Phn loi Lipid (phc tp)

Lp lipid phc tp Loi lipid phc tp c gan, tim, thn, no... v hu ht cc t bo thc vt, c bit l ht ca cy c du v cy h u, khc vi lipid n gin, trong thnh phn ca lipid phc tp ngoi acid bo v alcol ra, cn cha phospho, Nit, lu hunh, glucid... Loi ny gm c: 1. Phospholipid (phosphatid)

Phospholipid l mt nhm cht hu c ging m, tc l loi lipoid, c nhiu trong no, dy thn kinh v Cc C quan nh gan, tim, thn v lng trng. Cc i din ca phospholipid thng dng lin kt vi protein trong lipoproteid ca vch t bo v ca ni kh quan t bo cht. Hm lng phosphatid ca lng trng g gm 6,5 - 12%, sa ti c khi ti 100 110mg% (c ngha l c 100mg phosphatid cha trong 100ml m). Trong cu trc ca phosphatid ta thy c acid phosphoric v nhiu hp cht khc. Phn alcol trong phosphatid c th l glycerin, inosid hoc sphingosin... do photphatid c tn gi tng ng vi alcol

l: glycerophosphatid, inositphosphatid, sphingophosphatid. Sau y ta xt ln lt tng loi: * Glycerophosphatid Thnh phn cu to gm: glycerin, aci bo, acid phosphonc v mt gc cha azod (Nit) ng k nht c my cht sau y: a -Lexitin: (cholinphosphatid) Cht ny c nhiu trong lng trng (ch Hy lp Lekitos - lng ), trong m v huyt thanh ng vt, cng thc ho hc nh sau:

Cc lexitin khc nhau do gc acid bo, do v tr ca acid phosphoric a hay C th ng vt phn nhiu cha . lexitin. Trong phn t lexitin c carbon bt i nn c ng phn quang hc. Cc acid bo thng gp trong lexitin t nhin l steanc, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic... khi phn lp ta thy lexitin l cht kt tinh trng, th sp, ra ngoi khng kh d ho sm v acid bo khng bo ho b oxy ho. Trong nc c ca rn, ca ong, hoc vi khun (nh trc trng clostidium

welchu) c enzym lexitinase A (cn gi l phosphatidase) khi thu phn tch mt mt acid bo bin lexitin thnh lisolexitin. y l mt cht c tc dng lm v hng cu rt mnh (tnh cht tiu huyt hoc lm dung huyt).

Lexitin ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm (sn xut socola, margann, lm cht ngn nga cht bo khi b oxy ho) b -Cephalin (colamin phosphatid) Cht ny c pht hin no (ch La tinh Cephalus - u) sau cn thy ph bin mi m bo khc ca ng vt,

thc vt. Cng thc ho hc ca cht ny ch khc lexitin nhm cha azod, nhm ny c tn l colamin hoc etanolann.

Cephalin, khc vi lexitin, khng ho tan trong cn, khi mt mt acid bo, cht ny cng tr thnh dng lizoxephalin l cht dung huyt.

c - Serinphosphatid: C nhiu trong no .

Cu trc ho hc ch khc hai loi trn nhm cha azod l mt acid amin- senil, c ti liu cho rng serinphosphatid chim gn 50% tng s cc glycerophospholipid cua no. Cng thc nh sau:

Mi lin quan cc nhm cha azot ca ba cht trn:

* Inositphosphatid (lipositol) Inositphosphatid l cht phospholipid khng cha glycerin phn t ca nhng lipoid ny c nhm ru mch vng c bit l inositol. Gn y ngi ta thy inositol c tc dng ca mt vitamin i vi nhiu loi gia sc v ngi (thiu n c th chm pht trin, rng lng...). Cng thc inositphosphatid gm: H3PO4 acid bo, cholamin, galactose, inositol v acid tartronic.

Theo nhiu tc gi, trong thc vt (mm la m, u tng, lc) v ng vt (gan, no) c loi inosid phosphatid cha mt hoc hai acid phosphonc, cu trc ca loi ny c th nh sau:

* Sphingophosphatid (sphingomielin) Loi ny l nhng este phc tp c cc m bo, nht l h thn kinh, thnh phn ca n gm: H3PO4, chon cc acid bo cao phn t (acid lignoseric,

nervonic, steanc...) v mt cht ru qun l sphingosin.

Acid bo lin kt vi sphingosin qua nhm quan theo kiu mch peptid. Cng thc ca lipoit ny nh sau:

Cc sphingomielin khc nhau do nhm acid bo, no thng gp vi acid lignoseric, nervonic, steanc, lch v phi gp vi acid palmitic, lignoseric.

Sphingomielin khng tan trong nc v e, ch tan trong aceton v cn. 2. Cerebrosid y l nhm lipoid khng cha acid phosphoric, c trong no (ch La tinh cerebrum - no). Thnh phn gm c: ru quan sphingozin, cc acid bo (acid liglloseric, nervonic, cerebronic...) v galactose. Acid bo y ni vi sphinosin qua nhm quan Sau y l cu to ho hc ca cerebrosid

Ring trong lch ngi, ta thy c loi cerebrosid cha glucose v tr galactose. Tu loi acid bo trong cerebrosid khc nhau m chng c tn gi khc nhau. V d: - Cerasin l cerebrosid c acid bo bo ho - Phrenosin c oxyacid (acid cerebronic CH3 - (CH2)21 CHOH - COOH). - Nervon c acid bo khng bn ho.

ng galactose c th lin kt vi mt gc sulfat vo v tr cc bon th 6 (C6) bin cerebrosi thnh cerebrosulfatid hay cn gi l sulfatid. Cng thc ca sulfatid nh sau: