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GII THIEU CHUNG

Hnh 1: au phu S lc ve au phu: au phu la mot san pham c san xuat t au nanh, co nguon goc t Trung Quoc. au phu (tieng mien Nam goi la au hu, ta u hu, co ni mien Trung goi la au khuon ), tieng Nhat la Toufu (hay n gian hn la Tofu), la loai thc pham c che bien chu yeu t au nanh va thng khong co mui v g ac biet, de nau nng va che bien. Noi cach khac ay la mot loai thc pham co v thanh nen de an oi vi nhieu ngi. au phu khong ch c san xuat tai Viet Nam ma con c san xuat nhieu Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban, cac nc ong Nam A va ca cac nc chau Au nh Ha Lan, Phap, Tuy theo cach che bien ma au phu c phan lam hai loai chnh la a u phu ti (khong qua x ly ) va au phu c x ly. Trong loai au phu ti cun g c chia lam nhieu loai. au phu ti: au nanh sau khi ngam nc cho mem c xay cung vi nc, vat ra chat dch la sa au nanh. Trong luc che bien sa au nanh neu loc sa sau khi gia nhiet goi la phng phap vat nau con neu loc trc khi gia nhiet goi la vat song, Trong luc sa au nanh con nong ngi ta cho chat lam ong vao lam cho cac phan t protein ket noi lai vi nhau theo dang mac xch khien sa ong lai. T sau bc nay tr i tuy theo cach lam ma ta co au phu lua hoac au phu vai tho. o au phu lua be mat trn nhan nh lua, cha rat nhieu nc nen de v va khong the gap bang ua c. Ngi ta dung tha e an loai au phu na y nh mot loai trang mieng, oi khi con an kem vi da muo i hoac tng t. Nhat ngi ta con lam loai au phu nay bang au xanh nen san pham co mau xanh. Trong nhng nam gan ay tai Viet Nam cung a xuat hien loai au phu nay, c ban theo khoi va at tien hn loai au phu vai tho.

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Hnh 2: au phu lua o Trai lai, au phu vai tho c rut i nhieu nc do x ly ep, cng hn va co tnh an hoi khi cham nhe vao. Tren be mat loai nay co in han hoa van c ua mieng vai dung e ep , ay la mot iem rat ac trng. Loai au phu nay pho bien Viet Nam t trc en nay va ngi ta de dang gap no bang ua . Loai nay thng c dung e che bien thanh nhieu mon an khac nhau. Ve mat dinh dng th au phu lua cha rat nhieu nc nen t am va khoang chat hn au phu vai tho, t nang lng hn nhng lai giau vitamine B1 va B2 hn.

o Ngoai ra con cach che bien theo kieu cong nghiep la un soi sa au roi
cho chat lam ong cong nghiep vao nen cng hn hai loai au phu tren. Tuy theo lc ep tao hnh banh au ma ta co au phu mem va au phu cng. Loai au phu cng se co o cng nh mieng tht a nau chn. Loai nay vt troi hai loai tren mat bao quan, co the keo dai ca thang. Tai Viet Nam cac loai au phu ti nay c cat thanh tng thoi nho, co ni con cat thanh nhng khoi lap phng canh chng 2 cm va c ran vang be mat. Hien nay do ky thuat phat trien nen nang suat san xuat au phu c nang cao, gia thanh giam ang ke. Ngay xa th cac ca hang au phu san xuat va ban trong ngay. Va do au mem nen e cho khong b v, ngi ta cho vao chau nc khi ban. Ngay nay au phu san xuat theo phng phap cong nghiep c ong thanh goi nho khi ban. au phu c x ly : Co rat nhieu loai au phu c x ly, bat nguon t nhu cau bao quan c lau trc khi tu lanh ra i. Trong so nay co the ke en loai len men gom co chao cua Viet Nam va au phu thoi cua Trung Quoc, au phu say ong am 30 oC cua Nhat (Kouya Doufu), Thanh phan dinh dng cua au phu san xuat cong nghiep:

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Bng 1: Thanh phan dinh dng cua 2 loai au ph:

Thanh phan Energy Protein Fat Carbohydrate Crude fiber Calcium Iron Zinc Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B4 Folacin n v au phu cng, 120 g au phu mem, 114 g (kcal) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) 118 12.8 7.1 3.5 0.1 166 8.5 1.3 0.13 0.08 0.31 0.08 23.7 88 9.4 5.6 2.2 0.83 122 6.2 0.93 0.9 0.06 0.23 0.08 0.06

Tuy nhien, au phu cung la san pham trung gian e san xuat chao. Banh au phu dung e san xuat chao co mot so yeu cau nghiem ngac hn cac loai au phu dung e an. Tieu chuan banh au dung san xuat chao tot nhat co thanh phan: - Ham lng nc 68-72%. - pH=6-6.5. - Khong cha vi sinh vat tap va vi sinh vat k kh.

