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Chapter 10 - Meiosis
Chapter 10 - Meiosis
1) Meiosis takes a cell with two copies of every chromosome (diploid) and makes cells with a single copy of every chromosome (haploid).
This is a good idea if youre going to combine two cells to make a new organism. This trick is accomplished by halving chromosome number.
2) Meiosis scrambles the specific forms of each gene that each sex cell (egg or sperm) receives.
This makes for a lot of genetic diversity. This trick is accomplished through independent assortment and crossingover. Genetic diversity is important for the evolution of populations and species.
Brown eyes
Tall
Brown eyes
Tall
Blue eyes
Short
One Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells (Gametes) Independent Assortment
Independent assortment produces 2n distinct gametes, where n = the number of unique chromosomes. In humans, n = 23 and 223 8,000,0000.
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.
Between Independent Assortment and CrossingOver, No Two Gametes Are Identical. Your book calculates the number of possible combinations of children possible to one set of parents as over 70 trillion. (Reading Essentials page 113)
The Key Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis is the Way Chromosomes Uniquely Pair and Align in Meiosis
Mitosis
Woman are less busy in meiosis than men meiosis produces only a few hundred mature eggs over a lifetime.
Men are busy meiosis produces roughly 250,000,000 sperm per day.
Meiosis
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction Formation of new individual by a combination of two haploid sex cells (gametes). Fertilization- combination of genetic information from two separate cells that have one half the original genetic information Gametes for fertilization come from separate parents
Female- produces an egg Male produces sperm
Meiosis
Both gametes are haploid, with a single set of chromosomes The new individual is called a zygote, with two sets of chromosomes (diploid). Meiosis is a process to convert a haploid cell to a diploid gamete, and cause a change in the genetic information to increase diversity in the offspring.
Meiosis
Summary of chromosome characteristics Diploid set for humans; 2n = 46 Autosomes; homologous chromosomes, one from each parent (humans = 22 sets of 2) Sex chromosomes (humans have 1 set of 2)
Female-sex chromosomes are homologous (XX) Male-sex chromosomes are non-homologous (XY)
Meiosis
Haploid (n)-- one set chromosomes Diploid (2n)-- two sets chromosomes Most plant and animal adults are diploid (2n) Eggs and sperm are haploid (n)
Meiosis I
Meiosis I
In Metaphase 1 the chromosomes line upon the equator
equator
Meiosis I
In Anaphase 1 the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
Meiosis I
In Telophase
Meiosis II
In prophase II the nuclear envelope is again dissolved and the spindle is set up again. Prophase II is identical to prophase of mitosis except that there is half the amount of chromosomes.
Meiosis II
In metaphase II the chromosomes line up randomly at the equator
Equator
Meiosis II
Cytokinesis
These cells with half the number of chromosomes will either be eggs or sperm
Importance of Meiosis
The importance of meiosis in promoting genetic variation Each daughter cell (gamete) receives only one distinct chromosome of a homologous pair. The different pairs of homologous chromosomes separate independently of each other (during anaphase) so that the daughter cells have different combinations of chromosomes. Crossing over of chromatids between homologous chromosomes results in an exchange of chromosomal segments and therefore reshuffling of genes. Watch this video and then get ready for some group work on meiosis