1

TM TT BO CO


Theo c tnh ca cc c quan chc nng, hng nm thnh ph H Ni thi ra
khong 950 nghn tn thi rn sinh hot (CTRSH). Nu khng c bin php x l thch
hp, lng rc thi khng l ny s tr thnh thm ha ca th. Hin nay, c rt
nhiu phng php x l CTRSH, trong chn lp l bin php c p dng rng
ri nht. Tuy nhin, vic la chn v tr bi chn lp CTRSH l mt bi ton rt phc
tp i vi cc nh quy hoch v n yu cu phi tnh n tc ng tng hp ca rt
nhiu yu t v t nhin, kinh t, x hi v mi trng. gii quyt vn ny th
phng php phn tch a ch tiu (MCA) l mt cch tip cn hiu qu, theo mc
nh hng ca cc yu t (ch tiu) c chuyn ha t nh tnh sang nh lng
thng qua cc gi tr im s v trng s, v h thng tin a l (GIS) s l mt cng
c c lc tr gip cho vic nh gi cc ch tiu ny.
ti xy dng mt quy trnh cng ngh la chn a im b tr bi chn lp
CTRSH bng MCA v GIS vi tng chnh l phn chia qu trnh nh gi thnh 2
giai on: giai on u s dng cc ch tiu d nh gi lc ra nhng v tr tim
nng, giai on sau so snh chng theo tt c cc ch tiu tm ra v tr tt nht. Quy
trnh ny c p dng trn a bn huyn ng Anh nh gi 16 ch tiu v
kinh t, x hi, mi trng, t ch ra 4 a im thch hp b tr bi chn lp
CTRSH ca huyn ti cc x Nam Hng, Bc Hng, Thy Lm v Vit Hng, trong
a im ti x Thy Lm c coi l thch hp nht.
Kt qu ca ti cho thy phng n quy hoch bi chn lp CTRSH ti x
Vit Hng ca UBND huyn ng Anh c c s khoa hc tt. Tuy nhin, ngoi
phng n ny, chnh quyn a phng c th xem xt b tr bi chn lp CTRSH 3
a im khc m ti nu ra (c bit ch n a im x Thy Lm c tnh
thch hp tt hn a im ti x Vit Hng).


2
MC LC


M U......................................................................................................................... 3
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V VN LA CHN A IM B TR
BI CHN LP CHT THI RN SINH HOT....................................................... 5
1.1. Khi nim v cht thi rn sinh hot v cc phng php x l.......................... 5
1.1.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.2. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot ............................................................. 5
1.1.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn......................................................................... 6
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot..... 9
1.2.1. Cc yu t t nhin................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2. Cc yu t kinh t - x hi...................................................................................... 10
1.2.3. Cc yu t c s h tng......................................................................................... 11
1.3. Mt s ch tiu trong la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot.... 11
1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v phng php la chn
a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot................................................... 12
CHNG 2. QUY TRNH LA CHN A IM B TR BI CHN LP
CHT THI RN SINH HOT BNG GIS V PHNG PHP
PHN TCH A CH TIU......................................................................................... 14
2.1. Khi nim v GIS ............................................................................................... 14
2.2. Phng php phn tch a ch tiu (MCA)......................................................... 15
2.2.2. Phn nhm cc ch tiu........................................................................................... 16
2.2.3. Xc nh trng s cc ch tiu ................................................................................ 17
2.2.4. Tch hp cc ch tiu .............................................................................................. 18
2.3. Quy trnh la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot ............ 19
CHNG 3. LA CHN A IM B TR BI CHN LP
CHT THI RN SINH HOT TRN A BN HUYN NG ANH............... 22
3.1. Gii thiu v khu vc nghin cu ...................................................................... 22
3.2. La chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot ........................... 23
3.2.1. Cn c xc nh v tr bi chn lp......................................................................... 23
3.2.2. C s d liu thit lp trong ArcGIS...................................................................... 24
3.2.3. Cc ch tiu la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn ............................ 24
3.2.4. Tnh trng s cc ch tiu ....................................................................................... 26
3.2.5. nh gi s b........................................................................................................ 28
3.2.6. La chn cui ......................................................................................................... 32
3.3. So snh kt qu ca ti vi phng n quy hoch c ph duyt ca
huyn ng Anh........................................................................................................ 39
KT LUN V KIN NGH....................................................................................... 40
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................. 41


3
M U


1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Theo c tnh ca d n 3RHN (http://www.3r-hn.vn/?option=mod_news&sel=detail&cid=12&view=20),
hng nm thnh ph H Ni thi ra khong 950 nghn tn cht thi rn thi sinh hot
(CTRSH). Nhng vi tc pht trin kinh t chng mt nh hin nay th con s ny
khng dng li y trong nhng nm ti. Nh vy, nu khng c bin php x l
thch hp, lng rc thi khng l trn s tr thnh thm ha cho th bi n s gy
nhim mi trng, lm mt m quan th, nh hng ti sc khe con ngi, lng
ph s dng t,... Hin nay c kh nhiu phng php x l CTRSH, trong chn
lp l mt bin php c p dng kh ph bin Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th
gii. Tuy nhin, vic la chn v tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot (CTRSH) l
mt bi ton rt phc tp i vi cc nh quy hoch v gii bi ton n, cn phi
tnh n tc ng tng hp ca rt nhiu yu t v t nhin, kinh t, x hi v mi
trng. Bng cch s dng phng php phn tch a ch tiu chng ta c th tip cn
c gii php cho bi ton trn. Qua , mc nh hng ca cc yu t c
chuyn ha t nh tnh sang nh lng thng qua cc gi tr trng s v im s. V h
thng tin a l (GIS) l mt cng c c lc tr gip cho vic nh gi cc ch tiu ny.
Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi s pht trin kinh t, nng cao cht lng cuc
sng ca con ngi, cc quc gia u ch trng pht trin bn vng, pht trin kinh
t phi i i vi bo v mi trng v n nh x hi. Vi nhng thnh ph ln nh
H Ni, y lun l vn c cc cp chnh quyn v c quan chc nng quan tm.
ng Anh l mt huyn ngoi thnh nm pha bc th H Ni, c tc
pht trin kinh t kh cao trong thi gian gn y. ng sau li ch kinh t t nhng
d n u t v qu trnh th ha, vn rc thi ang l mt ni lo trong cng tc
qun l t ai v bo v mi trng. Mc d huyn ch trng thu gom rc thi
n tn cc thn lng, nhng cc bi chn lp khng c x l theo mt quy trnh k
thut no m a s l tn dng nhng ao, h,... b hoang. Vic tn ti nhng bi chn
lp sai quy nh, mt v sinh nh vy, khng ch lm mt m quan, gy kh khn
trong cng tc qun l t ai, m cn gy nhng hu qu nghim trng nh hng
trc tip n sc khe cng ng dn c nh: nhim ngun nc, t ai v khng
kh. Chnh v vy, mt nhim v ht sc cp bch l cn quy hoch nhng bi chn lp
hp v sinh gii quyt nhng bc xc ca ngi dn xung quanh vn rc thi v
quan trng hn c l ngn chn hu qu mi trng do n gy ra.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Mc tiu ca ti l nghin cu ng dng h thng tin a l (GIS) v phng
php phn tch a ch tiu (MCA) tm a im ti u b tr bi chn lp cht thi
4
rn sinh hot cho huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni.
3. Ni dung nghin cu
- Nghin cu tng quan v vn la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi
rn sinh hot.
- Nghin cu phng php ng dng GIS v MCA trong bi ton la chn v tr
ti u.
- Th nghim la chn a im b tr bi chn lp CTRSH cho huyn ng
Anh, i chiu vi phng n c la chn ca huyn.
4. Phng php nghin cu
- Phng php phn tch tng hp ti liu: cc ngun ti liu nh gio trnh, sch
chuyn kho, mng internet, bo ch, cc bi vit trong v ngoi nc,... s c
nghin cu, phn tch v tng hp cc vn lin quan n ti.
- Phng php phn tch a ch tiu xc nh tm quan trng v tc ng ca
cc yu t c nh hng n v tr bi chn lp CTRSH.
- Phng php phn tch khng gian bng GIS
- Phng php xin kin chuyn gia nh gi vai tr ca cc yu t nh hng.
- Phng php iu tra thc a, phng vn ly kin cng ng dn c.
5. Kt qu t c v ngha ca ti
ti xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh ng dng GIS v phng php
phn tch a ch tiu trong la chn v tr bi chn lp CTRSH, t p dng vo thc
t ca huyn ng Anh tm a im b tr bi chn lp CTRSH cho huyn.
ti a ra c nh gi khoa hc v phng n quy hoch bi chn lp
CTRSH c ph duyt ca huyn ng Anh. Quy trnh cng ngh v phng
php nh gi ch tiu do ti xut c th c trin khai p dng trn cc a bn
khc la chn a im b tr bi chn lp CTRSH.





5
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V VN LA CHN A IM B TR
BI CHN LP CHT THI RN SINH HOT



1.1. Khi nim v cht thi rn sinh hot v cc phng php x l
1.1.1. Khi nim
C kh nhiu cch nh ngha v cht thi c cc tc gi trong nc v trn th
gii a ra, nhng chng ta c th hiu mt cch tng qut nh sau: Cht thi l mi
th m con ngi v qu trnh con ngi tc ng vo thin nhin thi ra mi trng
(Trn Hiu Nhu v nnk, 2005).
Vic phn loi cht thi l mt cng vic kh phc tp v s a dng v chng
loi, thnh phn v tnh cht ca chng. C rt nhiu cch phn loi nhng mi cch
phn loi ch mang tnh tng i:
- Theo cng ngh x l c th chia thnh: cc cht chy c (thc phm; giy;
hng dt; cht do; cc vt liu lm t g, tre, na), cc cht khng chy c (kim
loi, thy tinh, v snh s), cc cht tng hp (tt c cc vt liu khng phn loi
hai phn trn).
- Theo tnh cht vt l: c cht thi rn, cht thi lng, cht thi kh.
- Theo ngun gc pht sinh: c cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, cc
cht thi c ngun gc t hot ng nng, lm, ng nghip v dch v.
- Theo tnh cht: c cht thi nguy hi, cht thi thng thng.
Nh vy, cht thi rn sinh hot (trong Ting Vit cn gi l rc) c hiu l
cht thi th rn pht sinh t cc hot ng cc khu dn c, khu cng nghip, cc
hot ng thng mi, dch v,... N bao gm cc loi giy, nha, cao su, thy tinh,
kim loi, cc thc n tha v mt s loi cht thi c bit khc c ngun gc t cc
khu dn c, khu cng ngip, khu trung tm, thng mi, dch v v cc c quan cng
cng.
1.1.2. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot
Vit Nam hin nay c cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot sau:
- Cc khu dn c (dn c cc th ln, dn c cc khu th mi, dn c
nng thn): Do dn s ngy cng tng, cht lng cuc sng ngy cng cao, lng
cht thi rn ngy cng nhiu, vic x l rc thi rn khng th p ng kp nn qu
sc cha ca khu vc. Cht thi rn khu vc ny phn ln l thc phm d tha, bao
b hng ha, x than, dn dng h hng, cht ty ra tng hp,...
- Khu thng mi: ti cc ch, siu th, nh hng, khch sn,... thng thi ra cc
loi thc phm nh hng ha, thc n d tha, bao b s dng,...
6
- Khu cng nghip: Cht thi rn sinh hot c thi ra t cc hot ng sinh
hot ca cng nhn v cn b vin chc cc cng ty, x nghip, c s sn xut. V
y l khu nh c xy dng khng kin c mang tnh cht tm b v phn ln l
ni t hp ca ngi lao ng cc tnh xa li nn vic x thi v thu gom rc gp
rt nhiu kh khn.
- Khu xy dng: Cc cng trnh ang xy dng, ang ci to nng cp,... thi ra
cc loi cht thi nh: st thp vn, vi va, gch v, ng dn, g,...
- Khu tham quan du lch, vui chi gii tr: khi cht lng cuc sng tng cao, nhu
cu vui chi gii tr ca con ngi ngy cng tng, hng lot nhng khu du lch, ngh
mt mc ln. Tuy nhin, nhiu ni vn cha c mt h thng thu gom v qun l rc
thi mt cch hp l v hiu qu. Thc t dn n mt tnh trng l mi trng
cc khu tham quan, ngh mt lun trong tnh trng nhim.
1.1.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn
X l cht thi rn l phng php lm gim khi lng v tnh c hi ca cht
thi hoc chuyn chng thnh nhng nguyn liu sn xut phn vi sinh hoc nhng sn
phm lm t vt liu ti ch khc. Hin nay, c nhiu loi cng ngh khc nhau x
l cht thi rn sinh hot. Vic chn cng ngh x l rc thi nh th no t hiu
qu cao, khng gy hu qu xu v mi trng trong tng lai v t tn km chi ph
lun l mi quan tm hng u ca cc c quan chc nng. Di y ti xin im
qua vi nt v cc phng php x l cht thi rn sinh hot hin nay.
a. Phng php ti s dng, ti ch
Ti s dng (re-use) l tn dng nhng vt cn gi tr s dng nh bn gh
g, t g, chai l,... ti s dng. Nhng vt ny ch yu thi ra t cc khu vc c
i sng cao v cung cp cho nhng ngi ngho. Phng php ny c mt s u
im nh: tit kim nng lng v gim nhim do sn xut, tit kim din tch bi
thi, to cng n vic lm cho mt s ngi tht nghip v cung cp dng cho
nhng ngi ngho c thu nhp thp.
Ti ch (recycling) l hot ng thu hi li t cht thi cc thnh phn c th ti
ch thnh cc sn phm mi s dng li cho hot ng sinh hot v sn xut. v d nh
giy, thy tinh hay st nhm,... Phng php ny khng kinh t bng ti s dng
nhng cng c mt s u im: tit kim c ti nguyn thin nhin t vic s dng
cc vt liu c ti ch, tit kim din tch bi thi,...
b. Phng php tip cn u vo (Input approach)
Mt trong nhng phng php c s dng gim lng rc thi l nghin
cu hng tip cn u vo. Hng tip cn ny c thc hin bng ba phng php
sau:
- Ko di thi hn s dng ca hng ha bng cch nng cao cht lng v
7
bn ca hng ha s tng thi hn s dng v gim lng rc thi.
- Gim bt khi lng vt liu trong ch to hng ha c bit l trong vic chy
ua theo cc hnh thc hp dn sn xut ra nhng bao b bt mt nhng tn rt
nhiu nguyn liu. Ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin, 40% sn lng giy, 14% sn
lng nhm, 8% sn lng thp dng cho sn xut bao b, 40% lng rc thi rn l
bao b.
- Gim bt s tiu th: khi kinh t pht trin nhanh chng, song song vi n l
qu trnh cng nghip ha, th ha lm cho mc sng ca con ngi ngy cng tng
cao. Ngoi nhng nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi cn c nhng nhu cu nhiu khi
khng cn thit v xa x. V vy, cn gim bt s tiu th tit kim nguyn liu,
nng lng trong bi cnh ti nguyn v mi trng ang gp nhiu kh khn nh
hin nay.
c. X l cht thi bng cng ngh p kin
Phng php ny c thc hin trn c s thu gom rc thi tp trung vo cc
nh my. Sau tin hnh phn loi rc thi, ri nn p rc thnh nhng kin rc ri
s dng chng p b chn, san lp cc vng t trng,...
- Phn loi rc thi l qu trnh tch ring cc thnh phn c trong cht thi rn
sinh hot, nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn tp sang dng tng i ng nht. Qu
trnh ny dng thu hi nhng thnh phn c th ti ch v tch nhng cht thi c
hi v c phng php x l ring.
- Nn p rc l khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l rc thi, ngay t khi thu
gom rc, cc xe thu gom c b phn nn p rc tng sc cha, tng hiu sut
chuyn ch v ko di thi gian phc v ca bi chn lp.
d. X l cht thi bng phng php t
- Phng php t c khng kh: l giai on x l cui cng c p dng cho
nhng loi rc c cc thnh phn d chy khi khng th x l bng phng php khc.
Phng php ny c u im l: c kh nng tiu hy nhiu loi rc thi k c kim
loi, thy tinh, nha, cao su v mt s cht thi nguy hi; th tch rc thi c th gim
75 - 95%, thch hp cho nhng ni khng c din tch chn lp; hn ch ti a vn
nhim mi trng do nc rc gy ra; nng lng pht sinh do t rc c th
c tn dng s dng cho cc l hi, l si v cc ngnh cng nghip nhit, in.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny c mt s nhc im nh: kh thi t cc l t c nguy
c gy nhim mi trng; vn hnh dy chuyn phc tp, i hi nng lc, k thut
v tay ngh cao; gi thnh u t ln, chi ph cao (Trn Hiu Nhu v nnk, 2005).
- Phng php t khng c khng kh (nhit gii): l phng php phn gii cc
rc thi hu c trong iu kin ym kh nhit cao. Phng php ny l mt cng
ngh sch nhng gi thnh cao hn so vi cc phng php khc.
8
e. Phng php chn lp
y l mt hng tip cn x thi ang c p dng kh ph nhiu nc, k
c nhng nc c nn kinh t pht trin trn th gii. Vi cch ny, rc thi c tp
trung ti cc im thu gom rc, sau a ra cc khu vc ngoi thnh xa th
chn lp theo mt quy trnh k thut m bo v sinh. Thng thng, ngi ta tn
dng nhng khong t thp nh thung lng, h ao... lm bi chn lp.
Qun l bi chn lp bao gm cc cng vic quy hoch, thit k, vn hnh, ng
ca v kim sot sau khi ng ca hon ton bi chn lp. Trong , vic quy hoch,
hay c hiu l la chn a im xy dng bi chn lp, l cng vic u tin v
cng rt quan trng nh hng n cht lng ca d n. V nu ta chn c mt v
tr ph hp th s lm gim thiu nhng tc ng xu n mi trng trong qu trnh
vn hnh bi, v do s gim c nguy c nh hng n sc khe cng ng.
u im ca phng php chn lp l (L Thc Cn, 1995):
- C th x l mt lng ln cht thi rn;
- Chi ph iu hnh cc hot ng ca BCL khng qu cao;
- Khi ng bi, c th tn dng b mt bi lm khu vui chi, cng vin, sn gold,...
