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MT S BI TON S HC
LIN QUAN N LY THA
Phm Vn Quc
(Trng THPT chuyn Khoa Hc T Nhin)
Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii chng ta hay gp cc bi ton s hc lin quan
n ly tha nh chng minh s chia ht, chng minh s tn ti hoc tm cc
s nguyn tha mn iu kin,... Trong nhng nm gn y, dng ton ny cng
xut hin nhiu trong cc thi quc gia, thi chn i tuyn thi quc t
(CT) ca cc nc, cc d tuyn v cc thi Ton quc t (IMO). y l
nhng bi ton hay v tt nhin khng d nu khng nm c mt s k thut
cng nh nhn dng c kiu bi ton. Cc li gii thng s dng cng c
khng kh nhng cha ng nhiu s tinh t v s linh hot trong vn dng kin
thc. Bi vit di y cp n mt s kin thc c bn v k nng lin quan
n cc bi ton dng ny.

I. Kin thc c bn
Trong phn ny l mt s kin thc c bn nhng chng hay c dng trong
cc dng ton m ta ang xt: cng thc ly tha, s m "ng", nh l Fermat,
nh l Euler, cp ca s nguyn v mt s tnh cht lin quan hay dng .
1. Mt s khai trin lin quan n ly tha
nh l 1. Cho l s nguyn dng, khi vi , bt k ta c
= ( ) (1 + 2 + 3 2 + + 2 + 1 ) ,
+ = ( + ) (1 2 + 3 2 2 + 1 ) nu l,
( + ) = + 1 1 + 2 2 2 + + 1 1 + .
Ta hy bt u bng v d sau.
V d 1. (Romania 2002) Cho , l cc s nguyn dng vi > 2. Chng
minh rng phng trnh
= 2
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
Li gii.
Gi s phng trnh c nghim nguyn dng (, ). Nu gcd (, ) = >
1 | 2 nn l ly tha ca 2. Bng cch chia hai v cho , ta c th gi s
gcd (, ) = 1 v suy ra , l.
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Nu chn, = 2 ta c = ( ) ( + ) nn
) =
(
2 , + = 2 vi l s nguyn dng. Khi = 21 1 + 22 m
l nn = 1. Hn na v 2 nn
)
(
= ( ) 1 + 2 + + 1 > 2
mu thun.
Do l s l. Ta c
)
(
= ( ) 1 + 2 + + 1 .
Nhng do , l nn 1 + 2 + + 1 1 (mod 2). Suy ra 1 +
2 + + 1 = 1, iu ny l khng th v , nguyn dng v > 2. Vy
phng trnh cho v nghim. 
Li gii ca v d ny ch yu dng cng thc ca hiu hai ly tha v tnh
cht tch ca hai s nguyn dng l ly tha ca 2 th mi s l ly tha ca 2.
V d tip theo cng c gii cng gn ging nhng cn mt cht kho lo hn.
V d 2. (D tuyn IMO 2008) Cho l s nguyn dng v l s nguyn t.
Chng minh rng nu , , l cc s nguyn (khng nht thit dng) tha mn
ng thc
+ = + = +
th = = .
Li gii.
Ta chng minh bi ton bng phn chng. R rng nu hai trong ba s , ,
bng nhau th tt c chng bng nhau. Gi s c ba s phn bit i mt, khi
theo gi thit ta c

.
.
= 3 .

V v phi m nn c t nht mt trong ba s , , l s m. Hn na phi l
s chn (nu tri li suy ra mi tha s v tri l s dng).
+, Nu l s l, m
2-

= 1 + 2 + + 1 .

Suy ra , khc tnh chn l, tc l 2 - . Tng t 2 - , 2 - y l

iu mu thun.
+, Nu = 2. R rng nu mt trong ba s , , bng 0 th c ba s bng 0.
Xt || , || , || 1. t = 2 ta c
=

2 2
= ( + ) 2

2
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)
(
= ( + ) 22 + 24 2 + + 22 .
D thy nu > 1 ta c ngay || 4 (do = 0) v tng t suy ra mu thun
v tch ca chng l 8. Do = 1 = 2 v ta thu c
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) = 8.
Ch l do = 2 nn t gi thit ta c ngay , , cng tnh chn l, suy ra
+ , + , + chn. M 8 = 2.2. (2) nn d thy hai trong ba s , , phi
bng nhau, suy ra = = (mu thun). T ta c iu phi chng minh. 
2. S m "ng" (exact exponent)
nh ngha 2. Cho l s nguyn t, l s nguyn v l s t nhin. Ta ni
l c ng (exact power) ca , v c gi l s m ng ca trong khai
trin ca , nu | v +1 - . Khi ta vit v k hiu = ().
Tnh cht 3. Cho , l cc s nguyn, khi ta c
Nu v th + ,
Nu th ,
Nu v vi = th min(,) + .
V d 3. Cho , l cc s nguyn dng v l s nguyn t l, N+ sao
cho 1, khi vi mi s nguyn 0 th + 1 .
Li gii.
Ta chng minh bng quy np theo . Nu = 0, th
1
= 1 + + + 1 (mod ) do 1 (mod )
1
v suy ra n khng chia ht cho . Bi ton ng.
Gi s bi ton ng vi 0 no v = +1 vi - . Theo gi thit

quy np ta c / = = + + 1 vi khng chia ht cho . Hn na ta

c
(
)
1 = + + 1 1
(
)
(
)2
= + + + 2 + + ++1 .
( 1)
, nn tt c cc s hng trong khai trin trn, ngoi tr s
2
hng cui cng, u chia ht cho ++2 . T ta c ngay ++1 1. Theo
nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh. 
Tng t nh v d trn, ta c bi ton vi = 2. Trong trng hp ny do
2
= 1 nn bi ton c s thay i mt cht.
V | 2 =

