CHNG 4

HE THONG BC XA
(ARRAY ANTENNAS )

1. GII THIEU
- Ket hp nhieu anten n le thanh mot he thong bc xa.

- Khong phai he thong

anten.

- Muc ch:
+ Cai thien o th bc xa: tang o nh hng

Anten dipole na bc song:

Ghep 4 Anten dipole na bc song.

Port 1 : pha 90,
port 2 : pha 0,
port 3: pha -90,
port 4 : pha 0.

+ ieu khien o th nh hng bang cach thay oi bien o va

pha kch thch tng anten rieng le (anten thong minh)

Anten nhiu bup song xac nh

theo cac hng khac nhau

ieu khien hng bup song

chnh cua anten hng theo oi
tng di ong.

Array antenna

Omnidirectional Antenna
http://www.wlan.org.uk/antenna-page.html

A 6dBi Vertical
Polarised
Omnidirectional
Antenna

Array antenna cho bc x nh hng

VHF/UHF arrays

WLAN 2.4 GHz arrays

Array antenna cho bc x nh hng (2)

Cellular base station antennas

1 x 4 E shaped patch array

for base cellular station

1 x 2 W shaped patch array

for base cellular station

Dng array antenna hn hp

Model No.

HG-2VD-66

HG-2VD-88

HG-2VD-222

Frequency Range(Option)

54~72MHz

76~88MHz

174~220MHz

Input Impedance()

50~75

50

V.S.W.R

1.1

Gain(1Panel/dB)
(Stack)

8(10.14dBi)
(See Page)

Power Handling
Capacity(1~16Panel)

500W~50kW

Polarization

Hor or Ver

Beam Width at 6dB Point

NTSC/DTV VHF 2-Dipole Antenna

http://www.highgain.co.kr/products.htm

Input Connector

90 5

Wind Survival(m/sec)
Total Weight(Kg)

N-Type~EIA 15/8"

EIA 7/8"~1-5/8"
60
200~
600

200~310

50~100

Array antennas v MIMO antennas

Mi anten l 1 phn t
ring l, cch ly vi nhau
cng nhiu cng tt.
Tn hiu ca mi anten
c thu/pht ring bit.
My thu/pht c nhiu b
thu pht.
MIMO antenna

Cc anten to thnh 1 h
thng thng nht, c
quan h cht ch.
Anten ch c 1 ng vo/ra
ni vo my pht/thu.

Array antenna

2. HE THONG BC XA GOM 2 PHAN T

M

Xet 2 dipole giong nhau, chieu dai

l, at cach nhau mot khoang d.

Dong ien kch thch 2 anten lech

nhau mot goc:
Trng tong hp tai M:
Et = E1 + E2
j ( k .r1 / 2)
j ( k .r2 + / 2)

kI
l
e
e
0
Et = . j
+

cos
cos

1
2
r1
r2
4

Khi xet trng mien xa:

1 2
d
cos
2
d
r2 r + cos
2
r1 r

r1 r2 r : cho bien do

 jk .r
kI
l
.
e
.cos {e + j ( k .d cos + ) / 2 + e j ( k .d cos + ) / 2 }
Et = . j 0
4 .r
jk .r
kI
l
.
e
1

Et = . j
.cos .2 cos (k .d cos + )
4 .r
2  


He so sap xep (Array Factor): AF , hoac ARFAC

AF = 2.cos (k .d cos + )
2

He so sap xep Chuan hoa:

AFn = cos (k .d cos + )

2

Trng sinh ra t mot he nhieu phan t anten:

E (total ) = E (single element).AF

2. HE THONG BC XA GOM N PHAN T

Xet N phan t anten giong nhau, at
tren mot truc thang cach nhau mot
khoang d. Dong kch thch cac phan t
co bien o giong nhau, cac phan t lien
tiep nhau lech pha nhau mot goc .

