\P A

( & Si & )

zu S
u|k A_
C\ h [S
vmhzvflR hmhx.
(US Afl)
wsh J a \
wsh J [S
wsh uz ufl \.

u{mk
h PP
Pa \, \fl & 600 006.
i

 u{k A_
u v & 2003
v & 2006

hUSz uP
& Si
hUh. ]. Qnfl

]
uyU P |
\fl PU PP
\fl & 600 005.

]
x
\fl PU PP
\fl & 600 005.

hUh. u. \u Sfl

P
hUh . \nfl

hUh . E

Cn ]
z x
A] PU P
\fl & 600 030.

]
x
v sP A] P
\fl & 600 108.

]P

vv. G. \u
mhu B] (K)
i. G.]i.G. |
\fl & 600 084.

v. C. Cv{ufl
u B] (K)
A_ E |
AU Pmh (Ag\)
]P[P mh

v. Gfl. _ofl

i.I.D.i
{UP & 637 001

vv G. uUQ
]
x
v sP A] P
\fl & 600 108.

Si
hUh C. ufl

A] x |Pz x
uyU P |
\fl PU PP
\fl & 600 005

h[P u & u{k A_UPP

UP CUPP, u{k
C 60 .G.G u Aa]hmkx

hUP
UP

PU Pk

...

1. CvS I P

...

2. Cv B[Q Bm] |ku

Aufl UP

...

17

3. u Cva _uv (1857&B

Bsk m]) & B[QU QUQv
oPU S Bm]fl i

...

51

...

67

5. Cv u] CUPzvfl u a]

...

85

6. Cv ku & PviP P

...

109

7. _uvzvS fl Cv (1947 & 2000)

\P fl

...

135

8. Cv vmhmh u
fl A u
~m a]

...

147

9. Cvfl U PP

...

161

AS & I

AS & II
4. 19&B sifl \P, \a
^vzu CUP[P
AS & III

AS & IV

Si
AS & I
1. Tmhm] A_ A

...

173

2. Cvfl zv A_

...

183

3. | A_

...

203

4. Cvz uu Bn

...

217

5. uuP

...

223

6. Si

...

233

...

243

...

261

...
...
...
...

283
303
319
341

AS & II

AS & h
1. Cv : mh fl & Cvz xnUPsh
2. |z u, iP &
|z u iP
3. Cvfl P| &
P| } Ah
4. u s & CPz u sq
5. Cv P & P, En xP
6. uP[P & Cvz uP[P
7. Pmk[P, \P &
Pmk[P \P
8. Cvfl UP & u [P
9. x Cv & Ga] Cv
10. |h[P, UP h[P &
| h[P, UP h[P
11. Po & Po : Pzx, US

...
...
...

359
375
387

...
...

399
417

12. [P vk &
AvP [P vk.

...

435

iv

vi

AS & I
h & 1

CvS I P
P {UP[P
1. n IPfl v PhU Pski
Cv J vP Aux
GfluU Pnu.
2. n
Ifl
P
Cvfl
GvPzv Hkzv [P x
Pu.
3. n a_UR]P, ha_UPP, hP,
B[QP g_UPP Cv
u oP [P |x A u u
A u.

Ifl Cv P {{mifl
P UQ J |Pa]S. Cvfl
\ zu _ {P zuP UP

fl SP I Avu.
[Pzvu Cv {kPhfl z
uh Psiux. ChUP x Cv
oP mP \z v[P, Smh
] x PP, EP kP Psh
mP, zv mk BhP, u[P,
u PPUS Ia \uP
Su Cux.
CmP | P Ax
J Sv | P Sv Ph P
1

Ia \flhu. Q..1453&B Bsk

xUQ Pflhfli {U (xUQ uP
Cufl)
Pu
CUSzvSz
uhP Hmh. G P, u QUS
{kPhfl I \x u oP Ah
mhx. Au vUPmh I oPP u[PU
QUS {kP (Golden East) Gfl AUPmh ^
Cv v PhU PskiUP
fl.

a_UR]P
v Ph U PskiUP a_UP
fl {mk A\P u {mk P
FUSzu. G v PhU Pski
a_UR] fliPz vPu. a_UR]
C\fl fl P Buzu. APUS
]UP A Au ]
Jfl |. Phn PPUS
si Bu Azu.
Ph nzv C\ fl Su
B Pmiu AuS Bu Azuu
A fl (Henry, the Navigator) G
mk AUPkQ.
zu h : 1487&B Bsk zu
h BUPfl SU PhP KP n
\u. A BUPfl uflPi
Ahu. G Pk PnP A
ufl Phnzu Psk uh i.
B Ah Phn PUS
Psk n \ i G {UPzux.
G BUPfl uflPi {flUP
(Cape of Good Hope) Gfl Smh.
2

Ph P : Ph P
Gfl a_UR] v
PhU
Psk
ifl
mk zu h
Psh u
Ph n \u. {flUP
Ahu A fl
\UPa
\flhu.
A[Qx uhx J u
n \u. A 1498&B
Ph P
Bsk u 20&B uv
PUTmiS AQ (Calicut)
x C[Q. ASv Bm]u \fl Gfl
A\ A Aflhfl . Ph P
Ah ] \PP . Aa\PP S
{kP Cvhfl oPz uh HkzvU
P Szu.
Ph P Cv fl u[P
u[Qu. A va \P uflhfl
P H u mP
Gkzxa \fl. AmP Pmh
I {mka \ oPP CvS
.
Ph P 1501&B Bsk Csh
P Cv ux Psnfi Gflhzv
J oPzuzu |. {h PUTk
(Calicut), Pa]fl, Psnfi BQ Ch[P a_U
R]fl zuPz u[PQ. u[P u
Czu, a_UR] Ah \uu A
. AP PUTmh Bsh \fl
flUS a_UR]USh P
Hkzv. G Pa]u a_UR]
\fl fl uUQ. B A uz u
{mhx. Au US fl a_UR] u[P
s Cv |{mi.
3

fl]P i Ah (1505&1509) : 1505&B Bsk

fl]P i Ah Cv u. Aufl
Cv Cu a_UR] SvPfl u
B{ B. A Cvu a_UR] fl
Ph kzxuz ux {UPPU
Psiu. , Cx PUPh a_UR]
BvUP P [P sk A
Gso. A fl PP }UPh PP
(Blue Water Policy) G AUPmhx.
Afl\&i&APUS (1509 & 1515) : Cv
a_UR]fl \US Es Aizu
mh
Afl\&i&APUS
B.
A
1510&B Bsk flhx P
PU P
. Aufl fl P a_UR]fl uh
P Aux. A \{P _hfl ux
E kzvU Psh. A 1511&B Bsk
UP
UPU P. 1515&B Bsk ^P
Sh B_ (Port Ormuz) xPzu EUQ.
APUS J ]u |QP Cuv Afl
\U PPfl PnP C_ A
vUP. A CxUP {uP {hzv.
APUS CxUPfl PUPP Pz
vu. A CvP a_UR]h vn
EP FUSzu.
APUS \v Gfl EhflPmh H UPz
uz ukUP {hiUP Psh. G, A
fli[ fl fli.
APQfl
{sP
AUS
Cvfl
v z uu. 16&B sifl CvUS
a_UR] P, h, hfl, \\m
ASvPa _u |SvPz
u\ Psk u. G APx AvP
4

PU SQ P }izux. I oPPfl
P AP | x.
a_UR]fl a]UP Pn[P :
1.
a_UP Pa ] {k. Cv fl P
{mh A{mi Pmkkzu i. Ph
Phx Si {kP AUPz u n
h A{mih C, 2. a_U
R]fl Bm] F Hhz uh[Qx.
a_UR] oPP {hfl \hz u,
3. a_UR] fl \U PP C_fl
uzu EUQx. a_UR] CvPU
Pmh u \u CxUP
, 4. a_UR] Cv oPPUS GvP
AiUPi PhP Dkmh, 5. Pfl
\ \{P ]fl u{Pa \u Cux.
1565&B Bsk Hmh \{P ]fl a]
a_UR]US AiP Aux, 6. AU
AUS fl Bm] fl R
P _ Ga] a_UR]fl
AvP h i x, 7. CvP
Cv u ha_, B[Q oPU SUP a_U
R]Pfl u miPP .
C PnP Cv a_UR]fl AvP
a]x.

ha_UPP
PhP Jmi SvP u ha_UPP
xo, G, a\P B Eh
UP [Q. 1602&B Bsk Jflnu
{ux QUQvU P x {mi
uh[Q. CP u Cu]z wP
u[P Si[P AzxU Psh. fl
u[P Pzu Cvfl x v. 1605&B
Bsk `mizv u[P oPz uzu
6

Azu. \flUS AQ E Pk
Gflhzv u[P u PmhU Pmi.
a_UR]hx {PmizuU P.
BU, `z, `mi, [Pzv E ]fl_
BQ
Ch[Pz
u[P
oPz
u[PUQU
Psh.
ha_UPP Cv u[P A\ |
. oP APh UQ {UPP
Aux. u xou ]fl oPzv
Qhzu zv Qa]hu.
{n mP AvP QhUS Cu]z
wP u[P Pzua \zv. "Pfl' (Coen)
flifl (Van Diemen) BQ QUS Sv
P ha_UPPfl USU PnPz vPu.
ha_UPPfl a]UP Pn[P : 1. ha_UP
PUS B[QPUS Ch Hmh mi
1623&B Bsk ha_UPP B[Q A
kP \u. Aufl PnP B[Q
Cu]x si |
Hmhx. B[Q CvSz v, 2. ha_U
PP Cv u \UQ B[QUS
mkU PkUP si | Hmhx. ha_UPP
Cv h Cu] oP \v
AvP Dkk Psh 3. B u
Cv ha_UPPfl | UQzx
uuP A.

hP
hPfl Si[P : hU QUS Cv
oPU S (Company) 1616& hflUQ |mhx.
hP uflv u[Pi Gflhzv
7

1620& u[P oPz uzu Azu.

\
PPzuS
(PPzu)
AQ
Gflhzv u[P Si[P Hkzv.
h \ Pz u A{mk oPP
P Ah. G AP u[P oPz
u[P 1845&B Bsk B[QUS mh.

B[QP
IP B[QP
Cv oP mP . G Cv
hfl {iP oPz uh P Gso.
1600&B Bsk C[Qx A] G\z Po
Cshu P Psh oPU S
JflUS, QUS {kPhfl oP \ Av
[Q. fl AP B[QU QUQv oPU
S |.
QUQv oPU S `z {P J oPz u
AUP Av 1609&B Bsk \
UQfl Gfl P \ P[Rfl
A\US A zux. B a_UR]fl
\US PnP P B[QPUS Av
AUP. 1613&B Bsk ufl `z {P
B[Q oPz u AUP AvUPmh.
\ u Gfl B[Q zuP 1615&B
Bsk P[Rfl A\US u. A Cv
fl BskP u[Q BU, `z, APuz
a BQ Ch[P B[Q oPz u[P AUP
Av v . 1639&B Bsk
fl] h Gfl B[Q oP \vQ flfl R
C[Q \fl Svfl {UPhx u]
US [Q. Pzv \fl GflUP
8

mh Au Chzv B[Q oPz u \flm

Gfl PmhU Pmi. Au
PPzu AQ 1651&B Bsk U J
oPz u AUPmhx. C[Qx fl
Csh \ 1661&B Bsk SzuPP
() B[QU QUQv oPU SS Azu.
\ a_UR] C] nx a
^uP .
A{mP fl J h hP 10
mk Gflu E[P { iQu? \U
S . 700 (sm (Pound) C[Qx {n).
PPzu J oPz u AUP 1690&B
Bsk
B[Q
J[P^hx
Av
. A[S 1696&B Bsk AUPmh Pmh
Pmh Gfl AUPmhx.
B[Q zx hfl
[P Bm]fl E J {x
Snkzvufl P B[Q U
{vUP oPz u Jfl AUP Av
.
B[QU QUQv oPU S Cv
1857&B Bsk ufl \UP kzv
Aizu Azux. 1857&B Bsk B[Q
oPUS Bm]US GvP {hu m]fl
P Uh Po Cvfl |P
H.

g_UPP
Cv B[QUS GvP Pk mi
mhP g_UPP. g_U QUQv
9

10

oPU S 1664&B Bsk 14&B flfl

u B\P Pm Gflfl vflS
ufl R AUPmhx. CUPfl x
CUS{P |UPmh fl] Pfl Gfl
1667&B Bsk `z {P u g_ oPzu
AUPmhx. 1669&B Bsk i\ v[P
`mizv Cfl g_ oPzu
|mhx.
fl] PUS fl fl] ifl Gfl
|UPmh. C _u Pfl
ihx Av 1674&B Bsk sia
\ (Pondicherry) Azu. sia\ g_U
PPfl uhx. fl g_UPP
Auz uhx \v{T, \ (Balasore), P]
\ BQ Ch[P u[P Si[P Azu.
1725&B Bsk PhP
1739&B
Bsk \ shU PhP PUP
g_U Si[PP Azu.
Cvu
g_
SvPfl B{P 1735&B Bsk
u 1741 l [Q.
AUS fl u i
(Dupleix) J ]u C uv
. A Cv g_
_ Jfl | Gso.
g_ BvUP Cv |
A P Dkmh.
i
G g_UPP sia
\, , \v{T, PUP, H BQ
SvP mk uUP zxU P iux.
Cv Bm] |v g_UPP fl
u B[QP Psh.
11

P AhP
1. n Ifl Cv P UP
i.
2. n a_UR]fl
UP i.

Si[P

3. n ha_UPPfl CvU Si[Pa

_miUPmh C.
4. n Cv B[Q g_U
Si[P [PU PkUP
C.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. Q..1453&B Bsk Pflhfli{U
PP
A. xUQP

B. ha_UPP

C. g_UPP
2. RUPsh {kPa
FUSzu

D. B[QP
\u

A. C[Qx, fl_

A\P

B. fl_, fl

C. fl, a_UP

D. a_UP, C[Qx

3. Ph P PUTk Sv C[P Av
Azu A\
A. _ufl

B. \ {P A\

C. fl \fl

D. \v{Tfl fl

4. PU P
A. Ah

B. Ph P

C. APUS

D. \fl
12

5. \ UQfl C{mha \u
A. a_UP

B. fl

C. C[Qx

D. fl_

6. z vn \P Csh \
nu C]fl {k
A. fl_
C. C[Qx

B. fl
D. a_UP

7. UQfl J
A. B]
C. zx

B.
D. h

8. B[QU QUQv oPUS US ()

Azu h SzuP
A. 10

B. 20

C. 30

D. 40

9. g_U QUQv oPU S Cfl ufl

R AUPmhx
A. fl] Pfl
C. i

B. Pm
D. CP G C

10. PhP E g_UPP

Bsk
A. 1725

B. 1735

C. 1715

D. 1745

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. IP _______________ v PhU
PskiUP fl.
13

2. v Ph P Pskiv
vPu ____________ BP.

fliPz

3. Cv u a_UR] B{P [Q
____________.

4. \{P A_hfl ufl E kzv _________

B.
5. \v J Afl\ APUS
S fliPz vPu.

____________

6. 1609&B Bsk ____________ Gflhzv ha_UP

Pfl u Pmh Pmhmhx.
7. \ u ____________ flfl A\ fl
BskP u[Q.
8. \flm Pmh ____________ Gflhzv
Pmhmhx.
9. vflP fl u B\P ____________
B.
10. `zv u g_ oPzuzv Azu
____________ B.
III. fl zxP

A
1. UP

&--& }UPh PP

2. \fl

&& CvSU Ph

3. fl]P i Ah

&& ^P Sh

4. B_ xP

&& _ zuP

5. Ph P

&& PUTmifl A\
14

B
1. ha_UP

&&

a_UR] C]

2. Csh \

&&

\ wP

3. A kP

&&

P &

4. fl] Pfl

&&

g_ uh

5. sia\

&&

1623

IV. _UPP hUP

1. I \uP x umh Cv
oP mPfl PU SkP.
2. Pflhfli{fl a] I oPP
Gu vzux?
3. C\ fl "" fl'' G AUP
kufl?
4. zu h J Sz uP.
5. \fl a_UR] Hfl uUQ?
6. }UPh PP Gfl Gfl?
7. Cv a_UR] oPz u[Pfl PU
SkP.
8. ha_UPPfl UQ {UP[P ?
9. ha_UPPfl oPz u[PU SkP.
10. ha_UPPfl a]UP Pn[P ?
11. "fl] h'' ] Sz uP.
12. Cvu
SkP.

B[Qfl
15

oPz

u[PU

13. Cv B[Q Azu UQ PmhPfl

PU SkP.
14. sia\ Gu g_UPPfl uh
Qx?
15. i EUS Gfl u?
V. h uP

1. a_UR] Cv ux
G AzxU Psh?

oPzu[P

2. Afl\ i APUS a_UPUS Cv

PUS B usiU SkP.
3. Cv a_UR]fl BvUP a]hU
Pn[P ?
4. B[Q Cv Gu u oPzu[P
|?
VI. \ ]

1. Cv hzv a_UR], ha_UP,

B[Q g_UP BQfl oP
[PU SUP.
2. Ph P CvS u Ph
UPzu EPhzv SmkU Pmh.

16

h & 2

Cv B[Q Bm]
|ku Aufl UP
P {UP[P
1. n Cv B[QUS g_UP
PUS 18&B si {hu uPU
P.
2. n Cv B[Q BvUP u
u A u.
3. n P{hP, ` zv Pfl
Pn[P, APfl P A_u.
4. n [Pzv B[Q BvUP uuz
ux Pu.
5. n
Cv
B[Q
huu x Pu.
6. n

fl
vmhzu A .

BvUP

xnhz

7. n fli[ fl \Pa ^vzu[P

U P.
8. n h] fl _ CU PP
(Doctorine
of
Lapse) Gu B[Q A]fl
UPzvS Eux Gflu Au.

18&B si B[Q, g_UP

P, a_UR] ha_UPP Cv
Cx v Psh. Ihfl
B Cv oPzv B[Q g_UPP
17

[Q |fl. C{mi Cvfl

Ch[P u oPz u[P |.
AoPz u[P PhP Jmi SvP
Avu. oPzvfl Qhzu C
A{mhh
mi,
\
EUQx. Au APUS AiUPi Pk
\shP Hmh. AP B[Q g_
A_P u {mk oPU SUPUS Bu Azu.
1707&B Bsk J[P^fl S fl
P _ ]ushx. 1645 u ]
]fl
h]
AUPmh
zv
_
UP u Cvfl S Sv
x ux. 1724& |\ EU GflUPmh
A\ uUPnSv Iuz A\ |.
1740& AvPfl [Pzvfl _uv {Pz ufl
AzxU Psh. BUPmhz u{PPU Psk
\uzx Pfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P{hP
Svfl {. AUS fl Bm] \u
Ah P uz A zvP
1740& {hu Pmh. Iuz |\
A\ va] x AflwflPfl Gfl
BUPmifl {P |zu. A UP
zv P . zvP ] UP
mh uz Afl P, \u\Q 1748&
kUPmk AflwUSz u Pkzx
u. E{mk UPP PPzv Dkmh
. Au | A] | B[Q,
g_U PP { {mk A] P[P
uh zux.
I.

P{hP P

u P{hP (1746 & 48) & Pn[P : I

oPU SUPh Hmh miP 1742&
18

i sia\
sia\fl B{P |UPmhv
x whux. g_UPPfl |
Ezu i . Aa\ I
Bv _ Hmhx. A
C[Qx fl_ GvGv Ao Cu.
A Cv Gvzux. 1746&B Bsk
B[Q Cvu g_UPP x
ukzu.
|Pa]P : B[Q
u[P
Phhz
u
mifl Euhfl CvU
Ph Cu g_U P
PU P. i
u
g_
B{ hfl\ (LaBourdonnais) EuUS Azu.
g_U Phh \flz
Cm Q
x Pzu Pmhx.
i hfl_ Cnx \flU
P. \fl mP Aflwfl Pfl
u P h fl A.
B A hU Pmkk UP ]
g_ h Ah {hu \sh uPizux.
i B[Qfl \flm hm PmhU
P Psh ] u Ahux.
CuQh I Bv _
J iUS ux. G Cv B[Q
g_UPP u \sh |zvU Psh.
P : 1748&B Bsk A&&\ (Aix-laChapelle) G EhfliUP Bv _
US J zux. Azxhfl u
P{hP J iUS ux. Ahfl
iUPfli B[Q \fl
\flz v
19

. AuS vP AP h AUP
Cu U (Louisburg)P fl]S uu.
Pmkmkhfl P \
I vu EUPmh [QPU
Psk Su GsoUP hP Th
Cv A\Pfl P h
P i Gflu u P{hP
kzvx.
Csh P{hP (1748 & 1754) : C[Qx,
fl_ BQ {kPh Cu Pna]
I iUS u, Cv A
{mk oPU SUPh | miz uhux.
P{hP {fl hPUS GvP i
AUS Su {UP \
Pkzux. g_UPPfl | Ezxu
ifl {UPP Cux. A Cv flP
Jk J umh. g_UPPfl
\US a] uU Psh B[Q
Ga\UP Aa\ Psh.
Pn[P : 1748& Iuzvfl |\ P.
Auz uhx Ah Cshx P
{][QS, \ [QS Ch
_ Hmhx. P{hPzv uz
Afl P \u\Q AflwUS GvP
BUPk An Ah . \u
\Q, \[S \xPsk g_UP
Pfl Eu {i. G Aflw, {][S
B[Qfl Eu . Iuz
BUPk AnPU Pv Hmh \a\
USU PnQx.
fl US : 1749& g_ hP, \u\Q
\[ BQfl hPhfl Cnx
20

B Gflhzv Aflwz uPizu.

A Aflwfl Eu. Ah Pfl
Px A uPPP va]USz u
Ki. A[S A B[Qh \nhu.
\u\Q P{hP {. A ifl
EuUSU PP ufi, fi
sia\US AQ T BQ Ch[P
g_UPPUS Azu. fl Px A
iuPP va] {UQ hkzu.
B[Q Px Afl EuUS u. B[QU
QUQv oPU Sfl hz uP
J Cm Q BUPmhz uUSuS J
vmh wmi. Au B{ \sh (SauVders)
HU Psh. A Q fl]fl
u h Jfl A. 1751 Q
BUPmh AvP Gvfl P. g_
hP, \u\Q A Bo, P
UP BQ Ch[P uPizu. B[Qh
\nhu \u\fl u xsiUPmhx (1752).
i va]U P i.
1754&B Bsk fl_ Az vz ufl {mkUS
AzxU Pshx. A \flfl Csh P{hP
ihux.
G Iuzv g_UPPfl |
huP Cux. 1750 {][ P
sh. \ [ |P g_U
PPUS H \PP [Q. P{hP
BUPmhU Px B[Qfl P
\uS. G Q BUPmk Gfl
Pmh.
P : 1755 sia\ EhfliUP Pz
u. Aufli g_UPPfl SvP APUSz
v AUPmh. P{hPSvP B[Q
hu. Iuzv (General
Bussy) g_a \UP xPzx u.
21

fl P{hP (1756 & 1763) Pn[P :

I izu Hsk fl P{hP
US EhiU PnP Aux. Cv
g_ SvPfl B{P ufl hz
uvP Psm&i& (Count-de-Lally) Gfl,
fl_ {mk A_ CvUS A zux. A
Cv uhfl \flm hm Pmhz
uUQ AuU P. \flU Pz
vmhmh A Iuzvu g_z uv
z xnUS Azu. Ax P uP
iux. Iuzvx hfl
B[Q h \UP SvP fl P.
Iuzvfl
|\
\z
[
B[Qhfl
\si Pmh |USz umh. Au
Iuzv g_UPP u A] \UP
Cu.
g_z
uvP
,
B[Q ku Aha \u.
1761&B Bsk sia\ Th g_UPP
B[Qh Jhzu.
P : fl P{hP 1763&B Bsk _
EhfliUP iUS ux. Aufli g_U
PP C PmhP kzuUThx Gfl
|ufl sia\, PUP
g_UPPUSa \u Cu SvP sk
APh JhUPmh. Cv g_U
PPfl S fl P{hP J
zux.
B[Qfl UP Pn[P : (1) g_UP
Phfl JkP B[Qfl |v |
flhuPU Pnmhx, (2) mi A_ ux
oPU SS x Eu Azux
g_ A_ AUP, (3) g_UPP h
B[QP ] oP \vP u,
(4) C[Qx fl\ h P Eu Ph
22

 ux, (5) B[Q hzuvPh

{ J |x, (6) C[Qv Av
|u B[Q Cv P[P U
Pzu \zv, (7) ]u B{ ifl
\ Cv umh PPmhzv A
v AUPmhx AUS fl u
i vhP [Pux
g_UPPfl uUSU Pn[PP Au.
II.

[Pzv B[Q BvUP a]

AvPfl 1740 uflh _uvzv Az

u. A [Pzvfl { B. 1756 AvPfl
US fl Ah fl ]&Ez&u
uflh 24x v [Pzvfl { B. A
Bm]US u ]x PzvSP [Pzv
AUS B[QUS Ch \a\P ufl.
] & Pn[P : B[Q [Pzvu
Pmh kzxu |zx
]&Ez&u Ezumh. B B[Q
Pmh xzu o |zu zu. G
{ P]u B[Q oPz uzvz
uUQ. fl PmhU P.
UQ B[Q A E u. G
146 P PvPP ]iUPmh. AP
A ] Pa] A Jfl zx
AhUPmhuPU TkQx. 1756&B h fl
u 20&B { AP 123 a_zvn
CuuP 23 mk E zuuP
TkQx. Cu |Pa] Cmh xa \ (Black
Hole Tragedy) Gfl B[Q AbP
oUPkQx.
Aa\zvU
P
\flu
B[Q, Cm Q Phhz uv
23

m\fl (Admiral Watson) BQ u, J Eu

h [PzvS A zu. ]&Ez&
ufl ufl hzuv hfl
Q J CP] EhfliUPa \x Psk
{ GvPz u.
|Pa]P : 1757&B Bsk fl u 23&B {
{fl u{P uzxUS AQ Cu
] {UQ Q fl. uz
uv hfl Q \x Psh CP]
EhfliUPfli A B[QUS GvP
Dkh. {fl hP UPzvx
u Ki. fl { Pmh. Qfl
USvfli [Pzv { B.
] {hux J ] PP u Ax J
A. G P zu Cv
] Su UQzx uPU
PukQx. H Cv B[Q Bm]
P Ffl A Szux.
P : v {hx B[Q
uP . B[Q oPU S 24 PU
P x. Qfl PP
. Ah Gu AvP C. {h
A B[Qfl uP zv \
i. G 1760 A ux S
i Pmhkzumh. fl Ah P
P] [Pzvfl v {P |UPmh.
S P] B[Qfl Q uz
uP zv \ C x.
U\ (1764) Pn[P : P] C,
xi, Eh Bm]. A _uv
Pa \h . ufl u{PU PPzu
Cx S uu [R (Manghir) Gfl
ChzvS . ufl hPUS ]UP
24

{mk ]P US Azv.
G
B[QUS
{USh
\a\
Hmhx. B[Q A ux CUP
i \u. Aufl 1764&B Bsk U\
Hmhx. A P], Azv {
_&Ez&u
_&Ez&u, P A\ B BQ
h Tmho hP B[Qz uv
fl uPizu. P] UPzvx
u Ki. C B[Qh \s
Ahu.
P : 1765& Hmh APz EhfliUP
U\ J iUS ux. AhfliUPfli
Azv, _&Ez&uSz v AUPmhx.
B A Cmkz uPP 50 m\
B[QUS AUPsiux. B[Qh
Jfl Azvfl xPPP |zu si
PmhzvS _&Ez&u EUPmh. P,
APz BQ mh[P BzvS AUP
mh. A [P, P, K\ BQ SvP
Cx | ` \ E (v E)
B[QUS Azu. AuS DhP A BskUS 26
m\ B[Qhx KvP
. U\ B[Q [Pzvfl Es
Bm]PP x. A APfl
Cq G Gv P
\Uv kzvx.
[Pzv

Q
[Pzvfl u B{P (1758 & 1760) |UPmh.
A B[Q Bm] [Pzv uUPnzv
kzv. A [Pzv APkzv v
|P Cmh Bm] Gmhx. Aufli
[Pzvfl |P {h AvP
B[Qhzv Cux. Gu AvP Cu
u mk {h, Gu
Cu G AvP[P B[Qh Cu.
25

III.