V d 4. Cho , l cc s nguyn dng, N+ sao cho 2 2 1, khi

vi mi s nguyn 0 th 2+ 1 2+1 .
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Li gii.
R rng ta ch cn xt vi l s nguyn dng chn. Ta chng minh bi
ton bng quy np theo 0. Vi = 0 = 2 ( l s l). Khi
1

1 2(1)
=

0 (mod 2 ) .
2 1
=0
Bi ton ng vi = 0. Gi s bi ton ng vi 0, t = 2 vi 2+1 ,
khi
1
= + 1 2 (mod 4)
1
(do l v chn). M 2+ 1. Suy ra bi ton ng n + 1. Ta c
iu phi chng minh. 
Ch : Hai v d trn c th tng qut hn, l nh l v s m ng nh
di y, cch chng minh hon ton tng t bng quy np.
nh l 4. (Lifting the Exponent Lemma) i. Vi , l cc s nguyn (khng
nht thit dng), l s nguyn dng v l s nguyn t l sao cho |
v , khng chia ht cho . Khi
( ) = ( ) + () .
ii. Vi , l hai s nguyn l v l s nguyn dng chn. Khi
2 ( ) = 2 ( ) + 2 ( + ) + 2 () 1.
Nhn xt: +, Nu l bng cch thay bi th ta cng c ng thc tng
t trong phn i, ( + ) = ( + ) + () ;
+, Trong phn ii, do , l nn mt trong hai s 2 ( ) , 2 ( + ) bng
1.
V d 5. (Nga 1996) Cc s nguyn dng , , , , tha mn + = .
Chng minh rng nu > 1 l s l v l s nguyn t l th l ly tha ca
.
Li gii.
Ta c = ( + ) (1 2 + + 1 ) suy ra + = , 1. Gi s
m (mod ). Nn theo nh l 4 ta c
( + ) = ( + ) + () = + ,
tc l + ( + ) = = . Hn na theo nh l 4 ta li c
(
)
(
)

+
= ( + ) + = + = ,

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suy ra +
v +
+ (v l v ). M

+ = nn ta c = + = + v t = . 
3. nh l Fermat (nh)
nh l 5. (nh l Fermat) Cho l mt s nguyn t tha mn - . Khi
1 1 (mod ) .
i vi s nguyn bt k, ta c (mod ) .
V d 6. Gi s s nguyn t c dng 4 + 3 v l c ca (2 + 2 ) th
| , | .
Li gii.
Gi s tri li - , - gcd (, ) = gcd (, ) = 1. Do theo nh
l Fermat ta c 1 1 1 (mod ). Trong khi t gi thit ta c
1
1
2 2 (mod ) (2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 (mod ). Hay 1 1 (mod )
1 1 (mod ). Ta c mu thun v l s nguyn t l. 
Nhn xt: T v d ny ta suy ra ngay vi l s nguyn dng mi c nguyn
t l ca 2 + 1 u c dng 4 + 1. V t mi c dng ca 2 + 1 u c
dng 2 (4 + 1) , = 0, 1.
V d 7. (CT M 2008) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng sao cho 7 + 7 l
s chnh phng.
Li gii.
Gi s tn ti N sao cho 7 + 7 = 2 . Khi ta c
(
)
2 + 112 = 7 + 27 = ( + 2) 6 25 + 25 + 26 .
R rng 2 + 112 1, 2 (mod 4) 7 + 27 1, 2 (mod 4). T d dng thy
1 (mod 4). M theo ng thc trn ta c ( + 2) | 2 + 112 suy ra 2 + 112
phi c mt c nguyn t c dng 4 + 3. T 112 2 (mod ). Nu
= 11 th theo nh l Fermat ta c 111 1 1 (mod ) nhng trong khi

(
) 1
111 2 2 = 1 (mod )
mu thun. Suy ra = 11. Do = 11, N v 11 | ( + 2) .
Hn na t ta li c
6 25 + 25 + 26 7.26 8 (mod 11) .
Suy ra 112 | ( + 2) = 112 2 v l c dng ca 2 + 1. Theo v
d 6 cc c nguyn t l ca 2 + 1 ch c dng 4 + 1, tc l ch c dng
2 (4 + 1) , = 0, 1. Khi = 112 2 0; 3 (mod 4). Ta c mu thun v
1 (mod 4). Do khng tn ti tha mn u bi. 
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4. Hm Euler
nh ngha 6. Cho l s nguyn dng. Hm Euler xc nh trn tp cc
s nguyn dng nh sau: () l s cc s nguyn dng nh hn v nguyn
t cng nhau vi . Quy c (1) = 1.
Tnh cht 7. Hm () c tnh cht nhn theo ngha: Nu , l hai s nguyn
t cng nhau th () = () () .
Tnh cht 8. Gi s = 1 1 2 2 . . . l phn tch tiu chun ca > 1. Khi

