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Chng 1

KHAI NIEM C BAN

1.1 NHIEM VU CUA BAO VE . Trong qua trnh van hanh he thong ien co the xuat hien trnh trang s co va che o lam viec khong bnh thng cua cac phan t. Phan ln cac s co thng kem theo hien tng dong ien tang kha cao va ien ap giam kha thap. Cac thiet b co dong ien tang cao chay qua b ot nong qua mc cho phep dan en h hong. Khi ien ap giam thap th cac ho tieu thu khong the lam viec bnh thng, tnh on nh cua cac may phat lam viec song song va cua toan he thong b giam. Cac che o lam viec khong bnh thng cung lam cho ap, dong va tan so lech khoi gii han cho phep va neu e keo dai trnh trang nay co the xuat hien s co. Co the noi, s co lam roi loan cac hoat ong bnh thng cua he thong ien noi chung va cua cac ho tieu thu ien noi rieng. Che o lam viec khong bnh thng co nguy c xuat hien s co lam giam tuoi tho cua cac may moc thiec b. Muon duy tr hoat ong bnh thng cua he thong va cua cac ho tieu thu ien th khi xuat hien s co can phat hien cang nhanh cang tot cho s co e cach ly no khoi phan t khong b h hong, co nh vay phan t con lai mi duy tr c hoat ong bnh thng, ong thi giam mc o h hong cua s co. Nh vay ch co cac thiet b t ong bao ve mi co the thc hien tot c cac yeu cau neu tren. Cac thiet b nay hp thanh he thong bao ve. Cac mang ien hien ai khong the lam viec thieu cac he thong bao ve, v no theo doi lien tuc trnh trang lam viec cua tat ca cac phan t trong he thong ien. Khi xuat hien s co, bao ve phat hien va cho tn hieu khi cat cac phan t h hong thong qua cac may cat ien (MC). Khi xuat hien che o lam viec khong bnh thng, bao ve se phat hien va tuy thuoc theo yeu cau co the tac ong e khoi phuc che o lam viec bnh thng hoac bao tn hieu cho nhan vien trc. He thong bao ve la to hp cua cac phan t c ban la cac rle, nen con c goi la bao ve rle. 1.2 CAC YEU CAU C BAN OI VI HE THONG BAO VE. 1.2.1 Cac yeu cau oi vi chong ngan mach. a) Tnh chon loc. Kha nang cua bao ve ch cat phan t b s co khi s co xay ra c goi la tnh chon loc. oi vi v du hnh 1.1, yeu cau nay c thc hien nh sau: Khi ngan mach (NM) tai iem N1, may cat 3(MC3 ) la may cat gan cho s co nhat c cat ra, nh vay cac phu tai khong noi vao ng day h hong van c nhan ien. Khi ngan mach tai iem N2 ng day s co II c cat ra t
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hai pha nh MC1 va MC2, con ng day I van lam viec, v vay toan bo cac ho tieu thu van nhan c ien. Yeu cau tac ong chon loc la yeu cau c ban nhat e am bao cung cap ien an toan cho cac ho tieu thu ien. Neu bao ve tac ong khong chon loc th s co co the lan rong.

Hnh 1.1 Cat chon loc phan t b h hong khi NM trong mang ien b) Tac ong nhanh. Tnh tac ong nhanh cua bao ve la yeu cau quan trong khi co ngan mach ben trong cua thiet b. Bao ve tac ong cang nhanh th: am bao tnh on nh lam viec song song cua cac may phat trong he thong, lam giam anh hng cua ien ap thap len cac phu tai. Giam tac hai dong ngan mach ti cac thiet b. Giam xac suat dan en h hong nang hn. Nang cao hieu qua thiet b t ong lai. Thi gian cat h hong t bao gom thi gian tac ong cua bao ve (tbv ) va thi gian cat cua may cat (tmc ), tmc la hang so cua may cat. t= tbv + tmc oi vi cac he thong ien hien ai, thi gian cat NM ln nhat cho phep theo yeu cau am bao tnh on nh la rat nho. V du oi vi ng day tai ien 300 500 kV, can phai cat s co trong vong 0.1 0.12 giay (s) sau khi NM xuat hien, con trong mang t 110 220 kV th trong vong 0.15 0.3s. Muon giam thi gian cat NM can giam thi gian tac ong cua bao ve va thi gian cat cua may cat. Hien nay dung pho bien cac MC co tmc = 0.15 0.06 s. Neu can cat NM vi thi gian t = 0.12 s bang MC co tmc = 0.08 s th thi gian tac ong cua bao ve khong c vt qua 0.04s (2 chu ky cua song dong ien co tan so 50Hz). Bao ve co tac ong di 0.1s c xep vao loai tac ong nhanh. Loai bao ve tac ong nhanh hien ai co tbv = 0.01 0.04s. Viec che tao bao ve va co tac ong nhanh, va co tnh chon loc la van e rat kho. Cac bao ve nay phc tap va at tien. e n gian, co the thc hien