` P

Iu A : Iu A 1721&B Bsk u. Ah
uu ` A\fl h u (u
Faujdar).

Iu A ufl UP J \un h
Pz uh[Q. Iu i Ev
UPzuUP , AUT, xA
Psh. ux Pi E ` Cqzvfl
ufl hzuvP Iu E .
`fl fl Cux Iu ufl {mifl
Bm]P Azx `fl _u.
u ` (1767 & 1769) &
Pn[P : Iu A ufl h
g_ P \zx h
UQ. ufl
Cvfl SvPU P
ufl {mh UQ. Iu
Afl P a] zv,
Iuz |\ B[Qfl
z ysix. AP
Cnx Tmho
Azx Iu A x
Iu A
Azu. Iu ux v
zv |\ Psh. B 1767
z (Smith) Gfl B[Q hz uv Iu \[P
vsn uPiUPmh. Au
{zv Iu Afl P v _ufl ufl
hPhfl \fl {UQ fl. G
B[Q \u EhfliUPa \x P
siu.
P : 1769 Hmh u_ (\fl) Ehfl
iUP
iUPhfl ihux. Aufli Iu
26

B[Q u P Ch[Pz v
Azu. Iu Afl GvP |\, zv
P `z uUQ IuUS EuuP B[Q
JU Psh.
Csh ` (1780 & 1784) & Pn[P : 1771
` zvP uUPmhx. \fl Ehfl
iUPfli B[Q Iu Afl EuUS
. G Iu A Phu. Iu B[Q
z uUSuP \uzu Gv{UQu.
Iu Afl Svu g_USa \u
B[Q uUQx Iu A 1780&B
Bsk B[Q x Azu. A
P{hPzv B[Qhz uPizu. ASv
Ah \nhux. P{hPzvfl Sv Iu
P. B \ A Tm (Sir Eyre Coote) u
B[Qh Iu A 1781 m {
Gflhzv uPizux. h 1782&B
Bsk Iu A { nhu. B
Ax Pfl v _ufl Akzu C h[P
B[Qhfl uhx mh.
P
: 1784& Hmh
[P EhfliUP A
ihux. A
Cu u P
Ch[Pz
v
U
Px G ]iUPmh
PvP
kx
G
JU Psh. Cshx
` , u G
Gu
P
Cfl
ihux.

v _ufl

flx ` : Pfl (1786 & 1793)

[Pzvfl u BP 1786&B Bsk
27

. AUS B[Q hPfl uflz

u [Pmhx. A flx
` vUS GvP mh.
Pn[P : B[Q |\h,
zvh u[P E
kzv. Au {zv v ufl
[P UQxhfl g_U
PPfl Eu . v
1789&B Bsk B[Qfl {m
{h vu[Tz (Travancore)
uUQ. G Pfl 1790
vfl x Azu. C
Pfl
hP z uP
a \vzu. A 1792 ix.
P : v B[Qhfl ^[Pmi Ehfl
iUP
iUPa \x Psh. Aufl P ufl
{mifl vz v B[QUSU PkUP
{mhx. , ShSSv, vskUP, P (u
u Dk, \) BQ SvP B[QUSU
PkUPmh. Ax mkfl fl Pi
Cmkz uPPU PkUSi v
zumh. AuPU PkUS
v u C uP nU PvPP
B[Qh JhUSi {mhx.
{flP ` (1799) & Pn[P : ^[Pmi
EhfliUP v B[Qh
Av Hh. v fl
xnhz vmhzu HU P zu. A
B[Q [P Gso. G P,
Pflhfli{, A fl_ BQ
{kPUSz ufl yxP A v Eu
P. vfl {hiUPP Au
EhiP 1799 vPvP ukzu.
28

uv lk, uv BQ v
uz u siu.
^[Pmizu Pmhx v P P
mk E xUP {mhx.
P : `fl Sv B[Q u
A_hfl CnzxU Psh. `fl zvSv
i a \u QnUS AUPmhx.
vfl Sk ^[Pmizvx APmk
a ]US Amhx.

xnhz vmh
B[Q BvUP UP
IV.

Cvfl
u B{P 1798&1805
u Qzu. A
PPP
fl
oP
|P Cu QUS Cv
oPU S Cvfl P
a \UvP Ezv
. B[Q Bm]
kzu A fl PU

Psh. AP : (1) xn
hz vmh, (2) fl {kPU Pu,
(3) {kP Cnzu BS. C xnhz
vmhzu C[S Ax P. {m
B[Qhfl EhfliUPa \x P Cv
A_P si. A
Ehfl
iUP \u A_P RUPsh |uP
fl sk zumh. AP :
1. B[Qfl s HU Pu,
2. B[Qfl v|v J B[Qzxn
h u[P Sv zxU Pu,
29

30

3. xnhP UP A_P ]
SvP B[Q oPU SUSU Pkzu,
4. xnhz vmhzv \ A\P B[Q
z u Gu Ih uh
zxU Pvzu,
5. B[Qz u B{fl Avfl A
_P A_Phfl Gu a_zu
Dkku Thx,
6. C|uPUS Emmh A_P z
uUSux B[Q xPuP A
Pfl E P[P ukv G
Evzu.
xnhz vmhzv \u {kP : 1. Iuz |\
xnhz vmhzu ufl u H. A
Ph, , Au P BQ Sv
P B[Qh Jhzu. (2) v _ufl
Cu fl `fl Bm]z v Qn
i Czvmhzv \u, (3) Azv {
Czvmhzu H Psm u B Svfl
uflmh[P Azu, (4) Csh
A{P C\zv flP xnhz
vmhzu HU Psh.
Czvmhzvfl ]P : (1) Czvmhzv B[Q
Cv vUP , (2) B[Qfl
\US Su A Qx, (3) Cv
flP B[Q u Pmkmifl R zvUP
Czvmh Eux, (4) Cv A_Pfl \
| P h B[Q UP
Czvmh Eux, (5) Czvmhzv H Cv
A_P u[P {mifl SvP B[QUS
Azuu B[Q ]fl GP hu.
31

SP : (1) Czvmhzv H _u\ A_P u[P

v \UP Cu, (2) xn hz
vmhzv \u Cv flPh Cx Pmh
Euz uP APx uSvUS, US
u Cux. G A_P u SiUP x AvP
a _zv, (3) Cv flP u[P hPU
PUP si PmhzvS EP. A
PUPmh hP {h uUP, shP
fl PPhfl \x xUPUSz
u PkUP, (4) xn hzvmhzv
\u flPfl xP B[Q P AUP
Pmiu _u\ A\P UP x
u[P v Cu, (5) Cv flP uU
Qh {hP AvUPh
G, AP \vP Dkmk
Bzu[Pa \.
fl {k CnU PP
B[Qfl A] BvUP P
A hux. G ] AbP
""B[QU QUQv oPU
Sfl AU'' Gfl AUQfl.
V.

zv P

u zv : fli[_ u B{
P |P \u x (1772 & 1785) u zv
|Pux. 1772 zv A]fl
u Cu. AUS _ C. G
Ah C \Pu, {n B.
B Ah ] uu \ Su,
P G AUPmh, S{u A P
\mh. S{u ufl P AzxU
Psh. B P Bm] u A\
_\ Psh zu zv A] u
{ m Gvzu. A Psh {n
fl P u {n An Azu
32

. P B[Qfl Eu {i.
A 1775 B{hfl `z EhfliUP
EhfliUP
Pzvmh. AhfliUPfli uUS
u QhuS B[Q Eu APUSa
\\m, fl BQ wP AUP P JU
Psh. AhfliUP B[Qz u B{
fliUSUSz u Pmhu
A Au EhfliUP |Pzu.
[Pzvfl B{, u B{ G
AUPmh. A Cvu Azx
B[QPUS E AvP.
1776& { m B[Qhfl u Ehfl
iUP \x Psh. {m A ufl
| EzvU Psk Pz uPizu.
A 1782&B Bsk Hmh \ EhfliUP
hfl iUS ux.
P : u {s B.
B[Q \\m wzu SvPz v
Azu. PS Bsk K FvP fl
m\ [Pmhx.
Csh zv 1803 & Pn[P : zu zv
A] u { m 1800&B Bsk
Cu. Ah S fl zvz uP
fl, ]v BQh Hmhx.
Ax Bm]u Csh
A\ [Q. G A ufl xPS
B[Qfl Eu {i. B[Q fl,
]v BQfl Jflnu hPz u
Pizu.
P : fl ]v xnhz
vmhzv HU Psh. {h zv
u[P Cu.
fl zv (1817 & 1818) & Pn[P : 1817
Csh B[QUS GvP
33

zv uPfl Tmh Jfl EUP

] \u. Aa\zv fl Aa\
J B[Qfl {s h ua\
Pa \mh. Aufl P B[Q
Csh C J EhfliUP
Pzvk zumh. AuS Ehflh
zuxhfl B[Q x ukzu.
B A B[Q uPiUPmh. A
z uhx u B{ i[_
Cv B[Qfl BvUPzu |
{mi.
P : fl AvP Ezuu
]uUPmhx.
zvz
uPfl

Sux. AP B[QPfl R Bm] \

|US u. Cv B[QPhx
P zv Psh ]P u
. Csh S h KvP
8 m\ AUPmhx. zv SvPU
Pskufl () | EQx.
fl (Marshman) Gfl ]fl
Pzxi zv Pfl _u\
Cq mkfl _u\ | Ai
kzumhx.
B[Q \zv ]fl u u
][P \u
\ufl flUQ. A B[Q Bm]USU
Riu ]\P [Q.
zvPfl a]UP Pn[P : AP
(1) zvfl , (2) A] fl,
(3) v u, (4) |fl A,
(5) zvfl \P A Pnmh SkP,
(6) A]fl u P[Pfl UPo,
(7) B[Qfl ]u Cuv v, J
A BS.
34

VI.

fli[ fl
R Cv {

fli[ (1828
& 1835) u B{P 1828&B
Bsk
|UPmh.
A
Su v, {sn,
v~m
u
|Q.
A]fl {fl Bk UPfl
{ AihPU Pshx
Gfl PPhfl \
Au u u B{
A.

fli[

A UPUS {flUS ] ^vzu[P

{hkzv |Pzv ux zv
vzxa \fl. Ah ^vzu[P fl
uP Pkzu. A : (1) u
^vzu[P, (2) |P ^vzu[P, (3) \P
^vzu[P BQS.
CSv Ah \P ^vzu[P
A. zuflu sk Cv, "\v'
Gk EhflPmh Hu, u n, Suz
vn, s]_U P, sP
\ UP, Pn Cu u sPfl
u | fl \PU PkP |u.
AzuP Pi UP[P BP fl Cv
smi, Cv J vzu. A
] wP fli[ AP ]zu.
\v J : \v G EhflPmh Hu CxUPh
Pnmh PU Pi UP[P JflS. Aufli
Pn Cu ufl Pnfl Eh GuPP
mhmh ]u u Ehfl Gx ufl E
zxU P sk. uhUPzv xUP u[P
35

uP A \u. B {h uP
EPfl zu E zxU PU
Pmhkzumh. sPUS CUPmh
uzufl Aa\ fli[ \QzxU
P i. G 1829 Ax A_ J
\mh Cx. Aa\mh EhflPmh Hu \mh
u S G Azux. sP Ehfl
Pmh Hi zx GUS nush
AUPk Gfl Aa\mh Tx. Aa\mh |
[Pzvfl PUP \P ^vzuvP C\
Pfl uv{u uT BQ
Bu fli[ .
E ku s ]_UP J :
Phz vvkzu u EP PkUS
UP Cv J] Smh Czuh
Pnmhx. s ]_UP Gk
uh s SuPU P UP
SP Cu, S, Cvfl ]
SvP Pnmhx. C\zvP fl
CbP P Dkmk Cuu
APfl GsoUP PU Sux.
SvP sPfl UP PU PiP
Cux, SvP um\n fl
mhx AuSU PnP Au. A UP[
P \mhu Gfl Au Pk
ushUS EP Gfl fli[
Azu.
uUPP AhUSu : uUPP Gfl PU Tmh
Jfl oP, oP oP uUQ
APhx mP zx ux. A
a\ zv Cv |x. uUPP Pk
P UP {hmh Su SvP ]zx
u. oP oP \mhu,
36

n \x P APuQx. Aa \P
u
\PUS
fli[

iPmh
. G A fl (Major Sleeman)
Gflfl u J v x Hkzv.
uUPP

A
]
iUPmh.
APUS n ush Ax PU Pk
ushP AUPmh. uUPPfl SuP
^vzu vmh[P P \
mhx. AP Pzu ] , u
] Jfl uh[Pmhx. C uUPPfl
Bzx x }UPmhx.
Pa ^vzu[P : fli[ u B{
u Cux P, PP
B[Q P Szumhx. u
B{fl \mh B\P UP Gfl
AuSU Pn. A 1835 J wzu |
. Aufli fli[ B[Q
Cvfl AP P . A
Qzx \P P, PP
| FUSzu. Ax uPsk Cvfl
{kzu ESi UPh Pzv P
Bzux.

_ CU PP
B[Q BvUP hu
VII.

h] (1848 & 1856) Cv Bm]

\u PUP B{P J. A H
SvP B[Q Bm]hfl Cnzu. P
{kP CnUS PP fl.
g\, R , P CnzxU
Psh. B[Q HPvzvzu Cv |
{mh _ CU PP fl. Au
{zv Cv {UP kuP Aizuz
v A Azu.
37

h]fl UP Gv \
h. h. sh (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl
Cv h]fl oPa _UPP
fl fl zuP USQ.
Pu, J[Qnzu, flu BQ
GUTQ.
_ CU PP (Doctrine of Lapse) (B[Q
fl \u) : CxUP u[PUS _ C
Cu Bs z uzx GkzxU P
E u. A uzx GkUPmh
PUS G EP, PhP Esk.
uzukUPmh CP _P
uufl P Qx Psh. u
_u\ flPfl uzukUS E B[Q
GzuP uUP Cfl JU Psh.
h] u B{P u Hfl
B[Q Bm] kzu _ CU PP
fl. Ax uUPzv B[QP
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A_P, _uv A_P G P Cv A_P
Cv Cu.
EUPmh
A_P
:
1. B[Q
C_P B[Q EUQ. C{kPfl
A\P u[Pfl CS fl AnUS
_Pz uzx GkUP AvUPh.
2. B[Qa \vu {kP : C_P
B[Q BvUPzva \vu. Cu {kPfl
A\P uzukUP sk B[Qfl
Av siux. APUS
B[Q Av AUP Ax UP.
3. _uv A_P : C_Pfl flP uzukU
S _uv u. B uzukUP
38

mhP u A\fl \u \zxUPUS

mk \P ifl An
ix. AnUS _ B[Qfl
Avhflufl i.
_ CU PP CnUPmh {kP
: CUPPfl h] \u, z,
\, Eu, fl] {U BQ SvP
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|uS. 1857 {hu m] fl]
o Cm_ ufl Gvzu J B[Q
Pfl Szx ufl {mh zu
B[Q wzxU Psh.
_ CU PPfl P : CUPP
vUPmh flPfl US B[Q
B. AP B[Qfl w GvPP .
1857&B Bsk {hu [PPzvP UQ
Pn[P CUPP JflS. B[Q x,
UPfl A \ _ CU PP
Pn. u[P {kP B[Q Bm]hfl
CnUPmkk Gfl En Cv
A\Ph uhx Pnmhx. UP B[Q
Bm] zu. UP _u\ flP Bm]
\ku . uzuku Avzu
Cxa \mhzvS nuP _ CU PPU
Pumhx.
h]fl { UP {hiUPP :
h] ^vzu[P APkzv.
C u USzx, uv , u
BQ Ah Pzv APkzu
mhP UP iu BS.
Cu USzx : Cv ufluP
1853&B Bsk x u 20
(36 Q..) yzvS Cu AUPmhx. 1854
39

x oPga Gflh C
\flx
u
AUPmhx.
1856
AUPn Cu AUPmhx.
G h] Cv Cu vmhzvfl
uu Gfl AUPkQ.
x ozx : x \P Azu, PP
mku, [P Pmku BQ oPUPP x
ozx EUPmhx. Azx HP UPzv
ua ^US o Dkmhx. A
uU Pzv P[PU P mhmhx.
PPzu Cnzu "Qsm
i[U' (Grand Trunk) Gk a \,
Ah Pzv AUPmhx.
u uv : h] AAn (3 \) u
APkzv. Au uv
APkzv. 1853 & 1856
P Pmhzv _ 4000 (6400 Q..) yzvSz uv
CnP PPzu, , , \fl
BQ {P[P CnUS uP AUPmh.
Afl Cq UQzx 1857 {hu m]fl
x Enmhx.
P : 1854 \ \ Em (Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of
1854) AUPfl Aih h] Pz
x ] [PU Psk u. J
Pnzv xUPzx (Department of Public
Instruction
DPI)
Jfl Hkzumhx. ,
PPzu, \fl BQ Ch[P PU
PP[P | ]P Pmh. A
1857 vUP mh.
u zuUS UQzx
AUPmhx. u P |[P FUSUP
(Grants-in-aid) [S APkzu
mhx.
40

41

h]fl AzuP ^vzu[P Cv

{UQh Cmka \fl.
P AhP
1. n B[Qfl Bm] Cv |
mhu Aufl UP UP i.
2. n P{hP, ` zv PU
P Pn[P, Afl P Sh
i.
3. n ], U\ P
iP |T C.

Afl

4. n xnhzvmh Aufl |, S
UP i.
5. n fli[ fl ^vzu[P
vh i.
6. n h]fl {k US PP
,
Ah
^vzu[P

GkzxUP i.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. Bv _ {h Sv
A. AUP
B. BUP
C. I
D. B]
2. P{hP {fl u{P
A. \fl
B. sia\
C. BUPk
D. PUP
42

3. hfl g_ B{P u Qzu Ch

A. \fl
C. PPzu

B.
D.

4. \u \Q Ch Pfl
A. Aflwfl
C. uz A

B. \ [
D. Px A

5. 1757&B Bsk [Pzu Bm] \u

A. &Ez&u
C. P]

B. ]&Ez&u
D.

6. ] {h Bsk
A. 1757

B. 1764

C. 1765

D. 1771

7. U\ Cv flPz uPizu B[Q

B{
A. P z
C. Q

B. fl
D. Am m\fl

8. Iu Afl uu J
A. A\
C. Aa\

B. u
D. oP

9. u ` Iu A uPiUPmh Ch
A. \[P
C.

B. ug\
D. sia\

10. 1781 \ A Tm Iu Az uPizu Ch

A. h {
C. v[T

B. \fl
D. `
43

11. u zv
Pzv {hx.
A. Cm Q

RUPsh

B{

B. h]

C. fl i[

D. fli[

12. Iu A nhux
A. |

B. {

C. A\ (Sh s)

D. Eh {fl

13. RUPsh PkQ

A. oPU Sfl ][P B. {mh EUQ
C. oPU Sfl AU D. oPU Sfl u
14. kk [P
A. u `

B. Csh `

C. {flPx ` D. u zv
15. uUPP \mh Ch
A. C Sv

B. P[Pa \

C. zv Cv

D. ufl Cv

16. \v JUPmh Bsk

A. 1828

B. 1829

C. 1835

D. 1838

17. 1835

fli[

Cvfl

P Azu
A. g_

B. B[Q

C. Ex

D. Cv
44

AP

18. _
CU
PP
RUPsh
shuPU Pumhx.
A. Cx \mh

\mhzvS

B. Pv \mh

C. Qzxa \mh

D. a \mh

19. 1856 CSvPUQh C u AUP

mhx.
A. x u B. ux
C. \flx
AUPn

D. x
oPga.

II. Pimh Ch[P zv \P

1. i _____________ fl B{.
2. B[Q _____________ Gfl Phhz ufl
Euhfl g_U PPU P.
3. fl P{hP UP EhiUPn I
Hmh _____________ S.
4. g_ B{ Psm&i& P Pmh
_____________ BS.
5. ]&Ez&ufl
_____________ B.

ufl

hzu

_____________

EhfliUPfli
_________ BQ Ch[P g_UPPUS v

6. _

AUPmh.
7. Iu Az uPizu B[Qz uv _________
B.
8. [Pzv Cmh Bm]
kzv _____________B.
45

AP

9. 1776&B Bsk { m _____________ Ehfl

iUP Pzvmh.
10. P _____________ Gflfl ] uu B.
11. `z EhfliUPfl B[Q _____________
_____________ BQ Ch[P Ph
x .
12. Iu A ufl Svu g_USa \u
_____________ uUPmhu B[Q x
Azu.
13. Iu Afl Pfl _____________ B.
14. v _ufl B[Qfl {m {h_____________
z uUQ.
15. v _ufl Cu fl ` A_ _____________
flUS AUPmhx.
16. v _ufl Eu P_____________, _____________
_____________ BQ {kPUS ufl yxP
A.
17. s ]_UP AvP Pnmh Ch ___________
BS.
18. Cv uflu Cu ____________
x _____________ AUPmhx.
19. h] _____________ u AP
kzv.
20. h] _____________ AUPfl Aih
] Pa ^vzu[P APkzv.
46

III. fl zxP

A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pmh
\sh
Cm Q
[R
B

&&
&&
&&
&&
&&

B{
PPzu
P \
Cq A
u{P

B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

{ m
\\m
u EhfliUP
\ EhfliUP
fl i[_

&&
&&
&&
&&
&&

1776
1782
u B{
w
zu A] u

C
1. A&&\
EhfliUP
2. sia\
EhfliUP
3. _ EhfliUP
4. APz EhfliUP
5. \fl EhfliUP

&& fl P{hP
&&
&&
&&
&&

u `
U\
Csh P{hP
u P{hP

D
1. o Cm_

&&

\v J

2. fli[

&&

u B{
Sfl \mh E

3. fl

&&

4. UP

&&

uUPP

5. h]

&&

fl] o

47

IV. _UPP hUP

1. u P{hP UP Pn[P kzxP.

2. u P{hP fl x?
3. Csh P{hP UP Pn[P ?
4. Csh P{hP fl PU SkP.
5. BUPmk Gfl AUPk
A AUPkQ?

Hfl

6. g_ B{ Psm&i& \u P u
x?
7. fl P{hP fl PU TP.
8. "Cmhz x' ]Sz uP.
9. ] US fl B[Q Ahu {flP
?
10. U\ UP Pn[PU SkP.
11. Iu A G `fl _ufl B?
12. u ` UP Pn[P ?
13. 1790 Pfl_ vfl x Hfl Azu?
14. fl ` fl iP kzxP.
15. { m ] S uP.
16. fl zv fl P kzxP.
17. zvfl a]UP Pn[PU SkP.
18. B[Q BvUP Cv h
Psh {hiUPP ?
48

19. xnhz vmhzv \u {kPfl PU

SkP.
20. uUPP EUS Gfl u?
21. _ CU PP h] Cnzu
{kP G?
22. o Cm_ B[Q x Gu wzxU
Psh?
23. Cv Cufl uu Gfl AUPk
? Hfl?
24. Pzx
SkP.

h]

\u

^vzu[PU

V. h uP
1. u P{hP UP Pn[P ? fl
P kzxP.
2. Csh P{hP J Pmk GxP.
3. P{hP P B[Q uP
Pn[P UP.
4. [Pzv B[Q G BvUP ?
5. Csh ` J Pmkz uP.
6. u zv fl Pn[P, |PP
P USP.
7. Cv B[Q oPU Sfl BvUPzu

G
UQ?
xnhzvmhzvfl |, SP USP.
8. fli[ fl \Pa ^vzu[P J
Pmk P.
49

9. Cv B[Q _ h h]
fl PP UP.
10. Cv {kzu h]
{hiUPP \kzxP.

Psh

VI. \]
1. Cv hzv RUPshU SUP :
A.
Pzv
B[Q
SvU
Smk Av fl Ch[Pa _miU
Pmh & P{hP, h\UP, [P, P,
Azv.
B. h] P B[Q SvP x Av
fl Ch[Pa _miUPmh & fl],
\u, Azv, {U, Eu, , u,
\fl, PPzu.

50

h & 3

u Cva _uv
(1857&B Bsk m]) & B[QU
QUQv oPU S Bm]fl i
P {UP[P
1. n B[Q Bm] Gvzx {h
u m]P (Early revolts) Pzv
u.
2. n 1857 Hmh m]UP A], |P,
u, \P, \, CqU Pn[P
A u.
3. n m] u AhuuP
Pn[P Aufl P x
Pu.
4. n
Uh
]
UQzxzuz ux Pu.

