1 Chng 3 o dng in v in p2 3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v p 3.2. o dng in bng cc loi ammeter 3.3.

o in p bng cc loi voltmeter 3.4. Voltmeter ch th s Chng 3: o dng in v in p3 Cc phng php o dng in ph bin gm: -Phng php o trc tip: dng cc dng c o dng in nh ampemt,mili ampemt, micr ampemt ... o dng v trc tip c kt qu trn thang chia ca dng c o. -Phng php o gin tip: c th dng vnmt o in p ri trn mt in tr mu (mc trong mch c dng in cn o chy qua ); thng qua phng php tnh ton ta s c dng in cn o. -Phng php so snh: o dng in bng cch so snh dng in cn o vi dng in mu, chnh xc; trng thi cn bng ca dng cn o v dng mu s c c kt qu trn mu. C th so snh trc tip v so snh gin tip Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v p4 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.1.1 Cc yu cu c bn a)Cng sut tiu th: Khi o dng in ampemt c mc ni tip vi cc mch cn o. Nh vy ampemt s tiu th mt phn nng lng ca mch o t gy sai s phng php o dng. Phn nng lng ny cn c gi l cng sut tiu th ca ampemt PA, n c tnh: PA= I2 A.RA IA l dng in qua ampemt (c th xem l dng in cn o) RA l in tr trong ca ampemt. Trong php o dng in yu cu cng sut tiu th PA cng

nh cng tt, tc l yu cu RA cng nh cng tt.5 Chng 3: o dng in v in p b) Di tn hot ng: khi o dng in xoay chiu, tng tr ca ampemt cn chu nh hng ca tn s. m bo cp chnh xc ca dng c o, dng c o xoay chiu phi c thit k ch o cc min tn s s dng nht nh (di tn nht nh). Nu dng dng c o dng min tn s khc min tn s thit k s gy ra sai s do tn s

Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.1.2 Yu cu v in tr khi o in bng ampemet in tr Ampemt s nh h-ng n kt qu o nh- sau: Gi s ph ti c in tr l Rt , tr-c khi mc A vo mch th dng in -c tnh: I=U/Rt Khi mc A ni tip vo mch, do nh h-ng ca in tr A, dng in -c tnh: IA=U/(Rt+R A) Vi IA l dng in ch bi Ampemt, RA l in tr ca Ampemt, Rt l in tr ti. Sai s ph trong qu trnh o l-ng s -c

tnh: Ta thy sai s do A gy ra i vi mch ti cng nh nu in tr ca Ampemt cng nh so vi in tr ti. V th yu cu i vi Ampemt o dng in l in tr ca Ampemt cng nh cng tt. Vi mt ph ti c in tr l Rt, cp chnh xc ca Ampemt s dng l (hoc chnh xc yu cu ca mch ly tn hiu dng l ) th in tr ca Ampemt phi m bo iu kin sao cho :

Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.2.1 Cc ampemt mt chiu a)Cc c tnh c bn: - cc ampemt mt chiu c ch to ch yu da trn c cu ch th t in vi cc c tnh c bn sau: -Cp chnh xc:1,5;1;0,5;0,2; cao nht c th t ti cp 0,05. - in tr c cu: khong t 20 2000. V vy mun s dng c cu ny ch to cc dng c o dng in ln hn dng qua c cu ch th, phi dng thm mt in tr shunt (in tr shunt -c ch to bng hp kim ca magan c n nh cao so vi nhit ) phn nhnh ni song song vi c cu ch th t in 3.2. o dng in bng cc loi ampemet9 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Ta gi I l dng in cn o, I0 l dng in chy qua c cu Is l dng chy qua in tr shun Rs Rm in tr ca c cu o Ta c: I = Im + Is hay: Rs Rm Im Is I m s m s m s m s I R R I I I R R 1 : m m m I I s R

I I I K K R

; H s phn dng Khi bit Rm, dng in nh mc lch ton thang o Im, dng cn o I, ta c th tnh -c: 1 m I s m I I R K R I K

Chng 3: o dng in v in p Rs Rm Im Is I C th tnh nh sau: mmmm S sm IRIR R III

Chng 3: o dng in v in p + Mt Ampemt 1 chiu c th c nhiu gii hn o, thay i gii hn o bng cch thay i gi tr Rs. Cn ch rng trn Shunt c cp chnh xc, c ghi gi tr dng nh mc, gi tr in tr v th-ng phn thnh cc cc dng v cc p ring nh- hnh