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cat nhanh NM khong chon loc, sau o dung thiet b t ong lai phan b cat khong chon loc. c) o nhay. Tren hnh 1.1 ta thay moi bao ve can tac ong khi s co xay ra trong vung bao ve cua mnh (e bao am th va co bao ve chnh va va co bao ve d tr tai cho). V du bao ve 1 va 2 can tac ong khi NM xay ra trong oan DE. Ngoai ra bao ve 1 va 2 con can tac ong khi s co xay ra trong oan BC cua bao ve 3 (bao ve 1 va 2 goi la bao ve d tr cho bao ve 3). ieu nay can thiet e d phong trng hp NM tren oan BC ma BV3 hoac MC3 khong lam viec. Tac ong cua BV oi vi oan ke tiep c goi la d phong xa. Moi bao ve can tac ong khong ch vi trng hp NM trc tiep ma ca khi NM qua ien tr trung gian cua ho quang ien. Ngoai ra no con tac ong khi NM xay ra trong luc he thong lam viec che o cc tieu ( che o nay, mot so nguon c cat ra va do o dong NM co ga tr nho). o nhay cua bao ve thng c anh gia bang he so nhay knh. oi vi bao ve cc ai tac ong, ai lng theo doi tang khi co s co h hong (v du qua dong ien) th knh c xac nh:
k nh = I N min I kdbv

vi INmin dong NM nho nhat; Ikdbv gia tr dong nho nhat ma BV co the tac ong. oi vi bao ve cc tieu tac ong khi ai lng theo doi giam khi h hong (v du ien ap cc tieu) he so knh c xac nh ngc lai bang tr so ien ap khi ong chia cho ien ap d con lai ln nhat khi h hong. Bao ve can co o nhay sao cho no tac ong chac chan khi NM qua ien tr ho quang cuoi vung c giao bao ve trong che o cc tieu cua he thong. d) o tin cay. o tin cay the hien yeu cau bao ve phai tac ong chac chan khi NM xay ra trong vung c giao bao ve va khong c tac ong oi vi cac che o ma no khong co nhiem vu tac ong. ay la yeu cau rat quan trong. Mot bao ve nao o hoac khong tac ong hoac tac ong nham rat co the dan en hau qua la so phu tai b mat ien nhieu hn hoac lam cho s co lan tran. V du khi NM tai iem N2 tren hnh 1.1 ma bao ve khong tac ong cat MC1 va MC2 c th cac bao ve d phong xa cat nguon II MC4, MC5 va tram B nh vay bao ve khong tin cay, lam mat ien nhieu gay thiet hai cho kinh te. e bao ve co o tin cay cao can dung s o n gian, giam so rle va tiep xuc, cau tao n gian, che o lap rap am bao chat lng, ong thi kiem tra thng xuyen trong qua trnh van hanh. 1.2.2 Yeu cau oi vi cac bao ve chong cac che o lam viec khong bnh thng.
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Tng t bao ve chong NM, cac bao ve nay cung can tac ong chon loc, nhay va tin cay. Yeu cau tac ong nhanh khong e ra. Thi gian tac ong cua bao ve loai nay cung c xac nh theo tnh chat va hau qua cua che o lam viec khong bnh thng. Thong thng cac che o nay xay ra choc lat va t tieu tan, v du nh hien tng qua tai ngan han khi khi ong ong c khong ong bo. Trng hp nay neu cat ngay se lam phu tai mat ien. Trong nhieu trng hp, nhan vien van hanh co nhiem vu loai tr che o khong bnh thng va nh vay ch can yeu cau bao ve bao tn hieu. 1.3 CAC BO PHAN CUA HE THONG BAO VE . Trong trng hp tong quat, s o bao ve gom hai phan chnh : phan o lng va phan logic (hnh 1.2).

Phan o lng(PL) lien tuc thu nhap tin tc ve tnh trang cua phan t c bao ve, ghi nhan s xuat hien s co va tnh trang lam viec khong bnh thng ong thi truyen tn hieu en phan logic. PL nhan nhng thong tin cua oi tng c bao ve qua cac bo bien oi o lng s cap may bien dong (BI)va cac may bien ien ap (BU). - Phan logic tiep nhan tn hieu t PL. Neu gia tr, th t va tong hp cac tn hieu phu hp vi chng trnh nh trc no se phat tn hieu ieu khien can thiec (cat MC hoac bao tn hieu ) qua bo phan thc hien . 1.3.1 o lng s cap . May bien dong (BI), may bien ien ap (BU) dung e: - Giam dong ien va ien ap cua oi tng bao ve en gia tr thap u e he thong bao ve lam viec an toan (dong th cap BI nh mc la 5A hoac 1A, ap th cap BU nh mc la 100V hoac 120V). - Cach ly bao ve vi oi tng c bao ve . GIAO TRNH BAO VE R LE VA T ONG HOA TRONG HT Trang 4