(
) (
)
(
)
1
1
1
() = 1
1
1
.
1
2

nh l 9. (nh l Euler ) Cho , l cc s nguyn, > 1, (, ) = 1. Khi

() 1 (mod ) .
Vi , l hai s nguyn dng bt k ta c
() (mod ) .
Nhn xt: nh l Fermat l trng hp ring ca nh l Euler trong trng
hp l s nguyn t.
B 10. Vi , l cc s nguyn dng , th vi ln ta c
+() (mod )
}
{
(c th hn max () + 1, l c nguyn t ca ).
Chng minh ca b ny c th xem trong bi 7 di y.
V d 8. (IMO 1971) Chng minh rng dy s 2 3 ( > 1) cha mt dy con
v hn gm cc s i mt nguyn t cng nhau.
Li gii.
Ta xy dng dy con bng quy np. Gi s ta xy dng c dy cc s
1 = 21 1, 2 = 22 1, ..., = 2 1, 2 = 1 < 2 < < , m cc
phn t i mt nguyn t cng nhau. Ta s xy dng +1 = 2+1 3 nh sau:
t = 1 2 ... ta c l s l nn theo nh l Euler ta c | 2() 1
2() 1 = , N. Khi ta c 2()+2 3 = 4 1 l nguyn t cng
nhau vi , nn ta c th chn +1 = () + 2. R rng +1 > v dy
s 1 , 2 , ..., , +1 i mt nguyn t cng nhau, t ta c iu phi chng
minh. 
V d 9. (M 1991) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn 1, dy s sau
2

22

2, 22 , 22 , 22 , . . . (mod )
l dy hng s k t mt lc no .
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Li gii.
Ta chng minh bng quy np theo . Vi = 1 bi ton hin nhin ng.
Gi s bi ton ng n 1, ( 2).
+, Nu chn, = 2 vi l. Khi theo gi thit quy np th dy cho
l hng s t lc no m-un . M r rng dy ny l dy 0 m-un 2 k t
lc no . V th theo m-un n cng l dy hng s k t mt lc no .
+, Nu l, theo nh l Euler ta c 2() 1 (mod ). M theo gi thit quy
2
np dy 1, 2, 22 , 22 , . . . (dy cc s m) l hng s k t mt lc no m-un
2
22
(). V th 2, 22 , 22 , 22 , . . . (mod ) l dy hng s k t mt lc no .
Theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh. 
5. Cp (order) ca mt s nguyn
nh ngha 11. Cho , l hai s nguyn dng v l s nguyn bt k tha
mn (, ) = 1. S nguyn dng nh nht sao cho 1 (mod ) c gi
l cp ca m-un , k hiu ord () .
B 12. Cho , l cc s nguyn dng v l s nguyn khc 1. Khi

gcd ( 1, 1) = gcd(,) 1 .
nh l 13. Cho , l cc s nguyn nguyn t cng nhau vi > 0 khi
ord () | ().
nh ngha 14. Nu , l cc s nguyn t cng nhau vi > 0 v nu
ord = () th c gi l cn nguyn thy m-un .
nh l 15. Nu , l cc s nguyn dng nguyn
nhau
v nu l
{ 2t cng
}
()
cn nguyn thy m-un . Khi cc s nguyn , , ...,
to thnh mt
h thng d thu gn m-un .
nh l 16. (S tn ti ca cn nguyn thy) Mi s nguyn t u c cn
nguyn thy. Tng qut hn: s nguyn dng > 1 c cn nguyn thy khi
v ch khi = 2, 4, hoc 2 trong l s nguyn t l v l s nguyn
dng.
V d 10. Cho l hai s nguyn dng v l s nguyn t tha. Chng minh
rng nu l c nguyn t l ca + 1 th 2 | 1 hoc | 2 1.
Li gii.
T gi thit | + 1 1 1 (mod ) v > 2. Suy ra 2
1 (mod ).
t = ord khi l c ca 2 nhng khng l c ca . M l s
nguyn t suy ra = 2 hoc = 2.
+, Nu = 2 suy ra 2 1 (mod ) hay | 2 1.
+, Nu = 2 2 | 1 v theo nh l Fermat ta c | 1 (pcm). 
V d 11. (D tuyn IMO 2006) Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng
trnh
7 1
= 5 1.
1
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Li gii.
Gi l mt c nguyn t bt k ca

7 1
= 6 + 5 + + + 1. Ta c
1

hai trng hp:

7 1
1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 7 (mod ) = 7;
1
+, Nu - ( 1), ta c ngay ord = 7. T suy ra 1 (mod 7) .
7 1
tha mn 0; 1 (mod 7).
Vy ta c mi c nguyn dng ca
1
By gi gi s (, ) l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho. M 5 1 =
( 1) ( 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1) suy ra
+, Nu | ( 1), suy ra

1 0; 1 (mod 7)
+ + + + 1 0; 1 (mod 7) .
4

Ta c mu thun v khi 1; 2 (mod 7) 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1 5; 3 (mod 7).

Vy bi ton v nghim. 
V d 12. (CT Trung Quc 2006) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn (, ) sao cho
( + 1)
l s nguyn.

