Algebra formulas

Sets of Numbers
Definitions:
N: Natural numbers N0: Whole numbers Z: Integers Z+: Positive integers Z-: Negative integers Q: Rational numbers I : Irrational numbers C: Complex numbers

Formulas:
1) Natural numbers (counting numbers )

2) Whole numbers ( counting numbers with zero )

3) Integers ( whole numbers and their opposites and zero )

4) Rational numbers: repeating and terminating decimals Converting repeating decimals to fractions a=0.3333.... eqn(i)

multiply both sides by 10 10a=3.333..... eqn(ii)

Subtract eqn (i) from eqn (ii)

10a=3.333..... - (a=0.3333......) ____________________ 9a = 3.000.... a=1/3

5) Rational numbers: non-repeating non-terminating decimals 6) Real numbers: Union of rational and irrational numbers 7) Complex numbers:

Complex numbers
Definitions:
A complex number is written as a + bi where a and b are real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has the property that i2 = -1. The complex numbers a + bi and a - bi are called complex conjugate of each other.

Formulas:
1) Equality of complex numbers a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d 2) Addition of complex numbers (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i 3) Subtraction of complex numbers (a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i 4) Multiplication of complex numbers (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i 5) Division of complex numbers

6) Polar form of complex numbers

7) Multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form

8) De Moivres theorem

9) Roots of complex numbers

From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n - 1

Factoring and product formulas

Factoring Formulas

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Product Formulas
1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Solutions of algebraic equations

Quadric Equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0

Solutions (roots):

If D = b2 - 4ac is the discriminant , then the roots are 1) real and unique if D > 0 2) real and equal if D = 0 3) complex conjugate if D < 0

Cubic Equation: x3+ a1x2 + a2x + a3 = 0

Let

Then solutions (roots) are:

If D = Q3 + R3 is the discriminant , then: 1) one root is real and two complex conjugate if D > 0 2) all roots are real and at last two are equal if D = 0 3) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0

Quartic Equation: x4+ a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0

Let y1 be a real root of the cubic equation

Solutions are the 4 roots of