- Gi thnh r, chi ph ban u thp.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l:
- Cc bi chn lp i hi din tch ln;
- C th gy nhim nc ngm;
- Kh rc khng c kim sot tt c th thot ra khi bi gy nhim khng
kh, c th sn sinh ra kh metan, kh ny c th gy n;
- C th s gp s phn i ca ngi dn v chnh quyn a phng.
Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho thy hin nay chn lp vn l bin php kh kinh t
trong x l cht thi.
e. Phng php sinh hc
sinh hc l qu trnh n nh sinh ha cc cht hu c thnh cht mn, vi thao
tc sn xut v kim sot mt cch khoa hc to mi trng ti u i vi qu trnh.
Qu trnh c p dng vi cht hu c khng c hi, lc u kh nc, sau
x l cho n tr nn xp v m. Ch nhit m lun c kim tra gi cho vt
liu lun lun trng thi thiu kh trong sut thi gian . Qu trnh t to ra nhit
ring nh qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc cc cht thi ra. Sn phm cui cng ca qu
trnh phn hy l CO
2
, H
2
O v cc hp cht hu c khc nh lignin, xenlulo, si,...
Cht thi hu c ny c phn gii ym kh bng cc vi sinh vt c nn li thnh
cc bnh phn hu c. Phn ny c tc dng tng ph nhiu ca t, lm cho t
thm ti xp, thm nc nhiu hn, hn ch xi mn mt t.
9
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im l: gy mi hi thi, c
th gy dch bnh, vic phn loi rc thi hu c t rc thi chung cng tn cng sc,
tin ca. Ch yu sn phm l phn hu c tinh, mun c phn hu c cao cp phi b
sung thm cc thnh phn dinh dng N, P, K v mt s nguyn t ha hc vi lng
hoc mt s ph gia kch thch sinh trng.
f. Tnh hnh p dng cc phng php x l cht thi rn Vit Nam
- Phng php ti ch, ti s dng: y l mt phng php tt yu trong iu
kin nn kinh t cn kh khn, i sng ca ngi dn cn thp. Hu ht cc gia nh
u c gng tn dng ti a nhng vt dng cn gi tr s dng hay em bn vi gi r
cho ngi khc hoc bn ra cc ca hng c.
- Phng php sinh hc: hin ti Vit Nam c 9 nh my ch bin phn hu
c tp trung ti H Ni, Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Vit Tr, TP. H Ch Minh, B Ra
Vng Tu, Hi Phng, Ninh Thun v Hu.
Phng php chn lp l phng php c s dng ph bin nht, tuy nhin chi
khong 15% cc bi rc l hp v sinh, ng quy hoch. Cn li phn ln l cc bi
chn tn ti mt cch t pht cc a phng ang gy ra nhng bc xc trong cng
tc qun l t ai v mi trng. V vy, m i hi vic quy hoch cc bi chn lp
cht thi rn ng theo cc tiu chun, quy nh ngy cng cp bch.
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
1.2.1. Cc yu t t nhin
a. a hnh
Khu vc c chn phi c kh nng tiu thot nc, ngn nga ng trong
khu vc bi chn lp v khu vc xung quanh. V vy, chng ta cn phi ch n
hng dc v dc ca bi, nu bi chn lp ni qu dc th s lm nc rc b r
r ra bn ngoi, do cn phi chn ni bng phng hoc c dc va phi. Nn tn
dng nhng ni c a hnh trng xy dng bi chn lp nhm tit kim chi ph xy
dng.
Ty thuc vo cc kiu a hnh la chn cc kiu bi chn lp cho ph hp.
Nu nhng khu vc min ni cao th la chn bi chn lp chm l thch hp.
nhng ni trng, gim thiu nh hng n ngun nc ngm nn chn bi chn
lp ni. Cn nhng khu vc c cao va phi nn chn kiu bi chn lp na chm
na ni, nh vy va tit kim c din tch bi chn lp, va tng sc cha ca bi.
b. a cht
Cc bi chn lp xy dng nhng ni c lp nn phi chc v ng nht,
nn trnh vng vi, vng c cc vt nt kin to hay d b rn nt. Trong trng
hp khng cn cch no khc th i vi nn vi phi thit k lp chng thm c h
s thm ti a 10
7
cm/s, dy ln hn 1m (B KH-CN v MT, 2001).
10
c. Thy vn
Bi chn lp phi c b tr cng xa ngun nc mt, cc dng chy cng tt.
Nguyn nhn l do bi chn lp c th b r r nc cht thi gy nhim nc mt v
nc ngm, nh hng trc tip n nhng ngi s dng ngun nc b nhim .
d. Kh hu
Kh hu c nh hng n vic la chn a im ca bi chn lp, nht l gi.
Bi chn lp cht thi rn nn b tr cui hng gi, v gi s a mi ca rc
khuch tn ra xung quanh. Ngoi ra, cn ch n c lng ma ca khu vc, nn
trnh nhng ni hay xy ra ngp lt.
e. Th nhng
t cn phi mn lm chm qu trnh r r, hm lng st phi cao tng
cng kh nng hp ph v gim qu trnh thm thu. ng thi, t phi c s n
nh chu c ti ca bi chn lp v mi hot ng khi vn hnh bi.
f. H sinh thi
Khu vc xy dng bi chn lp khng nm trong hoc gy tc ng n khu vc
c ngun ti nguyn khong sn phong ph v c tr lng ln. c bit vi cc h ti
nguyn sinh thi ng thc vt nhy cm, nm trong danh mc cc ti nguyn qu
him cn c bo tn cn phi c khong cch ly an ton ti thiu l 1000m.
1.2.2. Cc yu t kinh t - x hi
a. Hin trng v quy hoch s dng t
Thng tin v tnh hnh s dng t s cho chng ta bit c s phn b cc loi
hnh s dng t thi im hin ti cng nh trong trong tng lai gn. Cc bi chn
lp cn c xy dng theo quy hoch ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Thng
thng, cc bi chn lp thng c tn dng nhng loi t cha s dng. Nhng
nu khng th b tr trn loi t ny th cn la chn loi t khc sao cho kh khn
trong cng tc n b v gii phng mt bng c gim n mc ti a.
b) kin ca cng ng dn c v chnh quyn a phng
y l mt yu t rt quan trng v bi chn lp s nh hng trc tip n mi
trng t, nc, khng kh. T gy nh hng nghim trng n sc khe ca
ngi cng ng xung quanh khu vc t bi chn lp. Do , hu ht cc d n xy
dng bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot u vp phi s phn i quyt lit ca ngi
dn. H khng ng t bi rc khu vc h sinh sng, thm ch h cn chn xe rc,
p v knh khng cho xe rc vo. Chnh v vy, cn tng ti a khong cch ti
cc khu dn c.
Vic la chn v tr bi chn lp khng ch lin quan n ngi dn m cn nng
cao s chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng v phi hp vi cng ty mi trng
11
lm tt cng tc qun l v vn hnh bi.
c) Cc khu di tch lch s, vn ha v du lch
Cc im di tch, vn ha, du lch thng yu cu mi trng phi xanh sch
p thu ht khch tham quan. V vy cn b tr bi chn lp cng xa cc a im
ny cng tt. Khong cch ti thiu cho php l 1000m (B KH-CN v MT, 2001).
d) Tnh hnh kinh t
Cn nh gi kh nng tng trng kinh t ca khu vc xc nh quy m bi
chn lp v cc loi cht thi ch yu. iu tra thng tin v hin trng kinh t, cn ch
n s phn b v s lng cc khu cng nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, cc
ngnh cng nghip khai khong,...
1.2.3. Cc yu t c s h tng
a) Giao thng
y l mt trong nhng yu t rt quan trng lin quan n vn vn chuyn
v thu gom rc. Nu khong cch t cc im thu gom rc n bi rc qu xa s gy
tn km v c th gy nhim mi trng trn tuyn ng vn chuyn nhiu hn. Nh
vy, cn gim khong cch vn chuyn t cc ngun pht sinh rc n bi chn lp.
b) Mng li in, nc
Mng li in nc cn vn hnh bi chn lp, kim sot h thng nc rc,
kh rc. Nn chn nhng vng c h thng in nc tt gim chi ph cho vic xy
dng v lp t h thng.
1.3. Mt s ch tiu trong la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
Quy m bi chn lp CTRSH c quy nh ti Thng t 01/2001 lin b Khoa
hc, Cng ngh, Mi trng v B Xy dng. Cc ni dung chnh c th hin
bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Phn loi quy m bi chn lp cht thi rn (ngun: TTTL 01/2001)
STT Loi bi Dn s Lng rc Din tch
1 Nh 100.000 20.000 tn/nm 10 ha
2 Va 100.000 300.000 65.000 tn/nm 1030ha
3 Ln 300.000 1.000.000 200.000 tn/nm 3050ha
4 Rt ln 1.000.000 > 200.000 tn/nm 50 ha
Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 261-2001 cng quy nh mt s tiu chun v a
im b tr bi chn lp CTRSH (bng 1.2). Theo , a im bi chn lp phi c
xc nh theo quy hoch s dng t ca c quan nh nc n thm quyn ph
duyt. Vic la chn a im bi chn lp phi cn c vo cc yu t t nhin, kinh
12
t, x hi v h thng c s h tng ca khu vc d kin xy dng bi chn lp.
Bng 1.2. Khong cch thch hp khi la chn bi chn lp CRTSH
(theo TCXDVN 261-2001)
Khong cch ti bi chn lp (m)
i tng cn
cch ly
c im v quy
m cc cng trnh
BCL nh BCL va BCL ln
th Cc thnh ph, th
x
3000-
5000
5.000-
15.000
15.000-
30000
Sn bay, khu cng
nghip, hi cng
Quy m nh n ln
1.000-
2.000
2000-3.000 3000-5.000
Th trn, th t, cm
dn c ng bng
v trung du
> 15 h:
- Cui hng gi
- Cc hng khc