Phzvfl

] US fl QUQv oPU S
Cvfl \zv, [P _si
ux. B[Q CvP AiPP {hzv.
AP Cv A], \mh,
u BQ xP v AP Szv.
A 18&B si { {mi UQ Cu
S mhPP Cu. B[Q
Pfl A] uU PPP
umh UP vS. AP
A Qa]u. Qu UPfl
hfl flP, hPfl SP \x
51

Psh. Cu ] Ch[P PP[P, Gv

P Hmh. A 1857&B Bsk Hmh
m] (Great Revolt) P UQuS.
siu { uflh iP
BL Cv (Discovery of India) Gfl P
"" Psh J {mh, G[Qu J
wx u ] Tmh Bm] \x Gfl
Su Bzv ha \Qx'' Gfl Gv.
AUP Pmhzv Cu Ena]ufl Cv x
ux.
B[Q Bm]US Gv u m]P (1765 & 1856)
: Cvfl QUS SvP, Cx \fl]P,
C_ xP B[Q xP Gvzu.
ufl Cv UPP u[P Sv
B[Q BvUP u Gvzu. AP x
\PuP, si Pmhfl, zufl,
zu BQ u B[QUS GvP
m] Dkmh. AP u] En, ,
ufl, vP BQ sP ]x [Q.
m]x B[Qfl
1806 {hu
{hiUPP G CvP zxU
P mhP Gflu Enzvx. 1824 Hmh
U m] B[QUS GvP Hmh
UQ m]S.
u Cva _uv Ax 1857 {hu
m] : Cv hP 1857&B Bsk B[QU
QUQv oPUSUS GvP m] Dkmh.
Au B[Q B]P h PP Gfl
Gv. B Cv B]P
A|Pa] u Cva _uv Gfl
oUQfl. A|Pa] 1857&B Bsk
m] Gfl AUPkQx. A|Pa]fl x
P[ Cvfl u B{P u
52

Cu. Am]UP Pn[P . AP

A], |P, u, \P, \, Cq
EhiUPn G Pkzu.
A] Pn[P : B[Qfl {k CnU
PP P UQ Pn[P JflS.
Cv flPhfl \x Psh xn
hz vmh B[QUSa \uPP Cux
mk Aufl |uP vUPmh. \[
P AP UPoUPmh. h]fl _
CU PP Gmk {kP Gu |
fl B[Q _hfl CnUPmh. {\Q
ufl Kvzv Cu. fl]o Cm_
uzx GkzxU P AvUPh. AP
B[QUS GvPa \mh. AP Aa_uv
Ga]flx Pa ]u uPPU Pu
mh. Azv { ]z A ux
}UQ Azv B[Q A_ ufl Svhfl CnzxU
Pshu Azv m] {hu Ch[P P
UQ SvP [Qx. P \
Csh Py Ax zuflP
B[Q Ckzv. AP u[P fl
Pfl As, \[Pmh Gv
Pzv flkzu i ukUPmh. A
mkfl
xP
_P
B[Q
AvvU Psiu. B[Q Bm] AP
u[P A] AvPzu CuuPU Pv.
|PU Pn[P : CvPUS B[Q
Bm]fl x {UPfl, Hmh.
EunP }vfl[P ^P US vP
B[Q Szvx UPUS iUP.
B[Qfl }v[S AvP \huP,
Cvz uflhuP (Mechanical) Pzuu
huP Cux. Au H UPUS Gu
QhUP. u[PUS PP Ai
53

ox u \un UP u[P x USz

ukuS A}v \uPP Cuu \v
UP Au zu. Ax B[QU P
x vh \h. G x
UP u[P EhUS, EUS, PzvS
xP Cuu Gx Enu.
AP P AvPP v Hkzvx
| S. B[Q Bm]fl R |U
P SiP \P xflzu Az
u. SiP P AvP | \zu
siux. |UPfl \PP UP
mh. CvPUS A] Cqzv E
uP UPmh. B[Q oPUS |Pzv
{ QhUSfl Gvzu izu Cv
CbP Hhu.
uU Pn[P : {mifl ua _sh
, H \ mhu,
Cvz uPfl A Cv UPfl
u UP ^Sux. B[Q Cv
Pfl uP, Ezv hUQ. Cv
mPUS C[Qv P AvP P
B[Q mPUS Cv PU Su CUSv
vUPmh. Cv[P Ezva \
mh H B[Q {mk mP Cv
\uP | u. fluP. S|
flP u[P u Cuu APh o
u CvU PbP, PU PbP
Bu Cu. {\P, PbP
B[Q APfl zvP u
Pmh kzumh. AuS APUS PU
Su T Qhzux. G APfl u
Dkk Sux. Au P A
P EhuP [Q Cvfl {\z
u {hux. Au Cv A\Ph
Eu Qzx u BUPnUPP u[P
54

u CUP {mhx. Au AP { u
UPfl UP vSx. SzuPa
_uv Psh |[P fli[ A]fl
Pmkmi Psk uu |a \uUPP
USz umh.19&B sifl u
v Hmh uhu H g\[P {mifl
u | x vzu.
\PU Pn[P : B[Q Cv uhz
uuPP {hzv. Cvhfl uh Psh
u u[P C C kzv.
CvP uh siP u S n
\ AvUPh. AP G \P
xU Tmh[Px UQ UPmh.
AP B[Qhfl \x P AvUPh
. PP {mk sk, B[QU
P Cv vP vha
\u. EhflPmh H UP JUPmhx, s
]_U P uk, uP n FUSUP
mhx. QzxPP P \zx
x fl Cv \vPfl En
x vzu.
\U Pn[P : Qzxa \ P
u[P \zu v wP Dkmiu.
APfl \kP Cvh Ju zu
Hkzv. B[Q Cvfl \[P Aik
Azx CvU Qzx {hP ]uPa
\uPmh.
B[Q
fl
E
B.i.[P (R.D. Mangles) Gfl, ""J
B[Q
J
Cvx
Qzxa
\zvS w ] GkUP sk.
Qzxfl uP Cvfl J
Cx PP UP
sk'' Gfl hP Azu.
55

Au A Cv UPh Su
Pzu B[Q Bm]flx
Hkzv. PPUS, `vPUS \u
|[Pfl x B[Q vzu UPfl \
Enz ysix. Cx \ SP, Pv
P B[Q Bm]fl x Avv
Ahu. AzuP \P B[Q u
v Cu.
CqU Pn[P : Cv hP ]P
G AUPmh. Cvu B[Q Cq
h Cv fl GsoUP
Cu. Es T sk, Cva
]Pfl
_\zv
APfl
Evfl
Aih ufl B[Qfl AvP Cux.
B Cva ]P B[Q CP,
uP {hzv. Cva ]PUS AP
fl B[Qa ]Ph S \
[P mhx. APUS Cqzv u E
Qhx. Cva ]P u[P \
smk UPi { vP Cku, ui
zu, uP Aou flx
ukUPmh. 1856 P[ fl A_, x
Cq o \mh (The General Services Enlistment
Act) Jfl |x. u Hmh Cva
]P Ph Phx \fl o sk Gfl
Aa\mh Pmhkzvx. Au Cva ]P
B[Q x U Psh.
EhiU Pn : Cv Cqzv B[Q
v Gflk P xUQP APkzumhx ufl
m]US EhiU PnP Aux. AzxUQPfl
umhUP PU P uhmiux. Az
umhUP EQuS fl Aufl Pi
P P Pizxz vUP siux.
56

_ flfl P, umhUP uhmk

CuuPU Pv Cx, C_ h P
AzumhUP EQUP zu. _UP Cx
\zv uPU Pvx, fl C_
zx JxUQx AuP PnS. AzumhU
P EQx u \U PmmiS Gvx
Gfl C \zv Pv. 1857&B Bsk a
u 29&B uv PPzuS AQ U
Gflhzv [P ha \u [P
sh Gfl C Cv h Pzuh
umh EQUP zx ufl vPa _mkU
Pfl. Au A Px \mk, }v
\nUS Emkzumk fl yUQhmh. Aa
\v hfl Cv hP ,
SvP m]z uh[Q.
m]fl US : 1857&B Bsk H u m
{P hP hP m] Dk
mh. AP Pz uh umhUP uh
zu. G AP Cq \nUS Em
kzumk 10 BskP Pk[P ush .
mha \u h 1857&B Bsk u
10&B { m] Dkmh. AP ]a
\z uPzx . ]hmh
hP kzu. fl AP h
{UQa \fl v[P 11&B { hz u
Pmkmifl R Psk u. hfl fl
A\ Csh Py uUP Psh x
A \ G Phkzv.
Pfl {h m] Csh
fl uzx B[Qh Su
Avv Psh {\Q {hzv.
{\Qfl hUS uv u Gfl _\
v hzuv u
57

58

. U Azvfl A] zP
P m] {hzv. zv Cvfl
fl] Co Cm_ m] hPUSz
u u[Q. A Pa]u Cv u\
UuP J. Bs Eh uzx Dk Cn
zxh Cq uvzxh J Es
m] Dkmh. A S
{PU P . \S P P mh
Co Cm_ 1858&B Bsk fl v[P
{h \sh Pmh.
m] {hu \ Cv Cu B[Q
B]Pfl Ti 1857 {hu m]
Dkmh Cvz uP Pa]uP,
UPP vPu Co Cm_ B.
QPsifl u{P hP
m]kmh. AP Q Svfl u
z u[P B{P Azu. Pwfl |
80 x | Pfl][ S Pfl
Pa]u Cqz uvPz vPu.
uPhfl \x Pz uzxhfl m]
Dkmh BUPnUP h P, \P
PbPufl Cm]fl Pu{PP.
AP Su zxhfl uP i. ]
Ch[P \un UP m] Dkmh.
Es
\

\P,
P
bP xUP m] [S
u Am]US AvP Qmix. Au
m]
UP
m]P
Px.
G
B[Qfl w AhUS Am]
i ux.
m]fl uUP Pn[P : 1857&B Bsk
m] Pn[P uhux.
59

Jfl : m]Ph J.
u], J fl PzxUP a]h
. m]P x {UPzvU
PsiUP. [P hP ChUP
P P sk Psk Gso. {
\Q, uv u zva \UP sk
| ]zu. Co Cm_ Cu ufl
{mh mP i. Akzx, Cm] {h[S
. Cvfl hUS zv SvP
mk m] {hx. , g\, ]x,
Cufl uflv fl SvP
Av |x. B[Q ^UQP, BPP
TUPUP Psh hfl _\z
u . TUP m] AhUP B[Q
US EuPa \mhx.
{ PP & u ~m P Sk :
m] [P Ax a \ u BQ
B[Qfl { UPPUS DhP.
m] [P xUPfl Buhfl i
Cv hP {flS vmhhmk J[Shfl
\ B[Q Cqzv GvP i
. ] hP, u U
PP uSu {zv QhUP u
\[P m]P u[P ]PU Ph
si | Hmhx. B[Qfl \
kPUSz uv Ag\ uP
x Eu.
u : CvPh uSv
uP Pnh. AP Gu A
vmhzv UP.
m]fl uP B[Q hzuvPUS
DhP A. Co Cm_ uv
u, { \Q zv ]uPfl {
60

uvP A. CvP B[Qfl Ph

uSu {zv AP C[Qvx h Eu
HxP Avux.
m]fl P : 1. m]USfl B[QU
QUQv oPU Sfl Bm] iUS ux,
2. Cv |QUS B[Q A\
Pshx, 3. J ]a \mhzvfl CUS{
S (Board of Directors) PmkmkU S (Board of
Control) PUPmh. AS vP Cva
\ (Secretary of State for India) J |UPmh.
AUS Euh 15 EPU Psh CvU S
Jfl AUPmhx, 4. Cv Cq xP
^UPmhx, 5. CUP Cv {kP
CnzxU P PP Phmhx. Cv
A_P PzxU Psh u \P
B[Q Enu.
B[QU QUQv oPUS Bm]fl i :
1858 m] AhUPmhhfl Cv B[Q Bm]
J v Pmh Ex. Cv
uh B[QU PP UQ uP
Hmh. |P ATh uP
Hmh.
1858&B h \mh Uh ]fl
Ph : 1858&B Bsk BPk u C[Qx
fl J \mhzv Cx. Aufli
B[QU QUQv oPU Sfl Bm] iUS
ux. Cv |Pzv B[Q A_ Pshx.
]
Cvfl
u
B{
G
A\v|v
AUPmh. ] GfluS
Gfl
BS.
Aa\mh Cmhx C[Qu Bm]
\u Uh Po
Po. Ax J
61

UP hmhx. Au 1858&B Bsk

{ u u uv Cvfl u B{
P[ APzv {hu u (Tmh)
mh. ]fl Ph Ax UP G
AUPmh AUP Cv UPfl P\\
Gfl Pumhx. Cu AUP CvPUSa ]
\PP [Qx. Aufli B[QU QUQv
oPUS Cv A\Phfl Psiu Ehfl
iUPP EvUPmh. AUP Cvfl
sk, UP UP[P vUPk G
Evzux. Cv flPUSz uzx GkzxU
P E [Pmhx. {inU PP
Phmhx. AUP Azx CvP C,
PP ifl P, vfl Aih
A_ |P oP ~z uSvhP
G Azux. m]flx B[Qfl
nzvSU
PnP
CuP
u

AUS |u fl [Pmhx.
P AhP
1. n B[QUS GvP
m]Pa _miUPmh i.

{hu

2. n 1857&B Bsk m]UP A],

|P, u, \P, \, Cq
EhiU Pn[P |T i.
3. n m]fl UQ UP i.
4. n m]fl uUP Pn[P
UP i.
5. n m]fl P UP i.
6. n ]fl Phzu UP i.

62

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. uflv {hu m] UPPUSz
u H
A. Co Cm_ B. { \Q
C. x \PuP

D. uv u

2. 1857 {hu m] B[Q B]P

US u
A. ] PP

B. [PP

C. _uv

D. ku mh

3. Cv m]fl x Cvfl u
B{P Cu
A.

B. h]

C. P[

D. Q

4. Cv[P Ezva \mh B[Q {mk

mP | u Ch
A. B[Q {mka \u B. Cv {mka \u
C. A {mka \u D. AUP {mka \u
5. x Cq o \mh u Bsk
A. 1856

B. 1857

C. 1858

D. 1859

6. Pfl m]USz u u[Q

A. {\Q

B. Co Cm_

C. [P sh

D. u

7. Pfl][ J
A. B]

B. ]

C. |

D. PU Pb
63

8. [Pzvu
hP
RUPshPfl
ChUP Pz v Psk Gso
A. zv
B. P
C. ^UQ
D. CxUP
9. Co Cm_ m] Dkmh Ch
A. Pfl
B. zv Cv
C. U
D. h
10. ] Gflufl
A. A\v|v
B. P u
C. hzuv
D. \z u
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. UPP _____________ _____________
BQ Sn[P ]x [Q.
2. 1857 {hu m] Cv B]P
_____________ Gfl oUQfl.
3. 1857 {hu m] Pa ]u PP_____________
_____________ BQ Pumh.
4. Cv hPUSz u[P \ smk
UPzvfli _____________,_____________

_____________ BQa \ uh vUPmhx.

5. Cq xo \mh Cv hP
_____________ Phx oz uP CUP
sk Gfl zvx.
6. {\Qfl

hP
_____________ B.

{hzva

\fl

7. zv Bm] sk |{mh
uP ____________ ___________ BP.
8. m] AhUP B[QUS Eu \u
h _____________ BS.
64

9. m]flx B[Qfl \k
PUS _____________ ___________ P P
EuP Cu.
10. Uh ]fl AUP _____________
_____________ u ]zu.
III. fl zxP

A
1. ] PP

&&

1857

2. U PP

&&

3. m]

&&

fl]

4. Csh Py

&&

1824

5. Co Cm_

&&

1806

B
1. [P sh

&&

Pfl

2. Csh Py

&&

Azv

3. { \Q

&&

zv Cv

4. P z P

&&

5. Cm_

&&

IV. _UPP hUP

1. UPP EUS
AP ] U SkP.
2. m] Hh B[Qfl
PP Gu Pn?

Gfl
{k

u?
CnU

3. B[Q A]fl x C_ Avv Ahuufl?

4. Cvfl
hUQ?

uP

B[Q

Gu

5. Cv {\z u U Pn[P ?
65

6. B.i. [P (R.D. Mangles) AUP J

S uP.
7. 1857&B Bsk {hu m]fl EhiU Pn x?
8. m m]fl P kzxP.
9. m] Co Cm_fl [S x?
10. Pfl][Qfl \uU SkP.
11. m] Hfl Cv x ?
12. 1857 {hu m] [S uPh
x {UP Pnh Gflu |?
13. Uh ]fl AUPfl UQzx x?
V. h uP
1. 1857&B Bsk {h m]UP Pn[P
?
2. m] Hfl Cvfl hUS zv SvP
mk x?
3. 1857&B Bsk m]
Pn[P \kzxP.

uhuuP

4. 1857&B Bsk m]fl P GxP.

VI. \ ]
1. Cv hzv m] {hu RUPsh [
PU SUP :
h, Pfl, U, m, U, ,
S, APz.

66

AS & II
h & 4

19&B sifl \P,

\a ^vzu CUP[P
P {UP[P
1. n Cv \P, \a ^vzu CUP[P
ufluP Pn[P A .
2. n \, B \ C
Qn CUP BQfl {UP[P, Afl
oP A .
3. n b\ uUPmh u
, hUh Afl\flm Cv \uzvS
B uskP x Pu.
4. n _ ^vzu CUP[P \x
APxPfl oP P.
5. n ], ^UQ ^vzu CUP[P
ux Pu.
6. n \P, \a ^vzu CUP[Pfl
P x Pu.

zuflu sk, Cv \P
\zv ^vzu {hiUPP P
mh. \zv, \Pzv Su wP
PkP }USuS izu CbP
fl.
67

Pzv PzxUP Szuu, \zx,

_uv uz ufl fl APU
Pu. G AP u[P smi Cu
SP }UP fl. AP Cv smi
sk zx a\ . BP 19&B
si Hmh \P, \a ^vzu[P Cv
a] CUP Gfl { AUQfl. C
Pfl AUPzvfl fliPz vPu.
\P, \ CUP[P ufluP Pn[P &
A] J : B[Q Bm]fl UP,
J[QnU PP Cv A] v
Jflkzumhx. Au CvPh |
xa\P A x Pmh.
B[Q Bm]fl uflx Cv Cb
Pz u[Px xflzvS C|US Pn[
P Az ysix.
Qzx \Pfl a\zvS Gv :
Qzx \P SP, H, JkUP
mhP, zv u[P uzu G
]P Psh. PU Th[P, zx
P, C\a \P A]fl Bu
BQ Th A{UPzvS flkzumhx.
G CxUP, C_P u[P \[PU
P G ]P Psh.
A{mk AbPfl [P : Pzv AbP
U fl BQ
Cvfl

UPnu.
AP sh Cvfl UP P
Bx
izu.
Aufl
P
Pzv
smh h P Eu Cv smka
\ a\zvSU Psk u. AP
CUQ, \ P zu. AP
68

EP P . Au izu CvPh
u[P smi {UP ux. G AP
Pzv smh h Cv sk
mhx Gflu |{mh Gso.
Cva \vz uP : IP Cv Aa_U
Th[P APkzv. Au {uP,
CuP z uh[Q. Cv
P zuP[P hmh. A
Cv {mh PzxUP Ch
u.
A
{{mifl
zu
fl izu CvP Ax P Eu.
G AP Cv smk a]US
ohz uh[Q.
mkU P : mkU P U
PzxUP UPm], _uv, \zx
u] BQ Cv . Pzv {k
PUSa \fl CvP AUPzxUP A[S \k
u {iP Ax Psh. u{k v
AP CvPh A na]
C CuU Psk v. AU
PzxUP Cv AP u Ai
ha \P Dkmh.
xP B[QU P
CvPufl Cv u] En, {
]u a] x Gflx UP
iu EsS.
\ & 1828 : \ 1828&B Bsk
C Pfl Gfl uh[Pmhx. A
[Pzv K Aun Skzv u. A A,
\Qu, ^P, B[Q, g_, Czwfl,
QUP fl PU
Pnu. Cx, C_, Qzx `
69

BQ \ uzx[P
P. Cx \Pzu \z
u ^vzxx Afl
UQ {UPP Cux. A
[P, Cv, \Qu,
^P B[Q
P P Gv.
H_ Qxfl PmhP
(Precepts

of

Jesus

Christ),

AvUS Qa]US
(The Guide to Peace and Happiness)

BQ A ]. A
C Pfl
[P ^P

\vzuP
Bzu. P \ Csh AU
CPUS C Gfl mhzu Azx Az
ux yxP C[QxUS A zu.
J Ph Gfl PPfl Aih
xa\zv {UPU PshPfl \P
\ Cux. E k, \ vP,
\h[SP BQ CPfl Psizu.
B A Cx \zv, u[P Psiu
{UP CUP. \ \v,
wsh, \v G EhflPmh Hu, E k
BQU Psizux.
sPfl
|
Ezu
C
Pfl fli[ \v Gfl
EhflPmh H UPzu JUP ]zu.
1829&B Bsk fli[ EhflPmh H UP
\mhzvS x Gfl, Au FUSUS
nush [Pk Gfl Azu.
CUPi UPzvS GvP CP
|Pa] Gx Gfl E[PUSz u?
CPfl ] Cux uh P
70

AflPmi ux zu Asnfl U
Pnfl Cuhfl, ux EP EhflPmh H
zv CuuU Psh. Ah C
{g] Au |Pa] Bu kP Cux.
G C v AUPi UPzu
Aik }UP sk G v EvPsh.
\ Suz vnzu, u
nzu Gvzux. uP nzu
Buzux. \zvfl uP J P\
\v \flfl ] 1872&B Bsk J \mh
Pskmhx. Aufli Suz vn,
u n JUPmh. Aa\mh Pz
vnzu, uP nzu Buzux.
CPflfl S fl
\zvfl oP PUP P\ \v \fl
uv {z uT Psk {hzv.
B \ & 1875 : B \z
v, _ uu \v
1875&B Bsk uh[Q.
A Szv Cu J ]
{Pzv

F
Aun Szv u. A
CU Pzv \[P
Gfl AUPmh. A
_ u (Vrajanand)
Gfl x \vzu.
Afl ^hQ u[PU
_ uu \v
P. u[P v
A ufl { u
\mh. A Cx \Pzua ^vzu Gso.
uu \vfl Pzxi u[P G
EsP EhUQ. G ""u[P
71

{UQa \'' (Go Back to The Vedas) Gflx Ax UP

x. u[P Ah PzxUP
\zzu P (Sathyartha Prakash) Gfl A Gv
PnkQfl.
\zu zu B \ E
k, \a \h[SP, P[P h,
\UP, {P uv fl PmkP
Gvzux. u u[P \u Cx \
UPz v Cx \zvSU Psk
uu \v _zv CUP (Suddhi Movement) Gfl
CUPzu Bzu. Aufl P HP
v Cx \zv fl Bzu.
uu \v Cx \zvfl ifl u
Gfl AUPkQ. ifl u a
\u ]u \a ^vzuv.
B \ Cx \PzvS
oP xx. A Suz vn,
un, u G Pzv Ao ,
\v EhflPmh Hu BQ
Gvzux. \ sP, uzumh UPfl
fl BQ zvx. Pz vn,
\v En Esn (interdining) BQ FUSzux.
B \ Cv SP h Cv H
P |[P |x. SS[P
P SS[P \Qu u[P
Buzv PUQfl. uu B[Q u
P (DAV Schools Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools)
PP {U P, u h[P, A
BQ PUPkQfl. uufl ^hP
v, fl, siu Suz BQ
B \U PPP . Cv u]z
uP P[Pu vP, P Qn
72

PP BQ B \zvfl uzx[P
PmkP Su Dkk Psk Cu.
"_u\' "Cv CvUP' fl {PzxU
P uflu T uu \vPzufl
CUP sk. Ah SUP \P
(Motto) " A' Gfl
k. "\z u', "{ Aflu' (Satyam
Eva Jayate', 'Na Anritam') GfluS.
b \ & 1875 (Theosophical Society) v\
Gfl \ C QUPa \Pfl Cn BS.
v Gfl Ph Gfl \ Gfl A
Gfl k. G v\ Gfl Ph
A Gfl k. Cx \Qu
b Gfl AUPkQx. Ca\ ufl
u mQ Gfl so, P
Ga.G. BPm Gfl 1875&B Bsk AUP
IUQ {kP AUPmhx.
Cvfl ]u sk AP
Dzu. G AP fl Aa\fl u
Chzu \fl Ah
AhUS .
b \fl UQU PPP : Ca\fl
PPP :
1. \Puzxzu
AihPU
Psh
Azx UPfl A Jfl EUSu,
2. sh \, uzx, A P,

3. CPfl |vP Ax
uP \UvP zu BS.

uh

Ca\fl ]UP A[Pzv vv.

Afl\flm A 1893&B Bsk Cv u.
73

A b \fl u
H. A Cx \ a]USz ufl A
ozxU Psh. Pz x A B oP
P UQS. A ] (P])
uh[Q zv CxU P Cv _ Cx
PU PPzxhfl CnUPmhx. A {hzv
\vzu | Cv (New India) bU
PPP x. fl A Bzu
uflm] CUP (Home Rule Movement) Cvz u]
CUPzvS EzP Azux.
CQn CUP 1897 :
19&B sifl
UQ ^vzuv C
Qn \ B. A
PPzuS AQ E
um]n_
um]n_zvu
P
Pfl \P Cu.
A PU P PP
. G uflh
G
CP
CQn \
Es
A
ufla _ CuPfl
Afl . G \[Pfl Aih
EsP AUS Bu {UP Cux. A
Azxa \[Pfl J vzu. A
u[P E|hu[P Pnk E PzxU
P P G }vUPuP (Parables)
Gkzxzu. UP A Phfl J
Sv Gfl zv. A zu
""uUSa \ o PhUSa \uS.''
CQnfl PPP
Ah UQ ^h Pu \.
Pufl C {v{z GfluS.
74

A B[Q P u
i izufl E
P . A
{mkz
uzx
bPfl
P izu. J
P PUSa \fl A
CQna
\vzu.
{v A DUPmh.
Ax u A CQn
\h P {UPP
P
Bzu.
C
Qnfl
S
fl
_ Pu
Pu
u
B\fl
PPP Cv x . Ah
a_zv,
u
A\P,
\un
SiP A Pu. Pu
zu ""HPUS, uzu mhPUS
\ o PhUSa \ P
oS''. Ax Ah SUP.
Pu 1893&B Bsk AUP E
]UPP {P {h EPa \ {mi [S
. A[S SuP {UQ A u
E ""CPa \Pu, \PuP'' (Brothers and
Sisters of this Universe) Gfl uh[Q. Pu
EP Cvfl smi, Cx
\zvfl fl Ezv. ]UPP,
AUPfl Cu SvP C[Qv
A B EP AUS P {sP
Qmi.
CQnh
1897&B
Bsk
_
Pu
PPzuPQ

|mhx. CQn hzvfl QP Cv

mkfl EQfl SvP E. ""u
CzvSa \ \u'' CUPzvfl SU
PS. P, sPfl k, HP
75

uzumhPfl AP BQP
\P C| \x Qflx. C
UP P, u~m |[
P, Au C[P, zxP
|x. CPz x[P ,
g\ flPfl vS UPfl x
}UP, C| ox.
_ Pu Cx \, sk, \P,
Cv u] BQS usk B
. Au CQn CUP P
uuP x. Cfl C | Cv
\PzvS US oPz uhx \x
Qflx.
_ CUP[P : _P }shPP mkU
P B[Q Bm]fl uUPzvx
Q Cu. 19&B sifl Svufl
_ \Pzvh ^vzu CUP[P ufl.
{U P x, _ \uzv
Pnmh u , u n flPU
Px Afl {UPP Cu. 1863&B Bsk
PPzu Pv CUQUPP (Mohammeden
Literacy Society) Gfl A { Ax zw
Bzu. AUPP C_h P
v UQ [Q Bxhfl [Pzv
Pz uh[Qx.
\x APx P AP CUP : _
Ph {U P, \Pa ^vzu[P
P UQ AP CUPzu \ \x
APxPfl uh[Q. A B[Q A\[Pzv
}vzx AP o. A 1857&
{hu m]flx B[QUS _\P
Cu. B[Q A_hfl _P JzxUP
sk Gfl zv. G A Cv
76

u]U P[Q\ Gvz u.

B[QUS GvP
_P A] mhzv
Dkkx APx {flP
vUS G A {.

\ \x APxPfl

\x APxPfl Cv
u]U P[Q\ Gvzu
Cx _ J A
zv u. CxUP,
_P BQ C J
{mha \uP Gfl,
APfl
Jufl
{mifl
fl
Ex

Gfl Pv.
1864&B Bsk \ \x APxPfl P]
Jflz uh[Q. flmP Ax A
PP (Scientific Society) Gfl AUPmhx. AUPP
A P Ex , zx
mhx. Afl P \u 1875&B Bsk
AP Pvfl B[Q Ksh P
(MAO) |uS. CUP {h Cv
_Pfl P UQ P |P x.
fl A| AP _ PU PPP
ux. \ \x APx P uh[Pmh
CUP AP CUP Gfl AUPmhx. A
sP Pzv Aou }UP sP
\uPPa \mh. A ufl {hzv u&Ez&
AUU (Thazil-ud-Akhlag) (JUPa ^vzu) Gfl
zvPfl Pz u PzxUP .
_ \PzvUS oh \U
PP[P uh[Pmh.
] ^UQ ^vzu CUP[P : ] C
UPh \, \Pa ^vzuzv Szxv
fliP [QP uu {,
{ Lkfl (Navoroji Furdoonji) B. s
Pfl flzvPP, APh { P
77

 CP Cnx z
Pu (Rast Goftar) Gfl zvP Bzu.
UQ ] C ^vzuv \
[P (Sorabji Bengali) Gfl.
^UQ zv ^vzu CUP ][ \UP
(Singh Sabhas) uh[Pmhx. A T Au
\] BUPmh. A \UP Cnx
P v UQ[S Qzu. 1892&
Au\] P\ P (Khalsa College) BUP
mhx. P |[P uh[P
mh.
Cu sifl Bzv ^UQfl
mkz u[P SzxUP \P PxU
P (Mahants) Pmkkzumk u. AP Au
mkz u[Pz u[Pfl \ua \zxUPPU
Pv. ]flo Szx uU Pmi
APuU Pm] AUSzxUP ^UQ C
v|vPh JhUP {UP Psh. _uv
CUPz uP Au Buzu. 1925&B Bsk
J \mh Cmk Aa\mh SzxUP
|QUS

]flo
Szx
uU Pmih Jhzux.
^vzu CUP[P Hmh P : 1. ^vzu
CUP[P \Pzv, \zv ShzuUP
uPU Psk u. uhUPzv Smh
] Ch[P Hmh [P {h
Azx UPh , 2. ^vzu
CUP[P Cx _ \[P Evh
BUQxhfl
Aa\zvh
|
\PU
PkP }UP ]zu, 3. P CvP
Szuhfl
]vUPz
umh,
4. ^vzu
CUP[P PhuP P sk xUP Eu.
Cv { kzu Aa^vzu
CUP[P xn u, 5. mh Pfl CUQ
a]US A Cmka \fl, 6. \Pzvfl vu
\vfl Pmkk uz uh[Qx, 7. s
78

ku ShzuUP \u Hmhx. APfl

| Ezvh ] {hiUPP AP kzu
mh, 8. a \PU Pumh A{mk
n UP HU P mhx, 9. xP
Cv fl ExnP [Q B]P,
zxP,
UPbP,
gbP

zvPP Ah[Q {kzu UP ufl C

UP[P Pn, 10. ^vzua \P
Sv u Cv UP Jfl\u.
^vzu CUP[P J En EUQ Cv
u] a] ush.
P AhP
1. n 19&B sifl \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P ufluP Pn[P UP
i.
2. n CPfl uu
\v BQfl oP UP i.
3. n CQn \, Pu
Afl\flm A BQ Cv
\uzvS
B
uskP
|T
C.
4. n AP CUPzvfl Ga] , \ \x
APzPfl oP UP i.
5. n ] ^UQ CUP[P
A C.
6. n \P, \a ^vzu CUP[Pfl uUP[P
vk \ i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. 19&B si \Pzv | wP,
PkP P ]zuP
A. Cv hP B. izu CvP
C. iUPu CvP

D. |UP
79

2. \P, \ ^vzu CUPzvfl fliPz

vPu
A. CPfl
B. uu \v
C. Afl \flm
D. Pu
3. \zuz uzu
A. uu \v
B. C Pfl
C. \ \x APzPfl D. hUh Afl\flm
4. CPfl
RUPsh
P
zvUPP Bzu
A. B[Q, [P B. [P, ^P
C. ^P, Cv
D. Cv, B[Q

5. _ uu \vfl CU P
A. {u
B. \[P
C. uu
D. \v\fl
6. v\P Gfl \ RUPsh x
mhx
A. B[Q
B. QUP
C. ^P
D. Ex
7. b \fl uP Ax Ch
A. \fl
B. PPzu
C. h
D.
8. 1893&B Bsk EPa \ {k {h Ch
A. shfl
B. ]UPP
C. PPzu
D. GQx
9. z Pu Gflx J
A. {P
B. zvP
C. A\
D. ^vzu CUP
10. \ \x Px Pfl ufl PzxUP
flkzv zvUP
A. m
B. v zu
C. u&Ez&AUU
D. v Cx
(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)

80

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. 19&B sk Cvfl _____________

_________ BQ ^vzu {hiUPP ufl.
2. sh Cv CUQ[PU P PUP
{mk AbP _____________ ___________ B.
3. \ P CvP A{P z u[P
\ _____________US fl.
4. 19&B sifl Cv Pzv {mk
xUPzxUP __________ ___________ BS.
5. C Pfl Gv zuP[P _____________
_____________ BS.
6. C Pflfl UQ {UP _____________
\Pzu kzxuS.
7. \[P ________ Gflfl ^hQ u[PU P.
8. uu \vfl UPP [Q \h
_____________ BS.
9. B \zvfl PPP uUP Cv
u]z uP ___________ __________ B.
10. \Qu v\ Gflx _____________
Gfl AUPkQx.
11. b \z uzuP _____________
_____________ B.
12. Pu zu _____________
____________ BQUSa \ usk PhUSa
\ Pa ]u ushS.
13. _

\Pzvh
_____________
___________ BQ \PU PkP |.