Li gii.
Xt 2, gi s l c nguyn t nh nht ca . Khi | ( + 1)
(, ) = 1 nn tn ti sao cho 1 (mod ). Ta c ( + 1) (mod )
(( + 1) ) 1 (mod ). Do | vi = ord ( + ). Hn na theo nh l
Fermat ta c (( + 1) )1 1 (mod ) | 1 gcd (, ) = 1 (theo nh
ngha ca ). Tc l = 1, suy ra + 1 (mod ). Mu thun, do = 1. 
Ch : Ta c th trnh by li gii bng cn nguyn thy nh sau: Gi l
cn nguyn thy m-un . Theo gi thit ta d thy rng , + 1 khng chia
ht cho , suy ra ( + 1, ) = (, ) = 1 + 1 , (mod ) vi = .
Thay vo phng trnh cho suy ra (mod ) 1 | ( ). M
l c nguyn t nh nht ca nn ( 1, ) = 1 1 | . Theo nh
l Fermat suy ra | 1 1 | = 1 mu thun. 
6. Mt s h qu hay dng khc
i. Nu | th ( + ) 1 + (mod 2 ) v nu (mod ) th
= + ta c 1 + (mod 2 ) .
ii . Cho l s nguyn dng v , l hai s nguyn t cng nhau vi . Nu
, l hai s nguyn tha mn (mod ) v (mod ). Khi
gcd(,) gcd(,) (mod ).
iii . Cho l mt s nguyn t l. Khi
a) nu 2 th 1 c mt c nguyn t m khng l c ca 1;
b) nu 2, = 3 hoc > 2 th + 1 c mt c nguyn t m khng l
c ca + 1.
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Hng dn. Gi s tri li suy ra mi c ca = 1 + 2 + + + 1 u

l c ca 1 m = ( 1) + gcd ( 1, 1 + 2 + + + 1) |
l ly tha ca . Do 2 1 = 1 mu thun.
iv. Nu l s nguyn khng chia ht cho s nguyn t v c mt s nguyn
dng tha mn 1 (mod ) khi nu = ord th = /2 l s
nguyn dng nh nht tha mn 1 (mod ) .
)2 1 (mod ) | 2 m 1 (mod ) nn = 2
( Hng
) ( dn.
1 + 1 0 (mod ) .
1
v. Nu l s nguyn dng v , l hai s nguyn t sao cho |
th
1
= hoc 1 (mod ) .
)
( )
(
vi. S nguyn dng nh nht tha mn 2 1 mod 3 l = 3 =
2.31 . Ni cch khc 2 l cn nguyn thy m-un 3 .
Hng dn. Nu l s nguyn t l v l cn nguyn thy m-un 2 th
l cn nguyn thy m-un vi mi s nguyn dng .

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1. (IMO 2005) Xt dy s 1 , 2 , ... xc nh bi cng thc
= 2 + 3 + 6 1 ( = 1, 2, ...) .
Xc nh tt c cc s nguyn dng m chng nguyn t cng nhau vi mi s
hng ca dy trn.
Li gii.
Ta s chng minh vi mi s nguyn t lun tn ti mt s hng ca
dy sao cho | , t suy ra tt c cc s cn tm l 1.
+, Vi = 2, 3 r rng 2 = 48 t | 2 .
+, Xt > 3. p dng nh l Fermat ta c
62 = 3.21 + 2.31 + 61 6 3 + 2 + 1 6 0 (mod ) .
T | 2 gcd (, 2 ) = > 1. Vy ch c s 1 tha mn bi ton. 
Bi 2. (D tuyn IMO 2005) Gi s , l hai s nguyn dng sao cho +
l c ca + vi mi s nguyn dng . Chng minh rng = .
Li gii.
Gi s = , khi t gi thit d thy > . Chn l s nguyn t ln
hn v ly = ( + 1) ( 1) + 1. Theo cch chn ny ta c 1 (mod 1)
v (mod ). Khi theo nh l Fermat ta c
(
)+1
1
(mod ) Z.
Ta li c + 0 (mod ) | + . Hn na +
0 (mod ) | . iu ny mu thun v > . Do = tha mn. 
Bi 3. (Bulgaria 1995) Tm tt c cc s nguyn t , sao cho l c ca
(5 2 ) (5 2 ).
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Li gii.
Do tnh i xng nn ta c th gi s m (5 2 ) (5 2 ) l s l nn
ta c 5 . rng nu s nguyn t l c ca 5 2 th theo nh
l Fermat ta c ngay 3 5 2 5 2 (mod ) = 3.
Gi s > 3, theo nhn xt trn ta c l c ca 5 2 hay 5 2 (mod ).
Li theo nh l Fermat th 51 21 (mod ). Do
5gcd(1,) 2gcd(1,) (mod ) .
M gcd ( 1, ) = 1 do ta c 5 2 (mod ) = 3 mu thun.
Suy ra = 3. Nu > 3 suy ra l c ca 5 2 = 53 23 = 9.13 = 13
tha mn.
Vy tt c cc cp (, ) cn tm l: (3, 3) ; (3, 13) ; (13, 3). 
Bi 4. (D tuyn IMO 2003) Cho l mt s nguyn t. Chng minh rng tn
ti mt s nguyn t sao cho vi mi s nguyn , s khng chia ht cho
.
Li gii.
Ta c

(
)
1
= 1 + + 2 + 1 + 1 mod 2 ,
1
1
khng ng d 1 m-un 2 . Gi
suy ra c t nht mt c nguyn t ca
1
s nguyn t ny l v ta s ch ra y l s cn tm.
Tht vy, gi s tn ti s nguyn sao cho (mod ). Khi , theo
2
cch chn s ta c 1 (mod ). Mt khc, theo nh l Fermat,
1 1 (mod ), v l s nguyn t. Hn na ta c 2 - 1 nn (2 , 1) |
1 (mod ). Suy ra 1 (mod ). Khi ta thu c
1 + + + 1 (mod ) .
Cng vi nh ngha ca ta c ngay 0 (mod ), y l iu mu thun. Ta
c iu phi chng minh. 
Nhn xt: dng nh l Fermat, ta s tm cch chn s c dng + 1. Khi