He so sap xep trong he thong nay:

AF = 1 + e j ( k .d cos + ) + e j 2.( k .d cos + ) + ... + e j .( N 1).( k .d cos + )

N

AF = e j .( n 1).( k .d cos + )
n =1
N

AF = e j .( n 1).
n =1

= kd .cos +

AF = 1 + e j + e j 2 + ... + e j ( N 1)
AF .e j = e j + e j 2 + e j 3 + ... + e j ( N 1) + e jN

AF .(e j 1) = (1 + e jN )
AF .(e j 1) = (1 + e jN )
j ( N / 2)
e j ( N / 2) )
(e jN 1)
j [ ( N 1) / 2] e
AF = j
=e
j (1/ 2)

j (1/ 2)
(e 1)
)

e
e

AF = e

j [ ( N 1) / 2]

N
sin 2

sin 1

Khi dch chuyen iem goc en gia day:

N
sin 2

AF =
sin 1

2
N
sin

1
2

AFn = .
N
1
sin

2
Khi nho:

N
sin

1
2

AFn = .
N 1

 N
sin

1
2

AFn = .
N
1
sin

2
Xac nh cac cac iem null cua he so sap xep nay:

N
AFn = 0 sin = 0
2
N
= n
2
N

(kd cos + ) = n
2

2n
= cos

N
2 d
n = 1, 2,3,...
1

 N
sin

1
2

AFn = .
N
1
sin

2
Cc ai cua he so sap xep xay ra khi:

1
( kd cos + ) = m
2 2

= cos 1

2
m

(
)
2

m = 0,1, 2,3...
=

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0
-200

200

400

N =2
1

600

N
sin
1
2
AFn = .
N
1
sin
2

0
-200

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1
200

N =4

400

600

400

600

400

600

1
0.9

200

N =3

0.9

0
-200

0
-200

200

N =5

Nhan xet:

Cc ai xuat hien tai = 0

Ham AF co chu ky tuan hoan la 2 ( 360 )
Co N-1 iem null cach eu nhau mot khoang cach: 2 / N ( 360
Co N-2 bup song con trong khoang 0 2
Khi N tang, bien o cac bup song con tiem can en -13dB
0

/ N)

1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0
-2 0 0

2 0 0

3
2

4 0 0

6 0 0

= kd cos +

90
1
120

60
0.8
0.6

150

30
0.4
0.2

kd

180

210

330

240

300
270

He thong Broadside
Bup song chnh vuong goc vi truc cua he thong (truc z)
Cc ai cua AF xay ra khi:

= kd cos + = 0
e chieu cc ai theo hng =
2

= kd cos +
=0

=0

90

90

1
120

60

120

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6
30

150

150

0.4

0.2

180

210

330

180

330

210

300

240

N = 2, d =

240
270

, =0

120

0.8

N = 3, d =

150

0.4

210

330
300

60
30

0.4
0.2

180

270

0.8
0.6

0.2

240

150

30

, =0

120

60

0.6

N = 5, d =

300

90

90

30

0.4

0.2

270

60

180

330

210
300

240
270

, =0

N = 10, d =

, =0

Nhan xet:

Khi d khong oi, khi tang N: o rong bup song chnh giam va so
bup song phu tang

90

90

120

0.8

60

120

0.8

0.6
150

0.6
30

0.4

150

0.2

180

210

330

180

210

300

330

240

270

120

N = 7, d = 0.3 , = 0
90

1
0.8

300
270

N = 7, d = 0.1 , = 0
90

120

60

30

0.4
0.2

0.2
180

330

210

300
270

60

0.6
150

30

0.4

240

1
0.8

0.6
150

30

0.4

0.2

240

60

N = 7, d = 0.5 , = 0

180

330

210

300

240
270

N = 7, d = 0.7 , = 0

Nhan xet:

Khi N khong oi, khi tang d: o rong bup song chnh giam va so
bup song phu tang
90
120

90

1
0.8

120

60

0.8

150

30

0.4

0.2

180

330

210

300
270

N = 7, d = , = 0

Khi tang
xuat hien.