I. NGUYEN LIEU 1. au nanh:

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1.1 Cay au nanh:

Hnh 3: Cay au nanh au nanh la mot loai cay trong ngan ngay, co nhieu tac dung nh: cung cap thc pha m cho ngi, nguyen lieu cho cong nghiep, thc an cho gia suc, nong san xuat khau va cay luan, xen canh cai tao at tot. Cay au nanh vi ten khoa hoc la Glycin max (L) Merrill, la mot trong so cay trong co lch s lau i nhat cua loai ngi. Da vao s a dang ve hnh thai, Fukuda (1993) va ve sau nhieu nha khoa hoc khac cung a thong nhat rang, au nanh co nguon goc t Man Chau (Trung Quoc) xuat phat t mot loai au nanh dai, than manh, dang day leo, ten khoa hoc G. soja Sieb & Zucc (t. Hymovits, 1970). Trong mot so cong trnh nghien cu, cac nha khoa hoc dung ten G.usuriensis e thay cho ten tren. T Trung Quoc, au nanh lan truyen dan khap the gii. Theo cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban, vao khoang 200 nam trc cong nguyen, au nanh a c a vao Trieu Tien va sau o c phat trien sang Nhat. en gia the k 17, au nanh mi c nha thc vat hoc ngi

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c Engelbert Caempfer a ve Chau Au va en nam 1954 au nanh mi c du nhap vao My. au nanh la cay lay hat, cay co dau quan trong bac nhat cua the gii, ng hang th t sau cay lua m, lua nc va ngo. Nam1994, san lng bot protein va bot lay dau t au nanh tren toan the gii tng ng la 80.2 trieu tan va 78.1 trieu tan. Do kha nang thch ng kha rong nen no c trong khap nam chau luc, nhng tap trung nhieu nhat la chau My 73.03% tiep en la chau A 23.15% Hang nam tren the gii trong khoang 54 56 trieu ha a u nanh(19901992) vi san lng khoang 114 trieu tan. Thi ky nam 1990 1992 so vi thi k t nam 1979 1981, san l ng au nanh a tang len 26.1% con dien tch s dung tang 8.8% (FAO, 1992). Hien nay 88% san lng au nanh the gii c tap trung 4 quoc gia: My (52%), Brazil (17%), Argentina (10%), Trung Quoc (9%). Phan con lai phan bo cac nc sau: Canada, An o, Indonesia, Nhat, Bac & Nam Trieu Tien, Mexico, Paraguay, Rumani va Nga. 1.2 Thanh phan hat au nanh:

Hnh 4: Hat au nanh va cau truc Hat au nanh co ba bo phan: o Vo hat chiem 8% trong lng hat. o Phoi chiem 2%. o T diep chiem 90%. au nanh c nhieu nha khoa hoc xem nh la cha khoa e giai quyet nan thieu protein trong dinh dng cua con ngi. au nanh con c dung e cha benh tieu ng, suy nhc than kinh, suy nhc dinh dng

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Chat lng au nanh cua nc ta tng oi tot, protein khoang 38 40%, trong lng 1000 hat: 90120g, hat vang hoac xanh, ron hat nau hoac en. Mot so giong mi chon gan ay co cai thien hn ve chat lng: hat vang, tron, r on trang, t nt, trong lng 1000 hat: 180270g protein 4347%. Bang 2: Nutrional values of soybeans (per 100g)
Water Energy Energy Protein Fat (total lipid) Fatty acids, saturated Fatty acids, monounsaturated 8.5 g Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zinc, Zn Copper, Cu Manganese, Mn Selenium, Se Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Thiamin (vitamin B1) Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Niacin (vitamin B3) Panthotenic acid (vitamin B5) Vitamin B6 Folic acid Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Vitamin E 1797 mg 2.0 4.9 1.7 mg mg mg

416 kcal 1741 36.5 19.9 2.9 4.4 kJ g g g g g g g g mg mg mg mg mg

2.52 mg 17.8 g 6.0 mg

Fatty acids, poly-unsaturated 11.3 Carbohydrates Fiber Ash Isoflavones Calcium, Ca Iron, Fe Magnesium, Mg Phosphorus, P 30.2 9.3 4.9 200 277 15.7 280 704

0.874 mg 0.87 mg 1.62 mg 0.79 mg 0.38 mg 375 0.0 2.0 g g g

1.95 mg

[Source: USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference]

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Bang 3: Thanh phan dinh dng trong 100g hat au nanh cac loai Loai hat Hat xanh Hat trang Hat vang Calorie (kcal) 436 444 439 Protein (g) 40.8 39.0 38.0 Lipid (g) 17.9 19.6 17.1 Glucid (g) 35.8 35.5 40.3 X (g) 6.0 4.7 4.9 Tro (g) 5.3 5.5 4.6

Thanh phan hoa hoc cua au nanh thay oi tuy loai au , thi tiet, at ai, ieu kien trong trot. Co loai cha ham lng protein ln hn 50%, lipid ln hn 22%. au nanh co nhieu mau sac khac nhau, trong o au nanh co mau vang la tot nhat nen c trong va s dung nhieu. Protein va thanh phan acid amin : Ham lng protein tong dao ong trong hat au nanh t 29 .650.5%, trung bnh la 3640%. Bng 4: Thanh phan cac protein trong au nanh Ham lng (%) 15 Thanh phan Chat c che trypsic Cytochrome C Beta Amylase 35 Lipoxygenase Hemagglutilines Globuline 7S Beta conglicinine Globuline 11S (Glycinine) 600.000 Phan t lng (Da) 7.860 - 21.500 12.000 62.000 102.000 110.000 140.000 175.000 320.000 - 350.000

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Ve gia tr protein. au nanh ng hang au ve am nguon goc thc vat va khong nhng ve ham lng protein cao ma ca ve chat lng protein. Protein au