14. ] Czuh \P ^vzu[P u

SzvP _____________ ____________ B.
15. 1892&B Bsk Au\] _________ P uh[P
mhx.
81

III. fl zxP

A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

\
\zvzu P
u]zu
DAV P
SS

&-&
&&
&&
&&
&&

P[Pu vP
{U P
u[P E|hu[P
_ uu \v
uv{z uT

B
1. C Pfl
2. _ uu \v
3. hUh Afl\flm
4. _ Pu
5. \ \x APxPfl
IV. _UPP hUP

&&
&&
&&
&&
&&

B \
CQn \
\
AP CUP
b\

1. u smi Pnmh SPU P

CvPU Pu {mk PzxUPU SkP.
2. CvPz vvkzv, v ]uPfl
P U PnP.
3. Qzx \ Phx CxUP
_P ux \[P xPUP siufl
A] Hfl Hmhx?
4. Pzv AbP { CUQzvS B oP
?
5. 19&B sifl \P, \a ^vzu CUPzvfl
a]US Cva \vzuPfl [S
SkP.
6. sPfl flzvS CPfl B
oP USP.
7. P\ \v\fl ] Sz uP.
8. Cx \zvfl ifl u Gfl AUPk
? Hfl?
82

9. Cx \uzvS B \ B oPU
SkP.
10. _ uu \v flP ]fl
PU SkP.
11. b \ (v\P \mi) Gx,
G[P, AUPmhx?
12. b \fl UQ {UP[P ?
13. b
\fl
PPP
hUh
Afl\flm Gu ?
14. CQn \ UPUS Gu
vzu?
15. 1893&B Bsk ]UPP {h EP \
{mh ] Sz uP.
16. CQn hzvfl oP UPnP.
17. Pv CUQU PPzvfl UQU SUP x?
18. \ \x APzPfl Cv u]U P[Q\ Hfl
Gvzu.
19. SzxUP
G
^UQ
Cv|vP
Pmkmifl R u?
IV. h uP.

1. Cv
\P,
\a
^zvzu
CUP[P
ufluP Pn[P U PnP.
2. Cx \uzua ^vzxv C Pfl
\zvfl [Q v.
3. _ ^vzu CUP[P J Pmkz uP.
4. 19&B sk \P, \a ^vzu CUP[P
Hmh P \kzxP.
VI. \ ]
1. ^vzuvPfl UP APh
oP zuP[P iUP.
2. CQn hzvfl \Pa \ [Pfl
A[Pzv US o \v Efl
DkkzvU PP.
83

84

AS & III
h & 5

Cv u] CUPzvfl
u a]
P {UP[P
1. n mhfl fl |P {hiUPP
G
CvPfl
{flPUS
Gv
Gflu x Pu.
2. n fl , P\fl BQfl
^vzu[P Ax Pu.
3. n Cv u]zvfl u, Aufl a]
BQP Pn[PU P.
4. n Cv u]U P[Q]fl {UP[P
x Pu.
5. n
wvPfl
Pu.

{UP[P

6. n [P , _u] CUP,
U u, `z flh&
^zvzu[P A u.
7. n uflm] CUP, U EhfliUP,
shS&\k ^zvzu[P P.

1858&B BsiS fl |Pzv Hmh [P :

1857&B Bsk m]US fl Cv
|QUS oPU Shx 1858&B
Bsk B[Q A]fl PUS x. Cvfl
|Pzu B[Q A_ Cva \ (Secretary of State
85

of India) {iP HU Pshx. Cv |Pz

vU Pmkkzv Aa \US Euh 15
EPU Psh CvU S Jfl Csh
AUPmhx.

Cvfl u B{ ] Gfl
AUPmh. A C[Qvu Cva
\US vUPU Pmkmh. 1861&B
Bsk B[Q fl Cv Pfl]P \mh
Ax Cva \mhfl[P \mhzu Cx.
Aufli u B{fl \mhUS EPfl
GsoUP 12&BP Eux. u B{ Au
EP |UP. AP ] Cv
EP |UPmh. AUSSU S
mh ] AvP[P mk Cu.
Pn |Pzu zu 1861& \mh
fl[P APkzumh. B A Pn
B{fl PPP \mh. A
Cv B[Q Psiu A]
u DkkP xPzx Au kzx
u UQ {UPPU Psiu. B[Q
|P, B[Q P, u AvP
B[Q AP BQfl {flP mk
xPzux. AUSUP Cv vUS PP
P fl. AzuP | 1870&B Bsk
Cv&C[Qx {kPUQh AUPmh
uv Cn (Telegraphline) J ] {fl Gflu C[S
Sh sk. B[Q u[Pfl _U PP
| |zv. Ax mhfl fl {hiUPP
uP mhx.
mhfl , fl
, P\fl
,
BQfl E{mk |P
mhfl (1876 & 1880) : 1876 mhfl Cvfl
]P . A CUQzv Dkk
86

Psh. B |P fl A A.
A Cv P[P A
UP. A| Bm]
A Cv |Pzv [PU Psk
u. A Azx mhfl DkkP
mk zv \u. G CvP mhfl
fl {hiUPP Su Avv Ahu.
Csh BP : mhfl Cvfl
u B{P Cux, B[Puzv
Cfl \US uU Psk B[Q
Ag]. C BPufl P Cv x
hkUPUTk Gfl C[Qx Gsox. G
Cfl UPzuz ukUP BPu
u B[Qfl i Psk mhfl
wzu. Au 1878& BPuz uUP
B[Q h A. A{mifl fl A
A CSz u Ki. B[Q v
flhfl J EhfliUPa \x Psh.
Aufli B[Q v|v (English Resident) J P
|UPmh. B sk BPuzv
Hmh J PPzu AhUP B[Q Csh
P BPufl x hkzx A{mhU
P. u {hu AP
Cv u P \P vUPmhx.
1876 & 1878&B BskP Hmh g\ : 1876 u 1878
Cv PU Pk g\ |x.
\fl, , Iuz, g\, zv u\zvfl
zv Sv BQ Ch[P P \P vUP
mh. Cm\UPnUP UP Cu. Q[
P mk UP APfl. Pu |SvP
\zuU Ph si | Hmhx. Au
\zv mhfl C[QvS Hv \u
xoPPUSa _[P (Bzw) vzu.
87

1877 h u Jfl {hzv, Av

Uh Po Cvfl ] Gfl
Phkzv. Bh Au u {hzu
Cm\UPnUP \hmhx.
Aa\ " {P Gx Psiux
} flfl i ]zux'' Cux.
mh P zvPa \mh 1878 : CvPfl
USP Cv zvPP Auzxhfl
mh. AP mhfl fl {hiUP
P B[Q Bm] Gvzx Gv. G
zvPPfl _uvzuU Pmkkzu 1878 mh
P zvPa \mhzu mhfl A_ Cx.
mh P u \vzuP,
CuP, Pk uoUPUS Emkzumh.
Au CvP ^hu.
Cv Bua \mh 1878 : mhfl A_ 1878&B Bsk
Cv Bua \mhzuU Psk ux. Aa\mh,
CvP Bu[P [Q, B[Q
A]h E (Licence) sk Gfl
zvx. Aa\mhzu P Auzxhfl ]z
ushUS
EP
siux.
B,
B[Q, B[Q&CvP B[Q A]fl R
ou Smh ] US Aa\mhzv
Cx US AUPmhx. Au mhfl fl
fl |P {hiUPP CvPfl
EnPUS GvP Cu.
fl (1880 & 1884) : fl 1880&B Bsk
Cvfl u B{P . A
u fl Psh. A izu Cv
CbPfl GvP x Pshxhfl
APh Au Pmi. A Cv
|Pzv Cv UP AvP [S sk
88

Gfl . G mhfl
APkzv AhUS
a \mh[P A }UQ.
u\a \mh 1881 :
fl A_ 1881&B Bsk
u u\P \mhzu
Cx. Aa\mh 12 vS
Emmh
]Pfl

{zu |nzux. Aa
fl
\mh u\P AP
Cv[Pa _ x
P h sk G zvx. Aa\mh
{hkzukuU PsPoUP BP
|UPmh.
mh P zvPa \mh }UPku 1881 :
Au Bsk UP P UPmhx mhfl
APkzvx mh P zvPa
\mhzu fl }UQ. Au Cu zvPa
_uv sk mhx.
Cv UP uPU PnUPk 1881 : {mh
]P |QUS mk fl
UPuP PnUPk 1881&B Bsk
Cv APkzv.
1882&B Bsk PUS : 1882 fl J
PUS |zu. Aufl uP \. h.
h. sh (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl \mh.
AUS uhUPUP Ch|U P BQ
fl flzvP B\P [Qx.
AUS J mhzv vP
(Model Schools) |h sk Gfl x
\ux. u PUS AUPmk u z
uP (Grants-in-aid) }miufl Ch
89

|U P FUSUP G AUS Tx.

sPUS AvP UQzx PkUP sk
fl AUS A_US xa \ux. g\
PUPP |h fl PnP Cu.
Em] : fl P Pu ^vzu
|Pzu, |vU Pmkmh UP
GkUPmh {hiUPS. Ah A_ Cv
Em] A_ |h, 1883&84&B BskP
\P a \mh[P Cx. APfli
Cv x mh [P (District Boards),
uUP [P (Taluk Boards) AUPmh. A
m] A_ APh P, xa_Pu,
Si}, _zu, _Pu, \ BQ
kzx oP JhUPmh. AoPa
\x iUP AP x |v \v
Cu. CP CvP u[P P[
Pz u[P |QzxU P ]US
uzv | (Nomination) US v uu
flmhx. Aa^vzu[P fl
"Em] A]fl uu' Gfl mhzu .
Cm \u : fl A]fl \mh E ]..
Cm (C.P. Ilbert) Gfl 1883 J \mhzvU
Psk u. Ax Cm \u G AUPmhx.
Aufli Cv }vvP B[QU SP
\n \ E . Aufl Cv
}vvP B[Q }vvPUS Cn AvP
. B Cvu Ia \Pzv
Aa\mhzuU PkP Gvzu. G A\u
EhiPz vzuh siu. vzumh
\ufli "Sum\ v I E
PU Psh' }vUS (Jury) B[QU SP
\UP i Gfl mhx.
90

fl uh oPzv (Free Trade)

Su {UP Psh. A CUSv P
}UQ. A E u U Szuxhfl |
a \ \ ]P Psh.
P\fl (1899 & 1905) : P\fl ]P u
HuS fl CvS x \fl. A
Ev Pi E Psh. A B[Q
C Eux Gfl Cv Bm] \ A
zvS E Esk Gfl {.
^vzu[P & g\ & U |n : P\fl
CvS ux, zuu,
zv, h Cvfl SvP Pk g\
|x. Azxhfl U { Ch[P Pn
mhx. P\fl g\ |nU S Jfl Azx Aufl
|n oPUS uP JxUQ.
\ ^vzu[P : Q UPUS Euh P\fl
\a ^vzu[P APkzv.
G un va \zuUTi PhflP \
PUS [Pmh. {mifl P[P
Tmka \[P[P uh[Pmh. [Pzv \
Gflhzv \ Ba] | Jfl
uh[Pmhx. Aufl {UP \zx
Ba]P PuS. P\fl |Pzvfl
x PP mhmk }\
kzumhx.
Cqa ^vzu[P : P\fl Cqzvfl US
zx
Aa
^vzv.
CqzvS
v UPP, xUQP [Pmh.
CbPUS Cq ] AUP _ Cb
Cb
h (Imperial Cadet Corps) Jfl AUPmhx.
91

[P |a ]fl[P xPa \mh : 1904&B

Bsk {mifl [P |a ]fl[P xPUP
Ca\mh Cmhx. Ax A_ u
Pmi x |x. Au {u,
um\^, \g], Gsh SPP, \{z fl
Ch[P Pnk vUP iu CvU
PmP Pmhh[P xPUP mh.
Pa ^vzu : Cv PU PPa \mh
1904&B Bsk |mhx. P\fl P
u zu. xUPz u
CUS{ (Director General of Education) ufl R
Pzx kzumhx. B PUS
AUPmhx. Pfl flzvSz w
vmh[P Pmh. PU PP[Pfl
\kP kzu J S AUPmhx.
[P 1905 : 1905&B Bsk [Pzu
UP P\fl Psh i CvPfl u]
EnUS zu AiP Aux. [P, P
J\fl J Sv EhUQ
Pn Cux Gflv \uP. A
Pnzu |Qx Pi \Pzufl
Cux. G, fl Pz u PnP
zuu fl Aa\US GuPz w
PsiUP. B P\fl [Pzu CshP
zxU QUS [Pzu A\ Cnzx J
PnP,
S
[Pzu
P
Cnzx PnP Azu. hUP
QUS [Pzvfl u{PP, PPzu S
[Pzvfl u{PP AUPmh. QUS
[Pzv _Pfl GsoUP AvPP,
S [Pzv CxUPfl GsoUP AvPP
Cu. P\fl Aa\ [P ] UPfl
Ja ^Szx u] CUPzvfl a]z
92

uku UQ {UPPU Psiux. A

CxUP _P Ch P Hkzu
Gso. B Aufl GvP
Aux. [P UP A JflPz vsk
Azvmhzv Gvzu. _P, uvP,
wvP [P z ukUS ]
Jflnx
\mh.
AP
[P
zu PPfl AP G
Azu. CvPfl w Gv mhzv
[P sk 1911&B Bsk J |x.
Cv u] CUPzvfl u : 1857&B Bsk
m]US fl P Su HuP
Cux. Uh ]fl Phzv Tmh
USvP Gx uP |h.
Cvfl u, A] smk
a]US Afl Bm]ufl Es uh Gflu
CvP Enu. CUPPmhzv ufl Cv
u] z uh[Qx. \, \P ^vzu
CUP[P Czu] En Eu.
Cv u] En ufluP PoP & A]
J : B[Q Bm]fl Cv
A] J Hmhx. Au Cv J {k
Gfl Gsn UPh ux. \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P UPh n Hkzv
AP Jfl \zu.
B[Qfl ua _sh : Cvfl \
Azu u {mkUSa _sia \u
B[Qfl {UPP Cux. 19&B sifl
Cv Cv, B[Q {miS si Pa\
mP Hv \ {hP, A{k Ezv
\u mP \ \uP
x. B[Q u[P uzu uk
\x C Ah ChP x.
93

Cu I {kPhfl Hmh uh :
B[Q, izu CvPfl x. Au
CvP {mkU PzxUP, sk
Au. CvP , Czu
IUQhuuU Psk FUP Psh. G
u[P u[P kuUS h Gso.
19&B si Hmh \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P : CPfl, uu \v,
C Qn \, _ Pu
hUh Afl \flm BQ Cv ,
Cvfl P zx a \u. AP
Cv u] CUP ufluS Aizu
mh. _ Gfl \ uflu
flkzv uu \v B.
uP

USzx
fl
:
Cu, uv Pz uv,
u, \P PP Azu
fl {mifl u a]US Eu. Cuz
u a] Cv UP Jflnzux.
Aa\P \vzuP : u] ufl
Cv zvPP PUQ [Q u.
mh P H \vzuP
hmh. AP B[Q
US Gv PzxUP mh. v \
(The Social Reformer), v h B Cv (The
Times of India), v m (The Madras Mail), v
hm fl (The Statesman), v Cx (The Hindu),
Au\ zvP (The Amrit Bazaar Patrika) v P\ (The
Kesari), zu (The Maratha), ifl (The Tribune),
\a\ (The Bombay Samachar), m Pu (Rast
Goftar) fl zvPP P . A
xUPfl PzxUP vzuxhfl UPh
u] n Hkzv. UQ\v\mh,
94

Cv{z uT
uT, _o v
u\Uu G
GzuPfl GzxUP Cv UPh
u\ En [Qa \u. B, 1878&
Cmh mh zvPa \mh, zvPa
_uvzu zux. Au Bsk UPmh Bua
\mh CvP Bu[P zvu uh \ux.
AzuP `|Pufl CvPfl EPUS
h 1885&B Bsk Cv u]U P[Q_
uUPmhx.
Cv u]UP[Q_ & 1885 : B[Q Bm]
{UPu Cv UP Cv u]UP[Q_
Ax Cv u] UPm] Gfl A
Hkzv. Ax 1885&B Bsk uh[Pmhx. K
B[Q AvP Bfl AUhfl
(Allan Octavien Hume) Gfl Cv u]U P[Q]fl
uzvS UQ PnP Cu. P[Q]fl u
Tmh {hx. AUTmhzvS h.
]. (W.C. Banerjee) u Qzu. uu
{, _v{z , uflPfl ,
G.. h, PQn PP,
zu, . _o A fl u Gsn
Psh uP AUTmhzv v|vPP
Px Psh.
Cv u]U P[Q]fl BP {UP[P : 1. \mh
fl UP v|vzx u, 2. P
u, 3. zvPa _uv, 4. |Pz xx
}vzx zu, 5. Cv |P oz
uP (I.C.S.) Cv {hzuU Pu,
6. Cqa \PU SUP zxu, ,
7. A{mk mP u CUSv
AvPUPU Pu BQS.
uvP (1885 & 1909) : B Pzv P[Q_ Av
P u \x. P[Q]fl
95

uhUPUPz uP izu
{kzu UPzua \uP
P Cu. AP B[Q
fl { AqS
{UP Psi
u. u[P PUPP
, u[P zu
Av
Psh. P[Q]fl u
PP _v{z , uu
{, zu,
PQn PP, G..
PQn PP
h fl [Q.
AP P[Q_ Pm] uvP Gfl AUP
mh. 19&B sk UP A]fl PPPU
STv, ^vzu[PU Pv P[Q_
AUP Psiux. uvPfl PUPP
A] Ex GU P[Q]u C u
ozu. APfl wa \P u]
CUPzv wu uflU PnQ.

v , P[Pu vP & fl \v

96

w u]vPfl u:
uhUP Pzv B[Q A_
P[Q_hfl {m mix.
B, P[Q] E
wU PzxUPfl a]
P[Q_h B[Q
A]fl
UQ
u
Hmhx. P[Q]fl PUP
PUS A_ GzuP Pzu

AUP.
G
P[Q]fl J uv
Pfl AqSP {UP
Au P
Cu. AP UQ
P P[PuvP, ( & Bal) v
(&Lal) fl \v ( & Pal), Au P
BQ B.
AP Cva _uvzvPP kv Ev
Psiu. AP A_US UP AuS
v UP mh[P {hzxu, A]fl PP
P ]zu, Afl mP UPozu,
_u\ mP (E{mk mP) fl
kzxu BQ P {UPU Psiu.
AP _uvzvS A]fl
Pna \vUP.
AuS GvPa _uv
x u[P E Gfl
{. "_ Bm] Gx
, Au Ahu wfl'
Gfl P[Pu vP [Q
. u{mi _o
v, _o ],
.E.]u
BQ
vPfl {[Q {sPPa
.E. ]u
\mh.
vP
ufl
97

PzxUP P\ Gfl zvPfl a\

\u. fl\v | Cv G zvPfl
Euhfl ufl PzxUP mh. AvP
GvUS & Aux B[Q A_US Eu GuU
Pzv uh Jx[Q |S uuU
PP Au P, u u Gfl
zvP UQ. A wu
P[Q]fl
{UPzu
x
mk
A Ah mh.
_u] CUP : P\fl [Pzu 1905&B Bsk
zu. Aa\ P[Q_ CUPzvS PP
Eux. [P UP uS v,
AP JflPa \zux. Aa\ u
CUP ufluS
UPo G _u]
Szux. _u] Gflufl \u {k
GfluS. AUP \u {mifl uP
kzxu {UPPU Psiux. _u]
CUPzu DUPmh H UP B[Q
mP, SP xoPP, UPoz
u. Au Cvz uP u. _u]
CUPzv A{mkz xoPa \Pzx A
{P[Pfl SvP Gzxa \UQ.
H CbP u i mk A
UPzv Dkmh. AP u u G
u{mk UP UPzu G. uflv
yzxUSia \u .E.]. G G
AUPmh .E. ]u _u] }U
P P Ax Szv (Swedeshi Steam Navigation
Company) CvUS C[PUSh
oP \ |.
_ U u & 1906 : Cv u]U P[Q]fl
u _Ph Ju zu Hkzvx.
u[P flzvSz uP J Az u
98

Gfl izu P Enu. zu

PP fl B[Q A_ _Pfl
skP Hx. 1906&B Bsk hUPfl
{ \ Pfl u _ U
EQx. _ U _Pfl EP x
Pu {UPPU Psk B[QUS _\P
{hx Pshx.
`z & 1907 : P[Q] uvPUS w u]v
PUS Ch | Pzx kP AvPzxU
Psk u. P[Q_, _ Ahu ux
{UP AUP sk, Gfl w u]vP
. B, AzuP w P Dkmk B[Q
A_hfl {iP xuS uvP uP
C. 1907&B Bsk {hu `z {mi P[Q_z
uz uukv C USh
u Hmhx. Au P[Q_ CshP x
Avx w u]vP . C|Pa]
`z GkQx.
flh& ^vzu[P & 1909 : Cvfl A\
v|v flh Cv A_a \
Cnx Cv \mhfl[Pa ^vzu
vmh Szu. Aufli 1909&B Bsk Cva \mh
fl[P \mh, Ax flh& ^vzua \mh
Cmhx. Aa\mh Cv \mhfl[Pfl \
kP ^vzu[P APkzvx. Aa\mhzvfli
\mhfl[P uukUPmh A[PzvPfl
GsoUP Ezumhx. _PU P uz
uSvP APkzumh. Au P[Q_
PkP Gvzux. , , (Bal, Lal, Pal)
Ah[Q u Ao u[P a],
Gzv , Cv x UPh mh
Enz ysix. ]fl "" Gkzx A\
zx. H Ax Azx Afl A_'' Gfl
99

\P Cvfl v Gvzux. Es
B[Qfl zu PPx uvP
A]h zu UShPUQ, 1916&B Bsk
{hu U {mi APz wvPhfl
sk Jfl\ Szux.
u EP 1914 & 1918 : 1914&B Bsk u
EP uh[Qx. B[Q A_ Cv
A mhfl \ [Sa \
x. Bzv Cvz uPUS Av
. G Cv P A
[S u ukUP.
uflm] CUP 1916 :
P[Pu vP 1916&B Bsk
uflm]U PPzu (Home Rule
League) |.
Aua \u Afl
\flm
Gfl
so
Ahu
b
\ uhh.
A ufl iiP
Cv u] CUPzv Dk
kzvU Psh. A
\fl J uflm]U
PPzuz uh[Q. A
v {
PP[P \x Cvfl
uflm] CUP Ax _
Bm] uS a\ \u. v {
].B. u_ AUPzu Buzu. hUh Afl
\flm, u a\ Gzu, Cv UPh
P A E\Pzuz ysi. B[Q A_
A {hzv zvP | Cv
Cv uh
\ux. vP, Afl\flm A Px
\ mh. Au {zvufl 1917&B Bsk
shS fl BPk AUP hmhx.
100

AUP,
Cv
PUS iiP
m] AUPk Gfl Ev
zux. G, CvP
US fl _ Bm]
QhUS Gfl {UP
B[Qfl ]
PUS uP Jz
x Pkzu. Au
uflm] CUP ufl UQz
xzu Cux.
U Ju & 1916 : Cv
].B. u
u]
P[Q]fl
U
{mi C UQ |Pa]P Ch .
uuP, uvP wvP Jflmh.
AP C K IUQ floPa
\mh. CshuP, P[Q_ _ S _
Bm] v JUP Jzx {Qh
Ju Jfl Pzvmh. Ax U
Ju G AUPkQx.
Au U {miufl {
Pv ufluPa \vzu.
u EP ihu & 1918 : u EP
1918&B Bsk ihux. B[QPfl \
[S CvP, uUS B[Qh
x ] \PP QhUSfl Su Bhfl
Gvzu.
shS&\k ^vzua \mh & 1919 :
CvUP A_a \ shS, Cv
A_v|v \k B[Q fl
Ca\mhzv 1919&B Bsk Ch h
P B. Ca\mhzvfli QxP, B[Q&
CvP, ^UQP BQ fl C UPUS uz
uSvP [Pmh. Ca\mh zv, Pn \mh
101

fl[P kzvx. , Ca\mh

Pn[P Cmh Bm] AP
kzvx. CvP AvP GsoUP \mh
fl[P Ch . G, Cv u]U
P[Q_ Ca\mhzu |Pzux. Cuz uhx
Cv fl U kP, Jzx
CUP Hmh.
Aa\mhzu mhx B[Qfl
ufl \ G, Au HU Px
CvUS vhuPx G Afl\flm
zu.
P AhP
1. n mhfl fl {hiUPP CvPfl
{US G Gv Gflu UP i.
2. fl Cv UPUS B \P
n | T i.
3. P\fl fl ^vzu[P n UP
i.
4. P\fl zu PP n UP
i.
5. n Cvz u] ufluP Pn[
P UP i.
6. n uvP wvPfl {UP[P
\P Jk \ i.
7. n `z Hfl Hmhx Gflua _miU
Pmh i.
8. Afl\flm
A
CvUS
B
oP n UP i.
9. n
uflm]
CUPzvfl
{UPzvU
Sh i.
10. n U Juzvfl UQzx
Sh i.
11. n shS&\k \mh Psk u
[P mih i.
102

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. u {hzv.
A. UP
B. fl
C. mhfl
D. P\fl
2. mhfl Cv zvPPfl _uvzuU Pmk
kzu mh \mh
A. mh P
B. u\a
zvPa \mh
\mh
C. Cm \mh
D. PU PPa \mh
3. Cv UP
APkzv
A. mh
C. P\fl

uP

PnUPk

B. fl
D. Q

4. u\ \mh Cmh Bsk

A. 1887
B. 1882
C. 1883
D. 1885
5. E Bm]fl uu Gfl AUPk
A. P\fl
B. fl
C. mhfl
D. flh
6. ].. Cm Gfl J
A. hzu
B. \mh E
C. u B{
D. }vv
7. Tmka \[P[P APkzv
A. fl
B. P\fl
C. mhfl
D. h]
8. u Ba]z x Hkzv
A. mhfl
B. fl
C. P\fl
D.
103

9. [P |Pu Bsk
A. 1911
C. 1905

B. 1912
D. 1910

10. _u] CUPzvfl x UP EQzu UP

A. u[P
{UQa \
C. _ Gx

B. u u
D. C Gx C.

11. u EP |Pu BskP

A. 1914 & 1916
B. 1912 & 1915
C. 1914 & 1918
D. 1918 & 1921
12. hUh Afl\flm J
A. B[Q so B. Cv so
C. AUP so D. Ax so
13. BPk AUP mh
A.
B. shS
C. sm mhfl
D. P\fl
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. 1870 uvUP Cn C[QxUS _______ US
Ch AUPmhx.
2. CvP Bu[P zvUP, [P Ax P
sk A]fl Av sk Gfl
zv \mh _______ BS.
3. 1881&B Bsk u\a \mh _______ fl
{zu |nzux.
4. fl fl A_ _______ \mhzu }UQx.
5. fl ______ E PU PPzu |.
6. P\fl _______ S Jfl Azx |n oPUS
uP JxUQ.
104

7. CbPUS Cq ]UP P\fl _______I

Azu.
8. QUS [Pzvfl u{P _______ G S
[Pzvfl u{P _______ G AUPmh.
9. _______fl Phzv hmh USvP
Gx flh.
10. CvP _______, _______ BQ {kPfl IUQzv
FUP Psk u[P _uvzvS h
.
11. _______, _______ BQfl GzxUP UP zv
u] na]U Psk u.
12. uvPfl PUPP _______ Gfl oUP
mhx.
13. _u] CUPzvfl x Cv _______ mP
UPozu.
14. uflm] CUPzv Dkmh uP _______
_______ B.
15. U {hu P[Q_ {mi {
ufl uP _______ I \vzu.
III. fl zxP

A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

mh P zvPa \mh &&- 1877

sh S
&& 1881
h u
&& 1904
u\a \mh
&& 1882
Cv PUPPa \mh
&& 1878
105

B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A A
E Bm]fl uu
Cm
P\fl
\ Ba]

&&
&&
&&
&&
&&

[P |a ]fl[P
\mh E
BP A\
\
fl

&&
&&
&&
&&
&&

uvP
u u
P\
| Cv
_

C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

uu \v
Au P
Afl\flm A
P[Pu vP
A] a\

IV. _UPP hUP

1. mh P zvPa \mh ]S uP.