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- Cho phep cung dong va ap chuan thch ng vi he thong bao ve . Tong tr th cap cua BI rat thap , ngc lai tong tr cua BU rat cao. Loi cua BI co the che tao bang thep hay khe h khong kh, BI co loi thep co cong suat ra ln nhng co nhieu sai so ca trong che o lam viec bnh thng hay qua o. BI co loi khong kh co cong suat ra thap thng khong u cho rle, vi mach. Chung co ac tnh lam viec tuyen tnh va khong co sai so trong che o qua o. Tieu chuan chon t so BI la theo dong ien tai cc ai. Cac oi tng bao ve co ien the cao, co the s dung BU qua bo chia ien the bang tu ien, e ien the BU ch bang 10% ien the he thong (hnh 1.3).
U ht

C1 L1

C2

U2

UT

UT =(Uht..C1)/(C1+C2). Uht ien the he thong. C1,C2 ien dung cua bo phan the. L1 khang tr. UT ien the th cap cua BU.

Hnh 1.3 Mach phan the bang tu ien MAY BIEN DONG IEN (ky hieu BI, TI ,CT). T so bien oi dong ien cua BI theo ly thuyet la nghch vi so vong cuon s cap va th cap cua BI. Nhng thc te dong th cap c xac nh bang : NI.IT =IS -I Trong o : IT , IS , I lan lt la dong ien th cap, dong ien s cap va dong ien t hoa. NI : he so bien oi dong ien . Dong t hoa t le vi tong tr cua mach th cap, v the sai so cua BI t le vi tong tr th cap (phu tai cua BI). Cac BI co the am bao c o chnh xac khi chung lam viec tnh trang gan vi tnh trang noi tat pha th cap BI, ngha la phu tai th cap BI be th luc o dong t hoa (I ) be. V du, khi phu tai 30VA va dong ien nh mc 5A, ta co ien the th cap UT = 6V. Khi ien tr cua phu tai thay oi trong mot pham vi gii han, dong ien th cap IT thc te hau nh khong bien oi v I rat be so vi dong ien s cap IS . V the phu tai cua BI luon luon noi tiep, khac vi phu tai cua BU luon luon ghep song song. Noi tat th cap la trng hp lam viec bnh thng cua BI. Khong cho
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phep may bien dong lam viec tnh trang h mach th cap khi dong ien s cap nh mc. ac biet khi ngan mach, dong s cap rat ln, sc ien ong pha th cap (neu h mach) co the at en hang chuc KV. Cung can chu y rang neu ien tr cua phu tai mach th cap ln cung co the gay ra qua ien ap nguy hiem. o chnh xac cua BI c tnh bang ty so: % sai so = (
N I IT I S ) * 100 IS

oi vi mot so loai rle o chnh xac cua bien dong t 10% en 15% khi NM co the chap nhan c, v du rle dong ien co thi gian. Con nhng rle khac nh khoang cach, so lech yeu cau o chnh xac cua bien dong cao hn la t 2% en 3%. Trong trng hp tong quat co the dung o chnh xac la 5%. Sai so cho phep ve goc pha la 70. 1 .Cach xac nh phu tai cua BI trong s o bao ve. Trong s o BV phu tai cua BI bao gom ien tr cua cac rle, day noi phu va ien tr tiep xuc. Gia tr tnh toan cua phu tai BI xac nh nh sau:
& U & Z pt = T & I
T

oi vi dong ien th cap a cho, ien ap au ra cuon th cap cua BI phu thuoc vao s o noi gia BI va phan o lng, dang NM va s phoi hp cac pha h hong. Trong mot so trng hp e giam phu tai cua BI, ngi ta giam UT bang cach noi tiep hai (hay oi khi la ba hoac la bon) may bien dong co he so bien oi giong nhau(nh hnh 1.4). I

Hnh 1.4 Noi tiep hai may bien dong

Luc o:
& U & Z pt = T = 0.5( Z R + 2 Z dd ) & IT

vi ZR tong tr cua rle; Zdd tong tr cua day dan. 2 .Cach anh dau cuon day.
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Hnh 1.5 Cach anh dau cac au cuon day BI

