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The
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Living Color
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Chief Editor - Kyaw Min Swe, Editor in-Charge-Zeya Thu, Managing Editor-Kyaw Naing,
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27
THE VOICE WEEKLY 27
Vol.8 / No.42- October 22 - 28 , 2012
PERSPECTIVE
VOICE
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CARTOON OF THE WEEK
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28
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MYANMAR : THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC
REFORMINTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP
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'DaeY armfawmfum;jycef;zGifhxm;wJh ukefonfawGuvnf;
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f rf;taumufceG Xf mejyemudyk J nnf;wGm;aeMuygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiH&JU qdyfurf;taumufcGefXmeu 'DaeYcsufcsif;
tajccHupNyD; jyifqifrIawG jyKvkyfMu&r,fh XmejzpfaeygNyD/
bmawGjyifqifoifw
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dk muawmh 'DaeYtpd;k &wm0efcaH wGeYJ
txnfcsKyfvkyfief;vkyfwJh ukefonfBuD;awG yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
ndEIdif;aqG;aEG;NyD; tajz&Smoifhygw,f/ jynfyEkdifiHawGrSm 'DaeY
usifhoHk;aeMuwJh qdyfurf;taumufcGefpepfudk avhvmoifh?
twk,loifhygw,f/ rdrdEkdifiH&JU ukefoG,frIukd qdyfurf;tcGef
Xme&JU tm;enf;csufaMumifh t[efYtwm;rjzpfoifhygbl;/
tJ ... aemufqHk;usefwJh a&eHeJY "mwfaiGUykdYukefu@ .../
'DaeY tar&duefjynfaxmifpku olYEdkifiHxGufavmifpmESifh olY
EkdifiHoHk;vkdYavmufatmif? jynfyudkawmif a&mif;csEdkifatmif
pDrHcsufawG tukefjyKvkyfxm;NyD;aeygNyD/ 'DaeYtar&duefrSm
"mwfaiGUodkuftBuD;BuD;awGudk trsm;BuD;awGUxm;ygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHuxGuf&Sdr,fh "mwfaiGUaps;uGufu tar&duefjynf
axmifpkudk 0ifvkdYr&Edkifawmhygbl;/
tJ ... 'gayrJh tar&duefrSm a&eHukrPDtBuD;BuD;awG&Sdyg
w,f/ olwdkYqDrSm aiGtm;omr[kwfbl;/ b,folYrSmrS r&SdwJh
a&eHxkwfvkyfwJh enf;ynmopfawG&Sdygw,f/
'Da&eHwl;azmfwJh ukrPDBuD;awGuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvm
NyD; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawGjyKvkyfzkdY tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aeygw,f/
olwkdYpGrf;aqmifEkdifwmawGudk pepfwusavhvmyg/
wjcm;EkdifiHu ukrPDawG pGrf;aqmifEkdifwmeJY EIdif;,SOfyg/ rdrd
twGuf ydktusKd;&SdcJhvQif olwkdYudkzdwfac:ayghcifAsm;/
OD;vS0if; (avol&JwpfOD;)
30
The
VOICE
&uf u rarQmf v if h b J u G , f v G e f o G m ;wJ h a'guf w m
wpf ae0if;armif&UJ &ufvnfqrG ;f auR;rSm olY&UJ aemufq;kH aeY

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aeraumif;jzpfjzpfcsif; wufa&mufwJhaq;HkrSm vdktyfwJh
aq;0g;? aq;ypnf;? ud&d,mawG&Sdayr,fh uRrf;usifwJh
txl;ukq&m0efBuD;awGr&SdwmrdkY tcuftcJawGUcJh&w,f/ 'D
aq;Hkuae &efukefaq;HkBuD;a&mufawmhvnf; uRrf;usifwJh
txl;ukq&m0efBuD;awG&Sdayr,fh vdktyfwJhaq;ypnf;ud&d,m
awGu rjynfhpHkwmawGU&w,f/ tckvdkjzpf&wm Ak'bmom
wpfa,muftaeeJY vlwpfa,muf&UJ uHw&m;qdNk yD; pdwu
f akd jzay
r,fh trSefawmh 'Dudp[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JU usef;rma&; avmu&JU
tqif h t wef ; ? tajctaeud k xif [ yf a ewmjzpf y gw,f /
xif&mS ;wJh yk*Kd vfwpfO;D &JUtawGUtBuHKudk oHk;oyfNyD; usef;rma&;
pepfwpfckvHk;udk NcHKiHkqef;ppfEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JU usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;udk wdkif;wmwJh
ae&mrSm aywHtrsKd;rsKd;wdkif;wmvdkY jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdkaqmif&Guf
wJhae&mrSm usef;rma&;pepfwpfckvHk;udk NcHKiHkoHk;oyfzdkY vdktyfyg
w,f/ vltrsm;pkuawmh usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;udk oHk;oyf
ygarmua'gufwmatmifxGef;ouf
wJhtcgrSm rdrdudk,fwdkifudk,fus awGUBuHKcHpm;wmudk tajcjyKNyD;
oH;k oyfwmawGU&ygw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ukoa&; (Curative)
vkyfief;eJY ywfoufNyD;ajymMuqdkMuwm awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[m (Diagnosis Services) [mvnf;tvGeftm;enf;aewm awGU& ygw,f/ t&nftaoG;rDwJh jyKpkapmifha&SmufrIawG? ysLiSmwJh
vnf; obm0usygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ukorIeJYywfoufwJh ygw,f/ rusef;rmvdkY aq;ppfcsufawG vkyfcJh&if &&SdwJhtajz usef ; rma&;0ef x rf ; awG ? acwf r D w d k ; wuf w J h enf ; ynm?
t&nftaoG; (Quality of Care) [m tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ awGu rudkufnDbJ rMumcPvJGrSm;aewm awGU&ygw,f/ pufypnf;awG? 'gawGtm;vHk;[m vlem&JU,HkMunfrIudk csufcsif;
puf&SdNyD; vlr&Sw
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jrefrmjynf&JU usef;rma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifzdkY
usef;rma&;u@rSm tcuftcJq;kH jyem[m uRrf;usifaomol qdkwmudk wdwdususrodEdkifwJhtwGuf tcuftcJawGtrsm;BuD;
awGU&Sd&ygw,f/
ywfoufqufpyfrIawGtm;vHk; (Stakeholders) rsm;eJYwdkifyifNyD;
rsm; tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;jzpfygw,f/
yk*vduaq;Hkaq;cef;awG wdk;yGm;rIudk BudKqdkayr,fh aqG;aEG;zdkY tvGefvdktyfaeygw,f/ 'Dvdkaqmif &GufwJhae&mrSm
txl;ukq&m0efBuD;awG[m wpfzufu tpdk;&0efxrf;
rsm;jzpfayr,fh tvkyftcsdefNyD;NyD;csif; yk*vduaq;Hkaq;cef; 'Daq;Hkaq;cef;rsm;udk vlwdkif;roHk;pGJEdkifyg/ wwfEdkifaom q&m0ef ? q&mr? usef ; rma&;0ef x rf ; rsm;ud k o m ac:NyD ;
awGrmS wm0ef,Ml u&ygw,f/ orm;awmfwpfO;D [m aq;Hw
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NyD; wpfHkudk a&GUvsm;oGm;ae&wmawGU&ygw,f/ vlemawGu 'gawmif ydkwwfEdkifwJholawGu EdkifiHjcm;udkoGm;a&mufukoae vlemrsm;? vkyfom;jynfolrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;?
rsm;? uRrf;usifwq
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vlemawGtay: vHkavmufwJh*kpdkufrIawG ray;Edkifawmhyg/ ,HkMunfrI (Trust) r&SdwJhtwGufjzpfygw,f/ ,HkMunfrIysufjym; t,ltqawGudkjyifzdkY vdktyfvSygw,f/
usef;rma&;eJYywfoufvm&if t"dutcsufu usef;rma&;
vlemawGudkMunfhwJhtcg pufHkwpfHkrSm tvkyfvkyfaeovdk &if jyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifzdkY cJ,Of;vSygw,f/
usef;rma&;pepf&JU tm;enf;csufawG[m vHkavmufjynfh tmrcH (Health Insurance) r&SdwJhudp 'kujzpfygw,f/ jrefrm
aqmif&GufaeMuwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ &&SdwJhapmifha&SmufrI
t&nftaoG;udk rauseyfayr,fh wdkifMum;zdkYtcGifhtvrf;awG pHkwJhusef;rma&;qdkif&mrlay:vpDrsm;r&SdwmrdkY jzpfw,fvdkY jynfrSm&SdwJh vlOD;a&oef; 60 txJu usef;rma&;tmrcH&SdwJhol
r&SdwmawGU&ygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;rSmvdk Patient Rights vlemrsm; ,HkMunfygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh aq;kHawGeJY xdkif;EdkifiHrSm &mcdkifEIef; tvGefenf;wmawGU&ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm pufHk?