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nanh de tan trong nc va cha nhieu acid amin khong thay the nh lysin ., tryptophan. Tr methionin va cystein hi thap con cac acid amin khac cua au nanh co thanh phan giong tht. Protein chnh trong au phu la Globuline 11S (Glycinine) Bng 5: Thanh phan cac acid amin trong protein au nanh
Essential amino acid composition of selected soybean ingredients (mg/100g protein) Amino acid Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine & Cystine Phenylalanine & Tyrosine Threonine Tryptohan Valine Lysine Methionine & Cystine Whole bean 35 79 62 21 87 41 n/a 37 62 21 Soy flour 46 78 64 26 88 39 14 46 64 26 Soy concentrate 48 79 64 28 89 45 16 50 64 28 Soy isolate 49 82 64 26 92 38 14 50 64 26 Soymilk 46 79 60 16 80 40 n/a 48 60 16 Tofu 48 83 61 14 83 40 n/a 49 61 14

Lipid : Chat beo trong au nanh dao ong t 13.524%, trung bnh 20%. Chat beo ac trng cha khoang 6.415.1% acid beo no (acid stearic, acid palmitic) va 80 93.6% acid beo khong no (acid linoleic, acid linolenic, acid oleic). Bang 6: Thanh phan acid be o cua dau au nanh (Fatty acid profile of soybean oil)
Fatty Acid % Composition

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Saturated C12 (lauric acid) C14 (myristic acid) C16 (palmitic acid) C18 (stearic acid) C20 (arachidic acid) Unsaturated 16:1 (palmitioleic acid) 18:1 (oleic acid) 18:2 (linoleic acid) 18:3 (linolenic acid) Tr 22.0 54.0 7.5 Tr Tr 11.0 4.1 Tr

Trong dau au nanh co n cha mot lng nho phospho lipid, ac biet nhieu lecithin co tac dung lam c the tre lau , sung sc , tang tr nh , tai sinh mo , cng xng, tang sc e khang. Carbohydrates: Glucid trong au nanh khoang 2235.5%, trong o 13% tinh bot. Carbohydrates c chia lam 2 loai: loai tan trong nc chiem khoang 10% va loai khong tan trong nc. Bng 7: Thanh phan carbohydrat trong au nanh Loai Cellulose Hemicellulose Stachyose Rafinose Saccharose Phan tram (%) chat kho 4.0 15.4 3.8 1.1 5.0

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Cac loai ng khac Chat tro:

5.1

Chat tro trong au nanh t 4.56.8%. Neu tnh theo phan tram chat kho toan hat th thanh phan tro nh sau : P2 O5 K2O CaO MgO 0.62.18% 1.912.64% 0.230.63% 0.220.55% SO3 Na2O Cl 0.410.44% 0.38% 0.025%

Chat khac 1.17%

Ngoai ra con co cac nguyen to khoang khac: Al, Fe, I, Mn, Cu, Mo Mot so enzyme trong au nanh: - Urease: chong lai s hap thu cac chat am qua hang ruot do o khong nen an au nanh song. - Lipase: thuy phan glyceric tao thanh glycerin va acid beo. - Phospholipase: thuy phan ester cua acid acetic. - Amylase: thuy phan tinh bot . -amylase co trong au nanh vi so lng kha ln. - Lipoxygenase: xuc tac phan ng chuyen H 2 trong acid beo. 2. Phu gia: 2.1 Tac nhan gay ket tua: S ket ong cua au phu la do phan t protein c chat lam ong bien thanh dang gel. V vay cau tao cua au phu la cac phan t protein ket vi nhau theo dang mac li va ngam nhieu phan t nc . Cac chat ket ong: - Nc chua t nhien: la huyet thanh cua me san xuat trc c len men . khong c ve sinh v nc chua de nhiem vi sinh vat. Nc chua t nhien s dung quy mo gia nh. Acid hu c: axit lactic. axit axetic... kha an toan nhng gia thanh cao.

Nc chua va acid hu c eu tao pH ang ien 4.2-4.5, ket hp nhiet o cao lam protein bien tnh.

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- CaSO4 (thach cao), muoi calci (CaCl 2). Nhiet o cao lam thay oi cau truc protein, au k nc lo ra, protein bat au ong tu. Ca2+ ong vai tro la cau noi lien ket nhng micell vi nhau. - Ngoai ra co the dung Nigari (dang bot hoac chat dch). Khi lam muoi , ngi ta lay het muoi t nc bien ra ch con lai dung dch cha cac khoang chat nh muoi calci, muoi magie, ay chnh la Nigari. Kha nang ket ong cua Nigari thap hn thach cao nhng tnh an toan cao hn. Hien nay, trong cong nghiep s dung chu yeu la CaSO4.

Hnh 5: Chat ket ong Nigari do Nhat va Trung Quoc san xuat Thach cao (CaSO4) - Dung thach cao e san xuat au phu se giup cho qua trnh ket tua protein (ong ket sa au nanh) dien ra nhanh hn, thu c lng nhieu hn, khi ep t b hao, au thanh pham ran, nhuyen, mn, an ngon mieng. Dung thach cao e lam au phu se giup cho cong viec tr nen de dang, thuan li hn va co hieu qua hn so vi lam au phu theo truyen thong. - Thach cao la chat co ten trong Danh muc cac chat phu gia c phep s dung trong thc pham (Quyet nh so 37/42/2001/Q-BYT ngay 31/8/2001 cua Bo Y te). Theo o, thach cao c phep s dung trong sa (bot, nguyen kem), sa au nanh, cac o uong c san xuat t cac loai ngu coc khac... vi lieu dung cho phep 800mg/kg (800ppm). - Loai thach cao tinh khiet dung cho thc pham a c c quan co tham quyen kiem nghiem va phep. Ngoai bao b co ghi ay u cac thong so the o quy nh gom: ten san pham, ni san xuat, tieu chuan ap dung, thanh phan cau tao, ngay san xuat, thi han s dung.

