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Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which both alleles for a specific trait are expressed. This results in a combined phenotype (expressed physical trait).
Incomplete Dominance
For example, if you cross pollinate red and white snapdragon plants, both colors are expressed in the offspring. The resulting offspring are pink. It's like mixing paints, red + white will make pink. Red doesn't totally block (dominate) the white, instead there is incomplete dominance, and we end up with something in-between.
Incomplete Dominance
The pink flower would be a hybrid. A hybrid shows a third phenotype --- not the usual "dominant" one & not the "recessive" one ... but a third, different phenotype. With incomplete dominance we get a blending of the dominant & recessive traits so that the third phenotype is something in the middle (red x white = pink).
Fr Fw
w F rFw F
Fr
FrFw
rFw F
rFw F
Fr FrFw Fw FrFw
w F
Fr FrFw
FrFw
Cross a pink flower with another pink flower you can see 50% of the offspring will also be pink. What about the rest?
FrFr Fr
wFw F
Codominance
Is similar to Incomplete dominance but dont get them confused!!! In Incomplete dominance we see a NEW phenotype which is a blend of the 2 parents. (like mixing red and white paint to get pink). In co-dominance we see both the parental alleles expressed not mixed. Think of a reddish cow and a white bull. The offspring would not be pink. It might have both red and white hairs.
Co-dominance
This type of colouring is called roan fur in cattle. Cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW = all white hairs), or roan (RW = red & white hairs together). ( of course cattle can be other colours toobut were not worrying about that right now)
2AB:2B
1AB:1B:1A:1O
2B:2O
2A:2B
Multiple Alleles
Rhesus Another characteristic of blood is Rhesus factor or Rh factor. Someone either has or does not have the Rh factor on the surface of their red blood cells. This is indicated as + or -.. Type O+ blood is most common in most parts of the world. Rh factor is named after the rhesus monkey where the factor was first identified.
Colour of Rabbits
In rabbits 4 alleles can code for coat colour C (dominant codes for full colour black) cch (chinchilla which is dominant to ch ch (Himalayan which is dominant over c) and c (recessive codes for white or albino)
Epistasis
Epistasis - the interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype. Epistasis takes place when the action of one gene is modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic
BB = black Lab, no chocolate gene Bb = black Lab, carries chocolate gene bb = chocolate Lab, no black gene Yellow is produced by the presence of a recessive epistatic gene which has the effect of masking the the black or chocolate genes. EE = no yellow gene Ee = yellow carrier but appears either black or chocolate ee = yellow Lab
So....
EEBB =Basic Black (BB) EEBb =Black that carries Choc. (Bc)
So....
EeBB =Black that carries Yellow (By) EeBb =Black that carries Yellow and chocolate (Byc)
So....
eeBB =Yellow (Yy) [does not carry chocolate] eeBb =Yellow that carries Chocolate (Yc) eebb =yellow ~ No Black Pigment (NBP)
So....
EEbb =Chocolate (CC) [does not carry yellow] Eebb =Chocolate that carries yellow (Cy)
EEBB
EEbb
eeBB
EEBb
EeBb
Eebb
eeBb
EeBB
Practice
EEBB
EEbb
eeBB
EEBb
EeBb
Eebb
eeBb
EeBB
Dosage Compensation
Dosage compensation is a genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome so that they are equally expressed in the human XY male and the XX female. ..
Colour Blindness
Hemophilia
Polygenic Traits
Since Mendel's time, our knowledge of the mechanisms of genetic inheritance has grown immensely. It is now understood that inheriting one allele can, at times, increase the chance of inheriting another or can affect how and when a trait is expressed in an individual's phenotype. Likewise, there are degrees of dominance and recessiveness with some traits. The simple rules of Mendelian inheritance do not apply in these and other exceptions.
Polygenic Traits
Some traits are determined by the combined effect of more than one pair of genes. These are referred to as polygenic , or continuous, traits. An example of this is height. Human skin, hair, and eye colour are also polygenic traits because they are influenced by more than one allele at different loci. The result is the perception of continuous gradation in the expression of these traits.
1.
In chapter 10 we just looked at simple dominant/ recessive problems in this chapter we are looking at complex inheritance involving co-dominance, incomplete dominance and sex-linked traits
2.
Epistasis is when one allele masks or hides the expression of another allele. It differs from dominance in that a recessive allele could potentially mask a dominant allele of another gene pair (as in the case of the e allele making the B in Labradors )
3.
If the daughter has type O then she had to receive a recessive allele from each parent so both parents have to be heterozygous. One is Iai the other is Ibi
4.
Since twin are genetically identical scientists can hypothesize that traits that are similar are inherited and traits that are different are likely the result of environmental factors.