&SdwJhaq;HkawGudk ,SOfwGJNyD; oHk;oyfoifhygw,f/ befaumuf tvkyfHkvkyfom;awGtwGuf vlrIzlvHkrI (Social Security) pepf
&JU tcGifhta&;[m tvGefenf;yg;aewm awGU&ygw,f/
tck v d k a pmif h a &S m uf r I t &nf t aoG ; tm;enf ; aeovd k rSm&SdwJh aq;HkawGudk a&mufzl;wJholwdkif; awGUygw,f/ aq;Hk &Sdygw,f/ 'DvdkpepfrsKd;udk wpfjynfvHk;rSm&Sdatmif zefwD;zdkY
wpf z uf u vnf ; usef ; rma&; ppf a q;pd p pf r I v k y f i ef ; rsm; udka&mufwmeJY rdrdrSm&SdwJha&m*gawG wpf0ufavmufaysmufoGm; vdktyfygw,f/ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm aus;vufa'o usef;rma&; tmrcH
pepfudk usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdygw,f/ wpfvrSm wpfrdom;pktwGuf
pmrsufESm 28 jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI EdkifiHa&;abm*aA' (6) rS tquf
xdkif;bwfaiG 30 aumufcHygw,f/ tckvdk aumufcHNyD;
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usef;rma&;csKdUwJhwJh tcsdefrSm tcrJhukocH,lrI &,lEdkifrSmjzpf
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ txl;tcGifhta&;rsm; tajccHyHkpHa[mif;rS wHcg;
EdkifiHjcm;ukrPDtrsm;pk? txl;ojzifh taemufwdkif; ygw,f/ jrefrmaiGeJYwGufcsuf&if rdom;pkwpfcktwGuf usyf
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olwdkYxJrS tcsKdUrSm uRrf;usifaompD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;jzpfMu tE & m,f r sm;ES i f h y wf o uf v Qif pd k ; &d r f r uif ; &S d a eMuonf / 1000 cefYjzpfygw,f/ 'DaiGudk vlwdkif;vdkvdkwwfEdkifrSm jzpfw,f
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usef;rma&;tmrcHcsufr&SdwJhtwGuf usef;rma&;ppfaq;rI
&SmazGa&;udkom t"dupdwf0ifpm;Muolrsm;jzpfMu&m ydk ydk qufqHa&;&SdcJhMuaom ukrPDrsm;ESifh ygwemvkyfvdkMurnf
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vG,fulawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ uRrf;usifrIwpfpHkwpf&m&Sdaom ta&;,lydwfqdkYpm&if;wGif usef&SdaeqJjzpfav&m xdef;csKyfa&; zdkY pdwf0ifpm;rIr&SdbJ a&m*guRrf;rSukocH,lrIr,lwJhtwGuf
wpfcgwav aemufusoGm;ygw,f/
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onfyifvQif olwdkY\ oufqdkif&mukrPD tE&m,frSmvnf; &SdaeqJ[kqdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/
rsm;udk tajccHusus jyefvnfzGJUpnf;zdkYvdkygvdrfhrnf/ tpdk;&
w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;tmPmudk qGJudkifxm;EdkifqJ bdZeuf
usef;rma&;pepf&JU tajccHOD;wnfcsufu Prevertive
ygrpfrsm;&aeonfhtwGufaMumifhom yg0ifywfoufvkyfudkif tD v pf t csKd U vnf ; &S d o avmuf & S d a eygao;onf / 2010 BudKwifumuG,rf jI zpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh BuKd wifumuG,rf t
I wGuf
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e,fy,frsm;odkY ajymif;vJvkyfudkifMu&awmhrnfjzpfygonf/
eD;pyfaom xif&Sm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk vdktyfygw,f/ a&oefYa&aumif;? ,ifvHktdrfom? ywf0ef;usif