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- Thach cao cong nghiep chuyen dung cho xay dng, khong nguyen chat lam phu gia thc pham th rat nguy hiem. Trong loai thach cao nay (ang c bay ban tran lan tren th trng) co cha nhieu tap chat, trong o co hp chat cua kim loai nang nh ch va asen. Khi an phai thc an co cha kim loai nang vi ham lng cao co the gay nen ngo oc cap tnh. Vao c the cac hp chat kim loai nang c tch luy trong gan, than, nao en mot lng nao o co the gay nen ngo oc man tnh, ung th. 2.2 Chat pha bot: Dau paraphin, vaselin. Mono-, diglyceride. Dimethyl polysilocan.

2.3 Dung dch NaHCO 3 hay Na2CO3: - c s dung e lam nh au, di tac dung cua nhiet o se giup thuy phan protein thanh acid amin nhanh hn. Trong cong nghiep cac chat nay con c s dung trong cong nghiep phan bon, chat tay ra. - La cac chat khong oc, cac chat nay co trong danh muc cac chat phu gia c phep s dung trong thc pham do Bo Y te ban hanh. - Viec cac chat nay co trong thanh phan cac chat tay ra khong o ng ngha vi viec co oc hai khi s dung trong che bien thc pham. - Na2CO3 dung trong thc pham co ky hieu Quoc te (INS) la 500i. o tinh khiet dung trong thc pham phai at 99.9%. Nong o va phai khi s dung la 2g/kg thc pham. - NaHCO3 dung trong thc pham co ky hieu quoc te (INS) la 500ii. o tinh khiet dung trong thc pham phai at 99%. Nong o va phai khi s dung la 45g/kg thc pham. - Ca hai loai khi s dung lam phu gia thc pham eu p hai loai bo cac tap chat Asen (As) khong vt qua 3mg/kg, kim loai nang khong vt qua 10mg/kg=> gia thanh cao. - Chat phu gia dung cho thc pham phai co ma so quoc te. Khong nen s dung cac loai bot nh khong ro nguon goc xuat x, khong nhan mac. 2.4 Dung dch NaOH:

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- Hat au sau khi xay co the b bao boc ben ngoai b i tinh bot va lipid khong tan. NaOH co tac dung thuy phan tinh bot thanh ng tan, tac dung vi chat beo thanh muoi tan lam tang kha nang hoa tan cua protein vao nc. R-COOH + NaOH -> R-COONa + H2O NaOH tao pH kiem e c che hoat ong cua o Enzym lipoxygenase: lam chat beo khong b oi hoa. o Trypsic: cac chat c che enzym trypsin. II.SAN XUAT AU PHU 1. Qua trnh san xuat au phu : dung tac ong c hoc e pha v cau truc te bao cua hat au , giai phong cac thanh phan co trong hat ong thi dung nc lam dung moi hoa tan cac chat o thanh dung dch huyen phu. Sau o li dung tnh chat hoa tan khac nhau gia cac chat , dung phng phap loc e tach lay mot dung dch nhu tng trong o chu yeu la chat am tan globulin. T dung dch nay . da vao tnh chat ong tu cua globulin, thong qua cac ieu kien pH, ien tch, nhiet o . ket tua chung lai thanh cac hoa au roi ep nh hnh thanh banh au phu . 2. Cac quy trnh san xuat au phu:

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2.1. Quy trnh xay t: au nanh

Loai bo tap chat Nc Nc Tiet trung Ngam Xay t Dch sa au tho Loc Dch sa u
Chat pha bot,Na2 CO3

Ba

un soi

Ket tua
p

CaSO4 Nc

ong goi

Tit trng

au phu

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2.2. Quy trnh xay kho :

au nanh

Lam sach bang nc Lam kho Xay kho hoac nghien kho Bot au Dung dch NaOH Ngam Ly tam Sa au un soi CaSO4 Ket tua Hoa au Ep ong goi Tiet trung

Ba

Nc

au phu

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III. GIAI THCH QUY TRNH:

1. Quy trnh xay t:

1.1 Giai oan loai tap chat: a-Mc ch: Chun b. b-Bin i nguyen liu: - Bin i vt ly: Lam giam ham lng can . at cat bam tren be mat au giam khoi lng. Cac loai tap chat thng c tach ra khoi nguyen lieu: Cac chat vo c: at , cat, a, manh kim loai , Cac tap chat nguon goc ong vat: long, toc, da, trng con trung Hoa chat: thuoc tr sau , phan bon. - Bin i sinh hc: Mot so vi sinh vat va cac san pham trao oi chat cua no bam tren be mat b ra troi. Cam quan : Lam cho hat sach hn, sang hn, tang gia tr cam quan, ong thi cung tang chat lng san pham .
c-Thit b:

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Hnh 6: May ra bng chuyn May ra la mot he thong bang tai co uc lo. c nhung mot phan trong be nc. Hat c cho vao mang dan nguyen lieu roi theo bang tai i qua be nc . chu tac dung cua cac ong thoi kh e tach tap chat. Trc khi ra ngoai hat tiep tuc c ra bang voi phun nc ap lc cao. 1.2 Ngam hat a- Mc ch: Chun b. Lam hat au mem de tach vo. Tang hieu suat nghien. b- Bin i nguyen liu: - Bin i vt ly: Giam o cng. Tang the tch hat len 2.5 lan. Khoi lng tang gap 2.2 lan so vi ban au. Trong phng phap xay t . hat au phai qua giai oan ngam. Ngam hat nham muc ch lam hat au hut nc va trng len. Khi o cac phan t nc co tnh lng cc se tac ong len cac phan to protein , lipid, glucid va cellulose. Qua trnh nay xay ra qua hai giai oan: - Giai oan au la qua trnh solvat hoa. giai oan nay cac lien ket trong hat au cha b pha v. - Giai oan hai xay ra khi cac phan t nc tiep tuc tac ong va lam pha v lien ket cac phan t trong hat au va chuyen chung sang trang thai dch the keo linh ong nam trong cac te bao hat au . c- Yu t nh hng: Co 3 yeu to anh hng rat nhieu en qua trnh ngam hat thi gian ngam , lng nc ngam va nhiet o nc ngam. - Thi gian ngam: + Mua he: ngam 4 6 gi.

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+ Mua ong: ngam 10 - 12 gi. => Thi gian ngam la 4h. - Nhiet o nc ngam: tot nhat la 300C. - Lng nc ngam: thng c s dung ty le au : Nc = 1 : 2.5 . Lng nc ngam nay se giup o trng cua hat au at tng oi cao , o chua thap (khoang 2.23g axit axetic tren 100g au) va s hao ton chat kho nho (ch 0.6g/100g au). Khi hat au tach oi mot cach de dang, be mat pha trong cua hat au phang va ong mau va moi na hat cung be thanh tng manh de dang th o la dau hieu ket thuc thi gian ngam. o am hat au sau ngam at 55% - 65%. d- Thit b: bon ngam co he thong cap , thao nc t ong. Kch thc A.B.C (mm) phu thuoc vao lng nhap lieu.

Hnh 7: Bon ngam au 1.3 Xay t: a-Muc ch : khai thac. Lm gim kch thc ca ht u nnh Trch ly cac chat trong au nanh vao nc. b-Cac bien oi trong qua trnh nghien t Vat ly: lam giam kch thc cua hat au nanh thanh nhng hat mn, s dung nc nong lam tang nhiet o trong qua trnh xay. Hoa ly: trch ly cac chat dinh dng trong au nanh vao dch sa. Sinh hoc: mot so vi sinh vat b tieu diet.

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c-Yu t nh hng: Nc: hoa tan cac chat nay va chuyen chung sang dang huyen phu. Yeu to co anh hng quan trong nhat trong giai oan xay la lng nc can thiet cho vao trong khi xay. Neu t nc se xay ra hien tng hoa tan cac chat kem va tao ma sat manh gay ra hien tng tang nhiet. Nhiet tang lam protein bien tnh. do o kha nang tan cua protein se kem i. Neu qua nhieu nc se lam tang lng hoa tan cac chat nhng lai gay ra kho khan trong cac giai oan che bien sau. Nc dung e nghin bot tot nhat nen theo t le au : Nc = 1 : 6. Nc tr c khi a vao nghien phai qua tiet trung. Trong khi xay phai cho nc chay vao lien tuc. Trong qua trnh xay, saponin se tao bot v vay phai cho chat pha bot , chat pha bot thng dung vi ty le 0.05% so vi lng au t mang dan vao. d-Thiet b:

Hnh 8: My xay Cu to : Bo phan nhap lieu. Vt xoan ay nguyen lieu. a nghien nguyen lieu.

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C cau thao san pham. Nguyen tc hot ng : Nguyen lieu t bo phan nhap lieu ri xuong vt xoan. Vt xoan co nhiem vu ay hat vao khoang nghien. Nh vay nguyen lieu c a nghien thanh bot theo yeu cau. San pham sau khi ra khoi a nghien c ay vao ca thao lieu. Trong qua trnh nghien , nc nong c bo sung vao cung vi nguyen lieu nham trch ly cac chat trong nguyen lieu vao nc . Thong so cong nghe: au nghien quay vi toc o: 2800 rpm. o am ba: 60-70% o mn cua hat: 12 120 mesh (mesh: ch so lo tren chieu dai 1 inch trong he ray Tyler). 1.4- Loc: a- Mc ch : Khai thac: thu nhan dch sa co nong o cao.
Hoan thien san pham: loai i cac tap chat can co trong san pham , lam

san pham trong khong b van uc.

Tang hieu qua truyen nhiet.

b- Bin i nguyen liu :

Vat ly: lam giam the tch va khoi lng. Hoa hoc: ton that mot so chat hoa tan theo ba loc. Hoa ly: thay oi trang thai t dung dch dang huyen ph u sang long. Sinh hoc: mot so vi sinh vat khong co li b loai bo theo ba loc. Sa khi loc xong phai at cac tieu chuan sau: - pH dch sa: 6 6.5. - Lng sa thu c t 1kg au la 9 lt. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua dch sa nh sau: - am tong so - Lipit 27 30 g/l. 13 16 g/l.

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- Gluxit - Chat kho

3.2 4.5 g/.l 5 4.5 g/l.

