t ca my o mc nh c s dng khi yu cu ca a ch IP khng c trong cc my o khc. Nu my o mc nh khng xc
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux nh c th nhng ci t trong Main server c s dng. (nn ch c mt my o mc nh).
Hnh 8.18 Default Virtual Host
All request on port: p ng tt c cc yu cu n t port.
Th SSL: Trong hn mi nm, giao thc SSL c s dng rng ri nhm vo mc ch
m bo an ton cho cc giao dch web qua internet. Bn c th tng tng mi ngy c hng triu, hng t la giao dch trn mng dng SSL. Tuy nhin, s tht gin d l chng ta dng SSL mt cch khng thc s cn thit. Cc thng tin c gi qua giao thc ny vn m bo an ton. Cch m ho yu, khng kim chng
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c cc certificate (chng ch) ca web servers (trn my ch), nhng l hng an ninh, cng nhiu kiu tn cng khc c th cho php nhng k xm nhp truy cp thng tin nhy cm, bt chp s tht rng n ang c gi qua SSL. Gii thiu v SSL Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) l giao thc c bit n nhiu nht v kh nng bo mt v tin cy trong giao dch khch - ch (client-server) trn mng internet. Bn thn SSL c da trn cc khi nim kh n gin. N sp xp cc thut ton m ho v kho gia 2 ln gi - nhn ca mt giao dch. Sau thit lp mt ng dn o m ho thng qua cc giao thc khc (nh HTTP). SSL cng c th thm nh c hai chiu ca giao dch thng qua vic dng cc chng ch (certificate). SSL l giao thc tng (layered protocol), bao gm 4 giao thc con sau: * Giao thc SSL Handshake * Giao thc SSL Change Cipher Spec * Giao thc SSL Alert * SSL Record Layer V tr ca cc giao thc trn, tng ng vi m hnh TCP/IP c minh ho theo biu sau: http://img115.imageshack.us/img115/2848/ssl01ms0.jpg Biu 1. Cc giao thc con ca SSL trong m hnh TCP/IP Theo biu trn, SSL nm trong tng ng dng ca giao thc TCP/IP. Do c im ny, SSL c th c dng trong hu ht mi h iu hnh h tr TCP/IP m khng cn phi chnh sa nhn ca h thng hoc ngn xp TCP/IP. iu ny mang li cho SSL s ci tin mnh m so vi cc giao thc khc nh IPSec (IP Security Protocol). V giao thc ny i hi nhn h iu hnh phi h tr v chnh sa ngn xp TCP/IP. SSL cng c th d dng vt qua tng la v proxy, cng nh NAT (Network Address Translation) m khng cn ngun cung cp.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux SSL hot ng nh th no? Biu di y s ch ra mt cch n gin vi tng bc qu trnh thit lp kt ni SSL gia my khch (client dng mt ng dn web browser) v my ch (server dng mt SSL web server) Nh bn thy trn hnh, qu trnh thit lp kt ni SSL bt u bng vic trao i cc tham s m ho v sau xc nhn cc server mt cch tu (dng gia thc SSL Handshake). Nu bt tay (Handshake) thnh cng, c hai chiu u chp nhn b m ho chung v cc kho m ho, th d liu tng ng dng (thng thng dng HTTP, nhng cng c th l mt giao thc khc) c th c gi thng qua ng hm (tunnel) m ho (dng SSL Record Layer). Trong thc t, tin trnh trn cn phc tp hn mt cht. trnh nhng ci bt tay khng cn thit, mt s tham s m ho c gi li. Cc thng bo c gi i. B m ho cng c th c thay i. Tuy nhin, bt chp cc c im k thut , cch thc ph bin nht ca tin trnh ny lm vic thc s nh trn SSL, PCT, TLS v WTLS (nhng khng c SSH) - SSL v2.0 Phin bn ny c to ra bi Netscape Communications nm 1994. Mc ch chnh ca giao thc ny l cung cp an ton cho cc giao dch trn World Wide Web. Tht khng may, nhanh chng sau ngi ta thy con s yu km v an ton trong phin bn u ca giao thc SSL ny. Do lm cho n km tin cy hn vi cch dng mang tnh cht thng mi. * Cu trc ca MAC yu. * C kh nng cc nhm bt buc dng b m ho yu * Khng bo v qu trnh bt tay * C kh nng nhng k tn cng dng kiu ct xn (truncation attack) - PCT v1.0
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c pht trin bi Microsoft vo nm 1995. PCT (Privacy Communication Technology ) v1.0 a ch ho mt s im yu ca SSL 2.0 v t ra mc tiu l thay th SSL. Tuy nhin giao thc ny khng bao gi thu c kt qu ph bin nh l SSL v3.0. - SSL v3.0 c pht hnh vo nm 1996 bi Netscape Communications. SSL v3.0 gii quyt hu ht cc vn ca SSL v2.0 v kt hp rt nhiu thnh phn ca PCT. Nhanh chng sau n tr thnh giao thc ph bin nht cho an ton truyn thng trn World Wide Web. - TLS v1.0 (c bit n nh l SSL v3.1) c a ra bi IETF vo nm 1999 (RFC 2246). Giao thc ny da trn SSL v3.0 v PCT. N cn bng c hai cch thc ca Netscape v Microsoft. Cng cn ch rng, mc d TLS da trn SSL, nhng n khng phi l phin bn sau tng thch 100% vi cc bn trc n. IETF thc hin mt s ci tin v an ton. Chng hn nh dng HMAC thay v MAC, dng php tnh ton khc trong bo mt ca my ch v ti liu kho (key), thm cc b chnh sa, khng h tr b m ho Fortezza, v.v Kt qu ca nhng nng cp ny l cc giao thc khng hot ng c mt cch y . Cui cng TLS cng ri vo lng qun so vi SSL v3.0. -WTLS Phin bn di ng v khng dy ca giao thc TLS, s dng giao thc UDP nh l mt hng truyn thng. WTLS c thit k v ti u cho cc bng thng thp hn, cc tin trnh nh hn vi cc thit b di ng cho php dng WAP. WTLS a ra cng giao thc WAP 1.1 bi WAP Forum. Tuy nhin, sau khi giao thc WAP 2.0 c gii thiu, WTLS b thay th bi mt phin bn nguyn trng ca TLS vi mc an ton cao hn. N khng cn phi gii m hay m ho li lu lng ti cng vo ca WAP. - V sao giao thc SSH li khng c dng cho mc ch m bo an ninh khi truy cp WWW?
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux + C mt vi l do! u tin, ngay t khi bt u, TLS v SSL c thit k cho cc phin an ninh mng (HTTP), trong khi SSH c li li thay th cho Telnet v FTP. SSL khng lm g hn l bt tay v thit lp cc ng hm m ho . V ti cng thi gian , SSH a ra cch ng nhp gia ngi - my, truyn ti cc file an ton, h tr cho nhiu bc kim tra quyn (bao gm mt khu, cc kho chung, Kerberos). Mt khc SSL/TLS da trn cc chng ch X.509v3 v PKT, cc chng ch ny to nn s phn phi v qun l kh nng thm nh quyn hn d dng hn nhiu. Vi nhng l do ny v mt s l do khc na lm cho SSL/TLS ngy cng ph hp hn an ton truy cp WWW v cc kiu khc tng t trong truyn thng, bao gm SMTP, LDAP trong khi SSH ngy cng thun tin cho vic qun l cc h thng t xa. =>Ni tm li, mc d trong thc t c nhiu giao thc an ton nhng ta ch nn dng hai giao thc giao dch web (t nht ti thi im ny) l: TLS v1.0 v SSL v3.0. C hai u c nhn mnh vi ci tn n gin l SSL/TLS. Bi nhng im yu km c bit n ca SSL v2.0 v l hng WAP ni ting ca WTLS, chng ta nn trnh dng cc giao thc ny, hoc t nht l hn ch mc thp nht.
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Hnh 8.19 Th SSL
server.key kho private ca web server server.crt - chng ch m ho PEM bao gm c kho public ca web browser Lu : bn khng th s dng my o da vo tn cng vi giao thc SSL Enable SSL support : kch hot SSL. Nu mt Apache HTTP Server khng cu hnh bt tnh nng SSL th giao tip gia Apache HTTP Server v client khng c m ha.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Th Server Settings:
Hnh 8.20 Th Server
Thng cc gi tr mc nh tng thch vi mi hon cnh, tuy nhin bn c th chnh sa li cho ph hp vi nhu cu. Lock File: tp tin cha cc ng dn n cc tp tin ch c php c bi ti khon root. PID File: tp tin m server ghi vo nh danh tin trnh ca n.
Core Dump Directory: l th mc m Apache HTTP Server s
chuyn vo trc khi b h thng b dump. User: ti khon m my client dng kt ni ti web server (mc nh l apache)
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Group : nhm ngi cho php kt ni ti web server (mc nh l apache) Th Perfomance Tuning:
Hnh 8.21 Th Perfomance Tuning
Max Number of Connections : s lng ti a kt ni ti. Connection Timeout: khong thi gian server s i nhn v truyn d liu sut kt ni (mc nh : 300 giy)
Max requests per connection: s lng ti a cc yu cu ca mi kt ni (mc nh l 100)
Allow unlimited requests per connection: cho php mi kt ni c th gi yu cu khng gii hn.
Allow Persistent Connections: cho php cc kt ni n nh
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Timeout for next Connection: s giy server i mt yu cu tip theo sau mt yu cu c p ng, trc khi n ng kt ni. =>> cui cng chn Cancel khng save cu hnh ca Apache HTTP Server. Chn Yes lu li nhng ci t ny vo trong tp tin /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Khi ng li web server cc ci t c hiu lc bng lnh: #service httpd restart S dng: M trnh duyt web Applications > Internet > FireFox Web Browser Ti thanh address : nhp http://localhost Nu thy trang Test Page th bn thnh cng.
Hnh 8.22 Test hot ng ca web apache
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Tip theo, bn chp nhng website mun truy cp vo /var/www/html thc thi. Gi s ta c tp tin hello.html v hello.asp trong th mc /var/www/html.
Hnh 8.23 Cc tp tin trong th mc /var/www/html
Chy trang hello.html trn apache web server bng cch nhp vo a ch : http://192.168.100.1/hello.html
Hnh 8.24 Gi trang hello.html
8.3.Ci t v cu hnh bng dng lnh