1000
300
Cm dn c min
ni
theo khe ni (c
dng chy xung)
3.000 >5.000 >5.000
Cng trnh khai thc
nc ngm
CS <100 m
3
/ng
CS 100-10.000 m
3
/ng
CS >10.000 m
3
/ng

50-100
>100
>500
>100
>5.000
>1.000
>500
>1.000
>5.000
Khong cch ti
ng giao thng
Quc l, tnh l >100 >300 >500
Ch thch: Khong cch trong bng trn c tnh t vnh ai cng trnh n hng ro bi chn lp.

1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v phng php la chn a im
b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot.
Nhng tc ng xu ca cht thi ti mi trng khin cc nh qun l quan
tm c bit n vic x l cht thi, trong c vic quy hoch v tr bi chn lp
cht thi rn.
Ngay t nhng nm 70 ca th k trc, cc nh khoa hc M tip cn k
thut phn tch a ch tiu (Multicriteria analysis) v chng xp bn (Overlapping
Map) la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot. Cui nhng nm
80, vic nghin cu v la chn a im lan lan rng sang cc nc Chu u v
mt s quc gia pht trin Chu . Trong nhng nm gn y, ni ln mt s nghin
cu ng dng GIS trong vic la chn a im bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
Malaysia, Hy Lp, Nht Bn, i Loan,...
Malaysia, cc tc gi s dng phng php phn tch a ch tiu (c tch
hp bi hai thut ton l Qu trnh phn tch phn cp (AHP Analytic Hierachy
Process) v lin kt trng s tuyn tnh (WLC weighted Linear Combination) gii
quyt bi ton ny. Quy trnh ny gm 2 bc chnh, u tin da vo cc ch tiu gii
hn v v tr bi chn lp phn tch cc d liu khng gian u vo nhm xc nh
13
cc khu vc tim nng, sau xc nh trng s cho cc ch tiu v t tnh im
cho cc khu vc tim nng (Mokhotar v nnk, 2008).
Trong mt nghin cu khc, nhm tc gi Karkazi v nnk (2001) vi mt cch tip
cn khc l phn tch d liu u vo theo logic m (fuzzy logic). Phng php ny
c p dng khi cc ch tiu a ra khng i hi qu chnh xc, c th, ranh gii ca
cc khu vc khng r rng m l phn cch dn dn. im khc bit phng php ny
so vi cc phng php khc l cc ch tiu khng cn chnh xc, n c tnh gin tip
thng qua cc quy tc xc nh da trn khong cch t mt im n mt i tng.
Theo phng php chng xp bn (Map Overlay) v cch tip cn boolean
logic, tc gi Makibinyane Thoso (2007) nghin cu th nghim ti th ca
Nam Phi. Yu t u vo l cc bn , cc bn ny s ch ra cc vng thch hp
(gi tr boolean l 1) hay khng thch hp (gi tr boolean l 0) cho tng ch tiu. Cc
bn ny c chng xp vi nhau to ra bn gii hn cui cng. Trong s cc
ch tiu gii hn ra, tc gi la chn 2 ch tiu quan trng hn c l khong cch ti
b ngun nc mt v khong cch ti ng st xy dng bn h s (factor
maps). Bn h s khc vi bn gii hn l n th hin s phn loi mc thch
hp t t thch hp n thch hp nht. Tuy nhin, h s ny c gn rt n gin,
theo ch quan ca ngi ra quyt nh. Cui cng l thao tc chng xp bn gii
hn v bn h s cho ra bn thch hp nht.
Nhn chung, vic ng dng GIS v vic phn tch a ch tiu tm a im b
tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot c p dng kh hiu qu trn th gii. Cn
Vit Nam, lnh vc ny mi ch thc hin mt cch tng i t pht, ch yu la
chn cc ch tiu n gin. Nm 2001, Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/ BKHCNMT
BXD c a ra hng dn vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn
lp cht thi rn. Tuy nhin, mi ch c rt t cc nh khoa hc nghin cu lnh vc ny.
in hnh l tp th tc gi thuc i hc Nng tin hnh xc nh v tr bi chn
lp cht thi rn ng Nam, Khnh Sn, Nng. Trc tin, cc tc gi xc nh
cc ch tiu gii hn ph hp vi khu vc nghin cu, sau xc nh nhng vng
m pht hin v loi b nhng khu vc khng ph hp. Trn c c , la chn
s b ra nhng khu vc tim nng. V cui cng, kt hp vi iu tra, kho st cc
vn kinh t - x hi lin quan khc. Sau , ti ny pht trin thnh phn mm
Landfill, tuy nhin, vic xc nh trong s ca cc ch tiu cha c xc nh r rng.
Nh vy, nhu cu thc t Vit Nam hin nay l cn c mt quy trnh v phng
php tnh ton c th hn na h tr cho cc nh quy hoch tm c v tr ti u
chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot, gim thiu cc tc ng v kinh t, x hi v mi
trng.

14
CHNG 2. QUY TRNH LA CHN A IM B TR BI CHN
LP CHT THI RN SINH HOT BNG GIS V PHNG PHP
PHN TCH A CH TIU



2.1. Khi nim v GIS
Thut ng GIS l ch vit tt ca cc t Geographic Information System - H
thng tin a l. GIS c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc ca i sng trong
khong t nhng nm 1980 ti nay cng vi s bng n ca cng ngh thng tin.
GIS l t hp cc phn cng, phn mm my tnh, d liu a l, nhn s c thit
k thu tm, lu tr, cp nht, x l, phn tch v m hnh ha tt c cc dng
thng tin c quy chiu a l (ESRI, 2006)
T nh ngha ta thy cc hp phn ca GIS bao gm phn cng, phn mm,
phn d liu v phn con ngi.
Phn cng
Phn mm
D liu
Con ngi
GIS

Hnh 2.1. Cc hp phn cu GIS.
T cc thnh phn ca GIS ta thy GIS c chc nng nhp d liu: a th gii
thc vo trong c s d liu, qun l d liu (lu tr/ truy cp), x l v phn tch d
liu, xut d liu. Mi chc nng l mt khu trong c h thng x l GIS. Trong cc
chc nng trn th tm kim v phn tch khng gian l chc nng quan trng nht ca
GIS. Mt s php phn tch khng gian hay c s dng trong ti l: phn tch
vng m, phn tch mng, chng xp cc lp thng tin, v.v..
a. Php phn tch vng m
Dng to vng m nhm khoanh vng cc i tng a l vi bn knh xc
nh. Vic to vng m c th thc hin cho rt nhiu kiu i tng bao gm c
15
im, ng, vng. V d: khi nghin cu s nhim khng kh, vng m rng tnh t
ngun l mt hm ca mc nhim tnh t mi ngun im. Trong trng hp
ny, chiu rng ca vng b nhim s c cc mc khc nhau ty theo mc
nhim. Li ch ca vic to vng m trong phn tch khng gian l to nn cc vng
c cng khong cch vi mt i tng la chn. Chc nng ny rt c ch cho vic
phn tch mi quan h v s phn b v tc ng gia cc i tng khng gian (ng
Vn c, 2001).
b. Phn tch chng xp cc lp thng tin (overlay)
Phn tch chng xp l x l mi quan h logic v t hp thng tin khng gian
ca nhiu lp thnh mt lp ring bit, cha ng thng tin mi. C 2 dng l chng
xp lp thng tin raster v chng xp lp thng tin vector:
- Chng xp lp thng tin raster: Trong mi lp raster, mt phng c chia bng
mt li thnh nhiu nh gi l cell hay pixel. Mi pixel cha thng tin v mt i
tng hay mt s hp phn ca i tng. Cc trong ma trn c t chc theo hng v
ct, mi cha mt gi tr nht nh v c kch thc bng nhau. Gi tr ti mi v tr trn
mt ma trn c t hp vi gi tr tng ng trn ma trn khc to ra gi tr mi.
- Chng xp lp thng tin vector: D liu vector trong GIS l s phn nh th
gii thc thng qua cc phn t s cp dng im, ng, vng c m t bi cc
thuc tnh i km v mi quan h khng gian (topology) gia chng. Vic chng xp
cc lp thng tin vector c thc hin da trn vic nh gi mi quan h topology
gia cc i tng. V d cc thng tin v topology ca cc i tng dng ng bao
gm ni tip nhau, ct nhau, chung cnh,...
c. Phn tch mng
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca phn tch mng l vch ng i v phn nh v
tr. Vch ng i ngha l tm ng i ngn nht gia hai im bt k trong mng
li. Vic la chn tuyn i c th c thc hin trn d liu raster. Kt qu a ra
c th l nhiu tuyn i c vch ra v ta c th la chn tuyn i ti u. Trong ti
ny, chc nng phn tch mng c s dng tnh ton khi lng vn chuyn rc
thi t cc im thu gom ti cc v tr tim nng.
2.2. Phng php phn tch a ch tiu (MCA)
Phng php phn tch a ch tiu (MCA: Multi-Criteria Analysis) l mt php
phn tch t hp cc ch tiu khc nhau cho ra mt kt qu cui cng. MCA ch yu
c ng dng nh gi tc ng ca mt qu trnh n mi trng, h tr bi ton
quy hoch la chn v tr ph hp nht cho mc ch xc nh. Cc bc ca MCA
bao gm:
2.2.1 nh ra cc ch tiu
y l bc u tin ca bi ton. tm ra mt v tr thch hp phi nh ra cc
16
ch tiu khc nhau. Cc ch tiu ny c nh ra da trn nhng c s khoa hc v
cn c php l. N l c s gip ta thu thp cc d liu u vo v qua cc chc
nng phn tch khng gian ca GIS chng ta s c nhng thng tin cn thit.
V d: a im thch hp cho mt bi chn lp CTRSH gm nhm 3 ch tiu:
- Ch tiu kinh t: bi chn lp nn xy dng khu vc t cha s dng, t c
hiu qu kinh t thp, gim chi ph vn chuuyn t im thu gom ti cc bi chn lp.
- Ch tiu x hi: tng ti a khong cch ti cc khu dn c, cm dn c, phi
c s chp thun ca cng ng.
- Ch tiu mi trng: gim s nhim khng kh th bi chn lp cn xy
dng cui hng gi, xa cc im ng ngi.
2.2.2. Phn nhm cc ch tiu
Ty tng mc ch c th m cc ch tiu c tm quan trng khc nhau, v vy
m cn phi sp xp cc ch tiu theo tng mc ch ring bit. C 2 cch tip cn
phn khong cc ch tiu, l cch tip cn kiu Boolean v cch tip cn kiu nhn
t phn loi hoc lin tc.
a. Cch tip cn kiu Boolean
Vi cch tip cn ny ton b khu vc nghin cu s phn vng thnh 2 nhm l
vng thch hp (mang gi tr 1), vng khng thch hp (mang gi tr 0). V d, bi
chn lp phi nm cch ngun nc mt 500m, c ngha l nhng vng nm cch ngun
nc mt > 500m l thch hp v do mang gi tr 1, nhng vng khc l khng
thch hp, do mang gi tr 0. Cch tip cn ny c nhc im l coi cc yu t u
quan trng nh nhau. Do khng th p dng i vi cc ch tiu phc tp.
b.Cch tip cn nhn t phn loi hoc lin tc
Cch tip cn ny rt c ch khi cc ch tiu c mc nh hng khc nhau.
Nu cc gi tr ca cc ch tiu bin thin lin tc v c s tng quan r rng th ta s
xc lp c mt thang t l lin tc, cc d liu gi tr cn c lp li t l theo
php nh li t l kiu tuyn tnh:
) /( ) (
min max min i i i i i
x x x x X = (2.1)
Trong :
i
X : nh li im s ca nhn t i
i
x : im gc
i min
x : im nh nht
i max
x : im ln nht
17
Nu cc gi tr ca cc ch tiu bin thin lin tc nhng khng c tng quan r
rng hoc cc gi tr khng c th hin di dng s th cc cc gi tr c xp
theo thang t l phn loi.
V d: ch tiu v ch tiu hin trng s dng t cho vic tm kim bi chn lp
cht thi rn c th phn loi nh sau: t cha s dng: 4 im (rt thch hp), cc
loi t nng nghip: 3 im (thch hp), t nh tm, ngha a: 2 im (t thch hp),
t hot ng sn xut, t lng ngh: 1 im (c th tm chp nhn), cc mc ch s
dng khc: 0 im (khng thch hp).
2.2.3. Xc nh trng s cc ch tiu
C rt nhiu phng php xc nh trng s ca cc ch tiu. Phng php
tnh trng s c s dng trong ti l phng php Qu trnh phn tch phn cp
(Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP). u im ca phng php AHP l d thc
hin, c cu trc r rng v lm r c quan h gia cc cp yu t. y l k thut
do Gio s T. Saaty nghin cu v pht trin vo nhng nm 1980. Quy trnh gm 4
bc chnh:
1. Phn r mt tnh hung phi cu trc thnh cc thnh phn nh.
2. Sp xp cc thnh phn hay cc ch tiu theo mt th t phn cp.
3. Gn gi tr s cho nhng so snh ch quan v mc quan trng ca cc ch
tiu. Vic so snh ny c thc hin gia cc cp ch tiu vi nhau v c tng hp
li thnh mt ma trn vung cp n (c n dng v n ct, n l s ch tiu). Phn t
ij
a th
hin mc quan trng ca ch tiu hng i so vi ch tiu ct j. Mc quan trng
ca cc ch tiu c nh gi da trn kin ch quan ca cc chuyn gia (hnh 2.2).
4. Tnh ton v tng hp kt qu xc nh mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu:
- Chun ha mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu bng cch ly gi tr ca mi
trong mi mt ct chia cho gi tr ca tng ct .
- Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca tng dng trong ma trn cho ra trng s tng ng
ca cc ch tiu (hnh 2.3).








Hnh 2.2. Thang im so snh mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu trong phng php
AHP (cc gi tr trung gian l 1/2, 1/4 , 1/6, 1/8, 2, 4, 6, 8).

V
cng t
quan
trng
Rt t
quan
trng
t quan
trng
nhiu
hn
t quan
trng
hn
quan
trng
nh
nhau
quan
trng
hn
quan
trng
nhiu
hn
Rt
quan
trng
hn
V cng
quan
trng
hn
1/9 1/7 1/5 1/3 1 3 5 7 9
18
Mc quan trng ca
cc ch tiu
X1 X2 X3
X1 1 1/4 1/5
X2 4 1 1
X3 5 1 1
Tng 10 2.25 2.2

Chun ha ma trn

X1 X2 X3
X1 0.1 0.111 0.091
X2 0.4 0.444 0.455
X3 0.5 0.444 0.455
Tng 1 1 1

Trng s chung

X1 0.101
X2 0.433
X3 0.466

Hnh 2.3. V d v mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu v cch tnh trng s.
Khi thc hin nh gi cc ch tiu, mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu c
nh gi ph thuc vo kin ch quan ca ngi a ra quyt nh. Chnh v vy, n
khng th m bo c tnh khch quan ca vn . nh gi tnh hp l ca cc
gi tr v mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu, ta c th s dng t s nht qun ca d
liu (Consistency Ratio CR) do T. Saaty xut (Saaty, 2001). T s ny so snh
mc nht qun vi tnh khch quan (ngu nhin) ca d liu:
RI
CI
CR = (2.2)
1

=
n
n
CI
max

(
(
(
(
(

+ + +

= = =
=
...
w
w
w
w
w
w
n
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
max
22
1
2
22
1
2
11
1
1
1

CR : T s nht qun
CI : Ch s nht qun(Consistency Index)
RI : Ch s ngu nhin (Random Index)
max
: Gi tr c trng ca ma trn
n : s ch tiu
w : gi tr ca cc ch tiu c chun ha ca hng i tng ng vi ct i
i vi mi ma trn so snh cp n, Saaty th nghim to ra cc ma trn ngu
nhin v tnh ch s CI trung bnh ca chng v gi l ch s ngu nhin (RI):
Bng 2.1. Gi tr RI tng ng vi s lng ch tiu n
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.11 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.49
Gi tr t s nht qun CR <0.1 l chp nhn c, nu ln hn i hi ngi
a ra quyt nh thu gim s khng ng nht bng cch thay i gi tr mc quan
trng gia cc cp ch tiu.
2.2.4. Tch hp cc ch tiu
Sau khi phn khong v tnh trng s ca cc ch tiu th vic tch hp chng
19
cho ta tnh c ch s thch hp hay kt qu cui cng ca cc ch tiu. Ch s thch
hp S c tnh theo cng thc (Saaty, 2001):

=
=
n
i
i i
X W S
1
) ( (2.3)
S: ch s thch hp;
i
W : Trng s ca cc ch tiu;
i
X : im ca cc ch tiu;
n: S lng ch tiu.
Kt qu cui cng ca phn tch a ch tiu s cho ta ch s thch hp ca tng v
tr. Trn c s , ngi a ra quyt nh s la chn phng n thch hp nht l
mt trong s cc phng n c ch s cao nht.
2.3. Quy trnh la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
Da trn nhng phn tch trn, ti xin a ra quy trnh la chn a im b
tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot da trn c s ng dng phn mm ArcGIS
(hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4. Quy trnh la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
Quy trnh c chia lm 3 giai on:
a. Giai on chun b
y l giai on u tin ca quy trnh. Trong giai on ny cn thc hin cc
Thu thp ti liu
Xc nh yu cu v a im
v ch tiu gii hn
Chun ho d liu
Xc nh mc ch yu cu

La chn s b
nh gi ch tiu s b

Tng hp cc ch tiu
c th nh gi ngay
Xc nh s b
cc khu vc tim nng
Phn loi v tnh im
cc lp u vo
nh gi chung cuc
nh gi cc ch tiu cn li
20
bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh mc ch yu cu ca bi ton
Mc ch l tm hiu c im t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca khu vc cn nghin
cu, yu cu, nhim v t ra ca bi ton.
Bc 2: Thu thp ti liu
Thu thp cc ti liu: bn a hnh, bn hin trng s dng t, bn quy
hoch s dng t, bn a cht khong sn, cc s liu thng k, bo co quy hoch
ca khu vc.
Cc ti liu chuyn mn cn thu thp l cc quy nh php l, quy phm k thut
v la chn bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot. Cc ti liu ny gm: Tiu chun xy
dng Vit Nam (TCXDVN 261:2001), tiu chun thit k bi chn lp cht thi rn
sinh hot, cc thng t lin tch, cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la
chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot,...
Bc 3: Chun ha d liu
T cc bn thu thp c tin hnh chun ha v chuyn i v c s d liu
ca phn mm ArcGIS.
Bc 4: Xc nh yu cu v a im v ch tiu gii hn
Vic xc nh cc yu cu ca bi chn lp (quy m, loi bi,...) v ra cc ch
tiu gii hn l c s tin hnh la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn
sinh hot. Bc ny c thc hin da trn nhng quy nh, quy phm v c im
t nhin, kinh t x hi ca khu vc cn nghin cu.
b. Giai on la chn s b
V din tch khu vc tm kim rt rng ln ln gim min tm kim chng ta
phi la chn mt s ch tiu c th nh gi ngay thc hin nh gi s b nhm
tm ra nhng v tr tim nng cho giai on tip theo.
Bc 1: nh gi cc ch tiu s b
Cc ch tiu dng nh gi s b s c thc hin da trn vic phn tch
khng gian ca GIS.
Bc 2: La chn s b
Mc ch ca bc ny l lm gim din tch vng tm kim. Do khu vc tm
kim rt rng ln, v vy s rt kh xc nh khu vc thch hp cho bi chn lp cht
thi rn. Ta s chn cc ch tiu c th nh gi d dng theo cc quy nh, sau s
phn loi v tnh im ca cc yu t u vo nh dn c, giao thng, ngun nc,...
phn loi v tnh im cc yu t theo ch tiu trn, u tin to cc raster khong
cch ti cc yu t , ri da vo lp raster khong cch ny ta s phn khong v
tnh im cho cc lp.
Tuy nhin khng phi cc ch tiu u c mc thch hp nh nhau, v d nh
21
bi chn lp cht cng xa khu dn c cng tt, nhng li khng nn qu xa ng giao
thng v s lm tng chi ph vn chuyn ca bi chn lp, khng nn qu gn ng
giao thng s nh hng ti ngi i trn ng do mi ca bi chn lp cht gy ra.
Nn chng ta cn phn khong v tnh im ph hp vi tng ch tiu.
Sau khi gn im cho cc lp raster, cng cc raster thnh phn li c mt
lp raster tng. Nhng khu vc no khng c gi tr hoc gi tr qu thp s b loi b.
c. Giai on la chn cui
T mt s khu vc tim nng, tin hnh nh gi v sng lc tip tm ra khu
vc ph hp nht. Giai on ny gm 2 bc:
Bc 1: nh gi cc ch tiu cn li
Nhng ch tiu no cha tham gia vo nh gi s b th s c la chn
nh gi chnh xc. Vic nh gi ch cn thc hin cho cc khu vc tim nng
chn ra bc nh gi s b. Ngoi ra, chng ta cn phi i kho st, iu tra thc
a xem nhu cu v mc chp thun ca chnh quyn v ngi dn a phng.
Bc 2: nh gi chung cuc
Cc khu vc tim nng c nh gi tng hp theo ton b cc ch tiu nhm
mc ch la chn khu vc ph hp nht. Trn c s im thnh phn v trng s ca
cc ch tiu, tin hnh tnh im chung cuc ca cc khu vc tim nng theo cng thc:

=
=

n
i
ij i j
X W S
1
) ( (2.4)
j
S : Ch s thch hp (im chung) ca khu vc j
i
W : Trng s ca ch tiu i
ij
X : im ca khu vc tim nng j theo ch tiu i
n : Tng s ch tiu
Kt qu l khu vc no c gi tr cao nht s c la chn.