2. 1881&B Bsk u\ \mh EUS Gfl
u?
3. fl Cv P zvPa \mhzu Hfl
}UQ?
4. fl fl Pa ^vzu[PU SkP.
5. Cm \ufl A\[P ?
6. P\fl fl \ ^vzu[P ?
7. P\fl G Cvfl [P |a
]fl[P xPzu?
8. [P Hfl UPmhx?
9. Cv u]zvfl a] Au v
Aa_UTh[P \vzuPfl, [Q U
PnP.
10. 1878&B Bsk Cmh Bua \mhzvfl
x?
11. Cv u]U P[Q_ Gx uUP
mhx?
12. Cv u]U P[Q]fl uhUPU P {UP[P
?
106

13. uvP ? AP ]fl PU

SkP.
14. wuz u]vPfl {UP[P ?
15. uflv vPUS {UP {sPP
CuP ?
16. _ Qfl {UP[P ?
17. w u]vP Gx, Hfl P[Q\ mk Q?
18. hUh Afl\flm CvPh G u]
En Hkzv?
19. U Juzvfl UQzx TP.
V. h uP
1. mhfl fl U Szu PPPU
SkP.
2. fl fl ^vzu[P USP.
3. P\fl fl ^vzu[P vkP.
4. Cv u] CUP ufluP Pn[P
USP.
5. `z Hh Cmka \fl |Pa]P USP.
6. w u]vP GmhP ? APfl
{UP x?
7. Cv _uv mhzv hUh Afl\flifl
[Q v.
VI. \ ]P

1. Cv u]U P[Q]fl u u 1919&B

Bsk Cv ku mh
|Pa]PU SUS PUPmiz (Time Line)
uUP.
2. { Gv "iP B Cv'
(Discovery of India) Gfl zuPzv E _uv CUP
SvP iUP.
3. .E. ]u , _o v
BQfl UP iUP.
107

PviP
108

h & 6

Cv ku &
PviP P
P {UP[P
1. n Cv _uv mhzv Pvfl
[S A .
2. n fl U kP
Qz CUP Ax Pu.
3. n Jzx
Pu.

CUP

4. n _U Pm], T P[Q]fl
UQzx, Ea \zvUQP, mh \
{kP Ju A
.
5. n 1935&B Bsk Cv A_a \mhzvfl
A\[P xPu.
6. n _uv mhzvS {u B
oP Ax Pu.
7. n Q yxUS,
CUP, 1946 u Aa\z yxUS,
ChUP A_ BQ A .
8. n sm mhfl fl vmh
Ax Pu.
9. n Cv flm] SvP Cn
hfl [S x Pu.

1919&B Bsk Cva _uv

J mh PPmhzuU
109

mh
SuP

Aux. 1919&B Bsix 1947 Pv

_uv mhzv ufl DkkzvU Psh.
G CUP Pmh PviP P Gfl AUP
kQx. A Pzvfl Czufl B[Q
Gvzx h Cv UPz ukzv.
flUS vP \zvUQP, AQ\ BQ
P flkzv.
m \mh 1919 : m \mh 1919&B Bsk
Cmhx. Aa\mh Ezufl G Px
\ B[Q A_US AvP Azux. Aa\mhzvfl
\nfl G ] AhUP.
m \mhzv GvUSi Pv CvPUS
A kzu. Aufl P {k x
Phh, Gv mh[P Hmh.
fl U kP, 13&H 1919 : m
\mh Gv mh uhP \zv
\wfl Qa (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQ UQz
uP g\ Px \mh. \mhzvS
AUPv Gvzx UP Au\] E
fl U Gflhzv [P Jfl Ti.
A[PS J UP mk ] ~
Cux. G UP[P Eu _P
`miux. Aufl zv J Qn Cux.
Au\]fl Cqz uv h Au
~ Sv ki ufl hPUS Ezu
mh. fl Guu flfl AvP,
|u oP Ti UPa _ki ufl h
PUS Ezumh. AUTmhzv si,
SuP Th Cu. Aa\ J Pk
kPx. AzxUQa `mi HUS
500 Eu. 1200 PUS Phu.
Aa\ fl U kP Ax
g\ kP Gfl AUPkQx. Pv
Aa\zuU Psizu. Axu A B[Q
A_hfl JzxUP zu. A Cv ku
110

 ]UP uPz ufl. A 1920&B

Bsk Jzx CUPzuz uh[Q.
g\ kP, fl u u
h }izu J uUPzu Hkzvx. ux
GvU Pmh Cv{z uT B[Q A_
uUS Azu {mm (Kinghthood) mhzuz xu.
ufl
BUP
A\
uUS
AUPmh
P\&C&z (Kaiser-i-Hind) Gfl uUPzu Pv
v Azu. uT, Pv, { BQfl
{s ].G. Bsm (C.F. Andrews) Gfl
Au\ \fl vhfl fl U
kP Pu u\US RU
Psh ""Ax J kP, J PUP''
G Gv.
Qz C
UP : Cv _P
CUP
B[QPUS GvP S
kPU Psiu. u EP
fl x xUQ fl {m
{hPa \mhx.
uhuhfl xUQ _
]uiUPmhx. A]fl SvP
mh, fl_ [S mkU
Psh. xUQ _ufl AvUP
mh. _ufl _PUS P
Ax \z u Th B.
G EP xu _P
Qz
B[Q
A_US
GvP
CUP
CUPzuz uh[Q. Cv
Px A, \Pz A Gfl C
\PuP AUPzuz uh[Q
Px A
P. P[Q_U Pm] AUPzu
Buzux.
CxUP,
_
P Jfl \UP Ax J { \u G Pv
Gso. _ U Pm], P[Q_U Pm]
{[Q Qz CUP Szux.
111

\fl S UPo

Jzx CUP & 1920 : P[Q_U Pm]

1920&B Bsk Jzx CUPzuU Ph
izux. AUPzvfl UQ {UP AQ\, Av
P _ uS. AUP fl
|P PhiUPmhx. uuP CvP
B[Q A]hx mh[P, P
xP Gv UPmk P xu.
Cshx PmhP Phh Emh
mh[P {hzv. G A_ AP[P &
P, PP, \mhfl {hiUPP Eh
Azx
UPoUPmh.
v
{,
{, ].B. u, C, D.. C\
(uu ) Eh HUS 30,000 u\UuP
Px \mk ]hUPmh.
AUPzvfl CvU Pmh \zu zu
BS. 1921&B Bsk APuzv {hu P[Q_
{k, A_ u[P PUPP |
UP A\[PzvS \zu sh Gfl
PmkU Pshx.
112

\ \ |Pa] & 1922 : Jzx CUP

PhiUPmh x Ezvu\zv \ \
Gflhzv PPfl AhUS xUQa
`miS GvP \P P |zvS wmh.
Aa\zv 22 PP Eu. A|Pa] \
\ |Pa] GkQx. Afl |Pa]U
P Pv v. A|Pa] Ax
AQ\ PPUS GvuP Aux. UP
Cfl AQ\ Jzx CUPzvU
PhiUP USh Gflu Pv Enu.
G A Jzx CUPzu EhiP JxUQ
zu. B[Q A_ PvU Px \ux.
AUS B BskP ]z ush [Pmhx.
_UPm] & 1923 & 1925 : Pvfl PxUS fl
_uv mh P {hzva \ \
uP C. A ] Cu v
{, ].B. u_, _UPm] EUQ
P. uu mimk u AUPm]
fl {UPQx. \mh \US ~x A[Qx
B[Q A\[Pzu Gvu AUPm] GkzxU T
vmhx. AUPm] Cv A_ |h
skU P wzu |x.
CvPfl uP, PUPP |
h mh\ {kP {hzuh sk
PUP kzux. B, 1925&B Bsk ].B. u]fl
S fl AUPm] \x fl PUP
mhx.
\fl S, 1927 : 1927&B Bsk H Ah[Q S
Jfl B[Q A\ |UPmhx. AUSfl u
P \ fl \fl . AUS Cu
A IP. G CvP AUS
|Pzu. AUS Cv ux ""\
113

va \'' (Simon, Go back) Gfl UPz xhfl UP

AUSfl P UPozu.
g\ ][P Gfl AUPmh C \v
T \fl P Gvzx mhzu
flfl {hzvx, Pfl uiia \zu
CUP {mhx. Ah n Pz][P
wUPmhx. C\v CuSU PnP
Cu P Pz][ _mkU Pfl. AuPP
fl AUS B[Q A_ nush Azux.
T P[Q_ {k, 1929 : 1929&B Bsk
{fl u T P[Q_ {k Tix.
A{mi B[Qhx ku Ax
n _uv P w Cmhx.
w AUTmhzv |mhx. Aufli
B[QUS GvP \mh CUP uh[P
mhx. AUTmhzv J Bsk 26&B
{ _uv {P {h[S A\UPh sk
G ikUPmhx. Aufli 1930&B Bsk
26&B { _uv vP {k x
Pshhmhx.
1930&B Bsk 26&B { P[Q_U
Pm]fl nU Pi Hmhx. UP na
_uv ha \ukzxU Psh. Au
{ P[Q_U Pm] flzxUP
UPmh {x. Cv A{
| T 1950&B Bsk 26&B { Cv
A] A HU Pmhx. A{
{ Si_ vPU Pshi Qfl.
Ea \zvQP, 1930 (Salt Satyagraha) Ax \mh
CUP : Cm\UPnUP UP EQzu
\un Efl x B[Q A_ vzux. Au
v, CPPU QhUS E G
Gv EQUP iu | Cux. UQ
114

P H UP P vUPmh. G Pv
E GvUPz wzu. A 1930&B Bsk
a v[P 12&B { a ]UP usi
nzu Psh.
\v B]zvx usi 241
P (HUS 400 Q..) yzu \
{k Eh uukUPmh 78 BuPhfl
Pv 25 {P P{hP n \u.
Anzvfl x "u u' Gfl UP
G Ch[P Gvzux.
A H 6&B uv usi Ahx AUPh
Pu E ufl P Gkzu. A|Pa]
Cv UP UP CUP izvh J w
Aux. AUPzv sP [P.
uflv Anzu C\ Pa\
va]x us Psh.
PhP P[Q_z uP J
Pfl PUTmix fi nzuz
u u[Q {hzv E Gvzu. AUP
E \zvUQP Ax \mh CUP G
AUPmhx.
Auz uhx {k x mh[P,
PhhP, Afl mP UPoz
u Pmh. UP \zu zu.
1930&B Bsk u Cv Pv, {,
C fl UQz uP Px \mh.
hS G Pn[P u UP
Aa\mh CUPzv [P. ASv
G Pv (Frontier Gandhi) G AUPmh Pfl
Ax PPfl u AP {hzv.
\mh CUP Jzx CUPzvx
mhx. CUPzvfl UQ {UP a
115

_uv x BS. Aa_uvzu, \mh[P

x Ahvh sk GU Pumhx. CvP
B[Q A\[Pzu G |P Gvzx Aua
\UPa\, \mh CUP ysix.

mh \ {kP 1930 & 32

u mh \ {k, 193
19300 : B[Q A] \mh
CUPzu AhUP i. G Cv
Pa \ukzx P B[Q A_ 1930&B
Bsk Csh mh\ {k JflS Hk
\ux. B P[Q_U Pm]z uP A
] AhUPmk Cuu P[Q_ Au
{mi [PP.
Pv & Cfl Ju, 1931 : Pv 1931&B Bsk
ku \mh. Aufl fl Pv&Cfl Ju
Pzux. Auzvfli Pv \mh
CUPzvU Ph JU Psh. A]
PvP A ku \u Csh mh
\ {mi PxP C\u. G
Au n ush vUPmka ]
u m]z uP Pz][, CS BQfl
kuUS SUP.
Csh mh \ {k: 1931&B Bsk Csh
mh\ {k {hx. Pv A{mi
Px Psh. B A{mi Gu J Cv
i Gmh. hu Pv Cv
v. A A_ v|va \vUP Psh
] fl x. fl B[Q A_ P[Q_U
Pm]a \mh ux G Azux. Pv
UQ P[Q_z uP ]hUP
mh.
116

Csh {h Csh mh\ {mi

Pv Px P \u

fl mh \
{k, 1932 : P[Q_z uP
{k,
G [S fl mh \ {k
{hx. Ax u iux.
S v|vzx Ju,
1932 : 1932 Pv ] AhUPmiux
C\ Uhk u B[Q A_
S v|vzxz vmhzu Azux. Aufl
i ]flUS, uzumh C UPUS
u Ch JxURk [Pk G AUPmhx. Az
vmhzuz uzumh C UPfl u hUh
.B. AzP . B Cva \Pz
v zu J vmhP Pv AuU
Pv. G A Au |Pzu. Auz uhx
A \S Esnuzu Psh. 1932&B
Bsk AzPhfl Hmh EhfliUPUS
fl A ux Esn uzvU Pmh. A
hfliUPfli uzumh UPUP u
JxURk Phmhx. AuS vP \mh \P
117

JkUPmh, flu[Q SPUS AvP A

GsoUP Ch[P [P JUPmhx.
A B[Qfl zu vmh iUP
mhx.
1935&B Bsk Cv A_a \mh : Cv A_a
\mh 1935&B Bsk Cmhx. Aa\mh \fl
Sfl AUP mh\ {kPfl iP Ai
h Cmhx. Aa\mh APkzv
[P (1) Pn[P uflm], (2) Pn[P
Cmh Bm] }UP, (3) zv Tmhm] A_,
(4) zv, Pn ]UPPz wUP Tmhm] }vfl
|u (5) Tmhm] \ [Q (Federal Reserve
Bank) |u BQS.
Aa\mh P[Q]fl GvP zva \
. G P[Q_ ux mhzuz uh
ux. G 1937 Akzumh Aa\mhzvfl
Aih {hu uu P[Q_ mimhx.
P[Q_ 8 Pn[P v \ Azux.
Csh EP: Csh EP 1939&B
Bsk Hmhx. A mhfl | Ch
k UPux. B[Q A_ P[Q_ uP
Ax \mh\ EP Px B]UP
Cv A Dkkzvx. Cv
A DkkzvuU P[Q_ uhUPzv
. fl fl i CvSa _uv
AUPh sk Gfl |uhfl AuU
P[Q_ HU Pshx.
flfl C{kP PP, 1940 : PxA
fl 1940&B Bsk ux C {kP PP
mh. A _PUS Qufl Gfl J
u {k P.
118

BPk {flPh 1940 : Csh EP Cv

P DkkzuU Pn Cu B[Q A\
v|v flzP B. A P[Q\z vv
kzu ] \PP Azu. Aufli i
Ehfl CvS hfl Aux (Dominion Status)
[Pk Gfl Evzu. Cv A]
vh J S AUPk Gfl.
A_ v|vfl |PU S Cv J
|UPk Gfl Ev T. A P
1940&B Bsk BPk u hmh. G
A BPk {flPh Gfl AUPkQflx.
P[Q_ AUP xP |Pzux.
Cv u] Cq, 1942 : {u (u G
k) _ \v P u\z u
P J. A Pv
Psh Av mh
P vv h. A
1927&B Bsk Cv u]U
P[Q] \u.
{hfl Cnx o
. {u CbPUS
x UPUS u] En
Pnz vPu. A
H CbP u]
_ \v
CUPzv [S zu.
A 1938&B Bsk Cv
u]U P[Q]fl uPz uukUPmh.
1939 A USU Pm] (Forward Bloc Party)
uh[Q. A {kPUS _ n
Psk Cv x A{kPfl Auz u
. A ]xP mka ] (House arrest)
UPmh. A[Qx A BP h
mk Cvx u Ahu.
fl u ma \vzx CvS
119

Ax EuU P. fl fl \fl A{mk

ua \vzu.
fl 1942 \fl. Aa\
\ux. B[Qh o
u CvPU Px\x ]U
PvPP zvu. APfl GsoUP 20,000US
CUS. {u AP kz
u. APU Psk _ \v Cv
u] Cqzv (Indian National Army) EUQ.
fl 1943 A ][P \fl. A[S Cv kuU
PPzvfl (Indian Independence League) u
C P _h Jhzu.
Cva \u CP 1915&B
Bsk u ]zx u. A 1942&B
Bsk a u hUQ {P _uv {k
Jfl {hzv.
B\z z L (Azad Hind Fauj) Gfl AUP
mh Cv u] Cqzvfl uvP _
. Ax u _ \v {u
(u) Gfl G AUPmh. Cv
u] Cqzv fl] o Cm_
AUPmh sP Ao S Cm_ Gfl
u{mk so uPa \.
z Gfl _ \v]fl UP P
PP Cv UP Gvzux.
"h {UQa\' (Delhi Chalo) G P
UP ]huS. A Hkzv
Cq Cvfl hQUS Sv o
flx. xvh\P AvP ,
\ `|P Au Cq Pz x
Pa \vzux. G Ah fl[Psi |
Hmhx. A \P AP A{P
120

Sv u E Cu. EP 1945&B
Bsk fl \nhux. G Cv u]
Cq P Px \mh. A| {u
[PUQx hUQS u. A
\ A zv EuuP
{kQx.
Cv kUP {u Psh P Ah
Pzv | Ah a
\ Cv UPh Bu u\Uv zux.
Ax UP Cv UPfl EnPz umi
Gx.
Q yxUS, 1942 : \ hk Q ] vmh[
Phfl Cv u. A P[Q]fl Jzx
{i. A ufl vmhzuU RUPsh UQ.
CvP B[Q x Psiu
x APUS EuP CUP sk.
iuhfl Cv A] A u
P v vmh AUPk GU T. B
CvS _uv [Sx A GzuP Pz
v Sh. G Pz Pv Ax
vmhzv vQU Psiu [QUS fluv
mh P\ (A post dated cheque on a failing bank) [S
x CuPU T Au |Pzu. G
Q yxU S u Pshx.
CUP, 1942 (Quit India
Movement) : Q yxUSfl u Pvfl
UQ [PU Psk ux. Ax A
fl u AQ\ P GzuP AUP
Gflu Enu. G A B[Q
Cv mk xP skU
P. C[QvS CvSh Gu
121

{m Jzx C
hP Azu.

CUPx

fl Gfl zvP Pv uhx

PmkP Gv. Av A UQ
PzxUP, PmkP Aih P
UP CUP uflx.
CvP C zxU Pix Gz
u kzv. ""{fl zvuz uh
u GflflUS zvUP six
ufl'' Gfl T. Cu Pv,
""Aizuzu umh Ea\
{fl A] |U (Anarchy) Th HPz u''
G T.
1942&B Bsk BPk 8&B { P[Q]fl \
S J wzu Cx. Azw B[Q
Cv mk Px.
{hu \SU Tmhzv Pvfl
UPiu \z uhx Azw
|x. ""a _uv u Gu {fl
vv Ah mhfl. { AuPP Ax
. Cv ku a \ Ax
A] \zx i'' Gfl Pv.
Es Aa_ P A Bu
m]US A GU SP Aux.
AuS Akzu { Pv, {, AP
B\z UQ P[Q_z uP A
Px \mh. \ Pmku C
{h[S flU P[P Hmh.
Csh EP 1945&B Bsk i
hux. C[Qv uPm] (Labour Party) Bm]US
ux. u Pm]fl u Am (Attlee) B.
A Cva _uv mhzvS Bu Azu.
A C[Qvfl u. A P[Q]fl
x B[Q A_ vzvu uh EzuP
122

UQ. Cvfl a\Pz wUP J S

CvS A zu. AUS CvSa
_uv [P xa \ux.
Aa\z yxU S 1946 : (The Cabinet Mission) 1946B
Bsk a u CvUP B[Q Aa\ vU
fl, (The British Indian Minister) zuPU Sfl
u H.. AU\sh \. hk
Q BQ Psh S CvS ux.
AP mi Aa\ EP
Cu. G AUS Pm Ax
Aa\U S Gfl AUPmhx. AUS
CxUP, _P P Au Pn[
P EUP xa \ux. Tmhm] A_
AUS xzux. CvPfl a\
Pz wUP ChUP A_ Jfl Azvh
B[Q i \u.
ChUP A_, 1946 : { uPU Psh J
ChUP A_ 1946 |mhx. Au ChUP
A\ AUP { flfl EuU P.
B fl {hfl JzxUP zxmh.
fl ux Qufl PUP iuP
Cu. G Cv uUP iu
u.
sm mhfl vmh 1947 : 1947&B Bsk sm
mhfl Cvfl u B{P u
H. Aufl B[Q A]fl Ph]z u B{
B. _ UQ EUPmh A]
A]
mkUPmhUS
A
J
w
[Q. Aufli Cv, Cv fl Gfl
Qufl fl Gfl C _uv {kPP
UPh siu. Cvu _u\
A_P C{kP Hux Jflhfl \x
123

P Ax _uvzxhfl
CUP E .
P[Q_ _S Azvmhz
v HU Psh. Azvmhz
vfl
Aih
C[Qx
A_ 1947&B Bsk u
Cv
kua
\mhzv
Cx.
Cv

1947&B Bsk {hkzu

mhx.
B[Q
A]hx
AvP[P
Cv

Qufl
BQ
{kPUS
sm mhfl
mh. vuP EUP
mh Qufl S g\, ]x, hS G
Pn QUS [P BQU
PshuP Aux. APn[P _ UP
uP flP Cux.
Cv
1947&B
Bsk
BPk 15&B { ku x.
h E P
UP \[Pmh, mhfl
fl U (Union Jack) Pi u
Chzv, Cvfl nU
sm
Pi
Hmhx.
mhfl _uv Cvfl
u u B{P (Governor-General) siu
{ u u vP ]. C\Pa\
. fl ]. C\
Pa\ _uv Cvfl u Cvz
u B{P u Qzu. Cv 1950&B
Bsk 26&B { Si\hfl hUh
C\v\z
u
Si_z
{x{mifl
u.
124

_u\ A_Pfl Cn :
Cv _uv Ahu x
{mi Hzu 565 _u\ A_P
Cu. AP {P,
flP

|\
flP Bm] \x u.
Au
A_P
Cvhfl
CnUS a \u
h Psh.
AuP Cv A_P x (The
\u h

Indian

States

Department)

EUPmhx.
h
Az
xUS Aa\P . uhUPzv
_u\ A\P uzxa \h .
h AP Cv hfl \i A
kzu. A EhiP H.
Hzu 562 _u\ A_P Cv hfl
Cnu.
A
Cv
JmiS,
xPS { Cu Bzx }UPmhx. B,
P, Iuz Pz BQ Cvhfl
Cnz u[Q. h ux A] v
Pk {hiUPP Au {kP Cv
hfl Cnzx Cvfl C u Gfl
P .
P : P Bm] \u P ][
J Cx B. A[S u UP fl
P _P. Pfl A\ Pzu
Cvh Ax Quh CnUP
. AuQh Qufl
UP P x hkUP FUSzx APUS
P EuPa \ux.
AhP Pzvfl u{P {P
{[Q. Cfl 1948&B Bsk P
125

][ Pzu Cvhfl Cnzu. B

AuS Qufl hP PzxUS Fk ]
SvPU PU Psh. Cv Qufl
Ch 1948&B Bsk J ] Hmhu
P Cvhfl CnvUP x.
Iuz : Cva _u\ A_P Px
Iuz. A[S u UP fl
CxUP. |\ A\ J _. |\fl u
Aa\ P] C Gfl u
C\UP
AvPUP
J
]
_

CUPzvz uh[Qx. AUP CxUPUS

GvP PkP Czux. APfl
EUS EhPUS w[S Hmhx.
sm mhfl h \x kzu
Cn skP HP |\ zx mh.
Axmk A Quhfl \uP
EhfliUP Dkmh. G ASv UP
AUS GvPU Qa] \u. {mi \mh
J[S ^ Pmhx. G Cv A_ uh
si
PmhzvSx.
h
Cq
{hiUPz uh[Q. fl {mP Iuz
x Pmhu |\ \nhu. 1948
Iuz Cv hfl Cnux.
Pz Cn, 1949 : Pz Pzvu J
Pa ] A_. Aufl UP CxUP. B fl J
_. UPfl zu vUP Pzvfl
fl Quhfl ufl {mh Cnzu. Au
UP E{mkU Pzv Dkmh. A\
AP AhUP i. G A Q
uUSz u Ki. fl 1948 UP UPk
{hux. ASv UP A Cv hfl
\z wzu. 1949&B Bsk 29&B {
Pz Cvhfl Cnux.
126

127

g_ SvP CnUPh, 1954 : g_

A]fl Avhfl sia\, PUP, ,
H, \v{T BQ SvP 1954&B Bsk
Cvhfl CnUPmk Cv fl SvP.
a_UR] SvP Cn, 1961 : P, h,
hfl BQ Cv a_UR] Si[P
Cu. g_ A] a_UR]
A_ u[P Si[P Cv CnzxU
Pu AvUP. B CSvP
u UP Cvhfl Cn . G
1961 Cv Cu\[Pfl x Cq {hiUP
GkUP {mhx. 1961&B BsiS S CvP
AP Cv fl SvP.
P AhP
1. n Cv ku mhzvS Pv
B uskP UP i.
2. n fl U kP
UP, { u\UuP G kuUS
i G En i.
3. n Qz CUP, Jzx CUP
BQ UP i.
4. n \ \ |Pa], _U
Pm]fl uzu UP i.
5. n Pu usi nzu
UP i.
6. n mh\ {kP,
iP UP i.