8.3.1. Ci t Ci t
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux cd ../apache_1.3.22 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-module=most --enablehared=max make make install File cu hnh chnh ca Apache c lu tr trong /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Cu hnh c lu tr trong /etc/httpd/conf.d/ u tin tt nht l backup li file cu hnh bng dng lnh: # cp /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.backup-1 Khi ng Apache. Mc nh th dch v Apache cha c kch hot. khi ng, s dng cng c hoc dng dng lnh: # service httpd start chc chn l Apache s khi ng mi ln h thng boot, hy enable dch v Apache. Khi thay i cu hnh ca Apache, bn phi reload li Apache bng dng lnh: # service httpd reload Kim tra Apache:
Dng trnh duyt web c sn trong Linux nh Firefox, truy cp vo a ch http://localhost, bn s thy trang web hin ra nh sau:
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Hnh 8.25 Kim tra hot ng ca apache
Bn c th truy cp vo trang web trn server t xa thng qua a ch IP ca server (v d nh http://192.168.1.1/ ), hoc nu nh dch v DNS c h tr th bn c th truy cp thng qua hostname ca server (v d nh http://linuxgroup.com/) 8.3.2. Cu Hnh a. Cc tham s ch yu trong tp tin cu hnh httpd.conf: ***Global Environment +ServerRoot : ni t tp tin cu hnh C php : ServerRoot vd: <ng_dn_th_mc>
ServerRoot /etc/httpd
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux +Listen : quy nh a ch IP hoc cng m web server nhn kt ni tclient. C php: Listen <IP:port> #cng 80 tt c cc card mng. #cng 8080 ca 1 card mng
V d : Listen 8080
Listen 192.168.5.6:8080
TimeOut <time> : qui nh thi gian sng ca mt kt ni (tnh bng giy). V du: TimeOut 300
KeepAlive <On/Off> : cho php hoc khng cho php client gi c nhiu yu cu da trn mt kt ni vi web server
V du: KeepAlive On
MaxKeepAliveRequest <s_request> : s ti a ca request trn mt kt ni (nu cho php nhiu Request trn mt kt ni)
V du: MaxKeepAliveRequest 100
KeepAliveTimeOut <time> : qui nh thi gian ch cho mt Request k tip t cng mt client trn cng mt kt ni (c tinh bng giy) V d: KeepAliveTimeOut 15
MaxClients <number> : qui nh s yu cu ti a t cc client gi ng thi n server
V du : MaxClients 256
BindAddress <IP/*> : qui nh a ch card mng chy Apache trn server. S dng du * c th s dng tt c cc a ch c trn my.
V d BindAddress 192.168.5.5 Mc nh l : BindAddress * ***Main' server configuration
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User Group
apache apache
ServerAdmin < email> : a ch email ca ngi qun tr website root@linuxgroup.com
V d : ServerAdmin
ServerName <name/IP> tn hoc a ch ca
V du: ServerName www.linuxgroup.com
DocumentRoot <path>: ni t d liu web
V d : DocumentRoot /var/www/html # cu hnh server mc nh (xem DocumentRoot) <directory></directory>var/www/html"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride AuthConfig Limit # cho php mi ngi xem trang web chnh Order allow,deny Allow from all
Homepage c nhn kiu http://www.domain.com/~user
<ifmodule> # khng s dng UserDir disable # trng hp s dng: ch nh ni t d liu # UserDir public_html </ifmodule>
ServerSignature Off : khng hin th thng tin v server

