THEORY

BS 1377 : 1990, allows either wet or dry sieving to be used, but the wet method is preferred. After oven drying, the test sample mass is determine before being separated into two parts, the first comprises that retained on a 20mm sieve and the second that passing 20mm. That greater than 20 mm is dry sieves, while that smaller is wet sieve prior to being re-sieved dry. The sieves used are generally chosen from range ( in mm ) of 75, 63, 50, 37.5, 28, 20, 14, 10, 6.3.5, 3.35, 2, 1.18, 0.6, 0.425, 0.3, 0.212, 0.15 and 0.063. the mass retained on each sieves is recorded, from which the percentages of the sample passing each sieve can be calculated. Material passing the 63 micron (0.063mm) sieves is retained for a fine particles analysis, if the amount justifies the further test. The combined results of the coarse and fine analyses are plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph of the form shown in figure 1.0, to give the particle size distribution curve.

Figure 1.0 Particles size grading curves of some typical soil.

Having plotted the result of the particles size analysis, the shape of the curve and its position on the chart can be used to indicate the nature of the soil. Figure 1.0, shows the grading curves of some typical soils. Thus a well-graded soil has a curve which is evenly spread and indicates a wide range of particles size. A uniformly graded soil has a near vertical curve indicating that the soil particles are approximately the same size. A poorly graded soil is one having a wide ranges. This deficiency, or gap, is indicated by near horizontal section of the curve. Two additional pieces of information can be obtained to define of the curve, the effective size and the uniformity coefficient. The effective size of a soil is defined as the particle size of the ten per cent passing fraction of the oil and is denoted by the symbol d10. The uniformity coefficient is defined as the ratio of the sixty per cent passing fraction size to the size per cent passing fraction size and denoted by the symbol Cu where; Cu = d60 d10