,cktcsdeftxd t"duusaom rnfonfhtpdk;&u@ pDrH a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef tm;ay;cJhMuonfrsm;&Sdonf/ ,ckqdkvQif oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;awGudk OD;pm;ay;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
csufudkrS tpdk;&opftaeESifh twnfjyKaxmufcHonfrsKd;r&Sd olwdkYxJrS tcsKdUrSm ygvDreftrwfrsm;jzpfaeMuayNyD/ rdk;rom;
wpfzufuvnf; usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh jynfolawG&SdzdkY
ao;yg/ ,ckavmavmq,f qufvufvkyfudkifaeqJ ya&m*suf rrSefruefrIrsm;&Sdonfqdkaom taxmuftxm; wdwdyy rjy
tm;vH;k rSm tmPmvTaJ jymif;rIrwdik rf u
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jzpfonf/ tqdkygya&m*sufrsm;xJrS vkyfief;yrmPBuD;rm;NyD; tcef;u@ESifhywfoufNyD; ar;cGef;xkwfMuonfrsm;&Sdaeonf/ taeeJY usef;rma&;vdkufpm;wJholawGjzpfzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
tjiif;yGm;p&m&Sdaom tcsKdUqdkvQif tpdk;&opfu &yfqdkif;xm; tjcm;udprsm;udk tomxm;? w&m;0ifvkyfydkifcGifhcsxm;NyD;jzpf vli,fawGtaeeJY usef;rma&;csKdUwJhEdkifwJh Life Style aerI xdkifrI
"avhawGudk a&Smif&Sm;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/ aq;vdyf? t&uf? rl;,pf
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jynfe,f jrpfqHkpDrHcsufomru rEav;wdkif; jrif;NcHNrdKUwGif
tqdkygyk*dKvfrsm;rSm qufpyfaeaom ukrPDrsm;qdkvQif aq;0g;awGudk a&Smif&Sm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh aq;vdyf
oufqdkif&m0efBuD;XmerS wm0ef,lrnfh a':vm 5 bDvD,Hwef vnf; ajrawmfawmfrsm;rsm; xdef;csKyf&,lxm;Muonfrsm;&Sd aomufwJhEIef;? t&ufaomufwJhEIef;awGudk *kjyKzdkY ta&;BuD;
tpdk;&tBuD;pm;pufHkya&m*sufvnf;ygonf/ &efukefNrdKUrS 70 onf/ ,ciftpdk;&vufxufuyif ydkifqdkifcGifhrSwfyHkwifr& vSygw,f/ (Right to Health) qdw
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rsm;&Ekdifa&;twGuf qkdcJhyg EkdifiHjcm;ukrPDrsm;ESifh a'oukrPD ESifh rvGwfwwfao;[k qdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/
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ajymif;vJrIpDrHjcif; (12)
31
VOICE
The
jzpf&yf (1)
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wpfckaMumifh vlwpfa,mufraooifhbJ aoqkH;cJh&onf/
udk,fESifUrqdkifbl;qdkwJUpdwf
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wm0efrJhrIrsdK;omjzpfygonf/
"avUtjrifqdkif&m tMurf;zufrI
Cultural Violence qdkaom pum;vkH;udk odyfrMumcif
urS xkwfa0xm;aom q&marmifjrifhaZmf\ ]jrefrmhvlabmif
tajymif;tvJtwGuf ta&;BuD;wJhpum;vkH; 100} qdkaom
pmtkyfwGif pwif&if;ESD;&ygonf/ tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk ]ykHrSef
[kom oabmxm;jcif;? w&m;rQwonf xifjrifjcif;? a0zef
qef;ppfonft
h jrif uif;rJhoGm;apjcif; tajctaewdkYudk "avh
tjrifqikd &f mtMurf;zufrI (Cultural Violence) [k &nfneT ;f onf}
[k q&mu teufzGifhxm;ygonf/ tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk BuKH&
onfhtcg rdrd0ifpGufzuf&ef tajctaeray;onfhtcgrsdK;?