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AddDefaultCharset UTF-8 : b m mc nh
DirectoryIndex <danh_sch_tp_tin> : cc tp tin mc nh khi truy cp tn website V d : DirectoryIndex index.html index.html index.php index.cgi
ErrorLog <v_tr_tp_tin_log> : ch nh tp tin server ghi vo bt k nhng li m n gp phi.
V d : ErrorLog logs/error_log Nu ng dn khng c du / th v tr tp tin log lin quan n ServerRoot
Alias <ng_dn_http> <ng_dn_cc_b> : nh x ng dn cc b (khng nm trong DocumentRoot) thnh ng dn http
V d : Alias /manual
/var/www/manual
gii hn vic truy cp cangi dng, ta c th kt hp vi cc khai bo Directory nh v d sau: Alias /manual <Directory AuthType /var/www/manual /var/www/manual> Basic /etc/httpd/passwd
AuthName intranet AuthUserFile Require user tien phuoc sau phi Allow from linuxgroup.com </Directory>
UserDir : cho php ngi dng to Homepage ca minh ln server
V d : UserDir www
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux <Directory /home/mimi/www>
Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> =>> trong th mc home directory ca ngi dng mimi to th mc www. Khi c php truy cp t web browser l http://www.linuxgroup.com/~mimi ***Virtual Hosts : l tinh nng ca Apache gip ta duy tr nhiu hn mt web server trn mt my tnh. + Named-based Virtual Hosts : server da vo HTTP header ca client bit c hostname. S dng k thut ny mt a ch IP c th c nhiu tn min khc nhau. V d: bn to ra 2 web server www.domain1.linuxgroup.com v www.domain2.linuxgroup.com trn mt my tnh c IP 192.168.5.5 nh sau: # cho http (cng 8080) NameVirtualHost *:8080 <virtualhost 192.168.5.5> ServerName www.domain1.linuxgroup.com DocumentRoot /var/www/domain1 ServerAdmin domain1@linuxgroup.com ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/A/error_log CustomLog /var/log/httpd/A/access_log combined <directory></directory>var/www/domain1"> AllowOverride AuthConfig Limit </virtualhost> <virtualhost 192.168.5.5>
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ServerName www.domain2.linuxgroup.com # g http://domain2.linuxgroup.com s chuyn n
http://www.domain2.linuxgroup.com ServerAlias domain2.linuxgroup.com *.domain2.linuxgroup.com DocumentRoot /var/www/domain2 ServerAdmin domain2@linuxgroup.com ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/B/error_log CustomLog /var/log/httpd/B/access_log combined <directory></directory>var/www/domain2"> AllowOverride AuthConfig FileInfo Limit Options </virtualhost> =>> lu : bn phi cu hnh DNS phn gii 2 tn min www.domain1.linuxgroup.com v www.domain2.linuxgroup.com v cng mt a ch 192.168.5.5 Cu hnh SSL/TLS +Tip theo, khai bo IP v port trong httpd.conf # cho https (cng 443) NameVirtualHost 192.168.5.15:443 # trang web https://www.A-domain.name # tham kho file /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf <virtualhost> ServerName www.A-domain.name DocumentRoot /var/www/html
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ServerAdmin webmaster@A-domain.name ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/A/error_log CustomLog /var/log/httpd/access_log \ "%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b" SSLEngine on SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA: +HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL <files> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars </files> <directory></directory>var/www/cgi-bin"> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/server.key </virtualhost> b. nh cu hnh truy cp Apache s dng ng dn th mc kim sot s truy cp vo th mc trn h thng my tnh ca bn. Th mc root c cu hnh u tin: <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory>
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ch dn Option gm cc trng thi: n ch r qun ca cc th mc ny. Trong trng hp ny, tt c cc s truy cp vo th mc root v cc th mc con, ton b h thng ngn cm truy cp vo cc ng dn. Th mc cha trong th mc /var/www/html v cc th mc con ca n: <Directory "/var/www/html"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order Allow,Deny Allow from all </Directory> Cc gi tr ca Option c la chn trong danh sch sau: All: Mc nh, cho php mi s truy cp cho Multiview. ExecCGI: Cho php thc thi cc on Script. FollowSymLinks, SymLinksIfOwnerMatch: Nu FollowSynLinks
uc nh ngha Apache s theo k hiu lin kt dn ti hoc t th mc no. Nu SymLinksIfOwnerMatch c nh ngha, cc lin kt v cc ng phi thuc vo cng user.
Includes, IncludesNoExec: Mt file c th bao gm (Includes) mt
file khc, c hoc khng c kh nng (Includes v IncludesNoExec, theo th t) thc thi cc file khc. Cc file s dng c im ny phi c tn file vi phn m rng l .shtml v c th bao gm cc ch dn v d nh  hoc  thm file footer.html hoc xut ra dng lnh, theo th t. Indexes : Mt trang Index.html thng c p ng nh mt ch
mc cho th mc.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c. Ci t Mysql v php: Bn a a cd ci t Fedora vo cd Mount a cd bng lnh : mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/ Chuyn vo th mc cha cc gi rpm trong a ci t: mount /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMs S dng lnh rpm ci t cc gi sau: Ci t mysql rpm -ivh mysql-bench-4.11.1-2.rpm rpm -ivh mysql-4.11.1-2.rpm rpm -ivh mysqlclient10-3.23.58-6.rpm rpm -ivh mysql-server-4.11.1-2.rpm Ci t php rpm -ivh php-mysql-5.0.4-10.rpm rpm -ivh php-5.0.4-10.rpm rpm -ivh php-ldap-5.0.4-10.rpm rpm -ivh php-pear-5.0.4-10.rpm Cu hnh mysql To nhm (nhm ny c tn l mysql) groupadd mysql To ti khon ngi dng useradd -g mysql mysql Cp quyn cho ngi dng mysql chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql n y vic ci Mysql hon tt . Chy tip test MySQL Gi lnh khi ng /tt/khi ng li dch v mysqld /etc/init.d/mysqld start/stop/restart Gi lnh "mysqladmin version" kim tra s phin bn
Hnh 8.26 Kim tra s phin bn
Ch : Kim tra file mysql.sock c th n khng tn ti Kim tra file /etc/my.cnf v thay i ng dn cha file mysql.sock to password mi (v d nh root) mysqladmin -u root password root Nu bn s dng trn domain th c th s dng mysqladmin -u root -h linuxgroup.com root linuxgroupadmin
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ( linuxgroup.com l domain s dng, linuxgroupadmin l password mi ) By gi bn hy truy cp vo mysql th xem bng ti khon root nh sau:
Hnh 8.27 Truy cp vo Mysql
Cu hnh PHP
M tp tin cu hnh webserver /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf tm dng AddModule, thm vo dng sau: AddModule mod_php5.c Tm dng LoadModule, thm vo LoadModule php5_module libexec/libphp5.so Tm dng <IfModule mod_dir.c> thay i n thnh <IfModule mod_dir.c> DirectoryIndex index.php default.php index.html index.htm </IfModule> To tp tin default.php trong th mc /var/www/html v chy th nh sau : echo "<html><body><?hello world ?></body></html>" > "/var/www/html/index.php
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Hnh 8.28 Gi trang default.php
Tp tin cu hnh chnh ca PHP l /etc/php.ini

9.
Dch v Mail Server

9.1.Khi nim
Th in t, Electronic mail, Email, l dch v c th ni l quan trng nht i vi ngi s dng Internet. Do tnh ph cp ca email, vic cu hnh tt Mail server, to iu kin cho ngi s dng c th trao i Email l cng vic u tin v quan trng nht ca ngi qun tr. Mt cu hnh sai email c th dn n tnh trng khng gi hoc nhn c th, hoc t hn l mt th m khng c phn hi. Hot ng ca dch v mail gn rt cht ch vi cu hnh ca DNS.
9.2.Nhng giao thc Mail

H thng Mail c xy dng da trn mt s giao thc sau : SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) POP ( Post Office Protocol )
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol) 9.3.Gii thiu h thng Mail

Mt h thng mail yu cu phi c t nht hai thnh phn, n c th nh v trn 2 h thng khc nhau hoc trn cng mt h thng, mail server v mail client. Ngoi ra, n cn c cc thnh phn khc nh Mail Host, mail gateway.
Mail gateway.
Mt mail gateway l my kt ni gia cc mng dng cc giao thc truyn thng khc nhau dng chung giao thc. V d mt mail gateway c th kt ni mt mng TCP/IP vi mt mng chy b giao thc System Network Architeture (SNA). Mt mail gateway n gin nht dng kt ni 2 mng dng chung giao thc hc mailer. Khi mail gateway chuyn mail gia domain ni b v cc domain bn ngoi.
Mail Host.
Mt Mail Host l my gi vai tr my ch mail chnh trong h thng mng. N dng nh thnh phn trung gian chuyn mail gia cc v tr khng kt ni trc tip c vi nhau. Mail Host phn gii a ch ngi nhn chuyn gia cc mail server hoc chuyn n mail gateway. Mt v d v Mail Host l my trong mng cc b LAN c modem c thit lp lin kt PPP hoc UUCP dng ng dy thoi. Mail hosst cng c th l my ch ng vai tr router gia mng ni b v mng Internet.
Mail Server.
Mail server cha mailbox ca ngi dng. Mail server nhn mail t client gi n v a vo hng i gi n Mail Host. Mail server nhn mail t Mail Host gi n v a vo mauilbox ca ngi dng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ngi dng s dng NFS (Network File System) mount thu mc cha mailbox trn Mail Server c. Nu NFS khng c h tr th ngi dng phi login vo Mail Server nhn th. Trong trng hp Mail Client h tr POP/IMAP v trn Mail Server cng h tr POP/IMAP th ngi dng c th c th bng POP/IMAP.
Mail Client.
L nhng chng trnh h tr chc nng c v son tho th, Mail Client tch hp 2 giao thc SMTP v POP, SMTP h tr tnh nng chuyn th t Client n Mail Server, POP h tr nhn th t Mail Server v Mail Client. Ngoi vic tch hp giao thc POP Mail Client cn tch hp giao thc IMAP, HTTP h tr chc nng nhn mail cho Client. Cc chng trnh Mail Clinet thng s dng nh Microsoft Outlook Express, Microsoft Office Outlook, Eudora,
Mt s h thng mail thng dng. H thng mail cc b.
Cu hnh h thng mail n gin gm mt hoc nhiu trm lm vic kt ni vo mt Mail Server. Tt c cc mail u chuyn cc b.
H thng mail cc b c kt ni ra ngoi.
H thng mail trong mt mng nh gm mt Mail Server, mt Mail Host v mt Mail Gateway kt ni vi mt h thng bn ngoi. Khng cn DNS Server.
9.4.Ci t v cu hnh Mail Server SendMail 9.4.1. Ci t

Ci t Sendmail trong qu trnh ci t h iu hnh. Ci t t cc Package sau :

Sendmail-x-x.rpm. Sendmail-cf-x-x.rpm.
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M4-x-x.rpm.
9.4.2. Cu hnh Cc tp tin v th mc cu hnh ca Sendmail :

/etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/aliases /etc/mail/access /var/spool/mail Tp tin /etc/mail/sendmail.cf : y l tp tin cu hnh chnh ca sendmail. Ni dung ca tp tin c chia thnh 3 nhm thong tin cu hnh chnh : + Mi trng hot ng ca Sendmail. + nh ngha cch hot ng ca Sendmail. + M t cc lut(rule set) m ngi dung c th dung nh ngha li cch s l ca Sendmail. Cu hnh Mail Server vi Sendmail
Khi cu hnh Mail Server vi Sendmail, ta cn quan tm n cc thong s cu hnh quan trng trong file : /etc/mail/sendmail.cf sau : - Cwlocalhost <domain> : cu hnh Sendmail nhn mail cho min. - O MaxRecipientsPerMessage=<n> : gii hn s ngi nhn th. - O MaxMessageSize= <size> : gii hn kch thc ca th.
Tp tin /etc/mail/access : chnh sa ni dung tp tin ny nh sau o < Domain > o <a ch ng mng > RELAY RELAY
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Thc hin cc lnh sau : chuyn tp tin ny t dng text sang dng chun Sendmail c th c c.
o #cd /etc/mail o #makemap hash access < access

Khi ng li Sendmail
#/etc/init.d/sendmail restart
S dng : dung trnh tin ch Mail gi v nhn Mail gia nhng ngi dung. o C php : #mail v <a ch Email> o V d : # mail v duyvu@linuxgroup.com
9.5.Ci t - cu hnh Pop Server v Imap Server

- cho ngi dung c th gi v nhn Mail t cc chng trnh Client Mail nh : Outlook Express, Eudora, Netscape ta phi ci t v cu hnh Imap Server hoc Pop Server. - C hai cch ci t POP Server: Cch 1: Ta cn phi ci t gi tin imap-2002d-3.i386.rpm v trong package ny c cha POP Server, trong cc a CDROM ca Fedora cha c package ny do ta phi download t site: http://rpmfind.net. Khi ng POP Server ta dng lnh sau: #chkconfig pop3 on #service xinetd restart Hoc sau khi ta ci t IMAP package xong ta dng lnh setup ->System Services -> IPOP3, sau dng lnh #/etc/init.d/xinetd restart.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Cch 2: Ci t gi dovecot-0.99.10.5-0.FC4.rpm t CDROM Fedora Core 4, sau ta m file cu hnh /etc/dovecot.conf thay i cc thng s sau:
protocols = imap imaps pop3 pop3s ; ch nh cc protocol s dng imap_listen = * card mng cho IMAP pop3_listen = * card mng cho POP3 ; ch nh trng thi listen trn ; ch nh trng thi listen trn
- sau thc thi lnh : #chkconfig dovecot on #service dovecot restart
9.6.Cu hnh my khch s dng c Mail Server

9.6.1. My khch l my Linux Trn linux cc client u c h tr sn tin ch Kmail, cu hnh client nhn mail t mail server ta tin hnh cc bc sau: Truy cp theo ng dn nh hnh bn di khi ng Kmail.
Hnh 9.1 Khi ng Kmail
Sau giao din k tip xut hin nh sau:

Hnh 9.2: Mn hnh cho mng
cu hnh nhn th cho mt ti khon ta thc chin cc bc : Setting=>configue kmail giao din k tip xut hin nh sau:
Hnh 9.3: Giao din cu hnh
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Quan st giao din trn ta thy cc th khc nhau, cu hnh nhn mail t server ta chn vo th account nh hnh bn di, trong th account co 2 mc ta cu hnh l receiving v sending:
Hnh 9.4: Cu hnh
nhn mail ta chn mc receiving, trn giao din receiving ta chn add giao din k tip nh sau:
Hnh 9.5 Chn Pop
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ta c th chn 1 trong 2 giao thc IMAP/POP3 nhn th, y ta chn giao thc POP3, giao din k tip nh sau:
Hnh 9.6 Giao thit k
Ta in y thng tin v ti khon v a ch mail server, v d ny ta se cu hnh nhn th cho tai khon testmail v server 192.168.100.1 nh hnh bn di:
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Hnh 9.7 in thng tin account
Sau khi nhp y thng tin ta chn OK, sau khi hon tt qua trnh cu hnh ta s thy giao din nh sau:
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Hnh 9.8 Giao din hon thnh
Sau khi hon tt ta chn OK hon tt vic cu hnh 9.6.2. My khch l my Windows C nhiu phn mm dng gi v nhn Mail trn Windows. Nhng y ti xin trnh by cch cu hnh Outlook Express. C th gm cc bc nh sau : + Khi ng Outlook Express. Sau ta chn th Tool Accounts.
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Hnh 9.9 Chn ti khon
+ Tip tc chn tab Mail Add
Hnh 9.10 Add ti khon
+ mn hnh Your Name ta in vo tn hin th khi kt ni .
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Hnh 9.11 in tn ti khon
+ mn hnh Internet Email Address ta in vo a ch Email khi kt ni.
Hnh 9.12 in Email ca ti khon
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux + mn hnh Email Server Name ta in vo a ch ca Pop3 Server V SMTP Server.
Hnh 9.13 Tn Email server
+ mn hnh Internet Mail Logon ta nhp vo tn User v password kt ni.
Hnh 9.14 in tn v mt khu
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux + Click Finish kt thc
9.7.Ci t v cu hnh WebMail OpenWebMail 9.7.1. Ci t v cu hnh t file nh phn *.rpm 9.7.1.1. Ci t
Bc 1: Ta dng lnh rpm -ivh package*.rpm i vi Fedora Core ta cn cc package sau: perl-Compress-Zlib-1.33-6.i386.rpm perl-suidperl-5.8.3-18.1.i386.rpm perl-Text-Iconv-1.2-fc1.i386.rpm openwebmail-2.51-1.i386.rpm
i vi phin bn trc ca Linux th ta cn tham kho thm Website http://openwebmail.org/openwebmail/download/ bit r hn. Bc 2: i vi Fedora Core yu cu phi c MIME-Base64-3.0 cho nn ta cn ci thm phn mm ny:
#tar xzvf MIME-Base64-3.00.tar.gz #cd MIME-Base64-3.00/ #perl Makefile.PL #make #make install
Bc 3: Thc thi lnh # /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail/openwebmail-tool.pl --init Bc 4: Sau Open Webmail yu cu thay i thng tin trong file /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail/etc/defaults/dbm.conf
dbm_ext .db dbmopen_ext .db dbmopen_haslock no
Bc 5: Thc thi li lnh # /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail/openwebmailtool.pl --init
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Bc 6: Truy cp vo a ch http://server/cgi-bin/openwebmail/openwebmail.pl truy xut vo Webmail Server s dng
Hnh 9.15 Mn hnh ng nhp
Bc 7: Login v s dng OpenWebmail
Hnh 9.16 ng nhp s dng
9.7.1.2. Cu hnh
Mi thng tin cu hnh ca Open Webmail nm trong file /var/www/cgibin/openwebmail/etc/openwebmail.conf. Ta cn tham kho cc thng tin cu hnh sau: releasedate 20050228 #ngy cui cp nht phin bn domainnames hcm.vn #ch nh tn domain auth_module auth_unix.pl mailspooldir /var/spool/mail # ch nh spool mail cho
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux ow_cgidir ow_cgiurl ow_htmldir ow_htmlurl logfile /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail /cgi-bin/openwebmail /var/www/data/openwebmail /data/openwebmail /var/log/openwebmail.log
9.7.2. Ci t OpenWebmail t Source Code