30

0.4

0.2

240

60

0.6

0.6
150

180

210

330

300

240
270

N = 7, d = 2 , = 0

d bup song phu co bien o bang bup song chnh

He thong EndFire
Bup song chnh doc theo truc cua he thong
(truc z)
e chieu cc ai theo hng = 0

= kd cos +

=0

=0

kd + = 0 = kd
(Endfire loai 1)
e chieu cc ai theo hng =

= kd cos +

=0

kd + = 0 = kd
(Endfire loai 2)

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7
0.6

N = 7, d = 0.1
kd = 0.2

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0
-0.4

-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

90
120

N = 7, d = 0.3
kd = 0.6

0.7

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0
-1 . 4

-1 . 2

-1

-0 . 8

90

1
0.8

-0 . 6

120

60

150

30

60

30

0.4
0.2

0.2
180

210

330

300
270

0.6

0.4

240

-0 . 2

1
0.8

0.6
150

-0 . 4

180

210

330

240

300
270

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

N = 7, d = 0.5

0.6

kd =

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

kd = 1.4

0.5

0.4

0
-2

N = 7, d = 0.7

0.6

-1

90

120

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0
-3

-2.5

-2

90

1
0.8

-1.5

60

120

150

30

0.2

180

210

330

300
270

60

0.4

0.2

240

0.6

30

0.4

-0.5

1
0.8

0.6
150

-1

180

330

210

300

240
270

He thong
Hansen - Woodyard

= kd +
N

1
0.9

= (kd +

0.8
0.7

0.6
0.5
0.4

kd

0.3

ieu kien e mc bc xa
phu nho hn mc bc xa
chnh:

0.2
0.1
0
-2 . 5

-2

-1 . 5

<

-1

90

-0 . 5

0.8

120

60
0.6
0.4

150

30

0.2
180

330

210

5
N = 6, d =
13
= (kd + / N )

300

240
270

0.5

oi vi he thong Hansen Woodyard:

- o rong bup song chnh giam => tang o nh hng
- Tuy nhien bien o bup song chnh cung giam => bien o bup song phu
cung kha ln khi so sanh vi bup song chnh.

o rong gia cac iem null au tien, o rong na cong suat va o

nh hng.

90
120

1
0.8

60

90

BWFN

120

0.8

0.6
150

150

0.2

180

330
30

210
150

300
60
270
90

30

0.4

0.2

240
120

60

0.6

30

0.4

HPBW

180

330
30

210
150

240
120

300
60
270
90

 ay, gia s cac anten phan t la ang hng

Ta a biet cc ai xuat hien tai: = 2n
1
Gia s ta chon cc ai tai: = 0 ng vi: = max = cos ( / kd )

Va cac bup song phu co bien o ln la ieu khong mong muon

2
Cac iem null au tien xuat hien tai iem: =
N
2
= kd cos + =
N

2

= cos 1
= cos 1

kdN kd
Nd kd

null
left
= cos 1
max
Nd kd

null
; right
= max cos 1

Nd kd

null
null
BWFN = left
right
= cos 1
cos 1

Nd kd
Nd kd

Khi : Nd  , 0

: N ln, Broadside (gan broadside)

cos 1

Nd kd 2

Nd kd

BWFN
+

+
+

=
2 Nd kd 2 Nd kd Nd
null
null
oi vi he thong Endfire: left = right

2
, kd =
N
2

= cos 1 1

kdN

null
= kd cos left
+ =
null
left

null
BWFN 2left

o rong na cong suat cua he thong Broadside (gan broadside):

1,391
HPBW 2 cos 1
, d /  1
Nd
2
o rong na cong suat cua he thong Endfire:

1,391
HPBW 2 cos 1 1
, d / 1
Nd

He so nh hng cua he thong Broadside (gan broadside):

Dmax 2

, L Nd ,

N 1

He so nh hng cua he thong Endfire:

Dmax 4

, L Nd , N  1

He so nh hng cua he thong Hansen - Woodyard:

L
Dmax 1,805. 4

, L Nd , N  1

3. H thng bc x phn b trn mt mt phng

M

AF = e j ( m 1)( kd x sin cos + x )

m =1

AF = S xm S yn
M

S xm = e j ( m 1)( kd x sin cos + x )

m =1
N

S yn = e

j ( n 1)( kd y sin sin + y )

n =1

m =1

n =1

AF = e j ( m 1)( kd x sin cos + x ) e

j ( n 1)( kd y sin sin + y )

M = N =3
dx = d y = / 2

x = y = 0

M = N =3

M = N =3

dx = d y = / 2

dx = d y = / 2

x = / 3
y = 0

x = 0
y = / 3

M = N =3

M = N =3

dx = d y = / 2

dx = d y = / 2

x = / 3
y = / 3

x =
y = / 3

M =N =2
dx = d y = / 2

x = y = 0