Cc p Cc dng12 Chng 3: o dng in v in p oi vi ampe-ke co nhieu tam o th dung nhieu ien tr shunt, moi tam o co mot ien tr shunt, khi chuyen tam o la chuyen ien tr shunt Mach o dong co nhieu tam o13 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Mach o kieu shunt Ayrton co 3 tam o B, C, D. Khi khoa A v tr B (tam o nho nhat). ien tr shunt: RSB = R1+ R2+ R3 v tr C: RSC =R1+ R2 Con R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch th. v tr D: RSD = R1 Con R2+ R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch th. Mach shunt Ayrton14 Chng 3: o dng in v in p V d: Rm =1k; Imax ca c cu 50A. Xc nh 4 tm o: A (1mA); B (10mA); C(100mA) D(1000mA) cho R1, R2, R3, R4 R2 Rm Im Is I R1 R3 R4 SV thay s t tnh gi cho cp chnh xc ca ampemt t in khng thay i cc gii hn o khc nhau, phi ch to shunt vi chnh xc cao hn chnh xc ca c cu t in t nht l mt cp. V d c cu t in c cp chnh xc 0,5 th sun phi c cp chnh xc 0,2. p n: R1 =RD =0.0526; R2 = 0.5237; R3 = 4.7368; R4 = 47.368415 Chng 3: o dng in v in p M rong tam o cho c cau ien t: thay oi so vong day quan cho cuon day co nh vi lc t ong F khong oi: F=n1I1=n2I2=n3I3=... V du: F = 300 Ampe vong cho ba tam o; I1 = 1A; I2 = 5A; I3 = 10A. Khi o n1 = 300 vong cho tam o I1 = 1A n2 = 60 vong cho tam o I2 = 5A

n3 = 30 vong cho tam o I3 = 10A. M rong tam o cho c cau ien ong: Trong trng hp ampe-ke dung c cau ch th ien ong (sat ien ong) c mac nh hnh 2.15 th s m rong tam o bang cach mac ien tr shunt song song vi cuon day di ong (nh c cau t ien) trong khi cuon co nh c mac noi tiep vi cuon day di ong. Cach tnh toan ien tr shunt cung giong nh ampe-ke c cau t ien.16 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Hnh 2.7 C cu ch th in ng cun dy tnh cun dy ng17 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.2.2. Cc ampemet o dng in xoay chiu a.Ampemet chnh lu Cc mch chnh lu thng gp trong cc ampemt chnh lu:18 Chng 3: o dng in v in p + Ampemet chnh lu mt na chu k: - Tr trung bnh ca dng in chnh lu: * max 0 1 cltb T cl I i dt I T

sin : 0 ; 0 : 22 dmd TT iIttitT

0.318 0.318 2 cltb m hd i I I 19 Chng 3: o dng in v in p + Ampemet chnh lu hai na chu k: Cu chnh lu

V d: i AC =Im sin t Icltb = 2 0,318Im = 0,636Im - thng nht s dng, ngi ta quy c khc vch cc dng chnh lu theo cc gi tr hiu dng. - Nu dng AC c dng tn s bt k th Icltb ph thuc vo dng tn s ca tn hiu, php o s phm thm sai s v hnh dng, ta phi xc nh hiu chnh.20 Chng 3: o dng in v in p21 Chng 3: o dng in v in p b. Ampemet in ng Thng c s dng o dng in tn s 50Hz v cao hn (400 3000Hz) vi chnh xc kh cao (cp 0,5 0,2)22 Chng 3: o dng in v in p c. Ampemet in t L dng c o dng in da trn c cu ch th in t. Mi c cu in t c ch to vi s ampe vng xc nh (I.W l mt hng s) chnh xc thp, nhng bn chc, d s dng v r tin nn c dng rng ri hn trong cng nghip.23 Chng 3: o dng in v in p d. Ampemet nhit in L dng c kt hp gia ch th t in v cp nhit in. Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t l vi dng cn o Ampemet nhit in c sai ln do tiu hao cng sut, kh nng chu qu ti km nhng c th o di tn rt rng t mt chiu ti hng MHz.24 Chng 3: o dng in v in p e. M rng thang o - Phng php chia nh cun dy:25 Chng 3: o dng in v in p - Phng php dng bin dng in: KI :h s my bin dng VD: My bin dng : 100/5;200/5;300/ 5..26 Chng 3: o dng in v in p - Phng php dng in tr Shunt:

Diode mc ni tip vi c cu o t in, do dng in chnh lu qua c cu o, dng in qua Rs l dng AC.27 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Bi tp:28 Chng 3: o dng in v in p29 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Kp o dng in (clamp ammeter)30 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.3. o in p bng cc loi voltmeter31 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.3. o in p bng cc loi voltmeter Dng c dng o in p gi l Vn k hay Vn mt (voltmeter) Khi o in p bng voltmeter th voltmeter lun c mc song song vi on mch cn o. Sai s ph trong qu trnh o lng c tnh: . t t tn ER U RR

0 tv v v UR U RR

0 tn tn RR R

RR

00 0 tv p tvv UURR URRR

32 Chng 3: o dng in v in p in tr ca voltmeter phi m bo iu kin: 0 ;v R R

o in p ca mt phn t no ngi ta mc vnmeter nh hnh: Nu khng m iu kin trn, sai s ph do volmet gy ra ln hn sai s ca bn thn c cu ch th v ta phi dng cng thc hiu chnh.33 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.3.1. Voltmeter t in Voltmeter t in c cu to t c cu o t in bng cch mc ni tip mt in tr ln cng vi in tr ca c cu o. Gi tr ca in tr ni tip c gi tr ln m bo ch mc dng chp nhn c chy qua c cu o, c dng: -o in p mt chiu: c nhy cao, cho php dng nh i qua. -o in p xoay chiu: trong mch xoay chiu khi s dng km vi b chnh lu, ch n hnh dng tn hiu34 Chng 3: o dng in v in p

3.3.2. Voltmeter in t - Voltmeter in t ng dng c cu ch th in t o in p. c dng o in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. -V yu cu in tr trong ca Voltmeter ln nn dng in chy trong cun dy nh, s lng vng dy qun trn cun tnh rt ln, c 1000 n 6000 vng. -Khi o mch xoay chiu s xut hin dng in cm ng sinh ra bi tn s ca dng in, nh hng n tr s trn thang o. Khc phc bng cch mc song song vi cun dy mt t b35 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.3.3. Voltmeter in ng Vnmt in ng c cu to phn ng ging nh trong ampemt in ng,cn s lng vng dy phn tnh nhiu hn so vi phn tnh ca ampemt v tit din dy phn tnh nh v vnmt yu cu in tr trong ln. Trong vnmt in ng, cun dy ng v cun dy tnh lun mc ni tip nhau, tc l: 12 V UIII Z Khi o in p c tn s qu cao, c sai s ph do tn s, nn phi b tr thm t b cho cc cun dy tnh v ng.36 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.3.4. M rng gii hn o a. Phng php dng in tr ph37 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Cch m rng thang o38 Chng 3: o dng in v in p C th ch to vnmt in ng nhiu thang o bng cch thay i cch mc song song hoc ni tip hai on cun dy tnh v ni tip cc in tr ph. V d s vnmt in ng c hai thang o nh sau: trong : A1, A2 l hai phn ca cun dy tnh. B cun dy ng.

Trong vnmt ny cun dy tnh v ng lun lun ni tip vi nhau v ni tip vi cc in tr ph RP. B i ni K lm nhim v thay i gii hn o: Cc t in C to mch b tn s cho vnmt.39 Chng 3: o dng in v in p b. Phng php dng bin in p40 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.4. Voltmeter ch th s 3.4.1. Voltmeter s chuyn i thi gian41 Chng 3: o dng in v in p42 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.4.2. Voltmeter s chuyn i tn s43 Chng 3: o dng in v in p44 Chng 3: o dng in v in p45 Chng 3: o dng in v in p Voltmeter s chuyn i trc tip kiu ty ng46 Chng 3: o dng in v in p47 Chng 3: o dng in v in p48 Chng 3: o dng in v in p 3.5. o dng in v in p bng phng php so snh Sinh vin t hc49 Chng 3: o dng in v in p * ng h o a nng50 Chng 3: o dng in v in p S dng ng h o a nng d tm h hng51 Chng 3: o dng in v in p52 Chng 3: o dng in v in p53 Chng 3: o dng in v in p54 Chng 3: o dng in v in p55 Chng 3: o dng in v in p56 Chng 3: o dng in v in p57 Chng 3: o dng in v in p58 Chng 3: o dng in v in p59 Chng 3: o dng in v in p60 Chng 3: o dng in v in p61 Chng 3: o dng in v in p62 Chng 3: o dng in v in p63 Chng 3: o dng in v in p64 Chng 3: o dng in v in p65

Chng 3: o dng in v in p