22
CHNG 3. LA CHN A IM B TR BI CHN LP
CHT THI RN SINH HOT TRN A BN HUYN NG ANH


3.1. Gii thiu v khu vc nghin cu
Huyn ng Anh nm pha Bc thnh ph H Ni, vi tng din tch t nhin
l 182,139 km
2
(hnh 3.1).


Hnh 3.1. V tr huyn ng Anh trong thnh ph H Ni
- Pha ng, ng Bc ca huyn gip tnh Bc Ninh
- Pha ng Nam gip huyn Gia Lm, H Ni
- Pha Ty gip huyn M Linh, H Ni
- Pha Nam gip sng Hng
- Pha Bc gip huyn Sc Sn, H Ni
Huyn ng Anh bao gm 1 th trn (TT. ng Anh) v 23 x: Bc Hng, C
Loa, Dc T, i Mch, ng Hi, Hi Bi, Kim Chung, Kim N, Lin H, Mai Lm,
Nam Hng, Nguyn Kh, Tm X, Thy Lm, Tin Dng, Uy N, Vn H, Vn Ni,
23
Vit Hng, Vng La, Xun Canh, Xun Nn, Vnh Ngc. Huyn nm trong vng quy
hoch pht trin cng nghip, th, dch v v du lch.
Cn c theo s liu ca phng Thng k - UBND huyn ng Anh, dn s ca
huyn tnh n nm 2003 l 276750 ngi, mt trung bnh l 1544 ngi/km
2
.
3.2. La chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot
3.2.1. Cn c xc nh v tr bi chn lp
a. Xc nh quy m bi chn lp
Theo quy nh ca TCXDVN 261:2001 v Thng t lin tch 01/2001, cn c
vo din tch, dn s v lng cht thi pht sinh ca huyn ng Anh l khong
45000 tn/nm th quy m bi chn lp l thuc loi va, vi din tch ln hn 10ha.
Bng 3.1. Cc lp d liu ca c s d liu u vo
STT Tn lp M t nh dng
1 Nuoc_mat Th hin cc sng, m, ao, h,... Polygon
2 Nuoc_ngam Th hin v tr ngun cung cp nc ngm Point
3 Gthong_chinh
Th hin cc tuyn giao thng chnh (quc l, cao
tc, tnh l)
Line
4 Gthong_thuong
Th hin cc tuyn ng giao thng khng phi
l chnh (ng lin huyn, lin x...)
Line
5 Duong_sat ng st Line
6 Dcu_ th Th hin khu dn c th trn ng Anh Polygon
7 Dcu_nongthon Th hin cc cm dn c cc x Polygon
8 Khu_CNghiep Khu cng nghip Polygon
9 Dong_anh
Th hin cc n v hnh chnh x trn a bn
huyn
Polygon
10 Hien_trang Th hin mc ch s dng t trn a bn huyn Polygon
11
Tho_nhuong
Th nhng. Th hin khoanh vi cc loi t chnh
trn a bn huyn
Polygon
12
Di_tich Th hin cc khu di tch vn ho c xp hng Polygon
13
Dia_chat Th hin cc t gy Line
14
Tram_dien Th hin v tr cc trm cung cp in Point
15 Diem_thu_gom Th hin v tr cc im thu gom rc Point
b. Cc ti liu thu thp c
Cc ti liu ti thu thp v s dng gm:
- B Xy dng. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam. TCXDVN 261: 2001. Bi chn
lp cht thi rn Tiu chun thit k. H Ni, 2002.
24
- B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - B Xy dng. Thng t lin tch s
01/2001/TTLT/BKHCNMT-BXD. Hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i
vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn.
- Cc ngun ti liu bn thu thp c:
+ Bn hin trng s dng t huyn ng Anh nm 2005 t l 1: 15000 dng s;
+ Bn quy hoch s dng t huyn ng Anh ti nm 2020 t l 1:15000 dng s.
+ Bn a hnh huyn ng Anh t l 1: 25000 dng s;
+ Bn a cht v Khong sn H Ni t l 1: 200.000 dng s.
+...
3.2.2. C s d liu thit lp trong ArcGIS
ti thit k mt c s d liu nh dng Geodatabase ca ArcGIS vi 15
lp thng tin c m t trong bng 3.1.
3.2.3. Cc ch tiu la chn a im b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn
a. Xc nh cc ch tiu
Da trn nhng cn c php l, c s khoa hc v vic la chn a im bi
chn lp CTRSH v tng hp cc ti liu, nghin cu c im khu vc ng Anh
cng nh tham kho kin ca 4 chuyn gia v a l, a chnh, mi trng v xy
dng
1
, ti a ra cc ch tiu la chn a im nh trong bng 3.2. Mt s ch
tiu (v d nh dc) do khng c s khc bit trn a bn huyn nn mc d
c trnh by trong chng 1 nhng khng c s dng y (v khng c ngha).
b. Chia nhm cc ch tiu theo giai on
T cc ch tiu trn, ti xc nh cc ch tiu dng nh gi s b nhm
gim vng tm kim, tm ra cc khu vc tim nng, v cc ch tiu nh gi cui
tm ra khu vc c im cao nht.
Nhm 1: nh gi s b
- Khong cch ti khu dn c
- Khong cch ti ngun nc ngm
- Khong cch ti ngun nc mt
- Khong cch ti ng giao thng
- Khong cch ti khu di tch
- Khong cch ti trm in
- Th nhng
- Hin trng s dng t
- a cht

1
Do trong cc phiu hi kin chuyn gia c thng tin v tc gi ca ti nn theo quy nh d thi, cc phiu
ny khng c trnh by trong bo co ny.
25
Bng 3.2. Cc ch tiu la chn a im bi chn lp CTRSH huyn ng Anh
Nhm
ch tiu
Tn ch tiu ngha
Ti liu s dng
nh gi
1. Khong cch
n khu dn c
th
nh hng ti sc kho v mi trng
sng ca ngi dn th
2. Khong cch
n khu dn c
nng thn
nh hng ti sc kho v mi trng
sng ca ngi dn nng thn
3.Khu cng
nghip
nh hng ti sc khe ca ngi lao
ng
4. Khong cch
ti khu di tch
nh hng ti mi trng du lch
5. Khong cch
ti ngun nc
mt
nh hng ti cht lng ngun nc
mt
6. Khong cch
n cng trnh
khai thc nc
ngm
nh hng ti cht lng ngun nc
ngm
Bn quy
hoch s dng
t / hin trng s
dng t

7. Th nhng Nc rc s thm xung v nh hng
ti mi trng nc ngm
Bn
th nhng
Mi
trng
8. a cht nh hng n an ton ca bi chn
lp
Bn a cht
v khong sn
1. im thu gom
rc
Gim chi ph v thi gian vn chuyn
2. Hin trng s
dng t
Gim chi ph n b gii phng mt bng
3. Khong cch
ti ng giao
thng chnh
Gim chi ph v qung ng vn
chuyn v thu gom rc
4. Khong cch
ti ng giao
thng thng
nh hng ti thi gian v chi ph vn
chuyn
5. Khong cch
ti ng st
nh hng ti thi gian v chi ph vn
chuyn
Kinh t
6. Trm in Gim thiu chi ph xy dng ng dy
ti in
Bn quy
hoch s dng
t / hin trng s
dng t

1. Chp thun ca
chnh quyn a
phng
nh hng ti n nh chnh tr - x hi X hi
2. Chp thun ca
cng ng dn c
nh hng ti n nh chnh tr - x hi
iu tra thc a,
phng vn


26
Nhm 2: nh gi cui
- Khong cch ti cc im thu gom rc
- S chp thun ca cng ng
- S chp thun ca chnh quyn
3.2.4. Tnh trng s cc ch tiu
Phng php c s dng tnh trng s l Qu trnh phn tch phn cp
(AHP) trnh by mc 2.2.3.





Hnh 3.2. Phn cp cc ch tiu.

a. Trng s ca cc nhm ch tiu
- Lp bng ma trn mc u tin ca 3 nhm l mi trng, kinh t v x hi
ri tin hnh chun ha ma trn, tnh trng s ca cc nhm (bng 3.3).
Bng 3.3. Ma trn mc u tin v trng s 3 nhm ch tiu
(Gi tr mc u tin da theo kin 3 chuyn gia c phng vn)
Kinh t X hi Mi trng Trng s
Kinh t 1 1/4 1/5 0.101
X hi 4 1 1 0.433
Mi trng 5 1 1 0.466
CR 0.007 < 0.1 tha mn
Cc ch tiu
Nhm x hi
C
h

n
h

q
u
y

n
C

n
g

n
g .
.
.

G
i
a
o

t
h

n
g
.
.
.