Trong cac s o bao ve can phai noi ung au cac cuon day cua BI va phan o lng cua BV, v the can phai biet cach anh dau cac cuon day s cap va th cap cua BI. Cac au cua cuon s cap chung ta anh dau S1 va S2. Cac au cua cuon th cap ta anh dau T1 va T2. Xac nh au day theo quy tac sau: chon au day S1 cua cuon s cap tuy y, au con lai cua cuon s cap la S2. au T1 cua cuon th cap c xac nh theo au S1 cua cuon s cap vi qui c la khi gia tr tc thi cua dong ien s cap IS i t au S1 en S2 dong ien th cap IT se i t T2 en T1. cac au S1 va T1 oi khi ngi ta anh dau bang ngoi sao (*). Neu chon au day theo qui c va neu th hau nh la dong ien i thang t mach s cap qua rle khong b oi chieu. V the tren cac ban ve thng ngi ta khong anh dau ngoai cac oan day ma ch hieu ngam rang cac au cung ten S1 va T1 nam canh nhau. oi vi BI loi thep, ac tnh bao hoa t cua no rat quan trong. Khi dong ien NM ln lam loi thep bao hoa, ieu nay se gay anh hng nhieu hay t en cac bao ve, mc o anh hng tuy thuoc vao nguyen tac bao ve, chang han khong anh hng nhieu en bao ve mot tn hieu au vao nh bao ve dong ien. Mc o chnh xac cua BI anh hng rat ln en s o bao ve so lech v can so sanh s khac nhau gia cac dong ien. S bao hoa cua BI co the c tnh phong oan bang ba phng phap sau: - Phng phap ng cong t hoa hay con goi ng cong bao hoa. - Phng phap cong thc. - Phng phap mo phong tren may vi tnh. (Cac phng phap tren c trnh bay ro trong giao trnh bao ve rle va t ong hoa cua tac gia Ts Nguyen Hoang Viet.) 3 .Bo bien oi dong ien quang. e khac phuc hien tng bao hoa cua loi thep BI, ta co the dung bo bien oi dong ien quang. Nguyen tac lam viec cua cac bo bien oi nay la o lng vung t trng lan can cua day dan mang dong ien. u iem cua phng phap nay la:
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- Khoang lam viec cua bo phan quang ln hn nhieu so vi loai BI ien t. - Bo bien oi quang gon nhe. Khuyet iem: Loai nay la tn hieu au ra nho khoang vai microwatt so vi vai watt cua loai co ien. Phan cng cua bo bien oi dong ien quang ngay cang phat trien va co 5 dang khac nhau nh sau: - Loai 1: BI co ien ket hp vi bo bien oi ien - quang. - Loai 2: dung mach t quang day dan ket hp va o t trng ben trong loi thep qua khe h khong kh. - Loai 3: dung ng i anh sang ben trong khoi vat lieu quang bao boc day dan ien. - Loai 4: dung mot day quang quan quanh day dan. - Loai 5: o t trng tai mot iem gan day dan.

Hnh 1.6 Cac loai bo bien oi dong ien quang MAY BIEN IEN AP( ky hieu BU, TU, PT). May bien ien ap c che tao chuan hoa hn may bien dong ien. ien the th cap gia cac pha thng la 100V (115V). Thng co 2 loai la t va ien dung( dung tu phan the). Khi ien the he thong ln 500 kV may bien ap ien dung c dung. BU khac vi may biem ap ien lc cho lam nguoi, c day dan va o yeu cau lam viec chnh xac. Tr so sai cua BU c nh theo he so: % sai so =
NU U T U S *100 US

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vi: NU la he so bien oi ien ap; UT, US : lan lt la ien ap th va s cap. Sai so la mot phan do ien the s cap tao dong ien t hoa va mot phan do tai pha th cap. e dung cho bao ve, BU c che tao thng la ba pha co loi tru. Moi pha co 2 cuon th cap, mot cuon noi sao e cho ien the ba pha can thiet cho bao ve va cuon con lai noi tiep thanh tam giac h dung e loc thanh

Hnh 1.7 May bien ien ap phan th t khong (H.1.7a). BU mot pha cung c dung nhng ni khong can ien ap th t khong, luc o ch can ien ap mot pha noi theo kieu tam giac thieu (H.1.7b). S o noi BI, BU vi phan o lng cua mach bao ve. Phan o lng cua mach bao ve nhan thong tin cua oi tng bao ve t cuon day th cap cua BI, BU. Trang thai, che o ay u cua oi tng bao ve c xac nh bang dong va ap ba pha tai cho at bao ve. Trong vai trng hp, e cho bao ve tac ong ch can dong hai pha hay ch can dong ien ap gia cac pha (ien ap day), trong trng hp nh the ch can at BI hai pha va hai bien ap mot pha. Thanh phan th t khong co the nhan c bang cach noi thch hp gia cac cuon day th cap BI va BU. Thanh phan nay cung co the nhan c qua bo loc cua cac thanh phan th t t phan o lng cua bao ve. oi vi bao ve c thc hien bang ban dan, vi mach, cac thanh phan th t cua dong s cap c tao bang phan o lng cua bao ve, sau khi phan nay nhan c UT, IT t BU, BI. Van e ke tiep c at ra la can dung them nhng BI, BU, bo phan the, phan dong trung gian e chuyen dong va ap nh mc t BI, BU (5A hay 1A va 100V) xuong dong va ap thch hp cho phan o lng va ban dan hay vi mach. i vi bao ve thc hien bang vi x ly, cac thanh phan va hoa tan co the nhan c bang cach tnh toan khi a biet dong va ap pha. May bien dong th t khong (BI0). Trong mang ien co trung tnh khong noi at, thng dong cham at rat be, neu dung bo loc 3 BI se khong u o nhay e BV tac ong, dong khi ong s