Sa sau khi loc xong thng co 15.000 20.000 vi khuan lactic/1 cm3. Neu e lau, sa se co phan ng hoa hoc xay ra nh: C6 H12O6 = 3CH3COOH + 2H2 O. 2CH3COOH + H2 O = 2CH3CHOHCOOH Lng axid lactic c tao thanh se lam thay oi pH dch sa. S thay oi pH se lam thay oi can ban tnh chat protein. Khi pH sa ti gan iem ang ien cua protein au nanh th khoi sa se ong von lai , gay kho khan cho qua trnh ep sau nay. Do o sa ke t khi xay en khi loc xong khong nen keo dai qua 30 phut ve mua he va 50 phut ve mua ong. Ba au la phan ran sau khi loc. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ba au gom co: - Protein: - Gluxit: - Lipit: - o am: 3-4%. 5-6%. 1-2%. 8-90%.

c-Thit b: thit b lc khung bn Cu to: - ay la loai thiet b loc lam viec gian oan . ngha la nhap lieu vao lien tuc . nc loc lay ra lien tuc nhng ba c thao theo chu k. - Thiet b loc khung ban c cau tao chu yeu bi khung va ban.

Hnh 9: Thit b lc khung bn

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Khung gi vai tro cha ba loc va la ni nhap huyen phu vao. Ban tao ta be mat loc vi cac ranh dan dch loc.

- Khung va ban thng c che tao co dang hnh vuong va phai co s bt kn tot khi ghep khung va ban. - Khung va ban c xep lien tiep nhau tren gia . Gia khung va ban la vach ngan loc. Vach ngan loc the hien 3 tnh nang c ban:

Gi pha ran cang nhieu cang tot , ong thi tr lc oi vi pha lien tuc cang nho cang tot. S phan bo ong eu cac lo xop (mao dan) tren be mat vach ngan loc. Chu c tac ong cua moi trng loc nh: o tham t , o ben ve ap suat , nhiet o , hoa hoc , chay no , ieu kien tai sinh be mat loc. - Vach ngan loc co the co dang hat , si, tam, vat xop. - Ep chat gia khung va ban bang c cau viet ai oc c thc hien bi tay quay. - Lo dan huyen phu nhap lieu cua khung va bang noi lien tao thanh ong dan nho ra e ghep vi he thong cap lieu. - Khi tien hanh loc , phai ep chat khung va ban e ap suat loc khong lam dch loc ro r ra ngoai , v the thiet b loc khung ban con goi la thiet b loc ep. Nguyen ly hot ng: - Dch loc chay t ban qua he thong ng ong va lay ra ngoai. - Ba c gi tren be mat cua vach ngan loc va c cha trong khung. - Khi ba trong khung ay th dng qua trnh loc e tien hanh ra va thao ba (ra ba la qua trnh trch ly cac chat hoa tan con nam trong pha ran vao nc ra) 1.5-un soi: a-Muc ch : che bien va hoan thien Tang kha nang hap thu. Loai bo nhng chat mui khong mong muon. b-Cac bien oi trong qua trnh nau Vat ly: lam giam o nht dung dch, tang nhiet o sa.

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Hoa hoc: phan huy mot so chat man cam vi nhiet o, protein b bien tnh mot phan, khong lam anh hng nhieu ti san pham. Sinh hoc: tieu diet hoac c che vi sinh vat co trong sa. Hoa sinh: Gia nhiet nham pha enzym khang tripxin va oc to aflatoxin, diet vi sinh vat , kh mui tanh cua au nanh, pha v lp solvat tao ieu kien cho cac phan t sa gan lai nhau hn va de keo tu hn. c-Thiet b Phng phap thc hien : Thi gian un soi 100 lt sa trong pham vi 510 phut la tot nhat. Trong qua trnh un soi nen khuay ao luon e tranh chay khet dung dch sa. Cau tao: thiet b vo ao gia nhiet bang hi nc: hi i pha ngoai , dch sa i ben trong. Ben trong thiet b co canh khuay e tang he so truyen nhiet trong qua trnh nau. Nguyen tac hoat ong: au tien dch sa se c a vao ben trong thiet b. Tac nhan gia nhiet la hi nc i pha vo, a dung dch len nhiet o yeu cau trong thi gian 10 phut. Canh khuay hoat ong lien tuc , t luc sa c a vao trong thiet b cho en khi thao ra ngoai.

Hnh 10: Thit b un soi kn 1.6-Kt ta:

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a-Mc ch: khai thac ong tu protein di tac dung cua nhiet , s thay oi pH ve vung ang ien , tac dung cua muoi. b-Cac bin i nguyen liu: Vat ly: co s thay oi ve pha, pH, ... Trong qua trnh ket tua. ta un sa en 95 100 0C e gay bien tnh nhiet va dung tac nhan gay ket tua protein. ieu kien e ket tua nh sau: - Nhiet o dch sa khi ket tua 95 - 100 0C. - pH cua dch sa khi ket tua 4.5 4.6. - Nong o protein trong sa au: 13%. c- Thit b:

C Hnh 11: Bon ong t

A Khuay tron : e phan bo eu Ca2+ trong sa au . Toc o canh khuay 240 280 rpm. Thi gian khuay: 20 -25 phut. B Dung dao cat: gom nhieu dao ghep song song e cat khoi ong nham tach whey, tach nc. Khoi ong b cat cang nho th ham am trong khoi ong cang nho, au phu se cang cng. C Tach huyet thanh. D Ep s bo. 1.7- Ep nh hnh:

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a-Mc ch:Hoan thin Tao hnh san pham, tao cau truc cho san pham. b-Bin i nguyen liu: Vt l: Nhiet o cua hoa au em ep tot nhat la 70 -80 0C. Thi gian ep thng la 10 phut. Neu di 60 0C th hoa au se khong ket dnh, banh au b va khong nh hnh c. Hoa hoc: Xay ra s bien tnh cua protein do anh hng cua nhiet o nhng khong ang ke. c- Thit b:

Hnh 12: Thit b ep va khuon ep 1.8- ong goi: a-Mc ch: Hoan thin b-Thiet b: S dung thiet b ong goi dang bang tai . san pham c ong goi vao nhng hop nho.