H
T
S
D

n

c

Nhm kinh t Nhm
mi trng
N

c

m

t
h

n
g

t
h

n

K
h
u

C
N

G
T

c
h

n
h

n
g

s

t

G
T

t
h

n
g

27
kim tra tnh nht qun ca d liu, thc hin tnh t s CR (Consistency
Ratio). Nu CR < 0.1 l chp nhn c.
b. Tnh trng s cho cc ch tiu trong tng nhm
Kt qu so snh mc u tin v tnh trng s ca cc ch tiu trong tng nhm
c th hin trong bng 3.4- 3.8.
Bng 3.4. Mc u tin v trng s cc ch tiu trong nhm mi trng
(tham kho kin 2 chuyn gia)
Nc
mt
Nc
ngm
Hng
gi
Th
nhng
a
cht
Dn
c
Di
tch
Trng
s
Nc mt 1 1 1/5 2 3 1/4 2 0.108
Nc ngm 1 1 1/5 1 2 1/2 2 0.1
Hng gi 5 5 1 5 6 1 3 0.336
Th nhng 1/2 1 1/5 1 1 1/2 2 0.087
a cht 1/3 1/2 1/6 1 1 1/5 1/4 0.046
Dn c 4 2 1 2 5 1 2 0.233
Di tch 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/2 4 1/2 1 0.089
CR 0.073 < 0.1 tha mn
Ch tiu dn c c chia thnh cc ch tiu con l: dn c th, dn c nng
thn, v khu cng nghip. Trng s ca cc ch tiu con ny c th hin bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5. Mc u tin v trng s cc ch tiu con trong ch tiu dn c
(tham kho kin 2 chuyn gia)
DC th DC nng thn KCN Trng s
DC th 1 2 3 0.525
DC nng thn 1/2 1 3 0.334
KCN 1/3 1/3 1 0.142
CR 0.063<0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.6. Ma trn u tin v trng s cc ch tiu trong nhm kinh t
(tham kho kin 2 chuyn gia)
im thu gom HTSD Giao thng Trm in Trng s
im thu gom 1 1/2 2 5 0.297
HTSD 2 1 3 5 0.466
Giao thng 1/2 1/3 1 3 0.168
Trm in 1/5 1/5 1/3 1 0.069
CR 0.05 < 0.1 tha mn
28
Ch tiu v giao thng c chia thnh cc ch tiu con: giao thng chnh, giao
thng thng, ng st (bng 3.7).
Bng 3.7. Ma trn u tin v trng s ca cc lp trong ch tiu giao thng
(tham kho kin 2 chuyn gia).
GT chnh GT thng ng st Trng s
GT chnh 1 2 3 0.539
GT thng 1/2 1 2 0.297
ng st 1/3 1/2 1 0.164
CR 0.006<0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.8. Ma trn u tin v trng s cc ch tiu trong nhm x hi
(tham kho kin 2 chuyn gia).
Chnh quyn Cng ng Trng s
Chnh quyn 1 1/3 0.250
Cng ng 3 1 0.750
CR 0 tha mn
c. Tnh trng s chung ca cc ch tiu.
Thc hin php tnh nhn trng s ca nhm vi tng ch tiu trong nhm , ta
c trng s chung ca cc ch tiu (bng 3.9).
3.2.5. nh gi s b
Vng tm kim v tr bi chn lp CTRSH s c gii hn khi tin hnh nh
gi s b. Cng vic ny c thc hin da trn vic phn tch khng gian nh
gi cc ch tiu ca nhm nh gi s b nu trn. Trong qu trnh nh gi, ti
khng ch s dng cc d liu trong phm vi huyn ng Anh m cn s dng d liu
cc khu vc rp gianh vi huyn trong khong cch di 2km.
Cc ch tiu v khong cch ti ngun nc mt, nc ngm, di tch, a cht,
giao thng, trm in c phn tch bng cng c Distance Straight Line ca phn
m rng Spatial Analyst ca ArcGIS. Cc ch tiu v hin trng s dng t, th
nhng s dng cng c Convert Features to Raster chuyn i cc lp d liu
tng ng t dng vector sang raster. Dn c (c tnh n hng gi) th s dng cng
c Distance to Settlement Analysis. Sau , tin hnh phn khong, gn im cho cc
lp kt qu bng cng c Reclassify.


29
Bng 3.9. Trng s chung ca cc ch tiu.
STT Ch tiu
Trng s
ch tiu con
Trng s
ch tiu
Trng
s nhm
Trng s
chung
1
Nc mt 0.018 0.050
2 Nc ngm 0.01 0.047
3 Th nhng 0.087 0.041
4 a cht 0.046 0.021
5 Di tch

0.089
Mi
trng
(0.466)
0.138
6 Dc nng thn 0.525 0.088
7 Dn c th 0.334 0.038
8 Khu cng nghip 0.142
Dn c
+hng gi
(0.569)
0.041
9 im thu gom 0.297 0.030
10 Hin trng SD 0.466 0.047
11 Trm in

0.096 0.009
12 Giao thng chnh 0.593 0.005
13 ng st 0.164 0.003
14
Giao thng
thng
0.297
Giao thng
(0.168)
Kinh t
(0.101)
0.007
15 Cng ng 0.75 0.325
16 Chnh quyn

0.25
X hi
(0.433) 0.108
Tng: 1.000
Bng 3.10 th hin thang im cho tng ch tiu. Cc im s cho tng ch tiu l:
Rt khng thch hp : 0 im;
Khng thch hp : 1 im;
t thch hp : 2 im;
Thch hp : 3 im;
Rt thch hp : 4 im
Nu mt a im no c mt ch tiu c nh gi 0 im (rt khng thch
hp) th a im s b loi cho d cc ch tiu khc c nh gi rt cao. Nh
vy, 0 l im loi (hay im "cht").
Bng 3.10. Thang im ca cc ch tiu s dng trong nh gi s b
STT Tn ch tiu Gi tr im
1 Khong cch ti khu dn c th
0-1000
1000-3000
3000-4000
4000-7000
>7000
0
1
2
3
4
2
Khong cch ti khu dn c nng
thn
0-300
300-500
500-1000
1000-2000
>2000
0
1
2
3
4
30
3 Khong cch ti khu cng nghip
0-500
500-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
>5000
0
1
2
3
4
4 Khong cch ti ngun nc mt
0-90
90-200
200-300
300-500
>500
0
1
2
3
4
5 Khong cch ti ngun nc ngm
0-200
200-500
500-3000
3000-5000
>5000
0
1
2
3
4
6 Khong cch ti giao thng chnh
0-100
100-200
200-400
400-600
0
1
2
3
7 Khong cch ti giao thng thng
0-30
30-100
100-500
500-1000
>1000
0
1
2
3
4
8 Khong cch ti ng st
0-100
100-200
200-400
400-600
0
1
2
4
9 Khong cch ti khu di tch
0-500
500-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
>5000
0
1
2
3
4
10 Khong cch ti trm in
0-1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
3000-5000
>5000
0
1
2
3
4
11 Th nhng
t ph sa trong
t ph sa ngoi
0
4
12 Hin trng s dng t
t cha s dng
t nng nghip hiu qu thp
t nh tm, ngha a
t hot ng sn xut, lng ngh
Cc mc ch s dng khc
4
3
2
1
0
13
a cht (khong cch ti cc t
gy a cht)
0-500
500-1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
>3000
0
1
2
3
4
Kt qu nh gi cc ch tiu bng GIS c th hin trn hnh 3.3.
31











Hnh 3.3. Kt qu nh gi bng GIS cc ch tiu s b.
T nhng trng s tnh c v cc lp raster im ca cc ch tiu, s dng
cng c Raster Calculator, ta to ra mt lp raster tng vi kt qu l im cho tng
pixel theo cng thc 2.4. Kt qu nh gi s b cho thy im s ca cc v tr giao
Dn c th Dn c nng thn Khu cng nghip
Nc mt Nc ngm
Trm in
Giao thng chnh Giao thng thng ng st
Di tch HTSD Th nhng
a cht
0 Rt khng thch hp
1 Khng thch hp
2 t thch hp
3
Thch hp
4
Rt thch hp
32
ng trong khong t 0.4 n 2.2 (vi thang im t 0 n 4). ti khoanh vng
nhng khu vc tha mn iu kin:
- C im s t 80% n 100% im s ln nht, t l t 1.75 n 2.2;
- C din tch ln hn 10 ha (v quy m din tch bi chn lp c xc nh l
10ha).
Nhng khu vc tha mn iu kin trn l nhng vng tim nng s c so
snh, nh gi trong giai on tip theo tm ra a im ti u. Trong ti ny, c
4 vng tim nng c tm thy trn a bn ca 4 x l: Nam Hng, Bc Hng, Thy
Lm, Vit Hng (hnh 3.2). Trong 4 v tr trn th v tr ti x Vit Hng trng vi v tr
quy hoch bi rc c ph duyt ca huyn.

Hnh 3.4. Cc khu vc tim nng c tm thy trong giai on nh gi s b
(trong nh gi c tnh n cc khu vc ln cn huyn).
3.2.6. La chn cui
Kt qu ca giai on nh gi s b l gii hn c 4 v tr tim nng c th
b tr bi chn lp CTRSH. Nhim v ca giai on la chn cui l ch ra v tr thch
hp nht trong 4 v tr tim nng ny. y cn thc hin 2 cng vic:
- nh gi cc ch tiu cha dng trong nh gi s b, y l nhng ch tiu rt
kh hoc khng th nh gi c cho ton b a bn nghin cu. Chng ch c th
nh gi c cho mt s lng nh cc v tr tim nng chn giai on nh gi
s b.
- i snh trc tip cc v tr tim nng theo tng ch tiu bng cc phng php
ca AHP v da theo im s c giai on nh gi s b. im ti a khi i
snh trc tip gn bng 1 ch khng phi l 4 nh trong giai on trc.
0
> 1.75
0.01 - 1.75
im s:
33
3.2.6.1. nh gi cc ch tiu cn li
Cc ch tiu cha s dng trong nh gi s b bao gm: khong cch ti cc
im thu gom, kin ca cng ng dn c, kin ca chnh quyn a phng.
nh gi khong cch ti cc im thu gom rc thi, ti s dng bi
ton OD Cost Matrix ca phn m rng Network Analyst ca ArcGIS tnh khi
lng vn chuyn rc t cc im thu gom n bi chn lp tnh theo n v (tn x
km). D liu u vo bao gm lp thng tin v ng giao thng b v lp thng tin
v cc im thu gom rc vi thuc tnh l lng rc thi ra hng ngy (c c tnh
bng cch nhn s dn ca cm dn c hay khu cng nghip vi lng rc thi ra hng
ngy ca mt ngi). Kt qu c th hin hnh 3.5, qua ta thy nu b tr bi
chn lp CTRSH ti x Vit Hng th tng khi lng vn chuyn l thp nht, 1193,7
tn trn 1 km trong 1 ngy.

Hnh 3.5. Kt qu bi ton tnh khi lng vn chuyn rc hng ngy.
Hai ch tiu cn nh gi na l kin (s chp thun) ca cng ng dn c v
ca chnh quyn a phng. y l nhng ch tiu rt quan trng v cc i tng ny
l nhng ngi chu nh hng trc tip ca bi chn lp. Cc ch tiu ny c nh
gi trn c s kt qu phng vn v thu thp phiu iu tra
1
. Kt qu c th hin
trong bng 3.11.