(mod ) 1 (mod ) ,
tc l (mod ) 1 (mod ) .
Do tm ta s chn l mt c nguyn t ca 1 v ta c cch chn
nh trn.
Bi 5. (D tuyn IMO 2005) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng > 1 sao cho tn
ti duy nht s nguyn vi 0 < ! tha mn + 1 chia ht cho !.
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Li gii.
Ta s ch ra rng tt c cc s cn tm l cc s nguyn t. Tht vy:
+, Vi = 2 khi r rng ch c duy nht = 1 tha mn yu cu.
+, Vi > 2 v chn ta c 4 | ! nhng + 1 1, 2 (mod 4) , khi khng
tn ti tha mn.
+, Xt l. Ta c
(! 1) + 1 (1) + 1 0 (mod !) .

(*)

Suy ra nu l hp s v l mt c nguyn t ca th ta c
)
(

!
(!)
1 +1=
0 (mod !)

=1
bi v r rng 2 | ! nn mi s hng ca tng trn u chia ht cho !. Do vy
trng hp ny cng khng tha mn.
+, Xt l s nguyn t l v gi s l s nguyn tha mn 0 < !, +1
chia ht cho !. Do l nn ta c khai trin
(
)
+ 1 = ( + 1) 1 2 + + 2 + 1 .
Ta s chng minh = ! 1 l gi tr duy nht tha mn.
Xt l s nguyn t, . Ta c | + 1 | () 1. Theo nh l
Fermat ta li c | ()1 1 nn | ()(,1) 1 = 1. Suy ra | + 1
( = ) v nu < th 1 2 + + 2 + 1 (mod ) 0 (mod )
do (, ) = 1. T ta thu c 1 2 + + 2 + 1 v ( 1)! nguyn
t cng nhau, suy ra ( 1)! | + 1. M | + 1 nn ! | + 1. Do iu kin
0 < ! ! = + 1 = ! 1. Cng vi (*) ta c = ! 1 l gi tr
duy nht tha mn.
Vy tt cc s nguyn dng cn tm l tt c cc s nguyn t. 
Bi 6. (D tuyn IMO 2006) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng lun
tn ti s nguyn sao cho 2 + chia ht cho .
Li gii.
Ta s chng minh bng quy np theo rng lun tn ti s nguyn dng
ln 2 (mod ) .
+, Vi = 1 hin nhin ng.
+, Xt > 1. Theo tnh cht ca hm Euler ta c dy cc s m ca 2 theo
m-un l tun hon vi chu k l bi ca (). Do vi , ln v
(mod ()) th 2 2 (mod ).
Chn s c dng 2 (mod ()). Khi 2 (mod )
2 2 (mod ). Theo gi thit quy np ta c th chn c s ln
2 (mod ()) 2 (mod ()). T ta thu c
2 (mod ). Theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng minh. 
Bi 7. (CT M 2007) Hi c tn ti hay khng hai s nguyn dng , sao
cho khng l c ca vi mi s nguyn dng .
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Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng , th vi ln
ta c
+() (mod ) .
(*)
Tht vy, gi s = 1 1 2 2 . . . , trong 1 , 2 , ..., l cc s nguyn t phn
bit. V l hm nhn tnh nn ta c
)
) (
) (
(
() = (1 1 ) (2 2 ) . . . ( ) = 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 . . . 1
(
) (
)
(
)
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
.
1
2

Khi ta c ( ) | () v () < . Vi mi , ta c hai trng hp:

+, Nu l c ca 0 (mod ) vi + 1. Suy ra +()
() 0 (mod ) vi + 1.
+, Nu khng l c ca gcd ( , ) = 1. Theo nh l Euler th

( ) 1 (mod ), m ( ) | () +() (mod ) .

Tc l vi mi ta lun chn c sao cho vi mi > th +()
(mod ). Do nu ta chn = max { } khi vi mi > , ta c
+() (mod ) vi mi 1 . Bi v cc l cc s nguyn t phn
bit nn +() (mod ) vi mi > (pcm).
Tr li bi ton, ta s ch ra bng quy np theo rng vi mi s nguyn
dng , th lun tn ti v hn s nguyn dng sao cho l c ca
(**).
+, Vi = 1 r rng khng nh (**) ng.
+, Gi s (*) ng vi mi s nguyn 1 < 0 (0 2). Do () < nn
theo gi thit quy np v theo (*) suy ra tn ti v s s nguyn dng sao cho
() | ( ) v +() (mod ) .
Vi mi nh vy, t
=

v 1 = = + () .
()