Ta download phn mm sau t a ch http://openwebmail.org/openwebmail/download/packages/. Apache Web server cho php thc thi chng trnh cgi. - Perl 5.005 or later - CGI.pm-3.05.tar.gz - MIME-Base64-3.01.tar.gz - libnet-1.19.tar.gz - Digest-1.08.tar.gz - Digest-MD5-2.33.tar.gz - Text-Iconv-1.2.tar.gz - Libiconv-1.9.1.tar.gz (required nu h thng khng h tr iconv) - Openwebmail-2.51.tar.gz Tuy nhin ta cn tham kho a ch sau cp nht thng tin cho hp l chn cc gi trn ti a ch: http://openwebmail.org/openwebmail/doc/readme.txt. Sau khi ta download xong cc phn mm trn ta thc hin cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Ci phn mm CGI.pm cd /tmp tar -zxvfCGI.pm-3.05.tar.gz cd CGI.pm-3.05
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux perl Makefile.PL make make install Bc 2: Ci phn mm MIME-Base64 cd /tmp tar -zxvf MIME-Base64-3.01.tar.gz cd MIME-Base64-3.01 perl Makefile.PL make make install Bc 3: Ci phn mm libnet cd /tmp tar -zxvf libnet-1.19.tar.gz cd libnet-1.19 perl Makefile.PL (ans 'no' if asked to update configuration) make make install Bc 4: ci phn mm Text-Iconv-1.2 cd /tmp tar -zxvf libiconv-1.9.1.tar.gz cd libiconv-1.9.1 ./configure Qmake make install cd /tmp tar -zxvf Text-Iconv-1.2.tar.gz cd Text-Iconv-1.2
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux perl Makefile.PL make make test make install Bc 5: ci t OPENWEBMAIL Phin bn mi nht ca Open Webmail c cung cp ti Website: http://openwebmail.org/openwebmail/ 1. cd /var/www tar -zxvBpf openwebmail-X.XX.tar.gz mv data/openwebmail html/ rmdir data 2. cd /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail/etc Thay i auth_unix.conf t defaults/auth_unix.conf a. set passwdfile_encrypted to '/etc/shadow' b set passwdmkdb to 'none' Thay i openwebmail.conf t mailspooldir thnh '/var/spool/mail' t ow_htmldir thnh '/var/www/html/openwebmail' t ow_cgidir thnh '/var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail' t spellcheck thnh /usr/bin/ispell -a -S -w "-" -d
@@@DICTIONARY@@@ -p @@@PDICNAME@@@' 3. Thm thng tin /var/log/openwebmail.log { postrotate /usr/bin/killall -HUP syslogd endscript
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux } Ti file /etc/logrotate.d/syslog ghi nhn log ca openwebmail.log 4. Thc thi lnh /var/www/cgi-bin/openwebmail/openwebmail-tool.pl -init
10.
Dch V DHCP Server
10.1. Gii thiu

Mi thit b trn mng c dng b giao thc TCP/IP u phi c mt a ch IP hp l, phn bit. h tr cho vn theo di v cp pht cc a ch IP c chnh xc, t chc IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) pht trin ra giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).Giao thc ny c m t trong cc RFC 1533, 1534, 1541, 1542. Bn c th tm thy cc RFC ny ti a ch http:// ww.ieft. org/rfc.html. lm mt DHCP server trn linux, my tnh ci h iu hnh Linux phi p ng cc iu kin sau: ci dch v DHCP Mi interface phi c cu hnh bng mt a ch IP tnh. chun b sn danh sch cc a ch IP nh cp pht cho cc my client. Dch v DHCP ny cho php chng ta cp ng cc thng s cu hnh mng cho cc my trm (client). Cc h iu hnh ca Microsoft v cc h iu hnh khc nh Unix, Linux, hoc Macintosh h tr c ch nhn cc thng s ng, c ngha l trn cc h iu hnh ny pha c mt DHCP client. C ch s dng cc thng s mng c cp pht ng c u im hn so vi c ch khai bo tnh cc thng s mng nh: Khc phc c tnh trangj ng a ch IP v gim chi ph qun tr cho h thng mng. Gip cho cc nh cung cp dch v (ISP) tit kim c s lng a ch IP tht (public IP).
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ph hp vi my tnh thng xuyn di chuyn qua li gia cc mng. Kt hp vi h thng mng khng dy (wireless) cung cp cc im Hotspot nh : nh ga, sn bay, trng hc T thu hi li a ch IP khi client ngt kt ni
10.2. Nguyn tc hot ng

Giao thc DHCP lm vic theo m hnh client/server. Theo , qu trnh tng tc gia DHCP clent v server din ra theo cc bc sau: Khi my client khi ng, my s gi broadcast gi tin DHCPDISCOVER , yu cu mt server phc v cho mnh. Gi tin ny cng cha a ch MAC ca my client. Cc my server trn mng khi nhn c gi tin yu cu , nu cn kh nng cung cp a ch IP, u gi li cho my client gi tin DHCPOFFER, ngh cho thu mt a ch IP trong mt khon thi gian nht nh, km theo l mt subnet mask v a ch ca server. Server s khong cp pht a ch IP va ngh cho nhng client khc trong sut qu trnh thng thuyt. My client s la mt trong nhng li ngh (DHCPOFFER) v gi broadcast li gi tin DHCPREQUEST chp nhn li ngh . iu ny cho php cc li ngh khng c chp nhn s c cc server rt li v dng cp pht cho client khc. My server c client chp nhn s gi ngc li mt gi tin DHCPACK nh l mt li xc nhn, cho bit l a ch IP , subnet mask v thi hn cho s dng s chnh thc c p dng. Ngoi ra server cn gi km theo nhng thng tin cu hnh b sung nh a ch gateway mc nh, a ch DNS server
10.3. Ci t gi DHCP
Bn a a ci t Fedora Core 4 vo cd. Sau chuyn n th mc RPMs cha cc gi ci t. Cui cng l gi lnh rpm ci t gi dhcp
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux rpm ivh dhcp-3.0.1rc14-1.i386.rpm
10.4. Tm hiu tp tin cu hnh dhcp.conf