Afl

7. n EhfliUP, 1935&B Bsk Cv

A_ \mh BQfl UQ A\[P UP
i.
128

8. n T {k, BPk {flPh Cv

ku {ufl [S BQ
UP i.
9. n Aa\z yxUS,
vmh Sh i.

smmhfl

10. n _u\ A_Pfl CnS mh B

oP UP i.
11. n ku Pfl uskP
vP[P |T i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. m \mh Cmh Bsk

A. 1919
B. 1917
C. 1918
D. 1921
2. fl U kPhfl uhh
B[Qz uv
A. fl
B. h
C. \ Bu
D. P fl\fl
3. fl U kPUS fl Cv{z
uT xu mh
A. u
B. {mm
C.
D. A\
4. xUQUS GvP mi A_ \u |
\U Psizx A \PuP Bzu CUP
A. _ U
B. _ U Pm]
C. Qz CUP
D. Jzx CUP
5. _U Pm] ufl Ch
A. A ]
B. h
C. \ \
D. APz
129

6. 1929&B Bsk {hu T P[Q_ {miSz

u Qzu
A. Pv

B. {

C. {u

D. C

7. ufl Cv Ea \zvUQPzu flfl

{hzv
A. Pv

B. C\Pa\

C. P\

D. Pfl Ax PPfl

8. Csh EP uh[Q Bsk

A. 1937

B. 1939

C. 1941

D. 1942

9. Cv u] Cqzuz uzu
A. ].B. u

B. {u

C. Pv

D. C

10. _PUSz u {k skfl Pmh

A. { \

B. {u

C. fl

D. A \PuP

11. ChUP A] u u Qzu

A. {

B. C

C. mh

D. Pv

12. _uv Cvfl u Cvz u B{

A. Pv

B. {

C. fl

D. C

13. Cv Si_ B {
A. 26 1935

B. 15 BPk 1947

C. 26 1950

D. 26 BPk 1950
130

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. 1919&B Bsk Px\mh C P g\
uP ________ ________B.
2. fl U kPUS fl Pv ufl
BUP A_ AUSU Pkzu________ uUPzu
vU Pkzu.
3. Cv A \PuP ________ ________
Qz CUPzu Bzu.
S
4. ________fl
PUPmhx.

fl

_U

Pm]

5. ________ Gfl GUPv Gfl AUPkQ.

6. 1940&B Bsk T Tmhzv ________ Gfl
C{kP PP mh.
7. CvP Csh EP DkhU PnP
Cu B[Qz u B{ ________ B.
8. Cv

u]

Cqzv

sP

Ao

________ Gfl u C[Qx.

9. Csh EP
Ahux.

________&B

Bsk

10. ChUP A_ AUP { _ Qfl

u ________ Gflfl EuU P.
11. _uv Cvfl u Cvz u B{
________ Gfl B.
12. {x CvU Si]fl u Si_z u ________
B.
13. Pzvfl fl J ________ B.
14. ________ A\ ][ Gu {mkh \
uzvUP .
131

15. Cvx g_U Si[P ________ B

Bsk Cv hfl Cnu.
16. 1961& a_UR] Si SvP ________,
________ ________ BQ Cvhfl
CnUPmh.
17. \u h Cvfl ________ Gfl PkQ.
III. fl zxP

A
1. m \mh

&&

Pv

2. usi n

&&

{u

3. z

&&

Cqz uv

4. h

&&

1927

5. \fl S

&&

1919

B
1. v {

&& Ezvu\

2. \ \

&& _UPm]

3. g\fl ][P

&& Pfl Ax PPfl

4. G Pv

&& C\ Uhk

5. S v|vzx && C v
IV. _UPP hUP

1. P[Q_UPm] Hfl m \mhzu Gvzux?

2. fl U kP ] Sz uP.
3. Qz CUP Hfl uh[Pmhx?
4. _UPm] Hfl BUPmhx?
132

5. P Gfl ?
6. Q]fl vmhzv Pv Hfl |Pzu?
7. Aa\z yxU Sfl EP ?
8. sm mhfl vmh USP.
V. h uP

1. Jzx CUPzvfl fl |P UP.

2. usi nzu
UP.
3. mh\
PnP.

{kPfl

4. 1935&B Bsk Cv
[P ?

Aufl

UQzxzv
A_a

5.
P USP.

\mh

CUP

Psku

Aufl

6. _uv mhzv _ \v, Cvu]

Cqzvfl [Q GxP.
7. h
Hfl
Cvfl
AUPkQ?

Gfl

8. fl |Pa]PUS PUPk Jfl P.

A. Jzx CUP
B. \ \ |Pa]
C. _U Pm]
D. Ea \zvUQP
E. mh \ {kP
9. 1930 u 1945 Ix UQ |Pa]PU
PUPmi SkP.
133

VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv RUPsh Ch[PU SUP :

Iuz, Pz, P, P, h, hfl,
sia\, H,
2. ku mh Pfl h[Pa \Pzx
hHk (Album) Jfl uUP.

134

AS & IV
h & 7

_uvzvS fl Cv
(1947 & 2000) & \P fl
P {UP[P
1. n _uvzvS fl Cv GvPsh \P
\Pz ux Pu.
2. n
Cv
\P
flzvS
Pmh {hiUPPU P.
3. n wsh JPP Pmh
{hiUPP x Pu.
4. n 1947 u Cv Hmh
fl A .

\P

5. n \P P a] Hmh
uUP[PU P.

_uv fl Cv \Pa \vUP

{ux. \P HzuP, sP, ]P
JkUPmh a\PUS Cv w Pn
siux. Gzufl Cvfl P
\ P [Qx. A Cvfl \P
flzvSz uhP EUQ. G \P
flzvfl u Bx Enmhx. Cv
\P flzvU Psk {hiUPP
Pmh. A \Pa ^vzu CUP[P,
\P{a \mh[P P a]fl {h
kzumh.
135

u CUP : CUPzv 1951&B Bsk

H 18&B { B\ xUQ.
Aufl {UP | \zx \u
A EUSuS. CUP AvP A
|[P zvu |a_fluPhx E
|[P A | H \PUS
Quu {UPPU Psiux. |h
uP flx |[Pz uP [Su C
UP FUSzux. CUP Hkzv
n zv, | A_P \mh[P C |
Ea\ U Psk u. | HPfl
u
|
CUP
a\kzvU
Pmix.
\u CUP : CUP AP
xUPmhx. CUP {x u\z uPfl
B] ux. CUP Azx UPfl
E, { kzxu {UPPU
Psiux. Si\z uP k, Pu Ezv
BQ CUPzvfl ufl oS. Cv
AQ\, Av J \P, u
m]U Psk u CUP {UPPU
Psiux.
sP fl : _uvzvS fl Cv
sPfl | uzuUP P Cux. 1947 u
sPfl | kzu \Pa \mh[P
Cmh. {x A]a \mh Bs, s
\zxzv zxQflx. sP flz
vPP |mh \mh[P Cu
{hiUPP fl :
1954&B Bsk vna \mh : Ca\mh Pz
vn[P, \ Pz vn[P \mh
i \iUQx. BsP vn v
21 BP sP vn v 18 G \mh
136

UQx. Ca\mh Su Ax
Pzu ushUS S G Azux.

1955 & 56&B Bsk Cxa \mh \u : Cv

sP fl Ca\mh J P
\\PU PukQx. vn, n (Divorce)
Ax Pzx, _, P E, uzx
Gkzu [P Ca\mh USQflx.
1955&B Bsk Cxa vna \mh : Ca\mh
JUS Jzv Gfl J u nzu (Monogamy)
\mh UQx. CxUP u (Polygamy) n
x Pu Ca\mh ukUQflx. Ca\mh
BsP, sP CPUS n Ax
Pzv \ E [SQflx.
1956&B Bsk Cx _a \mh : Ca\mh u,
uufl \zv PUS, Pfl SuPUS
Ex PUS Pfl SuPUS \
E Ax [S SUQflx.
1956&B Bsifl Cx C Pa
\mh : Ca\mh uUSU SuP u CPU
P Gfl E
xPUQflx.
Ca\mh BsP sP Pfl Ax
Pz uzx GkUS E [SQflx.
1961&B Bsk um\n uka \mh (1984 vzu
mhx) : Ca\mh um\n Gfl _shx
sP
xPUQflx.
um\n
u
Ca\mhzvfli Pk ushUS SS.
1961&B Bsk P \PP \mh : Ca\mh
o sP P k E
[Qx.
137

1971&B Bsk zxv P Pa \mh :

PUS sPfl Eh BUQ
zvS F US P PUS E
Ca\mh sPUS AUQflx.
1976&B Bsk \ Fva \mh : Ca\mh BsPUS
|PP sPUS Fv [SuS SU
Qflx. o P[P Aih
mi Ca\mh ukUQflx.
\P, uz vmh[P : Cv A_
1953&B Bsk zv \P { zv Azux.
Au J |zv |a \P {
[P E. A sP, SuP
Gfl {flP kzxQfl. F
sP, uP, AuP, Phmh sP
BQfl {flP C[P xPUQfl.
1990&B Bsk u] sP Bna \mh : Ca
\mhzvfli 1992&B Bsk 31&B { u]
sP Bn Jfl Hkzumhx. C
nzvS
J
u,
\,

EP E. Cn s EP
, PkP, A}vP fl PP \zx
APU P {hiUPP Gkzx Qflx.
Ci Q P Ax sPUP u]
Phfl [S |v : C|v | A 1993&B
Bsk a v[P 30&B { Hkzumhx. u
Ax \vz uh[P H
u UP sP AUPk _ EuU
SUPUS (Self-Help Groups) C|vzvx |v Eu
[PkQx.
P \v (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : Czvmh
1997&B Bsk AUh v[P 2&B { uh[P
138

mhx. 1999& \mh Czvmh U

PmiSU R (below poverty line) uPUS
US s SuPUS UPU Tix.
AzuP s SuP J Ag\P
Ax [Q 500/& z uPP
\zukQx. AUSuP 18 v |
\ x AzuP P Ax vn
{UPzvS flkzvU P. Cxmkfl
AP zu S P PP Euz uP
[PkQx.
_ & \Uv vmh (Swa & Shakti Project) : Czvmh 1998&B
Bsk AUh v[P 16&B { u \mk
Qflx. Czvmhzvfl 15 u 20 sPU
Psh _ EuU SUP uh[Pk BUP
oUS A_ |v Eu Azx Qflx.
Cv sP flzv {UPPU
Psk A_ A_ \ usk |[P (NonGovernmental Organisations) {hiUPP
Gkzx Qfl. IUQ {kP \ (I.{. \)
1978&B Bsi \u\ sP Bsk G
Azux. u {mi sPUS 30 UPk
Ch JxURk \mkx. Em]
AP sP 33 UPk Ch JxURk z
uSvhP. sP ux APP,
zxPP, PP, PPP,
\mhfl
EPP
(M.L.A.)
fl
EPP, (M.P.) E. Cv s
u, B{P, ua\P Psk
Ex. C _uvzvS fl sP |
Hmk
fl[P
\P
fl
\u GkzvQfl.
] { : Suz u a\ Cv
J \P a\S. Ha ]P
139

`|Pfl Pmhzv oUSa \ si

x. {x A]a \mh ]Pz u
AP UPzxuz uh \Qflx.
1948&B Bsk Cvz u\P \mh 14
vSmmh Bs Ax soz u\
P UPzxuz uh \Qflx. 1951&B
Bsk umhz u \mh 12 vSU R
E ]PU P C umhz
u UPzxuz ukUQflx. 1952&B
Bsk _[Pa \mh 15 vSU R EPa
_[P[P UPzxuU PmkkzxQflx.
1960&B
Bsk
]Pfl
\mhi
G
|[P ] { [P AUPmk.
1961&B Bsk s ]_ua \mh s SuP
P kuz ukUQflx. u C
Ca\mh usiUQflx. ] u }UP,
]P UP, {hiUPP
P mk Qfl. G ] a\
Pn[P {mifl J ] SvP
Cfl }izx Qflx.
JkUPmh UPfl { : \v Hk
Hzu CvS \S. {x
A]a \mh Gu P mi
ukUQflx. 1955&B Bsk wshU Sa \mh
wshU PhiUSz ush [S
Qflx. 1989&B Bsk uzumh, [Si
(A}vP uka) \mh, uzumh [SiUS
GvP CUPk A}vPU P Pk
ush AUP P \Qflx. CzuP \mh
{hiUPPz u zv, | A_P uzu
mh, [Si, kzumh S
PUS , P |[P Ch
JxURk PP fl Qfl. P
Euz uPP, Pmhna \PP, ]
u ], CzuP SPUP kv \v
140

BQ {hiUPP Cv J[Qnu \P
flzvU Psk v Eu x.
]fl { : Cv A]a \mh
]fl P |[P Azvh,
u[Px, \P, smk EP kzvU
P E AUQflx. 1992&B Bsk
]fl u] Bna \mh u], |
]fl
Bn[P
Azvh

\Qflx. CzuP {hiUPP {x {mi

]fl
zv
xP
En
Hkzv.
F {fl : FPfl SPU
Pvh A_ A_ \ usk |[P
o Qfl. 1955&B Bsk F \mh
Eh F h Cmhx.
1976&B Bsk Pfl Cva \P Eh
EP Ezv | (Artificial Limb Manufacturing Corporation of India) AUPmhx. C| F
USz uk u EPa \PP
Ezva \x Qflx. 1997&B Bsk z
v[P 24&B { u] F a] |v
| (The National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation) AUPmhx. C| FP
P, Phfl Euzx
Qflx.
v {fl : v { oh A_
uflz usk |[P \x Qfl.
v \vhfl u[Qh v C[P (Old Age
Homes) Hkzumk. AzuP C[PUS
A_ EuP x Qflx.
P a] : \P flzvU Psk v
Pfl [S uuS. P J[Qnu
141

\P a]U Psk Exn Qflx.

1951&B Bsk Cv P A ufl
UPk 16.1 BS. sP P P flu[Q
| UPoUPmiux. _uvzvS fl
P a]US Su P \zumhx.
Cv P kzx zv,
| C A_PhxS. Cv A_ 1948&B
Bsk hUh \. CuQnfl AP u
PUPPU PUS |zux.
J Bsk hUh \. CuQnfl
APfl u { \h 5 B]
vPU PshhkQx.
A u S Azu 1949&B Bsk
AUPfl Aih {x {mifl P
UPmhx. 1953&B Bsk hUh H.
Cm_n \ u u PU
S AUPmhx. AUS xfli U
P Gflx P \k Gfl Aih
Aux. EP, Cv, {P Cm]U SiUP
EUSu E| U Pfl {UPP
Ask AUS xzux. E|
| ]Pfl Jmkzu a]U
Psk sk AUS zvx. 1964&B
Bsk Pzu PUS Ax u]U PU S
|UPmhx. AUSfl 1966&B Bsk x
AUP Cv x J v P
AU Psk Gsox.
AUSfl
AUP
u,
u~m,
, s A PUS
UQzx Azux. 1986&B Bsifl v PU
PP 1992&B Bsifl \ vmh 21&B
sk uh[S fl 14 x E Azx
SuPUS |hfl Ti u Pz
142

uu {UPPU Psiu. CzuP ]P

1951&B Bsk 42.6 UPhP Cu uhUPU
P \UP 1999&B Bsk 94.9 UPk |US
Eux. E| U P, E P
PUPPU PUS \ UQzx AUPmk
a]x. Cv 1.10 Cm\zvS mh
E| , | |[P E.
Au x, u~m, zx
sU PUS 12,350 PP E.
Cv 250US mh PU PP[P (Universities)
\ Qfl. \UP GsoUP
AvP |[Pfl GsoUP a]
2000&B Bsk Cv P Pfl
UPk 65 vS Eux.
1947&B BsiS fl Cv Hmh
\P, P flzvfl P ShzuUP \P
Hmkx. \v A \ Hmkx.
\P Ch HxQx (Social mobility), {
u \uzvfl Azx UPUS
{flP \fl \Qfl. Cv \zx
\u uflQflx.
P AhP
1. n
u,
\u
{UP[P UP i.

CUP[Pfl

2. n _uvzvS fl Cv sP
flzv UP i.
3. n JkUPmh , ]P, ]fl
{flPUPP GkUPmh {hiUPP
UP i.
4. n 1947&B BsiS S Hmh P
flzv UP i.
143

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. u CUP uh[Pmh Bsk

A. 1960
B. 1950
C. 1952
D. 1951
2. um\n uka \mh Cmh Bsk
A. 1961
B. 1960
C. 1962
D. 1963
3. u {mi sPUS
JxURmifl A
A. 30 UPk
B. 33 UPk
C. 31 UPk
D. 32 UPk

Ch

4. B] v Pshhk {
A. \h 5
B. \h 10
C. \h 15
D. \h 25
5. PzuU S |UPmh Bsk
A. 1966
B. 1962
C. 1960
D. 1964
II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. \u CUPzvz uh[Q ________ B.

2. Cxz vna \mh ________ nzua \mh
UQx.
3. sP \ Fv P \ \mh________
BS
4. u\P ]P
ukUS \mh ________ BS.
144

UPzxuz

5. wshU Sa \mh Cmh Bsk ________.

6. hUh H. Cm_n\ u S |UPmh
Bsk________.
III. fl zxP

1.

&&

1953

2. zva \P {

&&

1986

3. s ]_uz uka \mh

&&

u CUP

4. v PU PP

&&

1961

IV. _UPP hUP

1. u CUPzvfl {UP Gfl?

2. Cx _a \mh u E Gfl?
3. zv, |, \P { [Pfl o Gfl?
4. 1952&B Bsk _[Pa \mhzvfl {UP Gfl?
5. u] F a] |v | Gx
AUPmhx?
6. 1951&B Bsk Cv Pfl UPk Gfl?
V. h uP

1. Cv sP flzvS
{hiUPP USP.

GkUPmh

2. 1947 u Cv P fl Szx GxP.

3. _uvzvS fl Cv \P fl
J Pmkz uP.
145

VI. \ ]P

1. um\n uk J \US Hk
\P.
2. Cv P flzvS GkUPmh
{hiUPP Szx &h |Pa] {hzxP.

146

h & 8

Cv vmhmh u
fl A
u~m a]
P {UP[P
1. n _uvzvfl x Cv GvPsh
u a\P, vmhhfl {UP[P
Iuskz vmh[P A
.
2. n Iuskz vmh[Pfl
\uP x Pu.

Ahu

3. n u, u, EP
C Szu Cvfl | ux
Pu.
4. n _uvzvS fl Cv Hmh
A, u ~m a]P x
Pu.

B[Q Bm]P CvU Pa\ m

P Ezv \ J {hP zvu.
AP
Cvfl
u
flzv
UPozu. u, Csh EPPfl x
Hmh uP Cv ]x u a]
Hmhx. B Aa] mhzuUP A
C. Cv u P
vUPmhx. UPhu Cvu _ 68
UPk }\ Sv QuUSa \flx.
Au {x {mifl En EzvU Sux. Aufl
P Cv En u US
147

Hmhx. {mifl u{ P S
uP Cux. UPfl UPz u flu[Q |
Cux. UP uP UPzu
fl Hmhx. G 1947&B Bsk _uv
x Cv u a\P
GvP siux. Aa\P }UQh
Cv vmhmh u a]
Pshx.
vmhUS, 1950 : Gu }sh P Ax SQ
P
SUPP
a
\vh
sk vmhh A]Qflx.
{miP AzuP vmhh o vh
{fl A_ 1950&B Bsk a v[P vmhU
S Azux. { Aufl uP [Q.
vmhU Sfl oP : 1. Iuskz vmh[P
Szu, 2. {miSz u , u,
u Bu[P vku, 3. |v JxURk x
P |nzu, 4. {mifl u flz
v Ah , 5. A]fl uU
PPP, vmh[P u B\P [Su
BQS. 1952&B Bsk {mifl vmhmh
u a] kzu u] a]U
S (National Development Council) G A
Hkzumhx. C |[P [P
{mifl u a]US JzxUQfl.
vmhhfl {UP[P : Cvz vmhhfl UQ
{UP[PP (1) u] , UPfl u{
BQ AvPUPa \u, 2. UPfl
UPz uzv Ezxu, 3. ,
fl Szu , 4. AUS \
u UP [Qh BQ Au.
P u : {fl A_ P
uU (Mixed Economy) PP fl x. Aufl
148

 A_USa \u (x |[P)
uUSa \u (u |[P) Csk
u |[P {mi C[S GfluS.
1950&B BskP u flzvfl ysP
Gk ] Aih PPz u\P
Azvh u umhx. AzuP
uP _ 20&v 1948&B Bsk, 1956&B Bsk
|mh A]fl u PPz w[P
Ah \u. AP xP uhz
uP, s Ba], Aq \Uv, v (Airways), P Pmku, fl\ mP, uh
siP (Railways), GLSz u \P, Gsn
Gsn mP fl Ezv fl
uPS. Cz uPfl a]UP
{hiUPP A_ Pshx. fl [QP,
Pmk (Insurance) |[P Th A]fl Pmk
mifl R Psk mh. 1956&B Bsk Cv
fl \u \u A |u
A]fl \P, uU PPPfl {UPP
HU Pshx. Aufl {mifl ua
\P z vmhh {h
GfluS. AUPP Th u u\P
x A]fl Pmkk AvPUP Px. u
x A]fl Ezxhfl (License) ufl u\P
Azvh AvUPmh. xo Ezv, ]sm,
mh P[P, Cvz u, ] uP
Si\z uP BQ ufl ]US
hmh. B 1991&B Bsix uh[Q
u u, u u 20&B
sifl Cv Ix BskP Hmh EP
u BQS fl AsU Pzv
P uU PP zvSQ Ex.
149

Iuskz vmh[P, \uP : Cv Cx

Jflx Iuskz vmh[P {hkzvx.
ux zux Iuskz vmh (2002&-2007) \
Ex. u Iuskz vmh (1951&1956) 1951&B Bsk
uh[Pmhx. Azvmh sUS UQzx
Azux. }\, fl Ezv, u, USzx
fl xPfl a]US P \zu
mhx. {US {v }z vmh[P uu vmh
(S [P, P), J\ P{vfl SUP Pmh
mk Sm An (EQfl } An), \m
{vfl SUP Pmhmk U {[P An
(Cvfl P {US {v}z vmh),
x[Pz vmh (Bv, P{hP), P]z vmh
(P), \ vmh (zv u\, Cu),
Uz vmh (S [P), {P\P vmh
(Bvu\) BQ AUPh {hiUPP
Pmh. Cshx Iuskz vmh
(1956&1961)
PPz u\PUS UQzx
Azux. , UP, xP, P BQ
{flS Ch[P GLSz u\P Hkzu
mh. TkuP \, \Pmi, zv
fl Ch[P GLSz u\P AUP
mk. Pfl, P BQ Ch[P Az
u\P x[Pmh. Pzv, AUSsh,
P, flPflm fl Ch[P ua _[P[P
ufl. xzu {Pzv EUQ EPzu z
ukUS BP Eu, uflzvS (Dhanbad)
AQ AUPmh. flx Iuskz vmh
(1961 & 1966) s, ux BQ CsiS
UQzx Azux. flx Iusk vmh
Pzvufl Cv _ m] (s
fl) Psk mhx. _m]
Cv Enz ufl x.
150

1949&50&B Bsi zu En ufl

Ezvfl A 54,921,000 hflPS. 1970 & 71 B
Bsi Ax 108,422,000 hflPP Eux. Au
AUP Pmhzv 6,759,000 hflPP Cu
Px Ezv 26,477,000 hflPP Eux.
1967&B Bsk u 1969&B Bsk Kskz
vmh[P (Annual Plans) \kzumh. {flPx
Iuskz vmh (1969 & 1974) s a]
BsiS 5 UPhP, u a]
BsiS 9 UPhP CUP CUS |nzux.
1951&B Bsk u GkzxU Pmh 600 ,
{kzu }\z vmh[P 360 vmh[P 1973&B
BsiS |mh. Iux Iuskz
vmh (1974 & 1979) J }shP Psnmhz vmh
S. Azvmh 1985&B Bsk \hUTi
10 Bsk vmhS. AzvmhU Pzv P mh
( AP) G v UP flkzu
mhx. AUPPmhzvufl vmhhfl {UPP
\P }vfl a] uflx. 1973, 1978
1980&B BskP Cv A_ u PP
w[P |x. 1970&B BskP
uh[Pmh Ezv UPz vmhzv
(Operation Flood) 1997&B Bsk Cv Ezv
EQfl u Chzu iux. P z
vmhzv Cv mh Ezv Iux
Chzv izux. Aufl P {mifl ,
kUSP mh uPU QhUQflx.
vmhmh u flzv Cv
u Ezv Qx. J mh,
\ a]U Pskx. Bx Iuskz vmh
(1980 & 1985), Hx vmh (1985 & 1990), Gmhx vmh
(1992 & 1997) Jflux vmh (1997 & 2002) BQ
Azx a] CUQ |nzx \kzu
mh. AP Azx s, u,
151

u,
CP

\PU
Pmh
fl, EUP, u]
Ezxu AP BQ {UP[PU
Psk {hkzumh.
u Iuskz vmh A]fl \z
uPP 2,400 PiPU Psiux.
Ax Jflux vmhU Pzv 8,59,000
PiP Eux.
1950 & 51&B Bsi 9,140 PiP Cu
Cvfl u] 1998 & 99&B Bsi
16,80,000 PiP Eux. Au 1950&51&B
Bsi 255 mk Cu u{ 2000
& 2001&B Bsi 16,500 AS Eux. 1974&B
Bsi 55 UPhP Cu U PmiSU R
u UP uPfl A 2000&B Bsi 26
UPhPU Sux (Q[P 328/&US
R u hP, {P[P
454/&USU R u hP U
PmiSU R UPPU PukQfl).
{mi vmhmh u fl Hmk
v Cfl { , fl,
u Hzu fl a\Pa \vUP
six. CzuP |US UQ Pn
UPuP UPS.
u u : A_USa \u u\
Pz u US PP 1980&B BskP
Ex. CUPP C[Qv um\ \Puzv
(1976&89) uh[Qx. CUPP u, a]
CP {kPUS x. A_ mk
Pmkmi
zvu

USzx,
Cx, P USzx, fl Ezv, }
|[P, uz uhzx fl Aih
152

UQzx u uP u xUSz vx
hmh. 1991&B BsiS S uh[Q u
u u u P x.
u u : A_ mk E Psk {hzv
Pmkkzv u ] uPz u
|[P uh[P i vUPmiu
uhP uzumh. Cv CUPP
1991&B Bsix flmk Qflx. u
UPUS fl xzxUS G Cv
JxUPmiu uPfl GsoUP 17x
3BPU Sux. ux u |[P GLS,
USzx, P USzx, PP
Cv[P mkx xP u\PU
Th Azx {hzvh AvUPkQfl. Au
E[P (Licenses) [SuP \mh[P, {h
P, CUSv, HvUP AvP,
UPmkk,
z
uh
\mh
vmh[P uzumk. CzuP {hiUPP
u u G AUPkQfl. u
ufl Akzu Pmh {hiUPP A]fl uk
UP PP (Disinvestment) {hUS xx.
1991&B Bsk AUPmh v u PP
(New Industrial Policy) uh, E ~mz uP,
Pmh \vP BQ A_ umiS
xP G Azxx. uk SU PP
fli A_ ux [P UP xzx, A_a
\ |[P [S umiz uUS
P uh[Qx. ux u vP
mi mkU Psk C[P FUSUP
kQflx. xzx CzuP \Pa \vUP
Au Pz vhfl \ si |
Hmkx.
EP u : EP {kP u v \u\
A Jflfl \v[P si. A
153