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xm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
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u uREkfyfwdkYvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif Cultural Violence tjrpfwG,f
aeonfudk vSpf[jyaeMuonf/ wu,fqdk jzpf&yf (1)wGif
kyf&SifkHxJ &Sdaeolrsm; olrsm;orD;&nf;pm;rSefaomfvnf;
rd e f ; uav;rSm wpfzufowftEdik u
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onf/ tu,f tEdkifusifhaejcif;rSefygu tm;enf;onfh
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ygvmaomolrsm;onfvnf; py,f,mwpfa,muftaeESifh
c&D;onfudk armif;csoifhovm;? wpf&mwefonfhvrf;c&D;udk
ES p f & mawmif ; jcif ; onf rS e f u ef a om tjyKtrl j zpf o vm;
pojzifh qifjcifoifh? 0ifpGufzufoifhygonf/ ,ckawmh
xdkokdYr[kwf tMurf;zuftEdkifusifhrIudk jzpfaeusudp? vufcHEdkif
aomudpt
jzpfoabmxm;jyD; bmodbmomaecJhMuonf/ 'gudk
axmufIvQif jrefrmhvlabmiftzGJUtpnf;rSmvnf; twdkif;
twmwpfcktxd Cultural Violence &SdaeaMumif; odEdkifonf/
xdu
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kd al bmiftzGUJ tpnf;wGif Cultural Violence
ac: tMurf;zufrIudkvufcHEdkifonfh tavhtxkH pG J a ejcif ; rS m
raumif;onfhvuPmjzpfjyD; jidrf;csrf;aom? ,Ofaus;aom
vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yfwiG f vk;H 0r&So
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tMurf ; zuf r I ? tEd k i f u sif h r I r sm;ud k (ud k , f 0 if u l v d k u f v Qif
jzpfEdkifygvsufESifh) udk,fESifhrqkdif[k oabmxm;jcif;onf
wm0efrjhJ cif;? oG,0f u
kd af omenf;jzifh Edik x
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tm;ajrmufjyKjcif;? oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh rw&m;rIwpfckudk
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w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;jcif;udk ,kHMunfudk;pm;ol? vlom;csif;pmemrIudk
wefzdk;xm;olwpfa,muftaejzifh uREkfyfwdkY\vlYabmiftzGJU
tpnf;udk tkyfqdk; tusnf;wefaponfh tMurf;zufrIrsm;?
tEdkifusifhrIrsm;udk oifudk,fwdkif rodvdkufrodbmom cGifhrjyKrd
apzdkYta&;BuD;onf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fydkifNidrf;csrf;a&;udk
uREkfyfwdkY udk,fwdkif wnfaqmuf&efvdktyfygonf/
vwfNidrf;
pmudk; (1)
37 who saw murder didn't call the police
by Martin Gansberg
(2) jrefrmhvlYabmiftajymif;tvJtwGuf ta&;MuD;wJh

pum;vkH; 100 (a&;-armifjrifhaZmf)
32
The
VOICE
EdkifiHom;vufrSwfoHk;rsKd;
Union of Citizenship Certificate) (UCC)
(1) EdkifiHom;vufrSwf (u) 48 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

EdkifiHom;jzpfrItufOya'yk'fr (11) yk'frcGJ (1) t& xkwfay;
onf/
(c) 48 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfrItufOya'
yk'fr (6) t& xkwfay;onf/
(*) 48 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfrI tufOya'
yk'fr 12 yk'frcGJ (2) (3) yk'fr 12 (u) t& xkwfay;onf/
(C) 48 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfrItufO
ya' yk'fr 6 yk'frcGJ (2) t& xkwfay;onf/
(2) EdkifiHom;jyKrIvufrSwf (u) 1948 ckESpf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfrItufOya'yk'fr 7 t& xkwfay;onf/
(c) 1948 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfrI
tufOya'yk'fr (8) yk'fr (13) t& xkwfay;onf/
(3) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;vufrSwf (u) 1948
ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpf a&G;cs,fa&;tufOya'
yk'fr 3 (u) t& xkwfay;onf/
(c) 1948 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpf
a&G;cs,fa&;tufOya'yk'fr 3 (c) t& xkwfay;onf/
tJonfvdk vlrsKd;jcm;awGudk todtrSwfjyKpm&GufawG
"mwfyHkeJYwuG azmfjy? udk,fa&;tcsuftvufawGeJY ay;tyfcJhNyD;
udk,fhrl&if;arG;&myg EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf rSwfwrf;xm;NyD;
rSwfyHkwifzdkYwm0ef&SdolawGu aqmif&GufMuw,f/ vkyfzdkYvdktyf
aMumif; odayr,fh tm;vHk;odMuwJhtwdkif; vGwfvyfa&;&JU
zGm;zufawmfvdkYqdk&rnfh jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIudpBuD;udk
ajz&Sif;aeMu&wmvnf; &Sdaewmudk;/ 'DvdkeJY udk,fhwdkif;&if;om;
arG;&mygEdkifiHom;awGtwGuf rSwfwrf;wdkY? rSwfyHkwifwdkY
vkyfMuw,f/
trsKd;om;rSwfyHkwifuwfjym; (National Registration
Card) NRC xkwfay;jcif;
1949 ckESpfrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;
aexkdifwJholrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifpm&if;jyKpkzdkY rSwfyHkwifa&;
tufOya'udk a&;qGJcJhMuygw,f/ 'DtufOya'udk vufawGU
taumiftxnfazmfzdkYtwGuf enf;Oya'a&;qGJzdkY vdkvmjyef
w,f/ txl;ojzifh a&;qGJrnfh Oya' (enf;Oya')rSm atmufyg
udpawGvnf; ygw,fAsm (u) pm&if;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? pkaqmif;jcif; odkYwnf;r[kwf
ay;tyfjcif;?
(c) pm&if;yHkpH?
(*) oufaocHuwfjym;yHkpH?
(C) oufaocHuwfjym;rsm;udk ppfaq;&efwifjyjcif;?
(i) aysmufqHk;oGm;aom odkYwnf;r[kwf ysufpD;oGm;aom
oufaocHuwfjym;rsm;tpm; oufaocHuwfjym;topfrsm;udk
tcaMu;aiG,l xkwfay;jcif;?
(p) oufaocHuwfjym;rsm; jyeftyfjcif;?
(q) rSwfyHkwifpm&if;rS xkwfy,foifholrsm;udk xkwfy,f
jcif; pwJhtcsufawGygwJhtjyif tJ'D oufaocHuwf&,la&;?
jznfph u
G &f rnft
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f nfjznfph u
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jcif;? azmfjyjcif; oufaocHuwfjym;ESifh txifrSm;apavmuf
atmif qifwl,dk;rSm;jyKvkyfxm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;wpfckckudk
vuf&Sdxm;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; ta&;,l&rnfhjypf'PfESifh
ywfoufwmawGyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygw,f/ tckacwfrSm
qdk&if rdwLawmif;wJhudprsKd;rSm EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfudk
rdwLul;? tJ'Dtay: zsufaq; odkYr[kwf wpfckckESifhzsufNyD;
jyifa&;NyD;rS rdwLxyful;NyD; ay;wwfMuw,f/ pdppfwJhvlawG
txl;owdxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
rSwfyHkwifrSm a&;oGif;&rnfhtcsufawGuawmh (1) trnf
(2) a,musfm; odkYwnf;r[kwf rdef;r
(3) toufESifh arG;zGm;onfhaeY&uf
(4) arG;zGm;&mwdkif;jynf
(5) EdkifiHom;
(6) tvkyftudkif? ta&mif;t0,f
(7) ae&yf
(8) tdrfaxmif&SdvQif vif odkYwnf;r[kwf r,m;trnf
(9) a&wyf? t&efavwyf? ukef;wyf? t&efukef;wyf
odkYwnf;r[kwf avwyf? t&efavwyfwGif wyfom;wpfOD;jzpf
aMumif; odkYwnf;r[kwf e,fapmifhwyfppfwyf odkYwnf;r[kwf
tulwyfrsm;rS wyfom;wpfOD;jzpfaMumif; odkYwnf;r[kwf NrdKUjy
umuG,fa&;tzGJUrsm; odkYwnf;r[kwf t&eftzGJUrsm;wGif tzGJU0if
wpfOD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&ygw,f/
trsKd;aysmufrSm pdk;aMumufygvSonf &cdkifjynfe,f (4)

(v . 0 . u t&m&SdtNidrf;pm;wpfOD;)
tJ'DtcsufawGudk aqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf 1951 ckESpf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aexdkifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifa&;enf;
Oya'udk a&;qGJMuygw,f/ a&;qGJwJhrlMurf;udk NrdKUjytufOya'
ESifh ywfoufNyD; 31-1-52 aeYrSm jyifqifcsufxnfhygw,f/
wpfcgoufaocHuwfjym;rSm rSwfyHkwifuwfjym;eJY rSwfyHkwifyHkpH
awGrSm "mwfyHkawGuyfzdkYyg&SdzdkYeJY "mwfyHkdkuful;cGifheJY ywfoufNyD;
22-9-53 rSm jyifqifjznfhpGufrI jyK&jyefygw,f/ oufaocH
uwfjym;eJYywfoufNyD; vdu
k ef m&r,ft
h csufawG? vdt
k yfcsufawG
jyifqifjznfhpGuf&jyefw,f/
rdwfaqG
q - 'gjzifh rSwfyHkwifuwfjym;udk b,fawmhrS
xkwfay;wmvJAs/
rdrd - uRefawmfodoavmufawmh 1958 ckESpfavmufrS
pwif xkwaf y;w,fAs/ tJ'rD w
S yf w
kH ifuwf (oufaocHuwfjym;)
udk 1989 txd aemufqHk;xkwfay;cJhw,fvdkY od&w,fAs/
uRefawmfwdkYudk xkwfay;wJhrSwfyHkwifuwfjym;ac:wJh oufaocH
vufrSwfrSm yg0ifwJhtcsufawGuawmh
1/ trnf
2/ tbtrnf
3/ usm;^r
4/ arG;zGm;onfhaeY&uf
5/ arG;zGm;&ma'oESifh EdkifiHom;
6/ tvkyftudkif
7/ tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae
8/ oufaocHtrSwftom;rsm; ... wkdYyJjzpfygw,f/
tay:qHk;rSmawmh &JXmetydkif? NrdKU&Gm? vrf;? tdrftrSwfyg
ygw,f/
rdwfaqG
q - 1982 ckESpfrSm EkdifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfawGxkwf
ay;w,fqkdAs/ bmvdkY 1989 txd rSwfyHkwifawGxkwfay;ae&
wmvJ/
trsK;d om;rSwyf w
kH ifuwfjym;ESiUf Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;
jcm;em;csuf
rdrd - tJ'g&Sif;jy&rSmayghAsm/ uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHwGif;rS
aexdkifwJht&G,fa&mufolwdkif;rSm oufaocHuwfjym;wpfck
r[kwf wpfckudkif&w,fAsm/ EkdifiHjcm;om;qkd&if EkdifiHjcm;om;
rS w f y H k w if u wf ? Ek d i f i H o m;qk d & if Ek d i f i H o m;pd p pf a &;uwf
odkYr[kwf {nfhEkdifiHom;uwf odkYr[kwf EdkifiHom;jyKcGifhuwf
odkYr[kwf trsKd;om; rSwfyHkwifuwf odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;
c&D;oGm;EkdifzkdY ,m,DoufaocHuwfjym; (White Card) wpfrsKd;
rsKd;udkif&w,fAsm/ rSwfyHkwifvufrSwfudk 1989 ckESpftxd
xkwfay;w,fqkdayr,fh avQmufxm;olawG[m 15-10-82
rwdkifrD avQmufxm;cJhwJh vlawGjzpf&r,fvkdY owfrSwfxkwf
ay;cJhwmyg/ bmvkdYvJqkdawmh 1982 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHom;Oya'
pwiftmPmwnfwJhaeY&uf[m 15-10-82&ufaeYjzpfvkdYygyJ/
15-10-82 &ufrwkdifrDavQmufxm;cJhw,fqkdayr,fh taMumif;
trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh aESmifhaES;MuefYMumcJhrIawGaMumifh wpfaMumif;?
EkdifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfxkwfay;EkdifzdkY pdppfjcif;? xkwfay;&ef
oHo,&Sdjcif;wkdYaMumifh rSwfyHkwifuwfudkjyefxkwfay;&jcif;yJ
jzpfygw,f/
rdwfaqG - rSwfyHkwifuwfjym;ESifh EkdifiHom;pdppfa&;uwf
bmjcm;em;vdkYvJAs/
rd r d - jcm;em;wmaygh A sm/ uRef a wmf w k d Y a jymaewJ h
rSwfyHkwifuwfjym;[m wu,fawmh rnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;?
b,frSmaewJhvljzpfaMumif; oufaocHwJhuwfjym;omjzpfw,f
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33
VOICE
The
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34
The
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37
THE VOICE WEEKLY 37
Vol.8 / No.42 - October 22 - 28 , 2012
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
VOICE
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43
VOICE
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Vol.8 / No.42
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VOICE

Monday, October 22 - 28 , 2012

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