Th th theo nh l Euler
1 1 +() () () 0 (mod ) ,
tc l 1 = tha mn yu cu. Theo gi thit quy np, c v hn s 1 =
tha mn iu kin trong khng nh (**), t (**) ng. V do khng c
cc s nguyn dng , no tha mn u bi. 
Bi 8. (CT M 2003) Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn t (, , ) tha mn
| + 1, | + 1, | + 1.
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Li gii.
Gi s , , tha mn u bi suy ra chng l ba s nguyn t phn bit.
Trng hp 1 : C ba s , , u l. Ta c | + 1 nn theo v d 10 ta c
2 | 1 hoc | 2 1.
+, Nu 2 | 1 1 (mod ) 0 + 1 2 (mod ) m > 2 nn
mu thun vi u bi.
+, Nu | 2 1 = ( 1) ( + 1). Hn na do l v 1, + 1 l cc s
chn nn ta c
+1
1
hoc |
.
|
2
2
+1
Khi ta lun c
< . Bng cch chng minh tng t ta cng c
2
< , < . Ta cng c mu thun nn trng hp ny khng xy ra c.
Trng hp 2 : Mt trong ba s , , phi bng 2, do tnh xoay vng nn ta
c th gi s = 2. Khi | 2 + 1, li theo v d 10 ta c 2 | 1 hoc
| 22 1.
R rng nu 2 | 1 nh trng hp trn ta cng c 1 (mod ) 0

+ 1 2 (mod ) = 2 ta c mu thun v , , phn bit. Do | 22 1

suy ra = 3 v | 2 + 1 = 10 = 5. (tha mn).
Vy cc b cn tm l cc hon v xoay vng ca (2, 5, 3). 
Bi 9. (Iran 2007) Cho l s nguyn dng v = 22007 + 1 vi l s nguyn
l. Chng minh rng
- 21 + 1.
Li gii.
( )22007
Gi s | 21 + 1 = 2
+ 1. Gi l mt s c nguyn t ty ca
2007
2008

v t = 2 , = ord (). Ta c 2
1 (mod ) 2
1 (mod ). Suy
2008
2007
2008
ra | 2 , - 2 , tc l = 2
m | 1 1 (mod 22008 ). Do
(
)
(
)
1 mod 22008 22007 0 mod 22008 2 | .
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit, ta c kt lun ca bi ton. 
Bi 10. (Vit Nam 2001) Cho l s nguyn dng v , l cc s nguyn t

cng nhau ln hn 1. Gi s , l hai c l ln hn 1 ca 6 + 6 . Tm s d

trong php chia ca 6 + 6 cho 6.12 .

Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh 1 (mod 2+1 ). V (, ) = 1 suy ra (, ) =
(, ) = 1. Gi l nghch o ca m-un v t = . Khi theo gi
thit

| 6 + 6 | 6 + 1 | 2.6 1.

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Suy ra ord () | 2.6 , ord () | 6 . Do ta suy ra ord () = 2+1 3 m

ord () | 1 1 (mod 2+1 ). Chng minh
tng t
) cho . Vy
(

1 (mod 2+1 ) 6 6 6 .2+1 + 1

6

mod (2+1 )

(theo khai trin

Newton). T 1 (mod 22+1 ). (*)

Hn na ta c (6+1 ) = 2.6 6 1 (mod 6+1 ). Gi s 6

1 (mod 6+1 ) suy ra 6 1 (mod 2+1 ) m t (*) ta c 6 1 (mod 2+1 )

26 0 (mod 2+1 ) mu thun v l. Do ta thu c 6 1 (mod 22+1 )

v 6 1 (mod 6+1 ) t 6 1 (mod 6.12 ). Tng t 6 1 (mod 6.12 ).

Suy ra s d cn tm l 2. 
Bi 11. (Trung Quc 2009) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn t (, ) sao cho
| 5 + 5 .
Li gii.
R rng cp (5, 5) tha mn. Xt trng hp = 5, = 5 ta c 5 | 55 + 5
| 625 + 51 . Theo nh l Fermat suy ra l c ca 626, trong trng hp
ny ta c nghim (5, 313) v (5, 2). Tng t trng hp = 5, = 5 ta c hai
nghim (313, 5) v (2, 5).
Xt = 2, = 5 ta c 2 | 25 + 5 25 + 5 0 (mod 2) v theo nh
l Fermat ta thu c 30 0 (mod 2) t d thy = 3 tha mn. Do
trong trng hp trong hai s , c mt s bng 2 v s cn li khc 5 ta c hai
nghim (2, 3) v (3, 2).
Xt , l hai s khc 2 v 5. Ta c 5 + 5 0 (mod ) 5 + 5
0 (mod ) 51 1 (mod ) 52(1) 1 (mod ). Tng t ta c
51 1 (mod ). Chn sao cho 2 ord 5 m ord 5 | 1, v ord 5 |
2 ( 1) ; ord 5 - ( 1). Suy ra 21 1, tc l s m ln nht ca 2 m
l c ca 1 ln hn s m ln nht ca 2 m l c ca 1. Do tnh i
xng nn ta cng c s m ln nht ca 2 m l c ca 1 ln hn s m ln
nht ca 2 m l c ca 1. y l iu mu thun, trong trng hp ny
bi ton v nghim.
Vy cc nghim ca bi ton l (2, 3) ; (2, 5) ; (5, 5) ; (5, 313) v cc nghim i
xng ca n l (3, 2) ; (5, 2) ; (313, 5). 
Bi 12. (CT Romanian 2000) Cho > 1 l s nguyn dng. Tm s nguyn
dng nh nht sao cho 22000 | 1.
Li gii.
Ta c 1 (mod 22000 ). Theo nh l Euler suy ra | (22000 ) = 21999
l ly tha ca 2. t = 2 vi 0. Khi ta c
( 1
)
(
) (
)
1 = ( 1) ( + 1) 2 + 1 4 + 1 2 + 1 .
(
)
1
M 2 + 1 2 (mod 4) nn 2 1 (2 + 1) (4 + 1) 2 + 1 . Do
ta cn tm nh nht 22001 | ( 1) ( + 1) = 2 1. V th nu t
14