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cap cua BV nay khong nho hn 20 en 25A, trong trng hp nay dung BI0 co o nhay cao hn. u iem chnh cua BI0 la Ikc (dong khong can bang)rat be va co kha nang chon so vong cuon th cap tuy ieu kien bao am cho o nhay ln nhat ma khong b gii han bi phu tai. Nh vay BI0 co kha nang lam cho BV tac ong vi dong s cap 3 en 5 A.

Hnh 1.8 May bien dong th t khong BI0 Neu dung BI0 ket hp vi rle co o nhay cao co the tao nen BV tac ong vi dong s cap 1 en 2A. Tren hnh 1.8a gii thieu cau tao cua BI0 khung t (1) gom cac la thep bien ap co dang hnh vanh khan hoac ch nhat om lay ca ba pha cua ng day c BV, cac day dan pha A, B, C chui qua lo cua BI0, con cuon th cap (2) th quan tren khung t. Cac dong IA, IB, Ic tao trong khung t cac t thong tng ng A, B, C. T thong tong cua cuon s cap: = A + B + c Neu 0 : trong cuon th cap co sc ien ong e2 tao nen dong trong L. Gia tr t thong va dong tao ra co lien he qua = I/R = KI. Khi cac day dan cac pha co v tr nh nhau oi vi khung t va cuon th cap, co the coi he so k cua cac pha nh nhau, khi o: = A + B + c = k ( I&A + I&B + I&C ) v tong cac dong I&A + I&B + I&C = 3I 0 nen co the noi la t thong tong tao nen bi dong s cap cua BI0 t le vi thanh phan th t khong = k3I0. T thong tong va cac ai lng ma no tao nen la S th cap e2 va dong th cap IR ch co the co khi tong dong cac pha khac khong, hay noi cach khac khi ma trong cac dong pha i qua BI0 co cha thanh phan th t khong. Trong thc te v tr cac day dan pha oi vi cuon th khong nh nhau. He so ho cam cac pha oi vi cuon th cap k co gia tr khac nhau, v vay ngay ca khi dong s cap hoan toan can bang, t thong tong van khac khong. o la t thong khong can bang tao nen trong cuon th cap S va dong khong can bang. Dong khong can bang trong BI0 nho hn rat nhieu so vi bo loc dung
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3BI. Trong BI0 thc hien cong t thong cac dong Ikc ch phu thuoc vao mc o khong oi xng cua vi tr dong s cap cac pha. e bao ve ng day, ong c ien, hien nay ngi ta che tao BI0 loai cap. Khi can thiet BV ng day tren khong ngi ta lam them oan cap va at BI0 tren oan o. Khi co dong Iv chay tr ve trong vo cap cua ng day khong s co ma co at BI0, BV ng day co the tac ong sai. Kinh nghiem van hanh cho biet la theo vo cap bang thep hay bang ch co the co dong Iv chay vong qua at. Cac dong nay xuat hien khi cham at gan cho at cap. Dong Iv chay theo vo cap cua ng day khong h hong chay qua BI0 va do o BV tac ong sai. e loai tr ieu neu tren, triet tieu anh hng cua dong o nh sau: vo oan cap t pheu cho en BI0 at cach ien vi at, day noi at noi pheu cap luon qua lo BI0 (H1.8b). Nh vay khi co Iv chay theo vo cap, Dong nay qua day noi at chay ngc tr ve. T thong trong khung cua BI0 do dong chay trong vo va dong noi at triet tieu nhau, nen bang khong. Khung t cua BI0 cung can phai at cach ien oi vi vo cap. b. S o noi BU vi phan o lng cua BV S o c ban noi cuon day cac BU la noi hnh sao, tam giac, loc ap th t khong. - S o hnh sao (co the dung 3 BU mot pha hay BU ba pha). S o ba MBA thng dung cho mang t 35KV tr len. BU ba pha 5 tru thng dung cho mang di 15KV, khi cung mot luc can lay ien ap th t khong. Trong s o nay cuon day s cap BU c noi hnh sao, trung tnh noi at. Bo phan o lng cua bao ve co the nhan ien ap day (H.1.9a), ien ap pha (H.1.9b) cung co the nhan ap pha vi trung tnh gia (H.1.9c), gian o vect cho (H1.10).
A B C

& U ca

& U ba

a c

N
& U cb

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 1.9 S o hnh sao

Hnh 1.10 ien ap pha cua he thong co trung tnh gia

Trong trng hp c, khi tong tr cua cac L bang nhau th:

Ua = U ab + U ac U + U ba U + U cb ;U b = bc ;U c = ca 3 3 3

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Neu trung tnh cua s cap BU khong noi at th ien ap trong s o Hnh 1.9b se nh trong trng hp c ma trung tnh s cap co noi at. _S o tam giac khuyet. S o c thc hien bang hai ien ap day (hnh 1.11). Bo phan o lng cua BV co the noi e nhan ien ap day va ien ap pha co trung tnh gia. S o nay c dung khi khong can nhan ien the pha vi at.
A BC

Hnh 1.11 S o tam giac khuyet (s o noi hnh ch V) Bo loc ap th t khong: e nhan thanh phan ien ap th t khong thng dung ba BU mot pha, hay ba pha nam tru. Cuon s cap noi hnh sao, trung tnh noi at, cuon th cap noi tam giac h, e noi bo phan L vao(hnh 12a).

Hnh 1.12 S o noi BU nhan ap th t khong

ien ap nhan c L la:

& & & & & & & & U + U B + U C = 3U 0 . U R = Ua +Ub +Uc A KU KU

ien ap nhan c ty le vi ien ap th t khong nen s o nay c goi la bo loc ap th t khong.

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May phat
A BC

L
c

a)

b)

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ien ap th t khong con co the nhan t trung tnh cua he thong. V du trung tnh may phat (Hnh 1.12b) noi at qua mot may bien ap mot pha. Khi co cham at mot pha, trung tnh co dong I0 va do o th cap BU xuat hien th t khong. e cung cap ap th t khong cho cac rle c cau tao bang ban dan hay vi mach, ngi ta co the nhan ap th t khong qua trung gian cac bo loc
A BC

L L a) b) L c)

Hnh 1.13 Bo loc th cap ap th t khong th cap noi vao ien ap pha cua cuon th cap BU (hnh 1.13). Bo loc dung ien tr (Hnh 1.13a) BU trung gian tam giac h (Hnh 1.13b)hay tu ien. 1.3.2 Phan logic cua bao ve Phan logic nhan tn hieu phan anh tnh trang cua oi tng BV t phan o lng. Phan logic co the la to hp cua cac rle trung gian (rle ien c, ban dan) hay mach logic tn hieu (0 1), rle thi gian, phan t ieu khien may cat. Phan nay hoat ong theo chng trnh a nh san i ieu khien may cat. Nh tren a khao sat phan o lng a dien ra so sanh cac ai lng o lng vi nhau hay vi ai lng chuan. Trng hp tong quat co the bieu dien phan o lng bang n ham so chc nang co dang: 1khiAi B j i ( Ai , B j ) = 0khiAi > B j trong o: Ai = f1 (UR, IR), Bj = f2 (UR, IR) oi vi phan logic co the bieu dien bang ham:
1 L(1 , 2 , 3 ,..., n ) = 0

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Ham so L lien he cac phan t logic chuan, phan t thi gian, tn hieu. Trang thai cua L phu thuoc vao phan o lng. e thc hien chng trnh lam viec cua phan logic co the dung tiep iem cua cac rle trung gian hay phan t logic c ban. Vi ba toan t logic c ban OR (y = x1 x2 x3), AND (y = x1 . x2 . x3) va NO (y = x ) va cac phan t thi gian, bao tn hieu ta co the thc hien phan logic cua bat ky mach BV nao. Hnh 1.14 gii thieu cac toan t logic c ban thc hien bang tiep iem rle va ky hieu. Trong so mach BV, phan logic co them pham t CAM (khoa) hay can tn hieu thi gian cung phan t gi ( NH). Ky hieu va cach thc hien cho Hnh 1.15. Cach lam viec cua mach t gi nh sau: khi x1 = 1 (cuon x1 co ien) th y=1 (y co ien do dong i qua tiep iem x1 va tiep iem ong x2 ). Trang thai y=1 van c tiep tuc gi ( mac du x1 tr ve 0) nh tiep iem y va y tr ve khong khi x2 h ra, ngha la x2=1. Trong thc te co nhng s o mach BV phc tap. e co the n gian hoa mach logic, tuy theo cong cu che tao BV ngi ta co
X1 X2 X3
X1

X1 X2 X3

Y X2

X1 X2 S T R

Y Y

&
+ Y

A N D

X1 X1 X2 X2 X3

X1

X2

X1

X2

X3 a) b) c) a) b)