EPz uP, zuP, \u fl |P

u[P JflkzvU P six A]
Qflx. uP uh m] EP Cfl J
QP C[SQflx. CzuP | IUQ
{kP \fl (U.N.O) E {kP Jfl \x
1995&B Bsk \z v[P 1&B { EP zuP
|zv (World Trade Organisation) Azu. EP
{kPUQh oPzv kzxx Aufl
{UPS. Aufl uP A
xx.
EP [Q |zvfl E {kP u[PUS
u zuP Ju[Pa \x PQfl.
A{kPUQh mP, u, u
~m u uhfla \ AvUP
h sk. A{kP u[PUS zuPz uh
Pz uzxu sk. CUSv, Hv x
|nUPmk AP A{kP AP
sk. Au {zv EP [Q |zvfl |v
P A{kP HU P sk. C|
vUQfl zuP |uP E {kP H
AP flu sk. CzuP | EP
u G AUPkQflx. Cv EP
[P |zvfl K E {hS.
_uvzvS fl A u ~m
a]P : _uvzvS fl Cv .]. ,
].. Cfl, G. Cfl fl gbPU
Pshx. _uvzvS fl Cv A, u
~m J v Azv uh[Qx.
{ A, u~m Su
{UPU Psiu. Cv AvP \P,
u [PU Psk v AP
P \u[PPU P G A
154

Pv. G Ax A_, A, u ~m
Ba] FUSzux. 1958&B Bsk Cv
fl {fl ""A PPz wz
v'' HU Pshx. Cv A, u
~m flzvU Psk v fl
|[P P UQ o BQfl.
A: 1. Ga.. fl u C[Q Aq
\Uvz x (Department of Atomic Energy (D.A.E.), 2. G.G.
m{P u \mh A, u
Ba]U PP (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) 3. i.G. Pzufl R \
xP A | (Defence Science Organisation
(DSO) BQS. 1947&B Bsk u] C
\uU Th h Avh { AiUP
{mi.
Ca\uUTh AiUP hfl
\P ""\uU Th G mk
AUPk u ]h[P B PP G
{fl E[PU Pg_Qfl. AP CmiUQ
a]hU P[P. CPufl GvP
PP & {fl, Q u ]u PP.
C[Sufl u C Ex,
{flS Qflx'' Gflx Ch x.
Aq Ba] : 1948&B Bsk BPk v[P Aq
\UvU S AUPmhx. A 1954&B Bsk
[R ufl R \v
Psh xP UPmhx. Cvfl
Aq \Uv vmhzvS Aizumh . 1957&B
Bsk Aq Ba] AUP
mhx. Cv Aq \Uv Av {UP fl
EzvUS flkzxQflx. u AUPmh
Cvfl u Aq fl | 1969&B Bsk
AUh v[P fl Ezvz uh[Qx. Au
155

fl C |[P Cu Ph Gfl
Chzv, u{mi \flUPQ PUPz
v uh[Pmh. {flPx Ezv u\zv
{ Gflhzv AUPmhx. u
flzvS P A] fl\, } fl
Ezv mkfl Cqfl |[P
Ezv \mk AUPkQflx.
Cv Cu Ufl Gfl
Chzv 1974&B Bsk u 18&B {,
1999&B Bsk 11&B { AvP Aq
ia \u {hzvx.
A u Ba]U PP : 1942&B
Bsk AUPmh A u Ba]U
PP (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR))
_uvzvS fl UPmhx. { Aufl
u. P gb G.G.
m{P (S.S.Bhatnagar) AUPP hmhx.
Ax
^
]
1964&B
BsiS
Cvfl P[P x u] \uU
Th[P AUPmh. Cv x ux
[P uh[Pmk \ Qfl.
s Ba] : Cv
s Ba] mhzuUP
A
a]
x.
[Pz
uhPU
Psk \mk Cv
s Ba] |
(Indian Space Research Organisation
[ISRO]) U H. \fl ^

o UPhux. Cv
s Ba] [P,
P { h P fl
u{P
[P
(I.G.B.K),
P vu AQ
156

U H. \

x (U \
s ) Gfl
Chzv,
Bv

u\zv
Pmh (\zw ufl
s
)
Gflhzv,
u
{mi Pv Q
(v
H
P
, Liquid Propulsion
Systems
Centre)
Gfl
Bmh \PU P
hzv, APuzv
Ax. Cv \PU P
\zx vmh 1972&B Bsk u uh[Qx.
1975&B Bsk Cv ux u \PU P
Bmh so \zvx. P Jfl,
P Csk fl \PU PP
Cv so \zvx. \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Satellite Launching
Vehicles (SLVs), vflS \PU P \zx
sU PflP (Augmented Satellite Launching
Vehicles
(ASLVs)), a _ \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Geo-Synchronous
Satellite Launching Vehicles (GSLVs)), x \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicles (PSLVs), Cv s \zvx.
1982&B
Bsk
uh[Q
\P
so
\zumh Cvz u] \PU PP (Indian
National Satellites (INSATs) { {mifl uU Pm],
uz uh, Bu[P Aku
|Qzu, _a `U PsPozu,
uP u ~m P BQ xP
m]P [PU Psk x.
Ph Ba] (Oceanography) Cv gb
P zv vzx. AflhmiP {x
gbP J Ba] zv Azx.
157

Aufl uU]fl P[Pz GfluS. Cv

G.G.
_{ufl
_
m]
Hh
s Ba]P xnx. {x
HPnz u ~m H... Ax Pfl
[P flx. En, G\Uv, E[P,
C,
flmP,
fiv,
PvUP,
v fl xP Cv
Ba]P fl.
{x
{miSz
u
u~m
oPfl GsoUP Ah {fl A_
1947&B Bsk A u B S Jfl
Azux. AUSfl PoS fl \fl,
h, Pfl, PU, fl Ix
Ch[P Cvz u ~m |[P (Indian
Institutes of Technology) AUPmh. fl Q, A\
SvP C |[P Hmh. C
|[P ] u ~m {P
EUSQfl.
u
~m
{P
v Cv, AUP IUQ {kP,
CS Akzx fl |x. Po
PUS Cv g\. {x
{mi Po gbP, oP HP
E.
P AhP
1. n vmhUSfl oPU Sh i.
2. n vmhhfl {UP[PU Ti.
3. n
Iuskz
vmh[P

Azvmh[Pfl R Hmh \uP

Gu i.
4. n u u, u u
EP u UP i.
5. n Cv Hmk A, u
~m a]P UP i.
158

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. vmhUS AUPmh Bsk

A. 1956
B. 1950
C. 1952
D 1954
2. Iuskz vmhzv Sx
A. vmhUS
B. u] a]US
C. Aq\UvUS
D u Aa\fl
AP
3. { A_ fl uU PP
A. u
B. u
C. P u D. EP
4. Cv Aq\UvU S AUPmh Bsk
A. 1945
B. 1948
C. 1954
D. 1955
5. Cv s Ba] | Ax Ch
A. [P
B. xh
C. Iuz
D \fl
II. Pimh Ch[P zv \P

1. u Iuskz vmh ________ US UQzx

Azux.
2. EP zuP | AUPmh Bsk ________
3. Cv Aq\Uv vmhzvS Aizumh ________
B.
4. u{mi ________ Gfl Chzv Aqfl |
Axx.
159

III. fl zxP

1. Ga..

&&

Ezvu\

2. G.G. m{P

&&

i.G.K. (D.S.O.)

3. i.G. Pzu

&&

Cu

4. Ph

&&

].G.I.B (CSIR)

5. {

&&

i.H.D.(D.A.E.)

IV. _UPP hUP

1. vmhUSfl oPU TP.

2. vmhhfl {UP[PU SkP.
3. P u Gfl Gfl?
4. u u Gfl Gfl?
5. Cv
Aqfl
Ch[PU SkP.

|[P

Ax

6. { {mi s Ba] [P Ax
Ch[Pfl P GxP.
V. h uP
1. _uvzvS S Cv Hmh vmhmh
u fl GxP.
2. _uv x u Cv Hmk
A, u~m a] vkP.
VI.

\ ]P

1. nz u[P Sv u\P
uPa \PUPU T.
2. n u[P Sv Hmk u
[P Au.
160

h & 9

Cvfl U PP
P {UP[P
1. n Cvfl U
UQU TP x Pu.

PPfl

2. n g\ ^U PP A .
3. n Ao\U PPU P.
4. n shU Tmkfl UQzxzv
x Pu.
5. n
Cv
Ash
{kPhfl
{kPh Psk E Au.

J {k EQ {kPhfl Psk
E G AkQflx. J {mifl
x J ] PPP, PmkP
Aih AuuS. AP zuP
U PP Ax A{mkU PP G
AUQfl.
EP
P[P
J
{k
AUPPfl Aih ufl DkkzvU
Pu EP P[P A{mifl [S GU
PxQfl.
Cvfl U PP P Ax
Si
BvUPzv
Hmh
vPfl
flo EUPmhuS. Cvfl u
u Aa\ { Cv U
PPfl ufl ] B. 1947&B Bsk u
(1) EPa \uzu qu, (2) SiU PP
Gv, (3) _U PP Gv, (4) |U
161

PP Gv, (5) g\^, (6) Ao \, (7)

Ash {mkhfl {m, (8) shU Tmk, (9)
Pflz A [S, (10) [Pu Gv
BQ Cv U PPfl UQ
A\[PP [Q x.
1. EPa \u qu : Cv IUQ {kP
\fl Av fl Gfl PP
{UPU Pskx. Avfl u S
fl C. 1945&B Bsk u Cv I.{.
\fl EP Cx Qflx. { APfl
\Pu vv. m_ sim IUQ {kP
xa \fl u s uP 1953 & 54&B
BskP
o.
IUQ{kP
\fl
E Gfl 1950&B Bsk Hmh h,
ufl P fl x, 1956&B Bsk `
]UPfl x, P[P (1960 & 64) a]fl x,
A[P ]UPfl x Cv EP umh
| Szvh Ak mhx. P[P,
A[P, P\, \ SvP Av
|{mih I.{S Eu P Cv ux
Cqzv Azux. 1991&B Bsk Hmh
Sh {UPi I.{. wzx zvh
Cv ux Bu Azux.
2. SiU PP Gv : Cv B[Qfl
(Colonialism)
P
SiU
PP
vSx. SiU PPfl R Hk
ua _shfl wP Cv {flS
Avux. G EQfl Gu Sv SiU
PP Gu J i |U Thx G Cv
Pvx. SP B], BUP, Czwfl AUP
{kP A| Si[P }UPkv Cv
AUP Pmix. Gufl Cvfl U
162

PP SiU PP Gv J UQ
A\x.
3. _U PP Gv : S {kPfl _U
PP Hmh [P P Szx
Cv n Pshx. UP {k G
{mi fl, Auz ufl {mkhfl CnzxU
Psk BvUP |P \u _U PP
G AUQfl. AzuP _U PP u,
Csh EP PUS (1914 & 18 1939 & 45) J
PnP [Qx. CP P
Cv P vUPmhu, Csh EP
iu Eh _uv u _U
PP Gi G[S | Au
Gvu Cv SUPPU Psiux. fl
| _U PPfl ih ux |
u {kPfl u _U PP
P whuS. G GzuP i
_U PPfl Au Cv GvUS
J {hS.
4. |U PP Gv : {kP |
Ax CU PP fl. A B],
BUP UP uhfl {hzv. 1919&B Bsk
{h _ Av {mi fl {k Ca
\zxzvSU PUP kzux S {kP
Au |Pzu. G ^, fl {kPfl
Ga]x {kPfl E Gsn
UQS J Cmhx. Pv ufl Cv
ku DkkzvU P fl ufl
BUP A]fl Cmi Gvzx i
. G PPUS Gv ufl BUP
A]fl "Awm' Gfl AUPmh |
U PP uhx }izux. Aa]
Cv uflu 1946&B Bsk I.{. \
163

{\fl
Gx.
Chh
shfl
mhzv
Cv
Azxu
uP
Bu AsU Pzvufl | U
PP APmhx.
5. g\ ^ : Cv ^
Ash {kP. C {kPUS
h skPP
UP E
}izx ux. 1949&B Bsk
^
xh
{hP
Ex
Cv
A
{mkhfl {UPP Qx.
^US {, CvUS
`&fl& n
Psh.
C{kP
1954&B Bsk Ix A\[
PU Psh g\ ^U
PPfl Aih J
Juzv Pzvmh.

{ `&fl&

Ax A\[P :
1. J {mifl
Cs vzu,

J,

2. JUP Azx,
3. J
h,

{mifl

P[P

4. \zx, {flP
5. \ua \P BQS.
CUPP 1955&B Bsk Cu]
{h flk[ {mi Px Psh 29&vS
mh BUP & B] {kP HU Psh.
Ash {kPhfl {m zxU Pv
CUPP Cfl vhuP [SQflx.
164

6. Ao\ : "Ao\' Ax "Tmka \'

G zu .P. Qnfl EUQ.
Au { Cv U PPfl
AihUQ. Csh EP US fl
AUP IUQ {k, fl \z
(C) , Cq mi, AqBuU
S, Cq AoP Azu fl \
P Dkmk u. uzx AUP IUQ {k
{mh (NATO) Gfl h AmsiU Ju A
(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) "^mh' (SEATO)
uflQUS B] {kP Ju A (South
East Asia Treaty Organisation) FUSzux. xh
C Q \ Ju {kP (Warsaw Pact
Countries), QUQ xha ^ FU
Szux. Au EP xPS AvUS
Aa_zu Ex. Cv CzuP AoP
Guh \ . Au Cv Gu
{mkhfl Ehflk P .
Cu | Ao\ G AUPkQx.
C| {k| G hx. C| \u\
a\P zu _uva \k G
k. vuP Ax _uv
BUP, B] {kP CUPP fl
sk Cv x. CUPPUS flk[
{mi {u Qmix. CUPP HU
Psh {kP Azx {[Q {m Psh.
Cx Ao\ CUPP (Non-Aligned Movement) E
{,
kzux.
Cvfl
Pfl
imh, Cu]fl _P, GQvfl {\ CU
PP u HU Psh uP.
1961&B Bsk Pz u{P Q
mi Ao\ CUP {kPfl u {k {h
x. 1964&B Bsk CUPzvfl Csh
{k GQv P (Cairo) {hx.
CUPPfl {vmh[P A{mi Py
165

\v mh. AP : (1) Aq BuU S,

(2) Gz uPP Avhfl wzu, (3) A|
BvUP, Azx, v\ v, | &
BQx ku, (4) \u\ Tmk
xu u a]U Psku, (5) IUQ
{kP \US, Aufl Av a]z
vmhzvS Bu Azu BQ BS.
Ao\ {kP, IUQ {kP \ fl
AoPa \mh. Ao\ {kPfl |
u[P Buzu B], BUP, Czwfl, AUP
{kP fl EP {kP (Third World Countries) G
AUPmh. Cu si Ao\
CUP _ 12 Ea] {kPU Pskx. C
UPzv 112&US mh {kP [S Psk
E. EP {kP x[PPa \mk
CUPPmhzv EP Av, x
P {UPPU Psh CUP Cfl
uh JflP Ex.
7. Ash {kPhfl {mU PP : Cv
Gx ^, Qufl, [Pu\, {,
hfl, fl (), C[P, zwP fl
ux Ash{kPhfl { zxU
P Qflx. Cv ux Ash {kPhfl
shU Tmk (Regional Co-operation) Aih
{mhfl \mk Qflx. Cvfl fl
u I.P. S (I.K. Gujral) 1996&B Bsk Ix
A\[Pfl Aih Cvfl "Ash
{mkU Pmmi' mh. A (1) Gv
{m mku, (2) {mk J
vzu, (3) {mk E P[P uh,
(4) ux {mk Sv {miPvP
flkzu Av, (5) a\z wzxU
Pv {i a_ BQS. C S
Pmk G AUPkQfl.
166

167

8. \U shU Tmk : Cv, shU

Tmk {UPU Pskx. Cuih
[Pu\ Cvhfl Jzxzvh fl
ux. Aufl P uS B] {kP \U
Ax shU TmkP uP]a \[P
(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) G
A EUPmhx. Cfl u {k
1985&B Bsk i\ v[P [P u\z u{P
hUP {hx. 1986&B Bsk {zvfl
u{P Pzsk (Kathmandu) Cfl u
Px, C, (1) Cv, (2) [P u\,
(3) Qufl, (4) {, (5) hfl, (6) C[P,
(7) zwP fl 7 {kP ux A[P
E. C JUP \P, u,
smkz xP Eu \x Pu {UP
PU Pskx. C GzuP A] Px
Psi[P. E {kP Si},
G\Uv, uPuh, USzx, _a`, Ch
, _, oP, uk fl xP
u[PUS Jhfl \h JU Psk.
C{kP 1993&B Bsk \h Ax uP]
fl zuP Ju (South Asian Preferential Trade
Agreement (SAPTA) Jfla \x Psh. C
ux 12 Ea] {kPU Pskx.
Cv uP] Sv Av Ev
||zu ux Ash {kPhfl Jzxv
P BP Cx Qflx.
9. Pflzv [S : C[Qvfl fl Si
{kP u[PUS oP, smkz uhPU
Psiu. AP Pflz Gfl A
Hkzv. Cv A Ea
\ux. Pflz {kP u[PUS P,
A, u ~m, sk fl xP
Jzxhfl \mk Qfl. A{kPhfl
168

Cv ux Ez xsizxU P
.
10. [Pu Gv : [Pu AP
[Pu ux AvUS Aa_zu [Q
Qfl. Cv [Puzv GvUQflx.
Cv ux Ash {kPh, EP
{kPh \x \u\ A [P uzv
Gvv Jzxzvh Gfl uP Ex.

Ash {kPh {kPh

Cvfl EP
^ & Cv EP : 1957&B Bsk u, ^&Cv
EP vP Hmh. 1959&B Bsk ^
Cvhfl Gz uP zux. Ask
vzv ^UPvP Gu m] JkUP ^
xP Ax. vzvfl u Cv
US Ki u. ^ Cvhfl hz ux.
1962&B Bsk ^ Cvz uUQx. A
Cv CflPUSx. Az
uhx 1976&B Bsk Cva&^ E _P
| Ax. 1988&B Bsk fl Cv
u C Pv ^S n \uxufl
sk Cva&^ E _P | Hmhx.
Ask Cv ^ A u
~m, flUSzx, smk zu
fl fl Ju[P Pzvmh. 1993&B
Bsk C{kP Av Av Pzu
G Juzv Pzvmh. 1996&B
Bsk ^z u [fl (Jiang Zemin)
CvS P u. Ax Cv
^ {UP US {hiUP Ju[P
{flQ Pz vmh. Ax uPsk ^&Cv
E | fl Hmk Qflx.
169

Quhfl EP : CvS QuUS

Ch Hmh P[P BuS
}sh{mP B. Cfl P a] wUP
hu JflP C {kPUSh uzvS
uPx. _uvzvS fl Pzvfl fl
P Cvhfl Cnzu. B Qu
E P P Cfl Cn
Gvxhfl Av ]P iv
Dkmk Qfl. AzuP ]PUS A|
\UvP G w Gsn Fx Eu
Qfl. Au Cv&Qufl Ch 1948,
1965, 1971 1999&C (PQ ) P
{h. 1966&B Bsk uPsm Ju,
1972&B Bsk ] Ju {i a_ zu,
Ehflmifl a]Pz wzxU P
SUQfl. Cv A_ P UPm]
Azxx. Qufl }shP Cq Bm],
Cqzvfl , wuzv P
Cvhx UP ]UQx. B C{mk
UP zv Gu P\na] C.
Cv C[P : Cv C[P {
Ash {kP. C[P Gx Cvfl
| | Buzx {hS. 1990&B
Bsk u Ca]z uhP Cv ux
Av PUS h C[P A]fl sk
PUQn[P C[PUS Ax. P
C{kPfl E _P | Cx
Qflx.
EP {kPh EP : 1973&B Bsk
Cv&AUP EP mk P A
. 1974&B Bsk AUP a \
fl Q][P Cv u. Ax uPsk C
{kPUS Ch oP, A, u~m
BQ xP J | Qflx. Cv
1953&B Bsk u Chfl { E zx
170

xx. Cv ux GLSz u\P

Azvh C, fl_, , C[Qx fl
{kPfl Eu x. Cv B]fl
{kP fl, ufl P, ],
][P fl {kPhfl uhx Jhfl
\ Qflx. Au fl BUP {kP,
zv QUS, Ph, Bv, Czwfl AUP
{kPh Cv { o Qflx.
P AhP
1. n CvU PPfl UQ
A\[P UP i.
2. n g\ ^, Ao\U PPP UP
i.
3. n ^&Cv EP vUP i.
4. n S PP UP i.
5. n Cv EP {kPhfl Psk
EPU PimkU Pmh i.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. Cv I.{. \fl E B Bsk
A. 1944
B. 1945
C. 1947
D. 1946
2. "A wm' PP fl {k
A. ufl BUP
B. B]
C. ^
D. BUP
3. u Ao\ CUP {k {h Ch
A. P
B. hUP
C. Qm
D. Pzu
4. \U Afl uh
A. hUP

B. Pzsm

C.

D. x v
171

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

flk[ {k {h Bsk __________ BS.

g\ ^ __________ PmkPU Pskx.
\U Afl UP ________ _______ ________.
^&Cv {h Bsk __________.
PQ {h Bsk __________.

II. fl zxP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

vv. m_ sim
\U
\h
imh
S Pmk

&& 1985
&& 1996
&& P
&& 1993
&& I.{. \fl u
s u.

IV. _UPP hUP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

_U PP Gfl Gfl?
Ao\ CUPzvfl UQz uP ?
\h USP.
\U {kP P GxP.
C Pv Gx ^US n \fl?

V. h uP

1. Cvfl U PP USP.
2. Cv Ash {kPh EP {kPh
Psk EP .
VI. \ ]P

1. hzv
SkP.

Cvfl

Ash

{kPU

2. n {, `&fl&, imh, {\, Cv

u EPz uPfl h[Pa \PUPa
\.
172

Si
AS & I
h & 1

Tmhm] A_ A
P {UP[P
1. n Tmhm] A_ A .
2. n Tmhm] A]fl A\[P Gfl Gfluz
ux Pu.
3. n CvU Tmhm] Afl uflz
ux Pu.
4. n zv, | A_P zvSvP,
(fl u\[P) Ch E x
Pu.

Tmhm] G k h\fl (Federation)

Gfl B[Qa \ Czwfl zu "h'
(Foedus) Gflvx mhuS. J Tmhm]
A_ Gflx |[P Jflnvfl
ufluS. G J Tmhm] A] zv K
A_, | A_P G C A_ AP E.
C A_ AP Gumh (Written), {Qz
ufl Psh (Rigid) J A]a \mhzv
QuUPmh _uv AvP[PU Psk.
P T J Tmhm] {mi zv
A_, | A_P E. AUP IUQ {k,
173

Bv, _m\x, Cv, Ph fl

{kP Tmhm] A_PUS Eun[P BS. J
{mi J J A_ A mk CUS
A{mi J_ (Unitary State) {k G AU
Q. C[Qx [P fl {kP
J_PUS Eun[PS.
Tmhm] A_Pfl Aih A\[P : J Tmhm]
A_ {flS Aih A\[PU Pskx. A
fl : 1. A]a \mhzvfl u u
BvUP, 2. zv, |[PUQh AvP
Q, 3. A]a \mhzvfl {Qz ufl
, 4. _uv }vzx A E BS.
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J Tmhm] A_ A] Gumh J
A]a \mhzv zu sk.
A]a \mh {Qz uflh JflP
Czu sk. zv |P, \mhfl
| |P, \mhfl BQPfl AvP[P,
oP A]a \mh G a
\x TQflx. A]a \mhzvS nP
|P Ax \mhfl \u Cx.
2. zv, |[PUQh AvP Q : J
Tmhm] A]a \mhzv zv A_, |
A_PUQh AvP[P Q \m
izu sk. xP, u] UQzx u
AvP[P zv A]S JxUPkQfl. |
UQzx u xP | A_PUS [P
kQfl. A]a \mhzv Shhu
Ax Gg] AvP[P (Residuary Powers) zv Ax
|[P \ JhUPkQfl. Cv A]
a \mh zv A]fl AvP[P zv
174

mi (Union List) SkQflx. Ami 97

xP Ch . | mi 66
xP Ch . x Ax J[Qnu
mi 47 xP Ch . Shhu
Ax Gg] AvP[P zv A]fl \
JhUP mk. Cu miP Hu
\ sk Au A]a
\mhzvzu mk \u i.
3. A]a \mhzvfl {Qzufl : J
Tmhm] A_ Gumh J A]a \mhz
v (Written Constitution) US. Au Gv
vzu ix. G Ax J {Q A]a
\mh Gk. AzuP A]a \mhzvz
vzu \ Pi fl si
US. Bv, _m\x fl {kP
J A]a \mh vzu UPfl J
u |h sk. AUP
flzvfl Av fl Buh,
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ufl A]z vzu[Pa \ i.
Cv A]z vzu[P fl
PP \kQfl. Cv A]a
\mhzvfl ] SvPz vzu \ {hfl C
APfl fl C [S fl Bu
ukQflx. J |zvfl u,
| GP zu, v |[P
EUSu fl vzu[Pa \ {hflzvfl
fl Bu Cu mk xuS.
A]a \mhzvfl J ] SvPz
vzu \ sk {hfl C A
Pfl fl C [S fl Bu {mi
v | \mhfl[Pfl Bu A]S.
175

4. _uv }vzx, Aufl }vfl B

AvP : _uv }vzx \kx Tmhm]
A]fl uflU SUQflx. Tmhm]
zv, | A_P A]a \mh U
S u[Px A]U PhP |
Qfl. Cuv APUQh Huu
P uP Hk. AzuP uPUSz
w Pn }v Az ukQx. G Tmhm]
A] wUP Pzv [P Ax A]
a \mhzv UP J _uv }vzx
A] ukQflx. Ea\ }vfl GkUS
ifli zv, | A_P Jzx u
sk. Cu Ea\ }vflzvfl }vfl B
AvP G AUQ.
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A] AbP H P mi.
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Qfl : 1. Tmhm] A] ] |[P Jflnx
Ev Tmh_ Azx Au Qfl,
2. C[P, skP, P, \[P
Psh {kPUSU Tmhm] A EPuuS
3. C mh Sv a]P
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u[P u P kzvU P
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kzxu C C.
Tmhm] A]fl SP : 1. C A_
\huS, 2. ] \[P E{mk,
176

{mk P[P skP GUTk, 3. zv,

|[PUQh E, AvP fl
Szx uP G sk, 4. A zv,
|[PUQh Hk uP u]
Jk vSP, 5. P uu,
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wP [Qh ix.
zv&| EP : Cv ux 28 |[
P, 6 zv Bm] SvP (fl u\[P) 1
u] u{P Sv (h) E. {x A]
a \mh EUQ Tmhm] A_ A
zu EQfl GuU Tmhm]
A_h Cu Jh ix. {x {mi zv,
| A_PUQh EP UQzx
Qfl. u] J, Jk, _uv
{mifl Cs xPzx zvhsk
fl {UShfl zv, | A_PUQh
AvP[P QuUS {x A]a
\mhzvfl 235 u 263 vP zv A]SU
Tku AvP[P [SQfl. CvU Tmhm]
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zv, | C A_P Jflfl \v[S
PPfl Aih C[SuS.
zv, | A_PUQh EP fl
uPfl R UP : 1. \mh
EP, 2. |P EP , 3. |v
P EP BQS.
1. \mh EP : u] UQzx u
xP zv mi Ch . xP,
177

{mk P[P, C uP, Ag\

uv, PQu n {n[P fl ]
UQz xP Cmi \UPmk E.
|a \mh fl[P \mh AvP
xP | mi Ch . \mh
J[S, P, ]a\P, xa _Pu,
Em] AP, s fl ]
UQzxP | mi \UPmk.
xmi (Concurrent List) \UPmk x
Pfl x zv, | C A_P \mh[P C
E Esk. Cuv sk Hk
x zv A_ C \mh | A_a
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nUS (Divorce), P, u { fl
xmi \UPmk xPS.
2. |P EP : | A_P \un
| u[Px USmmh |P P[
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Smh ] |Pfl R zv A_ | |P
P[Pfl x ux Pmkmia \zx
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(1) {hfl \mhUTi Azx [
Pfl x zv A]fl |P AvP[P \i
S (v 162), (2) zva \mhzv \kzu
| A_PUS zv A_ u {P
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B{P zv A]fl {h v|vP C[S
Qfl. | |P Szx AP zv
A]S AUPP AQfl, (4) zv
178

SvP (Union Territories) zv A_ {hP |P

\Qflx. CSvPfl xn B{P Ax
u BnP CvU Si_z u |U
Qfl, (5) C |[PUQh usp fl
kzxu GP Szu uPPz wx
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P UP :
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A `UQflx. CP k
zv, |[PUQh [Rk \k
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u | \Q. |U PnUSP uh
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(4) ] Pfl k x |[
PUS JxUPk |v, |[PUP EuU
PPP BQ B \vh Ix BsiP
J |vUSU Si_z u AU
Qfl.
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| A_PUQh AvP[P Q \
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Pa _uvPa \kzu E .
zv & | EP \UP fl u
Aa\ Cv Pv \UP S |zu.
AUS A]a \mh US zv,
179

| A_PUQh EP kzua ]
xPa \ux.
P AhP
1. n Tmhm] A_ Gfl Gfl Gflu UP
i.
2. n Tmhm] A]fl Aih A\[P
UP i.
3. n Tmhm]
UP i.