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= 2 (2 1) (tc l s m ca 2 ln nht ca 2 1) ta c
{
0 nu 2001
=
2001 nu < 2001.
Vy = 2 vi xc nh theo cng thc trn. 
Bi 13. (CT Romanian 2005) Gii phng trnh trong tp s nguyn dng
3 = 2 + 1.
Li gii.
Bng quy np ta d dng chng minh c hai nhn xt sau:

Vi mi s nguyn dng ta c 2+2 32 1,

Vi mi s nguyn dng 3 ta c 2 > + 2.
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng
(
)
2 = (3 1) 31 + 32 + + 3 + 1
)
(
= 2 31 + 32 + + 3 + 1 .
t = 2 vi , N v l.
+, Nu = 0 tc l l s l, m 31 + 32 + ... + 3 + 1 l tng ca s
l nn l s l, suy ra 2 2 = 1 = 1. T (, ) = (1, 1) l mt
nghim ca phng trnh.
( )
+, Nu 1, ta c 32
( )

22 = 32
1
)
(
) (( 2 )1 ( 2 )2
( )
= 32 1
3
+ 3
+ + 32 + 1 .
( )1 ( 2 )2
( )
M 32
+ 3
+ + 32 + 1 l tng ca s l nn l s l. Do

theo nhn xt trn ta c 2+2 3 1 = 22 . Suy ra + 2 2 2.

Kim tra trc tip d thy vi = 1 = 1 = 2, = 2; vi = 2 tng
t ta c = 1 v t = 4, = 5.
Vy phng trnh c cc nghim (1, 1) ; (2, 2) v (4, 5). 
Bi 14. (D tuyn IMO 1991) Tm s nguyn dng ln nht sao cho
1992

1991 | 19901991

1990

+ 19921991

Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh bng quy np rng vi mi s l 3 v s nguyn
0 th ta c

+1 ( + 1) 1 v +1 ( 1) 1.

R rng = 0 hin nhin ng. Gi s ( + 1) = 1 + +1 , - . Khi

(
)
+1
( + 1)
= 1 + +1 = 1 + . +1 + 2 2 2+2 + 3+3 .
15

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+1

M l nn 2 chia ht cho . Suy ra ( + 1)

Do ta c ngay
1992

19911993 19901991

= 1 + +2 vi - .
1990

+ 1, 19911991 19921991

1.

Vy = 1991. 
Bi 15. (IMO 1990) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng sao cho

2 + 1
l s
2

nguyn.
Li gii
Vi = 1 tha mn. Xt > 1 l. Gi s 3 l c nguyn t
nh nht ca . Ta c gcd ( 1, ) = 1 v | 2 + 1 | 22 1. Theo nh
l Fermat | 21 1 suy ra | gcd (21 1, 22 1) = 2gcd(2,1) 1. M
gcd (2, 1) 2 suy ra | 3 = 3. t = 33 vi 2, 3 - .
Ta c nhn xt: Nu 2 1 chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 31 (xem v
d 3). Hn na do 32 | 2 | 22 1 321 | = 3 = 1.
Gi s > 1 v l c nguyn t nh nht ca . R rng l v
5, gcd (, 1) | 3. Khi ta c | 22 1, | 21 1 | 2gcd(2,1) 1 |
26 1 = 32 .7. Do = 7 7 | | 2 + 1 m 2 + 1 2, 3, 5 (mod 7) mu
thun. Vy = 1 = 3 tha mn. p s = 1, = 3. 
Bi 16. (CT Trung Quc 2005) Cho , , l cc s nguyn dng > 1, =
. Chng minh rng nu 1 v 1 c cng cc c nguyn t th + 1 l
ly tha ca 2.
Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh bi ton cho trng hp = 1, tc l nu > 1, >
1 v 1 v 1 c cng cc nhn t nguyn t th v + 1 l ly tha
ca 2. Phn chng, gi s l c nguyn t l ca . Khi mi c nguyn
t ca 1 + + 2 + + 1 l c ca 1 + + 2 + + 1 | 1 | 1.
Suy ra 1 + + 2 + + 1 (mod ) 0 (mod ), nn = . Do
1 + + 2 + + 1 = , > 1. t = + 1 1 + + 2 + + 1
(mod 2 ) mu thun. Vy l ly tha ca 2. Gi l c nguyn t bt k
ca + 1 | 1 | 1 = 2.
Trong trng hp bt k, t = gcd (, ) , = /. Ta thu c 1
v 1 c cng cc c nguyn t. Do theo chng minh trn ta c l ly
tha ca 2 v + 1 = 2 , 2. Xt m-un 4 suy ra l. Gi s l c nguyn
t ca + 1 suy ra | + 1 | 2 1 | 1 | 1 2 (mod ). T
= 2, tc l + 1 l ly tha ca 2. 