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Cng ngh sn xut tu h cng

Hnh 13: Thit b ong goi 1.9- Tit trung: a-Muc ch : Hoan thien . Bao quan. Vung nong: nc soi 100 oC. Vung lanh: nc nhiet o bnh thng.

b-Thiet b: dang bang tai co vung lam nong va vung lam lanh san pham.

Hnh 14: Thit b tiet trung va lam mat 2. Qui trnh xay kho:

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2.1- Qua trnh lam kho : a-Mc ch:chun b Lam giam ham am cua au nanh. Tang hieu suat nghien cua hat au. b- Cac bien oi : Vat ly: co s thay oi trong lng. Cam giac: hat sang hn, trong hn. c- Thit b :

Hnh 15: Thit b lam mat Nguyen tac hoat ong: au nanh sau khi qua be ngam bang chuyen c gau tai a vao bang tai , bang tai vi toc o cham a hat au vao thieu b nghien . Trong qua trnh o , di tac dung cua voi phun kh se lam hat au kho dan chuan b cho qua trnh nghien. 2.2- Nghien kho: a- Mc ch: chuan b cho qua trnh ngam. lam giam kch thc hat au nanh. b- Bin i nguyen liu: Vat ly: Lam giam kch thc cua hat au nan h. Do ma sat trong khi nghien , cac te bao b pha v chuyen t trang thai hat thanh khoi bot set ong nhat.

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Cng ngh sn xut tu h cng

Tang nhiet o cua khoi nguyen lieu do ma sat. Hoa hoc: Lam giam ham am cua nguyen lieu do nhiet o tang. c- Thit b: Cu to: Bo phan nhap lieu a nguyen lieu vao may nghien. a nghien co nh ben trong thiet b. a nghien quay. Bo ieu khien nguyen lieu au vao. Bo phan thao lieu.

Hnh 16: Thit b nghin Nguyen tc hot ng: u nnh c a vao may xay t bang tai lam rao nc va c phan phoi t t vao tht a nh vt tai at trong pheu nhap lieu ben tr en may thit b. Sau khi qua pheu , u nnh c ay vao tam va ri vao khe h gia hai tht a (mot tht ng yen va mot tht khac chuyen ong). au nanh c xay, nhao va nghien nat khi di chuyen gia hai tht a. S giam kch thc cua hat u nnh co lien quan trc tiep en kch thc va be sau cua khe h. Nang suat cua may xay phu thuoc vao ng knh va toc o quay cua tht a. Dung tht a vi toc o quay cang cao, ke h cang nho se lam cho bot xay ra cang mn .Bot au nghien xong phai s dung ngay, khong e qua 1 gi v trong qua trnh nghien , nhiet o se tang va lam tang qua trnh len men. T o dan ti s bien tnh protein va se gay ton that hieu suat sau nay.

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Hat au sau nghien co kch thc 5 10 m. 2.3- Ngam vi dung dch NaOH: a-Mc ch : hoa tan protein va cac chat co trong hat au vao nc . b-Cac bin i: Vt ly: Bt u nanh hut nc trng n. Hoa hc: tac dung cua cac phan t protein va cac axit beo co trong hat au vi NaOH, tinh bot b thuy phan . Hoa sinh: Di tac dung cua nhiet o va pH kiem , cac enzyme Lipoxygenase, cac chat c che enzyme Trypsin se b vo hoat. ong thi, mot so protein cung b bien tnh. c-Thit b: Thong so: Hoa vao NaOH vi pH = 10 Ty le 1 au :7 nc Nhiet o 65 680 C Thi gian ngam: 1h Cu to : tng t thiet b un soi, lam bang thep khong g. Hnh tru tron. Co canh khuay hoat ong ben trong.

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Cng ngh sn xut tu h cng

Hnh 17: Thit b khuy trn 2.4-Ly tam: a-Mc ch: Khai thac. Tang ham lng chat kho ca sa au ra. Loai bo thanh phan khong tan trong dch sa. b-Bin i nguyen liu : Vat ly: Khoi lng giam do tach cac chat hoa tan va mot phan nc trong dch sa. T trng ca khi bt tng.