1
Do trong cc phiu iu tra c mt s thng tin v tc gi ti nn theo th l d thi, cc phiu ny khng
c trnh by y.
34

Hnh 3.6. iu tra hi kin ca cng ng dn c.
Bng 3.11. Tng hp kin cng ng dn c v chnh quyn a phng
STT
Tn khu
vc
kin ca cng ng dn
c
kin chnh quyn a
phng
1 Bc Hng Khng ng ng nhng c iu kin
2 Nam Hng Khng ng ng nhng c iu kin
3 Thy Lm ng h nhit tnh ng
4 Vit Hng ng nhng c iu kin ng nhng c iu kin


3.2.6.2. i snh trc tip cc v tr tim nng theo tt c cc ch tiu
ti s dng cc phng php so snh ca AHP ( trnh by trong chng
2) i snh trc tip cc v tr tim nng theo tng ch tiu nhm so snh mc
thch hp ca tng v tr. C s nh gi l im s ca cc v tr ny trong giai
on nh gi s b v kt qu nh gi cc ch tiu cn li (trong mc trn). Cch
tnh ton cng tng t nh i vi tnh trng s. Kt qu c th hin trong cc
bng 3.12-3.27. Trong cc bng ny, ct cui cng l im s ca tng v tr c
nhn vi trng s ca ch tiu tng ng.
Bng 3.12. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n ngun nc mt
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1/2 1/2 3 1000 0.193 0.010
Vit Hng 2 1 1 5 1800 0.368 0.018
Nam Hng 2 1 1 5 2000 0.368 0.018
Bc Hng 1/3 1/5 1/5 1 500 0.071 0.004
CR 0.002 < 0.1 tha mn
35
Bng 3.13. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n ngun cung cp nc ngm
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 3 1 1/2 6000 0.229 0.011
Vit Hng 1/3 1 1/3 1/5 3500 0.080 0.004
Nam Hng 1 3 1 1/3 6000 0.208 0.010
Bc Hng 2 5 3 1 7000 0.483 0.023
CR 0.017 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.14. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu th nhng
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1 1 1 t ph sa trong 0.25 0.01
Vit Hng 1 1 1 1 t ph sa trong 0.25 0.01
Nam Hng 1 1 1 1 t ph sa trong 0.25 0.01
Bc Hng 1 1 1 1 t ph sa trong 0.25 0.01
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.15. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu a cht
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1/3 1/5 1/2 600 0.085 0.002
Vit Hng 3 1 1/2 3 1500 0.281 0.006
Nam Hng 5 2 1 5 2300 0.513 0.011
Bc Hng 2 1/3 1/5 1 700 0.121 0.003
CR 0.033 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.16. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch
n khu dn c th (c tnh n hng gi)
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(%)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1 1 1 0 0.25 0.035
Vit Hng 1 1 1 1 0 0.25 0.035
Nam Hng 1 1 1 1 0 0.25 0.035
Bc Hng 1 1 1 1 0 0.25 0.035
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

36
Bng 3.17. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch
n khu dn c nng thn (c tnh n hng gi)
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(%)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 3 1/3 5 0.05 0.278 0.024
Vit Hng 1/3 1 1/5 2 0.07 0.112 0.010
Nam Hng 3 5 1 5 0.04 0.537 0.047
Bc Hng 1/5 1/2 1/5 1 0.08 0.072 0.006
CR 0.074 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.18. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n khu cng nghip
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(%)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1 3 3 0 0.375 0.014
Vit Hng 1 1 3 3 0 0.375 0.014
Nam Hng 1/3 1/3 1 1 0.02 0.125 0.005
Bc Hng 1/3 1/3 1 1 0.02 0.125 0.005
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.19. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n khu di tch, im vn ha
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 3 1/2 1/2 3000 0.199 0.008
Vit Hng 1/3 1 1/3 1/5 1500 0.081 0.003
Nam Hng 2 3 1 1/2 5000 0.278 0.011
Bc Hng 2 5 2 1 6000 0.442 0.018
CR 0.026 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.20. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n ng giao thng chnh
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1/3 1/7 1/5 6500 0.060 0.0005
Vit Hng 3 1 1/3 1/2 1700 0.162 0.0015
Nam Hng 7 3 1 2 850 0.489 0.0044
Bc Hng 5 2 1/2 1 1000 0.288 0.0026
CR 0.01 < 0.1 tha mn
Bng 3.21. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n ng giao thng thng
37
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 2 1 1 200 0.286 0.0014
Vit Hng 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 100 0.143 0.0007
Nam Hng 1 2 1 1 150 0.286 0.0014
Bc Hng 1 2 1 1 200 0.286 0.0014
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.22. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n ng st
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr
(m)
im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 2 7 5 6400 0.516 0.0015
Vit Hng 1/2 1 5 4 1800 0.319 0.0010
Nam Hng 1/7 1/5 1 1/2 500 0.062 0.0002
Bc Hng 1/5 1/4 2 1 700 0.102 0.0003
CR 0.024 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.23. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch n trm in
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 3 5 4 1600 0.542 0.0038
Vit Hng 1/3 1 3 2 2500 0.233 0.0016
Nam Hng 1/5 1/3 1 1/2 3600 0.085 0.0006
Bc Hng 1/4 1/2 2 1 2900 0.140 0.0010
CR 0.028 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.24. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu hin trng s dng t.
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1 1 1 t nng nghip hiu qu thp 0.25 0.0118
Vit Hng 1 1 1 1 t nng nghip hiu qu thp 0.25 0.0118
Nam
Hng
1 1 1 1 t nng nghip hiu qu thp 0.25 0.0118
Bc Hng 1 1 1 1 t nng nghip hiu qu thp 0.25 0.0118
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

38
Bng 3.25. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu s chp thun ca cng ng

Thy Lm Vit Hng Nam Hng Bc Hng im
im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 3 9 5 0.576 0.187
Vit Hng 1/3 1 5 3 0.256 0.083
Nam Hng 1/9 1/5 1 1/3 0.051 0.017
Bc Hng 1/5 1/3 3 1 0.117 0.038
CR 0.043 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.26. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu s chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng

Thy Lm Vit Hng Nam Hng Bc Hng im
im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1/3 1 1 0.167 0.018
Vit Hng 3 1 3 3 0.500 0.054
Nam Hng 1 1/3 1 1 0.167 0.018
Bc Hng 1 1/3 1 1 0.167 0.018
CR 0.0 < 0.1 tha mn

Bng 3.27. nh gi 4 v tr theo ch tiu khong cch ti cc im thu gom rc
Thy
Lm
Vit
Hng
Nam
Hng
Bc
Hng
Gi tr (tn x km) im im
trng s
Thy Lm 1 1/7 1/3 1/5 1756.2 0.057 0.002
Vit Hng 7 1 1/5 1/3 1193.7 0.558 0.017
Nam Hng 3 5 1 3 1534.3 0.122 0.004
Bc Hng 5 3 1/3 1 1405.6 0.263 0.008
CR 0.066 < 0.1 tha mn

Trn c s nh gi cc v tr tim nng theo tng ch tiu, chng ta c th tnh
c im tng hp ca tng v tr theo cng thc 2.3, trong gi tr ) (
i i
X W
c tnh trong ct cui cng ca cc bng 3.12-3.27. Kt qu tnh ton c th hin
trong bng 3.28.
Bng 3.28. Kt qu tnh im tng hp ca 4 v tr tim nng
Tn v tr Bc Hng Nam Hng Thy Lm Vit Hng
im tng hp 0.204 0.185 0.340 0.271

39
Trong bng 3.28, v tr no c im tng hp cao nht s l v tr thch hp nht.
Nh vy, v tr ph hp nht b tr bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot ca huyn
ng Anh l ti x Thy Lm, v tr ph hp th hai l Vit Hng, cui cng l Bc
Hng v Nam Hng.
3.3. So snh kt qu ca ti vi phng n quy hoch c ph duyt ca
huyn ng Anh
Theo quy hoch n nm 2020 th khu chn lp v x l rc thi ca huyn ng
Anh c chn l x Vit Hng vi phm vi l 88448 m
2
. Khu chn lp ny c xy
dng mi nhm mc tiu thu gom x l rc thi trn a bn huyn v mt s vng ni
thnh, ln cn (trong trng hp cn thit) gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi
trng.
So snh vi kt qu ti ta thy bi chn lp theo quy hoch trng vi phm vi
ca mt trong s 4 v tr tim nng m ti xut, c th l ti x Vit Hng.
Tuy nhin, xt chi tit cc ch tiu nh gi th y cha phi l phng n
thch hp nht, ti xin a ra mt phng n thch hp hn, l khu vc ca x
Thy Lm.
Nh vy, c th nhn thy phng n quy hoch bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh
hot ca huyn ng Anh ti x Vit Hng c c s khoa hc tt. Tuy nhin, y
khng phi l phng n duy nht, cc nh qun l c th xem xt thm 3 v tr m
ti nu ra (nht l ti x Thy Lm).


Hnh 3.7. So snh v tr bi chn lp theo quy hoch v khu vc la chn ca ti.
Bi chn lp
theo quy hoch
Khu vc tt
nht theo ti
40
KT LUN V KIN NGH


La chn a im b tr bi chn lp CTRSH l mt bi ton phn tch khng
gian phc tp, chu tc ng tng hp ca rt nhiu yu t. V vy, phng php phn
tch a ch tiu (MCA) v h thng tin a l (GIS) l nhng cng c thch hp nht
gii bi ton ny.
gim thiu khi lng tnh ton khi p dng MCA trong bi ton la chn v
tr ti u, nn thc hin theo 2 giai on: giai on u s dng cc ch tiu d nh
gi lc ra nhng v tr tim nng, giai on sau so snh chng theo tt c cc ch
tiu tm ra v tr tt nht.
Da trn c s phn tch v nh gi 16 ch tiu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng,
ti ch ra 4 a im thch hp b tr bi chn lp CTRSH cho huyn ng
Anh. l cc a im ti cc x Nam Hng, Bc Hng, Thy Lm v Vit Hng,
trong a im ti x Thy Lm c nh gi l thch hp nht, ti x Vit Hng
l thch hp th hai.
Nh vy, phng n b tr bi chn lp CTRSH ti x Vit Hng ca UBND
huyn ng Anh l c c s khoa hc tt. Tuy nhin, ngoi phng n ny, chnh
quyn a phng c th xem xt b tr bi chn lp CTRSH 3 a im khc m
ti nu ra (nht l ti x Thy Lm).








41
TI LIU THAM KHO


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