III. Mt s bi tp
Bi 1. (D tuyn IMO 2007) Cho , l cc s nguyn. Gi s vi mi > 1
lun tn ti s nguyn sao cho chia ht cho . Chng minh rng =
vi l s nguyn no .
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Hng dn: Biu din = 1 1 . . . . Do 2 | 2 2 . Suy ra

| tc l l ly tha ng bc .
Bi 2. (D tuyn IMO 2002) Cho 1 , 2 , ..., l cc s nguyn t phn bit ln
hn 3. Chng minh rng 21 2 ... + 1 c t nht 4 c s.
Hng dn: Ch nu , l v (, ) = 1 th c chung ln nht ca 2 + 1
v 2 + 1 l 3. T 2 + 1 chia ht cho (2 + 1) (2 + 1) /3. Sau chng minh
bi ton bng quy np theo .
Bi 3. (IMO 2006) Xc nh tt c cc cp s nguyn (, ) tha mn phng
trnh
1 + 2 + 22+1 = 2 .
Hng dn: Xt > 0, > 0 v l. Ch 2 (1 + 2+1 ) = ( 1) ( + 1) t
ta c th biu din theo . Suy ra = 4, = 23. p s (0, 2) ; (4, 23) .
Bi 4. (D tuyn IMO 2001) Cho l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Chng minh rng
tn ti s nguyn vi 1 2 sao cho hoc 1 1 hoc ( + 1)1 1
chia ht cho 2 .
Hng dn: t = {1 1 : 1 1 (mod 2 )}. V t nht mt
trong hai s , thuc v 1
/ v || ( 1) /2 = v gi s c
ng mt trong hai s 2, 2 + 1 (1 1) thuc . Xt 7 2 1 =
2
/ 3 = 2 2 . Bng cch xt m-un 2 2 3 , tc l
3, 4 tha mn.
Bi 5. (CT Vit Nam 2008) Cho , l cc s nguyn dng. Chng minh
rng (2 + 3) + 1 chia ht cho 6 khi v ch khi 3 + 1 chia ht cho 4.
Hng dn: Khai trin Newton, bi ton tr thnh chng minh 2 | 3 + 1
v 3 | (2) + 1 khi v ch khi 4 | 3 + 1.
Bi 6. (D tuyn IMO 2000) Xc nh tt c cc b ba s nguyn dng (, , )
sao cho + 1 l c ca ( + 1) .
Hng dn: Ch nu | | (gcd (, )) . Xt > 1 v > 1,
khi l. Gi s l c nguyn t ca . Bng cch xt m-un, suy ra
( + 1) / ( + 1) = = 3. p s: {(1, , ) ; (, 1, ) ; (2, 3, 2)} .
Bi 7. (Nga 2000) Hi c tn ti ba s , , > 1 i mt nguyn t cng nhau
v tha mn
| 2 + 1, | 2 + 1, | 2 + 1.
Hng dn: Ta c , , l l. Gi s = min {, , }. Nu , , nguyn t
suy ra = 3, khng tn ti , . Trng hp bt k ta k hiu () l c nguyn
t nh nht ca . Khi nu l s nguyn t sao cho | 2 + 1 v < (3)
th = 3. S dng tnh cht ny suy ra mu thun.
Bi 8. (IMO 2000) Hi c tn ti hay khng s nguyn dng c ng 2000
c nguyn t v 2 + 1 chia ht cho .
Hng dn: S dng quy np theo s cc c s, . Ch ra rng ta c th tm
vi ng c nguyn t sao cho | (2 + 1) v c mt c nguyn t ca
2 + 1 nhng khng l c ca .
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Bi 9. (CT Iran 2006) Cho l s nguyn dng. Tm tt c cc b s

1 , 2 , ..., i mt phn bit v i mt nguyn t cng nhau sao cho vi mi
1 ta c
1 + 2 + + | 1 + 2 + + .
Hng dn: Chng minh 1 +2 + + | ( 1) v hai s ny bng nhau.
Nu 8 th 1 + 2 + + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + + 2 + 1 = 2 7 > 2 .
p s = 1, 1 ty .
Bi 10. (Iran 2004) Cho 1 , 2 , ..., l cc s nguyn khng ng thi bng
nhau. Chng minh rng tn ti v s s nguyn t sao cho c tn ti s nguyn
dng sao cho
| 1 + 2 + + .
Hng dn: Ta c th gi s gcd (1 , 2 , ..., ) = 1 v 2. Gi s ch c
hu hn cc s nguyn t 1 , ..., . Chn thch hp suy ra 1 + 2 + +
c c nguyn t ln hn 1 2 ... .
Bi 11. (D tuyn IMO 2002) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn , 3 sao cho
tn ti v hn cc s nguyn tha mn
+ 1
+ 2 1
l mt s nguyn.
Hng dn: R rng < . S dng tnh cht a thc suy ra biu thc
cho nhn gi tr nguyn vi mi . a thc t s chia ht a thc mu s nn
chng c nghim chung (0, 1) t nh gi theo suy ra < 2. Cui
cng chn = 2 v xt m-un = 2 + 3 (mu s) ta c (, ) = (5, 3) .
Bi 12. (Trung Quc 2008) Tm tt c cc b ba s (, , ) sao cho +2
3+2 (mod ) , +2 3+2 (mod ) trong , l cc s nguyn t l v l
s nguyn dng.
Hng dn: Nu hai trong ba s , , 3 bng nhau ta c nghim (3, 3, ). Xt
trng hp chng phn bit v > . Ta c | +2 + +2 3+2 < 2+2
2 > 1 . M +2 3+2 . Suy ra 3.

18