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Chapter 3 Movement of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Chapter 3 Movement of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Chapter 3 Movement of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Substances required by the cell are nutrients (glucose and minerals) and oxygen Substances to be eliminated are metabolic wastes Why is this important?
To continue cellular life process, concentration of ions inside the cell must be different than outside the cell Maintain a constant cellular environment (homeostasis)
Structure
Composed of phospholipids and proteins Fluid-mosaic model
Lipid-soluble molecules (fatty acids and glycerol) Non-polar molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) Small molecules such as water ( Basically water is a polar molecule. However, its
small size enables it to slide between phospholipid bilayer)
Phospholipid bilayer barrier which isolates two sides of membrane Contains cholesterol stabilize and strengthen plasma membrane Pore protein forms channel/pore Carrier protein acts as carrier Glycoprotein protein with carbohydrate attached Fluidity of membrane cells are more flexible The plasma membrane is semi-permeable/selectively permeable (only some substances can pass through) Factors determining whether molecule can pass through size and polarity Molecules that can pass through
Pore proteins allow small watersoluble molecules and ions to pass through Carrier proteins have site that can bind to specific molecules (glucose molecules) before transporting them to plasma membrane.
Passive transport (movement of substances across plasma membrane without input of energy) Example: gaseous exchange in alveolus and blood capillary Simple diffusion
Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower Osmosis: Diffusion of water
concentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium is reached Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to a concentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membrane Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins and pores following the concentration gradient Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules) Pore proteins form pore/channel
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Movement of solute/ion across plasma membrane against concentration gradient Requires energy and carrier protein Energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generated during respiration in mitochondria Carrier protein has an active site to bind with molecule and another active site to bind with ATP. The carrier protein changes shape when phosphate group from ATP binds to it. Then, the solute is moved across the membrane. Ex. Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants
Passive Transport Follows concentration gradient Does not need energy Can take place in living cells or non-living physical conditions
Active Transport Opposes concentration gradient Consumes energy Can only take place in living cells
Wilting occurs in plants when too much fertilizers like potassium nitrate is given. Too much fertilizers cause the soil to turn hypertonic to the plant cell. As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and the cell is plasmolysed. Water shortage in soil also causes the plant to wilt. Food such as mushrooms, fruits and fish can be preserved using natural preservatives (salt and sugar). The preservative makes the surroundings more hypertonic to the food and causes water to leave through osmosis. The food becomes dehydrated. Microbes loses water to the surrounding and dies.
Maintain a suitable pH and ionic concentration inside the cell for enzymatic activities To obtain certain food supplies for energy and raw materials To remove toxic substances