Khi DHCP khi ng, dhcp server s c tp tin cu hnh /etc/dhcpd.confg. Khi ci gi rpm ca DHCP, n khng t ng to ra tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf, nhng bn c th ly tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf mu km theo hng dn trong th mc sau : /usr/share/doc/dhcp-<version-number>/dhcpd.conf.sample Bn chp tp tin dhcpd.conf mu ny vo th mc /etc, sau hiu chnh n li cho ph hp. cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-3.0pl1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf Ni dung tp tin /etc/dhcpd.conf sau khi c cu hnh s nh sau: ddns-update-style interim ignore client-updates #ch nh ng mng cp pht subnet 192.168.100.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # ch nh dy a ch IP cp pht cho client range 192.168.100.10 192.168.100.20; # lng thi gian s dng IP m server cung cp cho client. default-lease-time 86400; max-lease-time 86400; # t gateway mc nh cho client option routers 192.168.100.252; # Don't forward DHCP requests from this # NIC interface to any other NIC
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux # interfaces option ip-forwarding off; # a ch broadcast ca ng mng option broadcast-address 192.168.100.255; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # ch nh a ch DNS server cho cc client option domain-name-servers 192.168.100.1; # ch nh nntp server cho client option nntp-server 192.168.100.100; # ch nh a ch WINS server cho client option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.100; # ch nh a ch IP tnh cho mt client # v d, ch nh a ch IP ca my c gn my in host laser-printer { hardware ethernet 08:00:2b:4c:59:23; fixed-address 192.168.100.222; } } # # List an unused interface here # subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { }
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cu lnh v ty chn cu hnh DHCP, bn c th tham kho cc ty chn bng lnh: man dhcp-options Lu : My in cn c gn a ch tnh cc user c th in ti liu.
10.5. Kch hot

Bc 1: Trc tin, kim tra xem tp tin /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases c tn ti khng, nu khng tn ti th dng lnh touch to tp tin ny: touch /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases Bc 2: S dng lnh chkconfig cu hnh DHCP c th khi ng cng vi lc h thng khi ng. chkconfig dhcpd on Bc 3: S dng lnh service khi ng/dng/khi ng li dch v dhcp service dhcpd start service dhcpd stop service dhcpd restart Nu dhcp khng khi ng c (failed), bn s dng lnh dhcp cng vi card mng trn my tnh nh sau: dhcp eth0 Bc 4: Lun khi ng li tin trnh dhcp mi khi bn thay i tp tin cu hnh ca dch v dhcp ny. Bc 5:Cui cng, bn phi nh t my tnh ch ly a ch IP bng dch v DHCP.
10.6. Cu hnh Linux Client s dng DHCP
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux c th cu hnh card mng trn linux s dng DHCP, bn co th dng cng c son tho bt k hiu chnh tp tin cu hnh /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfgethx (vi x l s th t card mng, bt u t 0) theo mu sau: Getting the IP Address Using DHCP [root@linuxgroup ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts [root@ linuxgroup network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0 # # File: ifcfg-eth0 # DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=dhcp ONBOOT=yes [root@ linuxgroup network-scripts]#
Hnh 10.1 Cu hnh Linux client s dng DHCP
10.7. Cu hnh Windows Client s dng DHCP

Right click vo biu tng My Network Places > chn Properties Double click vo biu tng card mng Local Area Connection Chn Internet Protocol, sau nhp chn Properties
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Hnh 10.2 Phng thc kt ni
Ti th General, chn Obtain an IP address automatically
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Hnh 10.3 Cu hnh a ch Ip ng
Sau nhn chn OK hai ln hon tt.

11.
Cu hnh ton din Server Linux thng qua cng c Webmin
11.1. Gii thiu

L ng dng Web h tr cho cng tc qun tr h thng Unix/Linux qua Web, hu ht cc chng trnh ng dng ca Webmin c Jamie Cameron pht trin. Thng qua Webmin ngi dng c th logon vo h thng Unix/Linux thc hin cc thao tc qun tr h thng mt cch bnh thng. Webmin cho php ngi qun tr c th: - T chc ti khon ngi dng. - T chc v ci t cc dch v nh: apache, DNS, Mail, - Cp nht cc thng s cu hnh cho h thng.
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux - Cu hnh mng. - Cu hnh hardware. - Cu hnh Cluster. - Thc thi lnh trn SHELL. - Qun tr h thng t xa qua telnet/ssh. - Qun l h thng tp tin v th mc.
11.2. Ci t 11.2.1..........................................................................Ci t t file nh phn

Webmin c cung cp min ph ti Website http://www.webmin.com. Ta download package webmin-1.190-1.noarch.rpm. sau thc hin lnh: rpm -ivh webmin-1.190-1.noarch.rpm
11.2.2...............................................................Ci t t file ngun *.tar.gz.