Hnh 1.14 Nhng toan t logic c ban a) y=x1+x2+x3; b) y=x1.x2.x3; c) y= x

Hnh 1.15 a) Mach khoa x 1, x 2 b) Mach t gi y=(x1+y) x 2

the dung cac quy luat bien oi ai so logic c ban. 1.3.3 Mach thc hien ieu khien may cat. He thong mach ieu khien may cat phai am bao lam viec tin cay. Hnh 1.16 gii thieu s o khoi dang he thong ieu khien thng c dung trong he thong BV. - Dang 1: He thong hai rle nhan ien t 1 nguon thao tac mot chieu va cac may bien ien. - Dang 2: c lam tin cay hn bang cach dung hai bo bien ien rieng biet cung cap cho hai rle.
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- Dang 3: dung may cat co hai cuon cat, moi rle a tn hieu en mot cuon cat rieng biet. - Dang 4: hai he thong BV rieng biet ieu khien mot may cat. Nhan xet: dang 2 c tin cay hn v co 2 bo bien ien rieng biet cung cap cho 2 rle. Dang 4 la dang at tien nhat va tin cay nhat v co hai he thong BV rieng biet ieu khien mot may cat.
BI accu BU
BI1 BU1

accu

BI2

BU2

BI1

BU1

accu

BI2

BU2

BI1

BU1

Accu 1

Accu 2

BI2

BU2

rle1

rle2

rle1

rle2

rle1
Cuon cat1

rle2
Cuon cat2

rle1
Cuon cat1

rle2
Cuon cat2

Cuon cat

Cuon cat

May cat

May cat

May cat

May cat

1)

2)

3)

4)

Hnh 1.16:S o khoi he thong ieu khien may cat tieu bieu 1.3.4 Cac nguon thao tac. Dong ien thao tac dung e cung cap cho cac rle trung gian, thi gian, tn hieu, phan cc cac linh kien ien t, ong cat ieu khien cac may cat ien va mot so muc ch khac. Nguon dong ien thao tac can phai am bao cho BV lam viec mot cach chac chan trong trng hp NM, khi ma ien ap cho h hong co the giam en khong. V vay cac may bien ap t dung va cac may bien ien ap khong the la nguon cung cap duy nhat cho BV c. Hien nay thng dung cac nguon thao tac mot chieu do accu cung cap va nguon xoay chieu do may bien dong, bien ap mang ien ap thap cung cap. a) Nguon thao tac mot chieu. Accu ien ap 110 220 V, cac tram bien ap nho th accu ien ap 24 48 V c dung lam nguon mot chieu. Accu am bao cung cap nang lng ien can thiet cho cac mach thao tac thi iem bat ky, khong phu thuoc vao trang thai cua mang c BV, v vay no la nguon cung cap bao am nhat. Tuy nhien nguon accu at hn nhieu so vi cac nguon thao tac khac, no oi hoi thiet b nap, phong rieng va s bao tr thng xuyen. b) Nguon thao tac xoay chieu. oi vi BV chong NM, may bien dong la nguon cung cap rat am bao cho cac mach thao tac. Khi co NM dong va ap au cc cua may bien dong tang len am bao cung cap nang lng can thiet cho cac mach thao tac. Tuy nhien oi vi cac s co va che o khong bnh thng ma dong qua phan t BV khong tang len th may bien dong khong am bao cong suat can thiet.
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May bien ien ap va may bien ap t dung khong the dung e cung cap cho mach thao tac cua BV chong NM khi ap cua mang ien giam. Nhng oi vi cac s co va che o khong bnh thng ap khong giam nhieu th chung co the lam viec tot. Tu nap san. Thong thng tu c nap ien san t mang trong che o bnh thng. Khi ap cua tram b mat, nang lng trong tu van c duy tr, v vay tu nap san c dung e cung cap nang lung cho cac BV va thiet b t ong lam viec khi mat ap cua tram. To cung cap lien hp, cung cap cho ta dong ien thao tac bang cach tong hp cac dong ien chnh lu t cac dong ien (co may bien dong) va ien ap (may bien ap). Trong cac to lien hp can phai chu y en viec chon cac pha dong ien va ien ap nh the nao e co the nhan c cong suat ln nhat. c) Nguon mot chieu cho cac phan t thc hien bang ien t, vi mach. He thong BV bang ban dan, vi mach can nguon ien ap mot chieu on nh. Tr so ien ap phu thuoc vao transistor, hay vi mach. Nhng ien ap thong dung cung cap cho cac mach nay la 5 V, 9 V, 15 V. e cung cap nguon mot chieu cac linh kien ban dan, vi mach ngi ta thng dung hai phng phap sau: - Dung bo chia the t mang 110 V hay 220 V - Bo bien oi mot chieu 110 V (220 V DC) thanh ien mot chieu co ien the ra thch hp. Phng phap au tien thng dung cho cac mach rle rieng biet (rle trung gian, dong ien, thi gian) nang lng tieu thu tng phan khong ln. S o nguyen ly n gian cua phng phap nay Hnh1.17.

BU CL +

_ CL

Hnh 1.17:To cung cap lien hp Trong trng hp nguon cung cap cho BV phc tap, cung mot luc cung cap cho phan o lng va logic can thiet dung phng phap th hai. 1.3.5 Cac ky hieu thng gap trong s o BV rle. a) Cuon day rle (ngo vao cua rle).
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50

50

50 c

50 d

b) Tiep iem rle (ngo ra cua rle). Tiep iem thng m(a) cho biet tiep iem nay m khi cuon day cua no khong co ien ( rle cha tac ong). Tiep iem thng ong (b) cho biet khi tiep iem nay ong khi cuon day khong co ien. Khi rle tac ong th trang thai cua tiep iem se thay oi.

