Muscle Unit Review Guide (Chapter 8)

Notes Covered -Muscles: Chapter 8 -Back and Chest Muscles/Abdominals -Muscular Anatomy Cont. -Muscular Physiology and Contractions -Know the functions of muscles in general *ie: muscle tone, movement, posture, heartbeat, etc. -Compare and contrast the different types of muscle fibers *Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac (Review chart from packet) -Know the different rules of muscular activity *Shorten as they contract, cross at least one joint *Origin, insertion (Define these terms; which one can move?) -Go over the following terms: prime mover, synergists, antagonists -Determine the movements of the following terms: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, circumduction, pronation, supination, eversion, inversion, retraction, protraction, elevation, depression -Identify the major muscles on diagrams (muscles on quizzes) -You do not need to memorize all of the different movements of each individual muscle. Instead, focus on the movements of the following major muscles: *Orbicularis Oculi and Orbicularis Oris *Masseter and Temporalis *Sternocleidomastoid *Biceps brachii *Triceps brachii *Gluteus Maximus/Medius *Deltoid *Pectoralis Muscles -Review the structure of a muscle fiber ~Identify the following: *Fascia *Epimysium *Perimysium *Endomysium *Myofibril *Sarcomere

-On the sarcomere label the following: *Z line *Myosin *Actin -Describe what happens when a muscle fiber contracts 1. Acetylcholine. (triggers muscle response) 2. Calcium. 3. Actin-Myosin Connect (Sliding filament theory) 4. Sarcomere shortens -Describe how a muscle stops contracting and goes back to rest -Go over muscle cramps vs. muscle fatigue -Types of muscle twitches *Fast *Slow *Nervous -Review Isotonic vs. Isometric contractions -Review the different muscular disorders researched in class: *Tetanus *Fibromyalgia *Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy *Myasthenia Gravis (MG) *Muscle Cramps *Shin Splints *Muscle Strain ~For the above disorders, focus on causes and symptoms