# tar zxvf webmin-0.87.tar.gz [root@delilah webmin-1.050]# ./setup.sh Web server port (default 10000): Login name (default admin): root Login password: Password again: The Perl SSLeay library is not installed. SSL not available. Start Webmin at boot time (y/n): n Sau khi ci t hon tt Webmin ta truy xut Server theo a ch: http://delilah.swell:10000
11.3. ng nhp WebMin
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Sau khi ci xong Webmin ta c th dng Web Browser truy xut vo Webmin Server thng qua a ch http://server:10000/
Hnh 11.1 ng nhp Webmin
Nhp username : root v mt khu tng ng logon vo h thng
Hnh 11.2 Mn hnh ng nhp
11.4. Cu hnh
Thay i mt khu cho Webmin Password bng dng lnh: #/usr/libexec/webmin/changepass.pl /etc/webmin root 123456 Restart Webmin bng dng lnh: #/etc/webmin/stop #/etc/webmin/start
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Tm hiu file cu hnh Webmin /etc/webmin/miniserv.conf cho php ta thay i mt s thng tin cu hnh Webmin Server #ch nh port number port=10000 root=/usr/libexec/webmin #ch nh Webmin Type mimetypes=/usr/libexec/webmin/mime.types addtype_cgi=internal/cgi realm=Webmin Server #ch nh logfile lu tr log cho Webmin logfile=/var/webmin/miniserv.log #lu tr error log errorlog=/var/webmin/miniserv.error #ch nh pid file pidfile=/var/webmin/miniserv.pid logtime=168 ppath= ssl=1 #khai bo bin mi trng lu tr thng tin cu hnh Webmin env_WEBMIN_CONFIG=/etc/webmin env_WEBMIN_VAR=/var/webmin atboot=0 logout=/etc/webmin/logout-flag #listen port listen=10000 denyfile=\.pl$ log=1 blockhost_failures=5 blockhost_time=60 syslog=1 session=1
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux #ch file lu tr Webmin User userfile=/etc/webmin/miniserv.users keyfile=/etc/webmin/miniserv.pem passwd_file=/etc/shadow passwd_uindex=0 passwd_pindex=1 passwd_cindex=2 passwd_mindex=4 passwd_mode=0 passdelay=1 preroot=mscstyle3 11.4.1.Th WebMin Cu hnh c bn cho WebMin Sau khi ng nhp vo Webmin Server ta chn biu tng Webmin configuration
Hnh 11.3 Cu hnh webmin.
Cho php hay cm truy xut Webmin t host no trn mng thng qua IP Access Control
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Hnh 11.4 Ty chn iu khin truy cp.
Allow from all addresses: cho php tt c cc host khc truy xut Webmin. Only allow from listed addresses: Ch cho php cc host trong ListBox mi c s dng Webmin(ta c th m t a ch nh sau 172.29.1.0/255.255.255.0 ch nh cho network address) Deny from listed addresses: cho php tt c cc host khc c truy xut Webmin nhng cm cc host nm trong ListBox. Save: Lu tr li nhng g ta thay i. Port and Addresses: Cho php hiu chnh Webmin hot ng trn a ch IP v Port, nu ta mun Webmin hot ng trn cng khc th ta c th vo mc ny hiu chnh li cho ph hp
Hnh 11.5 Cng v a ch.
Bind to IP address v Listen on port ch nh Webmin listen 10000 ti a ch IP(mc nh Webmin listen port 10000 trn tt c cc IP ca Server) Operating System and Environment: Ch nh loi h iu hnh v mt s ng dn chng trnh
Hnh 11.6 HDH v mi trng.
Index Page Options: Hiu chnh mn hnh chnh ca thc n Webmin
Hnh 11.7 Hiu chnh thc n.
Chn ngn ng s dng cho Webmin
Hnh 11.8 Chn ngn ng.
Chn Webmin Themes hiu chnh giao din s dng cho Webmin nh icons, colours, background, v cch trnh by Web page cho Webmin.
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Hnh 11.9 Hiu chnh thm 1 s i tng.
11.4.2.WebMin cho USER
Hnh 11.10 Chn User.
To Webmin User thng qua mc Create a new Webmin user.
Hnh 11.11 To mi user.
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux Ta nhp username, password, v t mt s quyn hn cho User. 11.4.3.Th Systems Cu hnh h thng Thng qua Webmin ta c th cu hnh cc thng tin trong h thng nh: shutdown/reboot, disk quota, NFS, User/Groups.
Hnh 11.12 Cu hnh h thng.
Trong mn hnh trn l mt s cc biu tng ta c th s dng v cu hnh h thng tng ng qua Webmin
Cng c
Backup Configuration Files Bootup and Shutdown Change Passwords Disk Quotas Disk and Network Filesystems Filesystem Backup LDAP Users and Groups Log File Rotation PAM Authentication Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2
Chc nng
H tr backup v restore thng tin cu hnh h thng Cho php hiu chnh qu trnh khi ng v tt my Thay i mt khu cho tng USER Thit lp hn ngch cho ngi dng H tr vic mount v umount filesystem Backup h thng tp tin Qun l LDAP user v group H tr vic qun l v chuyn i log file H Trang 309 n
tr qun l cc thng Chng thc cho dch v h thng Running Processes Scheduled Commands Scheduled Cron Jobs Security Sentries Software Packages SysV Init Configuration System Documentation System Logs Users and Groups Theo di v qun l cc tin trnh hot ng trong h thng t lch biu thc thi lnh Thit lp v qun l cron jobs Thit lp mt s thng tin bo mt h thng H tr ci t, nng cp v qun l phn mm To mt script thc thi cho tng runlevel Tm kim mt s ti liu tr gip c sn trong h thng Qun l system log file Qun l ngi dng v nhm
11.4.4.Th Server Cu hnh Server v DaeMon Cng c Server trn Webmin cho php qun tr Server v mt s ng dng ang chy trong h thng.
Hnh 11.13 Cu hnh Server v Daemon.
Trong mn hnh trn l mt s cc biu tng ta c th s dng v cu hnh Server tng ng qua Webmin :
Cng c
Apache Webserver BIND DNS Server CVS Server DHCP Server Fetchmail Mail Retrieval Frox FTP Proxy Jabber IM Server Majordomo List Manager MySQL Database Server OpenSLP Server
Chc nng
Qun l v cu hnh WebServer Qun l v cu hnh DNS Server Qun l version cho h thng Qun l DHCP Server H tr vic nhn mail t Remote mail server thng qua ng TCP/IP Cu hnh Frox FTP proxy Thit lp v qun l IM Server h tr cho ngi dngs ng dch v Chat(one-to-one hat, multi-user chat) Qun l Internet Mailing list Qun l h qun tr c s d liu MySQL Cu hnh my ch Service Location Protocol h tr xc nh s tn ti, v tr v cu hnh dch v mng hnh dch v mng trong nh s tn ti, v tr v cu hnh dch v mng trong enterprise
Postfix Configuration PostgreSQL Database Server ProFTPD Server
Cu hnh Postfix mail server Cu hnh h qun tr c s d liu Cu hnh FTP server s dng Phn mm ProFTPD Server Thit lp b lc th cho cc h thng mail Cu hnh QMail Server H tr vic c th cho ngi dng trong h thng Thit lp Server SSH qun tr h thng t xa Trang 311
Procmail Mail Filter QMail Configuration Read User Mail SSH Server Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2
Samba Windows File Sharing Sendmail Configuration SpamAssassin Mail Filter Squid Analysis Report Generator Squid Proxy Server WU-FTP Server Webalizer Logfile Analysis Qun l SAMBA Service Cu hnh Sendmail lm Mail Server Thit lp c ch chng spam th Theo di v qun l Internet connection qua Proxy Cu hnh Proxy Server Cu hnh FTP Server s dng hn mm WU-FTP Qun l v theo di Web log
11.4.5.Th NetWorking Cu hnh mng Cng c Networking trn Webmin h tr qun l v cu hnh mng trn h thng Unix/Linux.
Hnh 11.14 Cu hnh mng
Cng c
ADSL Client Bandwidth Monitoring Extended Internet Services IPsec VPN Configuration Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2
Chc nng
Cu hnh ADSL Client Qun l v theo di bng thng s dng trn h thng Qun l v theo di Internet Services Cu hnh IPsec VPN Trang 312
Kerberos5 Linux Firewall NFS Exports NIS Client and Server Network Configuration PPP Dialin Server PPP Dialup Client SSL Tunnels Shorewall Firewall
Cu hnh chng thc Kerberos5 Cu hnh Linux Firewall dng IPtable Export NFS Server Cu hnh NIS Server Cu hnh mng(thm card mang, Ip address) Thit lp RAS Server Thit lp RAS Client Thit lp ng ng SSL L mt high-level Security tool h tr cu hnh Firewall trong h thng. h thng Cu hnh NFSV4 server v Client Thit lp VPN Client Thit lp VPN Server
idmapd daemon PPTP VPN Client PPTP VPN Server
11.4.6.Th HardWare Cu hnh phn cng Cung cp mt s cng c h tr vic ci t qun l thng tin cu hnh phn cng trn h thng Unix/Linux
Hnh 11.15 Cu hnh phn cng.
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Cng c
CD Burner GRUB Boot Loader Linux Bootup Configuration Linux RAID Logical Volume Management Partitions on Local Disks Printer Administration SMART Drive Status System Time Voicemail Server
Chc nng
H tr ghi d liu vo CDROM Hiu chnh v cu hnh grub loader
Cu hnh Lilo boot loader Thit lp RAID trn Linux Qun l logic Volume Qun l cc phn vng a Qun l my in Theo di SMART Drive Thit lp v qun l timer cho h thng.
Thit lp Voicemail Server
11.4.7.Th Cluster Linux Cluster Clustering l mt cng ngh my ch vi kh nng chu li cao cung cp nhng tnh nng nh: tnh sn sng v kh nng m rng. Cng ngh ny nhm cc server v ti nguyn chung thnh mt h thng n c kh nng min dch li v tng hiu nng hot ng. Cc my trm tng tc vi nhm cc server nh th nhm cc server ny l mt h thng n. Nu mt server trong nhm b h, cc server khc s m trch phn vic ca n. Tham kho cc chc nng cu hnh Linux Cluster
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Hnh 11.16 Th Cluster.
Cng c
Cluster Change Passw Cluster Copy File
Chc nng
Thay i mt khu trn Cluster Server Thc thi c ch sao chp file ga cc Cluster Server server To Cron Jobs cho cc cluster Server Thc thi Shell Commands trn Cluster Server Qun l package trn cc cluster server Qun l User v group trn Clusterr Qun l Cluster Webmin Server Cu hnh mt engine cho Cluster Theo di ng b gia cc Server
Cluster Cron Jobs Cluster Shell Commands Cluster Software Packages Cluster Users and Groups Cluster Webmin Servers Configuration Engine Heartbeat Monitor
s r
11.4.8.Th Others Cc thnh phn khc Cc thnh phn Others trn Webmin h tr mt s tnh nng nh : Thc thi lnh trn Shell, iu chnh lnh, Qun l file, bo v th mc Web,
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Hnh 11.17 Cc thnh phn khc.
Cng c
Command Shell. Custom Commands. File Manager. Perl Modules. Protected Web Directories. SSH/Telnet Login. System and Server Status. Upload and Download.
Chc nng
Cho php thc thi lnh. iu chnh v thm mt s lnh mi trn. Webmin Qun l file. Qun l perl. Bo v th mc Web data. Login qua t xa bng SSH, Telnet. Qun l v theo di trng thi ca Server. Cho php upload v download file. .
12.
Ph Lc
12.1. Khc phc mt Boot Linux khi ci li Windows