Hoa hc:
Ham lung chat kho tang. Tang lc lien ket gia cac phan t. c- Thit b :

Hnh 18: May ly tam

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Cng ngh sn xut tu h cng

Nguyen tac hoat ong: May ly tam sieu toc loai d a dung e phan li huyen phu co ham lng pha ran nho. Bo phan chu yeu cua may la rotor gom cac da chong len nhau vi mot khoang cach thch hp. Cac da eu co khoan lo, da gia cac lo phai nam tren ng thong thang ung, qua o san pham ban au i vao khe h gia cac da. Da tren c gi nh cac gan tren mat ngoai cua da di. o nghieng cua da non can u am bao e hat vat lieu trt xuong t do. May co the lam viec gian oan hoac lien tuc. May lam viec gian oan trong trng hp thao ba bang tay. Do dung tch khoang khong gian cua lp bun phan li khong ln nen may ly tam thao ba bang tay s dung hieu qua khi thanh phan hat l lng en 0.05% the tch. IV. SO SANH HAI QUY TRNH CON G NGHE: Bng 8: So sanh 2 quy trnh Quy trnh xay t Ngam au nanh => de xay. Quy trnh xay kho Khong ngam => khi nghien de lan tap chat hn. ton that bot au. s dung ngay (khong qua 1h). Protein hoa tan trong nc c nhieu hn nh kch thc hat sau xay nho hn, co bo sung NaOH khi ngam. Chat lng au cao hn. at tien hn. Thiet b phc tap , chu an mon .

Hoa tan protein nh tac ong cua c hoc la chnh nen lam lng khong nhu bang xay kho. Chat lng au khong cao bang. Re tien hn. Thiet b n gian , de van hanh.

V. GII THIEU CHAT LN G SAN PHAM: (International Food Research Journal 16: 11-19 (2009)) Bng 9: Cht lng sn phm
Composition Protein(Nx6.25)% as is Fat,% Valuation 10.7 5.9

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Cng ngh sn xut tu h cng Crude Fiber,% Carbohydsates,% Ash,% Moisture% Microbiology: Total plate count,no/g Total coli forms,no/10g Salmonela,no/100g E.coli,no/100g Staphylococus,no/10g Yeast,no/10g Mold,no/10g Other chemical characters Potein solubility,% TIA Urease activity Available lysine,g/6.gN Iron, mg Calcium, mg Phosphorus, mg Vitamin B1 , mg Vitamin B2 , mg Nicotinic acid, g Sensory parameter: Color: Odor: Taste: Defects: Insert parts: Foreign material: Black specks: Total absence Total absence Total absence Creamy to yellow Less beany Nutty 20-80 Less than 75% of the orginal Nil 5.5 1.8 1.0 0.95 0.05 0.04 0.5 20000 10 Negative Negative 100 100 100 1.0 2.9 6.5 80.25

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VI. THAN H TU CON G NGHE Co the ket hp hai qua trnh xay t va loc bang cach dung may nghien loc t ong.

Hnh 19: May nghin, a nghien va dao nghien Cu to: Pheu nhap lieu. a nghien nguyen lieu. Bo phan loc ly tam. - Nguyn tc hot ng : au nanh sau khi ngam c vt ra va chuyen vao may xay. Qua pheu thu au , hat c dan vao au nghien cung vi viec cung cap them nc sach vao pheu. au nghien va nghien nat va tai nguyen lieu vao bo phan loc ly tam. Do ket cau dang con cua thiet b loc ly tam co goc nghieng hp ly ma khi quay phan nc se qua lp li con phan ba se tach ra theo phng tiep tuyen. Sau khi au vao may xay va loc ba, thu c nc au nanh va phan ba rieng biet.

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Ket hp hai qua trnh un soi va ket tua trong bon ong tu kieu mi. Sau khi cho sa au vao bon, gia nhiet len 95 100oC roi ch 10 phut. Sau o cho CaSO4 vao e ket tua protein. Ca hai giai oan canh khuay eu hoat ong.

Hnh 20: Bon ong tu kieu mi Co the ket hp hai qua trnh ong tu va ep nh hnh bang cach s dung mot thiet b ket hp.

Hnh 21: Thiet b ong tu va ep nh hnh

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S dung thiet b ep nh hnh va ong goi ket hp

Hnh 22: May ep tao hnh va ong hop au hu e nang cao mui v va ham lng dinh dng cua san pham . co the tan dung ba au a c xay nat trong qua trnh san xuat. Ba au cha mot lng dinh dng ln nhng no cung la nguyen nhan lam giam o mem cua au hu nen ngi ta thng vt bo ba au. Cong nghe nay da tren phng phap lam ong cot au bao gom ca ba au a c xay mn toi a(ba au c xay ti bon lan e am bao o mn to i a) nhiet o cao.

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VII. TAI LIE U THAM KHAO:

[1] Le Van Viet Man , Cong nghe san xuat san pham t sa, nha xuat ban HQG TPHCM, nam 2004 [2] GS.TSKH.Nguyn Bin, Cac qua trnh thit b trong cong nghe hoa hc va thc phm, NXB Khoa hc va K thut. nm 2005 . [3] Hoang Minh Nam , Cac qua trnh va thit b c hc , nha xut bn HQG TPHCM, nm 2004. [4] Le Bach Tuyet va cong s, Cac qua trnh cong nghe c ban trong san xuat thc pham, NXB Giao duc Ha Noi, 1996, 360 trang. [5]International Food Research Journal 16: 11-19 (2009). Gandhi. A. P. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Bhopal-462038(MP). India [6] Cac trang web: 1.www.pulmuone.co.kr 2.http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AFa_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu_n%C 3%A0nh#Dinh_d.C6.B0.E1.BB.A1ng 4.http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng 5.http://www.khoahoc.net/baivo/nguyenthuongchanh/130406 -anchay.htm 6.http://www.soya.com 7.www.kiencuong.com 8.www.vinasoy.com.vn

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