1.4 CAC DANG RLE 1.4.1 Cac rle ien c. Rle ien c c s dung e thc hien cac phan chc nang cua BV. Rle ien c lam viec tren c s lc c di tac dung cua dong ien chay trong rle; rle ien c tn hieu ien au vao thanh tn hieu trang thai la s ong, m cua tiep iem. Trong rle ien c, nang lng ien t c chuyen oi thanh nang lng c, lam chuyen oi phan ong cua rle. 1.4.2 Bao ve thc hien bang ien t (S dung linh kien ban dan, vi mach trong cac s o BV hay con goi la rle ban dan) . Giai oan au tien, linh kien ban dan dung trong he thong BV rat t va chu yeu la trong rle ien c, nhng cang ve sau ty le s dung cac phan t ban dan, vi mach trong cac he thong BV tang dan len, va trong nhieu trng hp ch co phan t cuoi cung mi dung rle ien c. Trong nhng s o BV bang ien t, hien nay ngi ta a dung nhng linh kien ban dan khac nhau. o la
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diod, transistor, thyristo, phan t Hall, khuyech ai thuat toan . Cac linh kien nay c dung e tao thanh nhng phan t chc nang khac nhau cua BV. Cau truc va s lam viec cua tng linh kien neu tren c trnh bay trong hang loat nhng tai lieu ky thuat. V vay viec gii thieu nay se gop phan thiet ke va giai thch de dang s lam viec cua cac bo phan chc nang cua he thong BV. 1.4.3 Bao ve dung ky thuat so vi x ly (Rle ky thuat so). Trong thi gian gan ay, ngi ta co kha nang x ly mot khoi lng ln thong tin trong mot thi gian rat ngan oi vi che o lam viec cua trang thiet b ien c BV. Hien nay trong he thong ien nhng thong tin nay c x ly bang may vi tnh. Do o a tao nen mot s thay oi quan trong trong viec thc hien cua he thong BV. Viec s dung he thong vi tnh thiet ke, thc hien cac phan cua BV ang la van e cua thi s. Cung tng t nh cac BV thc hien bang ien c, ien t, BV bang vi tnh ky thuat so cung co nhng phan chc nang o lng, tao thi gian, phan logic hoat ong theo chng trnh nh trc e i ieu khien cac may cat. Vi kha nang linh ong cua cac rle dung ky thuat so, ngoai chc nang phat hien NM, con lam nhiem vu o lng, nh v tr s co, lu tr cac hien tng trc va sau thi iem NM, phan tch d lieu he thong, de dang giao tiep vi cac BV khac, hien th thong tin ro rang cho ngi s dung. Sau ay gii thieu s lc nguyen ly hoat ong cua mot rle ky thuat so. Mot rle ky thuat so co the bao gom cac bo phan: Bo bien oi dong sang ap, bo loc, bo chnh lu chnh xac, bo dch pha, bo phat hien i qua iem zero, bo chon kenh, mach lay mau va gi, bo bien oi ADC, bo x ly, bo xuat nhap, cac tiep iem rle ieu khien. Tn hieu t may bien ien ap va tn hieu t may bien dong sau khi a c bien oi thanh tn hieu ap tng ng c cho qua bo loc e tranh loi gia. Sau khi qua bo loc cac tn hieu nay se c cho qua (hay khong cho qua) bo chnh lu chnh xac va au ra se c a vao bo chon kenh. Bo vi x ly trung tam se gi lenh en bo chon kenh e m ra kenh mong muon. au ra cua bo chon kenh se a vao bo bien oi A/D, e bien tng t thanh tn hieu dang so. Nguyen ly bien oi tn hieu phai qua mang lay mau va gi cho tn hieu ien ap tc thi khong thay oi trong chu ky bien oi.

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au ra cua bo bien oi AD la tn hieu so tng ng vi tn hieu tng t au vao va c a vao bo vi x ly . Tac ong lien thong gia bo vi x ly trung

Hnh 1.18 S o khoi cua bao ve bang vi x ly

tam vi bo nh ( chng trnh phan mem) cho phep o ch so at, xac nh ac tuyen khi ong cua BV theo chng trnh nh trc, xac nh thi gian lam viec, logic tac ong, t ong thay oi s quan he trong phan logic phu thuoc vao cac tn hieu t cac oi tng c BV, va sau cung cho quyet nh i ieu khien may cat, thong qua bo xuat nhap, DAC , tiep iem rle oi vi rle can xac nh cong suat, th cac bo dch pha, va bo phat tn hieu i qua iem zero co the c dung.

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