o a CD1 vo my (cu hnh firt boot t CD)
o G lnh : linux rescue

o G grub
ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux o G root (hdo,5)
Hdo : l a th nht
5 : l phn vng th 5
o G setup (hd0)
o Quit Nh vy chng ta ci t thnh cng li phn boot b mt Nu khng nh phn vng boot ca mnh thi ta c th dng lnh sau kim tra : Find /boot/grub/stage1 (*) lu : vi IDE th c ch HD, SCSI c ch SD
12.2. c phn vng Linux trn Windows

- Mt phn khng th thiu trong h thng Linux l ng trn windows ta c th c c cc phn vng ca Linux. C rt nhiu phn mm h tr vic ny y chng ti dng cng c rt gn nhe l : explore2fs Giao din chng trnh nh hnh di:
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Hnh 12.1 Giao din phn mm Explorer2fs
- Chng ta c th c ghi phn vng linux thoi mi nh trn mi trng Windows
12.3. Khc phc mt Password User Root

Trong trng hp ta mt mt khu ca user qun tr(root user), lc c nhiu cch phc hi mt khu cho user ny: + Ta c th dng lnh a mm khi ng Ta thc hin in hnh cch 2(da vo grub boot loader) nh sau: + Khi ng my. + Khi GRUB Screen hin th ta chn phm e edit boot loader(nu ta c t mt khu cho GRUB th nhp mt khu vo).
Hnh 12.2 Chnh sa Grub
+ Chn mc kernel /boot. Sau bm phm e edit mc ny v thm t kha -s vo runlevel 1 sau bm phm enter + Sau khi thc thi bc 3 ta bm phm b boot h thng vo runlevel 1 v thc hin lnh passwd thay i mt khu ca user root.
Hnh 12.3 Chnh sa thnh cng
+ dng lnh init 6 reboot h thng

13.
Kt lun v hng pht trin
13.1. So snh kt qu
Nhn chung, mc d rt c gng nhng nhm cha hon thnh c yu cu l xy dng c cc dch v mng nh ti t ra. C th hn, nhm mi ch tm hiu v nghin cu c mt s dch v nh trnh by trn, cn mt s dch v vn cha lm c. Nhng dch v lm c nhng tm hiu vn cha tht su nh: Web server. Nhng dch v cha tm hiu c k: Mail Server, SSH .
13.2. Cc u nhc im
u im: - H thng nh gn, dung lng ti u. - Pht trin cc dch v theo hng ngun m (open source) hon ton min ph. - Tch hp gn nh y dch v cho vic qun tr h thng. - H thng chy n nh, khng sinh li v khng n b nh. Nhc im: - Khng cung cp k hng dn cch s dng cc lnh trong h thng. - Mt s dch v cn kh trin khai - Cn t tin ch h tr.
13.3. Hng pht trin

a cc dch v trin khai thc t. Tm hiu thm cc dch v cn li. Trin khai bo mt cc dch v mng.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

Cc cun sch tham kho :
[1] Trn Thch Tng, Bo mt v Ti u trong Red Hat Linux, 2003 [2] Tiu ng Nhn, Gio trnh h iu hnh Linux, NXB H QG TP.HCM [3] Tiu ng Nhn, Gio trnh dch v mng Linux, NXB H QG TP.HCM [4] Tham kho ti 04CDTH.
Cc a ch Website tham kho :

[1] www.diendanlinux.org [2] www.quantrimang.com [3] mt s website lin quan kh
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ti: Nghin cu & pht trin cc dch v mng trn mi trng Linux

TPHCM, Ngy 13 thng 06 nm 2008 Nhm sinh vin thc hin

Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2

Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2

Ty chn...............................................................................................................................123 Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2 Trang 3

TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................320

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I. Tm hiu v h iu hnh Linux.

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1.2.Ti sao Linux pht trin?

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1.3.Cc bn pht hnh Linux

1.5.Ai pht trin Linux ?

1.6.Linux cng sinh vi Windows

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1.7. Thng mi ho Linux

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1.9.Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

Cc ng dng trn Linux

1.10.1. Cc ng dng vn phng

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1.11.1. Gii thiu

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2................................................................Ci t v cu hnh Linux

a mm khi ng Linux 2.2.To a mm khi ng

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Cch ci t Linux t mng my tnh nh mt my ch NFS (Network h

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Hnh 2.1 Kim tra a CD

Bn c th b qua bc ny bng cch nhn vo Skip. Cn nu bn mun test a CD th bn nhn vo OK.

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Hnh 2.2 Giao din cho mng

Hnh 2.3 Chn ngn ng ci t

y nhm chn ngn ng l English. Nhn OK.

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Hnh 2.4 Chn ngn ng cho bn phm

Bm Ok chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.5 Chn loi chut ang s dng

Sau khi chn xong loi chut ca mnh th nhn OK.

Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2

Hnh 2.6 : Chn loi mn hnh ang s dng

Bm OK chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh monitor

Nn chn Default cho h thng t cu hnh.

Hnh 2.8 Chn loi cu hnh HDH ci vo my

Sau khi chn xong th bm OK.

Hnh 2.9 : Chn cch phn vng cng

Hnh 2.10 cnh bo s xa ht d liu

Bm Yes chuyn qua bc k tip.

Hnh 2.11 Phn vng cn trng.

y vng cn trng 8192Mb. Bm New to phn vng Root.

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Hnh 2.12 To phn vng root

Hnh 2.13 To phn vng swap

Sau khi phn vng xong bn nhn OK.

Khoa CNTT 05CDTH2

Hnh 2.14 Sau khi to phn vng xong

Sau khi phn vng xong. Nhn OK chuyn sang bc k tip.

Hnh 2.15 : Chn cu hnh boot loader

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Hnh 2.16 : Cu hnh boot loader

Hnh 2.16 : t password cho boot loader