A]fl

|P,

SP

4. n zv, |[PUQh EPU

Sh i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. "h' Gflx J
A. QUP zu

B. Czwfl zu

C. B[Q zu

D. Gx
C.

2. Tmhm] A]fl Aih A\P E

A. C |[P
C. C {kP

B. J A_ mk
D. zv A_,
|[P

3. zv mi E xPfl GsoUP
A. 67

B. 97

C. 47

D. 57
180

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. AUP IUQ {k J ________ A_.
2. Cv Gg] AvP[P _______ A]h E.
3. | mi ________, ________, ________ fl
xP E.
4. Tmhm] A_P ___________ }vzxU Psk
E.
III. fl zxP
1. xmi

&-&

Tmhm] A]fl J A\

2. C uP

&&

J_

3. {Qz ufl

&&

4. xn B{

&&

zv mi

5. C[Qx

&&

zv Bm] SvP

IV. _UPP h
1. Tmhm] Gfl Gfl?
2. Tmhm] A]fl A\[P ?
3. Tmhm] A]fl |Pa _UPP v.
4. zv, | A_PUQh EPfl fl
uP mih.
V. h uP
1. Tmhm] A]fl |P, SPU SkP.
2. Cv
zv,
EP USP.

|
181

A_PUQh

VI. \ ]P
1. zv, | A_PUQh AvP Q
Amhh Jfl u \P.
2. n Cv |[P,
miz uzu.

182

zv

SvPfl

h & 2

Cvfl zv A_
P {UP[P
1. n zv |P, \mhfl, }vzx
A[P[Pfl AvP[P, oP x
Pu.
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u, u Aa\ BQ uUP
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A .

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4. n Cv {hflzvfl
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AvP[P,

5. n Cv Ea\ }vfl \k uzv

x Pu.

zv A_ ufl {x {mifl | A\S.

zv A]fl uP x v (New Delhi)
Axx. zv A_ zv |P, \mh fl,
}vzx G AUPk fl A[P[PU Psk
Ex. zv |P CvU Si_z u,
xnU Si_z u u Aa\fl
u Aa\U PshuS. zv
\mhfl {hfl G AUPkQx. A
C \ Gk |[P
U\ Gk UP (C AP)
PshuS. zv }vzx Cv Ea\ }vflz
vU Pskx. C[P[Pfl A, AvP[
P, oPU RUPsh UP :
183

zv A_
|
P
|P

\mh fl

}v fl

C vU Si_z u

{h fl

Cv Ea\ }vfl

xnU Si_z u

U \

C \

Cvz u }vv

184

u Aa\

25 }vvP

Aa\U S

543
UP
uukUP
kQfl.

2 CvU
Si_z
u
|UP
kQfl.

238 |a \mh
fl[P
uukUP
kQfl.

12 CvU
Si_z
u
|UP
kQfl.

Si_z u : CvU Si_z u {mifl

u SiPfl / SiP B. Si_z u {x
A]fl u. A {x {mifl P Eu
u QUQfl. zv A]fl Azx |P
AvP[P \mhi Si_z uh E.
Si_z uPz uukUPkuP uSvP :
CvU Si_z u uUSz uu mih
J fl uSvP zu sk :
(1) A CvU SiP / SiP Czu
sk, (2) A zux v zv
AhuP Czu sk, (3) A zv
A], | A] Ax Em] A
Fv u Qzu Thx,(4) A U \
G AUPk UPfl EuS
uSvP zu sk, (5) Ax
U Si_z uz uukUS UP
flzv (Electoral College) Ch Su m\
zx UPP flu (Proposals)
zx UPP u (Seconders) sk.
Si_z ufl uUP 5 BskPS. A
sk uukUP h uSvh.
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185

P Ax A R o AP
P \kzu. Si_z u ux
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186

C \fl TmkU TmhzuU Tmh. {h

flzv |k Gu J \u
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187

1950
u {x Si_z uP
u

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C\v \z
1950&1962

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1962&1967

hUh
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1967&1969

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1969&1974

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1947&1977

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1977&1982

188

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1982&1987

B. [Pmfl
1987&1992

hUh G.i \
1992&1997

P.B. {nfl
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hUh H... Ax P
2002&

189

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190

1947 &
u Cvfl u Aa\P
u

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Bsk

1.

v {

1947-1964

2.

v Py \v

1964-1966

3.

vv Cv Pv

1966-1977

4.

v u\

1977-1979

5.

v \s][

1979-1980

6.

vv Cv Pv

1980-1984

7.

v C Pv

1984-1989

8.

v .. ][

1989-1990
191

1947 &
u Cvfl u Aa\P
u

Gs

9.

Bsk

v \v \P

1990-1991

10.

v .. {]

1991-1996

11.

v H..

12.

v Ga.i. uPh

1996-1997

13.

v I.P. S

1997-1998

14.

v H..

H 1998

15.

v H..

1999-2004

16.

hUh flPfl ][

2004-2009

192

1996

Si_z u Aa\PUS u n
CP]UP n \x UQfl. u
Aa\, Aa\Pfl Fv[P, iP
{hfl |nUQflx. {hflzv
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Cshx, flx P Aa\P Pm
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193

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(1) A J CvU SiP / SiP
Czu sk, (2) 30 x |zu
sk, (3) \mhi uSvP zu
sk, (4) A | Ax zv A] \
Gu u Qzu Thx, (5) A
| \uP Ax Ph
vz u UP Czu Thx.
C \ J |u A[PS. AuU PUP
ix. C \ EPfl uUP 6
BskPS. Aufl EP fl J Sv
J Cshsk K Qfl. Au
Hk Ph[P v EP |k
Qfl.
U \ EuS uSvP : U \fl
EuS J RUPsh uSvP zu
sk :
(1) A CvU SiP / SiP Czu
sk, (2) A 25 vSU Sh
Czu Thx, (3) {mifl Hux J Sv Ax
UP mi Chzu sk,
(4) A A_ APzv \ o
Czu Thx.
U \ EP Ix BskPUSz
uukUPkQfl. G u Aa\fl
B\fl uU P i fl U
\U Si_z u PUP.
{hflzvfl AvP[P, oP : Cv
{hfl \mhu, |Pzv
195

ku, &\z vmhzv H, xUP

SP USu, a]z vmh[P, \u\
EP, E{mkU PPP G u
P vzu fl oPa \Qflx.
{hfl Si_z u u Sz uUSu
P \UP, Ea\ }vfl, E }vfl }vvP,
uz uu Bn, Cvz uU
PnUP & uoUP BQ A]a
\mh vPfli u }UP \ AvP
x.
{hfl |Pzv PP, xnU
PP Pmufl P, Jzvz w[
P, u[P, w[P Cu, Pshz
w Ax {UPz wzu vzx
A Psk u flPfl P
ux Pmkmia \zv Qflx. |[Pfl
GP zvh {hflzvP AvP
Esk.
}vzx : }vzx A]fl flx A[PS.
Czx SiUPfl EP, _uvzv
xPv J UQ[Q QUQflx. {mifl
\mh[P, A]fl A\[P A], AS
US J ] o Czx
\x Qflx.
Ea\ }vfl : Cv Ea\ }vfl J
}vv, 25 }vvP Pskx.
flzvfl u }vvU Si_z
|UQfl. }vvP Ea\ }v flz
}vvfl B\hfl |UQfl.

u
Ea\ }v
u
u

A]a \mhzvfli J fl
uSvP u mk Ea\ }vfl }vvP
196

| i : (1) J CvU SiP /

SiP Czu sk, (2) J Su m\
Ix BskP J E }vfl Ax C E}v
fl[P Ax AuS mh E}v fl[P
uhx }vvP o vzu sk Ax
(3) J Sum\ zx BskP J E}v
flzv Ax C Ax AuS mh E}v
fl[P uhx UPbPa \zu
sk Ax (4) Si_z u Pzvfli ]
UP \mh { Czu sk.
Ea\ }vfl }vvP 65 v Ah
u }i. Ea\ }vflzvfl |u uh
x vx. G CvU Si_z ufl
C\ Cvz u }vvfl ifli
Gu |zv Ax Chzv C}vfl
A A.
Ea\ }vflzvfl AvP[P oP
Ea\ }vflzvfl }v

uUP
}v

k }v

B\
}v

u }v

1. uUP }v : Cv A]a
\mh Ea\ }vflzvP ] }vUSm
mhP flU SkQx : (A)
Cv A]S J | Ax AuS mh
|[PUSh ]UPP, Ax (B) Cv
197

A_, Huu | Ax |[P Cfl

Psh ]UPP, Ax (C) Csk Ax
AuS mh |[PUQh ]UPP.
Aih EP {hkzxx uhP
G ]UPP Ea\ }vflzvfl uUP }v
USmmhuS. CP {hkzu
{P [P, BnP, }vfl Ezv
P [P Ea\ }vflzvS AvPsk. C
{UP[PUPP
Ea\
}vfl
(1)
BmPn
}vn, (2) R flzvS kUS Pmh }v
n, (3) US \nz uh Bn, (4) E
}vn, (5) zvzuU Psk x
flkzuU R fl[PUS Chk Pmh
fl }vfl EzvP UP.
2. k }v : Ea\ }vfl {mifl
Cv mk }vflS. | E}v
fl[P [S E S (Civil and
Criminal) USP u wPUS Gv
mk USP Ea\ }vfl \UQflx. Ai
mh USPz wUP A]a \mhi
\mh UP u E}vfl \flu
Azu mk AUSP Ea\ }vflzvfl fl
Psk \ i.
3. B\ }v : x UQzx u
Gu \mh Ax Es u Ea\ }v
flzvfl Pzv A]a \mh Si_z
uUS AvPzv [SQflx.
4. u }v : Ea\ }vfl J Bn
}vflPa \kQflx. }vfl Avz
usiUS E Eh J }vflzvS fl
Azx AvP[P Ea\ }vfl x :
198

A. Ea\ }vfl US \mh Cvfl

Azx Sv }vfl[P Pmk
kzx.
B. Si_z ufl Ju }vflzvfl
x \P, P J[S
kzx vP EUP Ea\}v flzvS
AvP [Pmkx.
C. Ea\ }vfl ux Afl u UPmk
mi Pskx.
}vfl B AvP : Ea\ }vfl A]
a \mhzvfl xPa \kQflx.
\a\US J \mhzv A]a \mhzvS
nx G AUS }vfl B AvP
Ea\}vflzvS Ex. Ea\ }vfl CvPzua
\kzxQflx. fl umh }vfl
B \ AvP Cv Ea\ }v flzvh
Ex. A (A) zv |[PUQh ]UP
P, (B) IkP, Pzx PUSS
A]a \mhzvfl A\[P UQ u
kzxu, (C) Aih EP xPzu,
(D) A]a \mhzvS nP \mhfl[P
C \mh[P BQS.
P AhP
1. n zv A]fl |P, \mhfl, }vz
xPfl AvP[P, oP \kzu
i.
2. n CvU Si_z u, xnU Si_z
u BQ uukUPkuS uSvP
UP i.
199

3. n {hflzvfl A, zv A]fl
A UP i.
4. n Cv Ea\ }vflzvfl
oPU Sh i.

AvP[P,

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. zv A]fl A[P[P
A. C A[P[P

B. fl A[P[P

C. J A[P

D. {flS A[P[P

2. zv Aa\U Sfl u
A. u Aa\

B. Si_z u

C. xnU Si_z
u

D. xn u Aa\

3. C \fl E GsoUP
A. 238 EP

B. 248 EP

C. 250 EP

D. 12 EP

4. Ea\ }vflzvfl |u uh
A. \fl

B.

C. PPzu

D. x v

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. {hflzv ___________ AP E.
200

2. Si_z u ___________fl u.
3. u Aa\ ___________fl u.
4. Aa\U S ___________vS Jmk zuP
huS.
III. fl zxP
1. Si_z u

&-& Ra\

2. u Aa\

&-& fl A[P

3. xnU Si_z u &-& Es u

4. }vzx

&-& u

5. U \

&-& A C
\fl u

IV. _UPP h
1. Si_z uPz uukUPkuP uSvP
Gfl?
2. Cv xnU Si_z
uukUPkQ?
3. zv
Aa\U
PP USP.

Aa\Pfl

4. }vfl B J ] S GxP.
V. h uP
1. zv A]fl A GxP.
2. u Aa\fl AvP[P USP.
3. Ea\
}vflzvfl
USP.

AvP[P
201

oP

VI. Pzu, P \P
1. zv A]fl A[P[PU PsUS UPh
Amh u \P.
2. zv |P, \mhfl,
P \kzxP.

202

}vzx

uPfl

h & 3

| A_
P {UP[P
1. n | A_ A A
.
2. n B{, ua\, Aa\P, \mh
z u BQfl AvP[P o
P x Pu.
3. n | \mhfl ux Pu.
4. n |zv }vzx A
ux Pu.

Cv |[P EhUQ K Jfl

BS. Cv ux 28 |[P 6 fl
u\[P 1 u] u{P Sv (h) E.
Cv A]a \mh | A]fl (State Government)
AvP[P oP uP USQflx.
Cv {hflzvS |[Pfl GP,
u Hifl |[Pfl P
AvP Ex. EunP u_ | Gflu
1967&B Bsk u{k G {hflzv
mhx. A]a \mh Sk |
mi Ch xP |QUS
|[Pa \. C[S { | |P,
\mhfl }vzx v.
|P : | A\[Pzvfl A_ A zv
A_ fl fl A[P[PU PshuS. A
|P, \mh fl, }vzu BQS.
203

J | |P B{, ua\z
uPU Psh Aa\ EhUQ
uS. A]a \mhzvfli | A]fl u
P B{ \kQ. Aa\P
Es |P AvP[Pa \kzxQfl.
G \mhi G |P AvP[P B{h
E. |P AvP[P B{fl \
kzukQfl. A]a \mh vP 151 u
160 B{fl |, uSvP, AvP[P,
oPU SkQfl.
B{ CvU Si_z u zv
Aa\fl xfl |UQ. J
B{P |UPk fl xP | ua\
Pu]UPkQ. B{, \umh
|zvS u |UPkQ. Si_z
u J | B{ AP fl
u\zvfl Tku |P PUP
| \. EunP u{k B{P
xa\ (sia\) fl u\ |Pz
v Pzx x.
uSvP, uUP, EP : A]a
\mh B{fl uSv, uUP, EP
UQflx. Aufli (1) J CvU
SiP / SiP Czu sk, (2) A 35
v | Czu sk, (3) A
{hflzv Ax | \mhflzv J
E Czu Thx. A A Huu
\mhfl A E C
B{ uSx Ax E u uP
PuP k, (4) A Fv
Gu u Qzu Thx.
B{fl uUP xP Ix BskPS.
B Si_z u A u
}iUP. Si_z u Guu Pnzu
Sh B{ ux }UP.
204

B{fl AvP[P oP : B{ fl
AvP[P oP Q : (1) |P
AvP[P, (2) \mhzx AvP[P, oP,
(3) |v AvP, (4) }v AvP , (5)
AvP[P.
1. |P AvP[P : A]a \mhzvfli
| A]fl |P AvP[P Azx B{h
E. A | \mh flzv fl
Psh Pm]fl u ua\P Afl
B\fl Aa\P |UQfl.
A | A]fl u UPb, A_
o u Bnzvfl u, E
P, PU PP[Pfl xn uP
| \Q. B{US, | A]fl \k
Szx Si_z uUS AUPP A,
A]a \mhi Ph Ex. |zv
Si_z u Bm] voUPk x B{
|zu {hP Bm] \Q.
2. \mhfl AvP[P oP : J A Ax
C APU Psh | \mhflzv B{US
[S Esk. A | \mh EP 1/6
Sv | \Q. |zvfl C \mhfl
AP Ax \mh A E
|Pzx. | \mhfl | Gu
\u B{fl C\ fl \mhS.
3. |v AvP[P : |v \uUP \mh flzv
AP \kuS B{fl Av uk
Qflx. B{fl x PUP
P G ix. & \z vmh \mh
flzv
\UPku
B{
Evkzu
sk. | Gva \ |vx Gva
\Pa \UP |v [Qh A]a
\mh B{US AvP [Qx.
205

4. }v AvP[P : | A]fl }vUSmmh

P[P uhP S x ush
SP flUP, ushU SUP
Ax }UP B{ AvP . G
B{ ushP AvPkzu AvP[P UP
.
5. AvP[P : | A_ o u
Bnzvhx Bsk AUPP B{ Q.
APa \mhflzvfl ^US, JuUS
\UQfl. Au | A]fl x
Pfl , \ uhh u uoUPfl
AUP Th B{ Q.

|a \mh fl
A]a \mh J |zv J
\mhfl AUPh P \Qflx. |a
\mhfl K A Ax C APU
PshuP CUP. |a \mhfl B{,
K
A
Ax
C
APU
Psh
\mhflzv EhUQuS. C APU
Psh \mhfl[P P, P{hP, Pmi
fl |[P \kQfl. u {mi
|[P \mh mk Psh K
A \mhfl[P \kQfl.
\mh : \mh UP {hPz
uukUPk v|vPU PshuS. G
Cfl |zv Es AvP P
[SQflx. \mh , x u US
fl Aih UP {hPz uukUP
mh EPU Pskx. UP uPfl
Aih Cfl EPfl GsoUP
|zvS | k. Cuv \mh
fl AvPm\ GsoUP 500US P Aufl
206

|a \mh fl
B{
ua\
Aa\
\mh fl
\mhfl
()

\mh
(R A)

Sum\ GsoUP 60&USU S Czu

sk. ] |[P Cx vUS
. u {k \mh 234
EP (MLAs) E.
\mh fl : \mh fl |zvfl
Ax \S. J |zvfl \mh
fl zu EPfl GsoUP A|a
\mh EPfl zu GsoUP 1/3
SvUS Czu Thx. Au {zv Aufl
EPfl GsoUP 40&USU S Czu
sk. EP UP {hPz
uukUPkv. Aufl E
P J US Qua\ v
|vzx Aih PPz uukUP
kQfl.
\mh z u : \mh ux E
P Ca \mhz uP, xnz
uP uukUQflx. J ufl \mh
207

 E u uh iux A
z u u mk P sk. A
Gx sk u P. \mh
z u, \mh \ 14 {P AU
Pkzx fl J wzvfl ux
}UP. AzuP w UPkflx P
u
fl
|h
sk. \mh PUPkx \mh
z u ux u mk P si
v. v \mh u uhP A
A \mhz uPz uhx }i.
\mhz u u PP Ex,
xnzu Ax oP Q.
ua\, Aa\ : |zv Es
AvP[Pa \kzxx ua\fl u
Aa\S. B{, ua\,
Ax xfli Aa\P |
\Q. xP, \mh flU
Pm]fl u ua\P |UPkQ. Gu
A] Pm] \mh Av
fl ufl
h Pm]fl uUS Aa\ AUS
B{ A kUP.
B A Aa\ A B{
Sk P AP\zvS \mh uUS
fl Bu Ex Gflu |UP sk.
ua\fl uU P |nUPmhufl.
\mh flfl Bu uUS
E J Au uh. ua\fl
u P Aa\fl u PS.
ua\fl AvP[P oP : |Pzvfl
Es u ua\, | |Pzvfl
208

fliPz vPQ. A fl AvP[P

oP Q :
1. ua\fl u o ux Aa\
Azu BS.
2. ua\ ux Aa\a \PUP u
\xhfl APUP xP JxUS
Qfl. A J Aa\ u PU P.
A ux Aa\fl A uUP
Ax SUP.
3. ua\ Aa\fl u. Aa
\U TmhzvU Tmi u u[S
A.
4. ua\ Azx Aa\Pfl oP
xP kQ.
5. ua\ B{US ux Aa\U S
S Ch J Cn Pa \
kQ. Aa\Pfl xPx B{US
Ak J uP ua\
P \ sk.
6. B{ ux o B ua\ uSu
A [P sk. \mh
ua\US fl Sx
\mhU PUP ua\ B{US
Azu.
Aa\U S : Aa\U S A]fl \
PUS |a \mhflzv vUP Tmk
huS. Aa\U Sfl Azx A[Pzv
P |a \mhflzvfl EP Czu
sk. Aa\P |UPkx \mh fl
E CuP 6 u PzvS \mhfl
E uUSz uukUPh sk. G
Aa\P ua\fl ufl R J Ao
209

1952&
u u {mifl ua\P
1952&u
Gs

Bsk

1.

v ]. C\Pa\

1952&-1954

2.

v P. P

1954-&1957

3.

v P. P

1957-&1963

4.

v G. Uua\

1963-&1967

5.

v ].Gfl. Asnzx

1967-&1969

6.

v . Pn|v

1969-&1971

7.

v . Pn|v

1971-&1976

8.

v G.. Ca\vfl

1977-&1980

9.

v G.. Ca\vfl

1980-&1984

10.

v G.. Ca\vfl

1985-&1987

11.

vv Q Ca\vfl

1988

12.

v . Pn|v

1989-&1991

13.

\ . u

1991-&1996

14.

v . Pn|v

1996-&2001

15.

\ . u

2001

16.

v K. fl\

2001-&2002

17.

\ . u

2002-&2006

18.

v . Pn|v

2006&200

210

Pa \kQfl. ua\ u }iUS

Aa\U S u CUS. \mh
Aa\fl x {UP Cz wzu
(No-confidence motion) | | Aa\
u P sk.
_[PU T | Aa\U S zv
Aa\U S AvP[P
Ex. |z ua \P Aa\U
S PPP, vmh[P {hkzx
Qx.
}vzx : | }vz xfl Ea\ | E }v
fl (High Court) Axx. A]a \mhzvfl
i J |zv J E}v fl Czu
sk. Cu v Csk Ax AuS
mh |[P, fl u\zvS \zx
xP J E}v fl CUP. Au
{hfla \mh AvUP sk. EunP
\fl E}v fl }v fl (Jurisdiction) R
u{k, x fl u\ E. E}v
flzvfl x | A]fl Pmkk Gx C.
A : | E}v flzv J u
}vv, Si_z u Ax Hk
uUP |UPk, }vvP E.
E}vfl }vvPfl GsoUP J vP
|nUPmh JflP C. Si_z u
E}vfl u }vv Cvz u }vv
| B{U Pu]zu P |U
Q. B }vvP |USx Si_z
u TkuP E}vflz u }vv
Pu]UQ. xP P zu (Senior Most) J
}vv u }vvP | \kQ.
E}vflzvfl }vvP | J
fl uSvP zu A]S :
211

1. A CvU SiPfl / SiP Czu

sk.
2. A Cvfl Gu Svx E }vfl
APzvfl u Cx Su
m\ 10 BskP A zu
sk.
3. A J E}v fl Ax AuS mh
E}v fl[P UPbP o Su
m\ 10 BskP A zu sk.
}vvP u[P KUP u 62 BskP
u }iUP. u J Si_z
uUS Gzx uzx u P. J
}vv u {hiUP Ax v G
S \mhmk {hflzvfl J A
w C Si_z u Au E}v fl
}vv ux }UP.
E}v flzvfl AvP[P oP : E}v
fl Aih mk }v flS.
E}vfl C P oP Qflx. A
}v [P |P oPS.
ux }v [S o E}v fl uUP
uu }v AvPzv
mk }v Pskx. E}vfl
uUP uu }v AvPzvfl R }vfl Bn
P EzvP Aih EP
{hkzu mkfl {UP[PUPP
[P AvP Pskx. E}v fl BmPn
Bn (Habeas Corpus), R }v flzvS kUS Bn
(Mandamus), US \nz uh Bn (Prohibition),
E }v Bn (Quo Warranto), zvzu
flkzuU R flzvS kUS Bn
212

G }vfl BnP US
AvP
Pskx.

E}v
fl
Px, v (Will), vn,
nUS, oPU Sa \mh (Company Law), }vfl
Av uhh USP x Th ux }v
U Pskx.
(Certiorari)

E}v fl E S BQ
C USPfl mk }v
x. E USP E}vfl HU
P kP R }vfl[Phx
u u hP Ax Cshx
hP CUP. S USP E
}vfl A }vv (Sessions Judge) Ax Tku
A }vv (Additional Sessions Judge) BQfl w
PUS Gv mk USP \US
}v U Pskx.
|P AvP[Pfli E}v fl ux R
}vfl[P G Pmkkzu Afl
oP h AvP x.
A}v fl[P u[Px oP P vh
vP
J[SP
E}v
fl
SUQflx. R }v fl PPU (Files) Th E}v
fl B \. USP J }v flzv
x Cfl }vflzvS . E}v
fl uUSU R }vfl[P UP AUP
P A P.
}v |P {UPzvPP J |
mh[PP A Jfl J mh
}vvfl }v \kQfl. mh
}vvfl R iiP o }v AP
P }v |Pzva \zv Qfl.
R| }vvP, E}v fl | A_
213

o u Bn BQ APhfl Px
B]zx SUPmh vPfli, B{ |UQfl.
Shmk AvP[Pa \kzx
v E}vfl AvP[P ux
}vUS
_uvzxhfl
\Qflx.
Auh _uv o A]a \mh
xPP EvkzxQfl.
P AhP
1. n | |P, \mhfl
}vzxfl AvP[P, oP mih
i.
2. n B{US uSvP UP i.
3. n ua\ Aa\U Sfl
AvP[P, oP UP i.
4. n | E}v flzvfl AvP[P,
oP Sh i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. | B{ |
A. CvU Si_z
B. xnUSi_z u
u
C. U \ u
D. Cvz u }vv
2. | Aa\U Sfl u
A. B{
B. ua\
C. \mhz
D. Ex Aa\
u
214

3. ua\ |
A. u Aa\

B. B{

C. Si_z u

D. \mh z u

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv _________ |[P _________ fl
u\[P E.
2. B{ |zvfl _______ _______ u.
3. ua\ _________ u.
4. B{fl uUP xP _______ BskPS.
5. mh }vvP _________ |UQ.
III. fl zxP
1. B{

&&

\mh

2. ua\

&&

z u

3. \mh z u &&

|a \mhfl

4. \mhfl

Es u

&&

IV. _UPP hUP

1. | \mh ] S GxP
2. Aa\U S.
3. E}v flzvfl A _UPP v.
V. h uP
1. ua\fl AvP[P, oP ?
2. B{fl AvP[P, oP ?
3. E}v flzvfl AvP[P, oP ?
215

VI. Pzu P \P
1. | A]fl |P A US UP
h Amh u \P.
2. n u{k B{, ua\, Aa\P
Ash |[Pfl B{P, ua\
Pfl P mih.

216

AS & II
h & 4

Cvz uu Bn
P {UP[P
1. n Cvz uu Bn J _uv
A]a \mh A Gflu x
Pu.
2. n uu Bnzvfl Az ux
Pu.
3. n Cvz uu Bnzvfl AvP[P,
oP U P.
4. n uz uu Bn, uu
BnPfl | ux Pu.
5. n |z uu Bn, Aufl oP
A .

Cvz uu Bn J _uv A]
a \mh A BS. Cn x
v Axx. Cn {mifl Azx
uu
oP
kQx.
Cu
""|\fl \ufl'' Gfl AUQfl.
A : Cvz uu Bn fl E
PU Psh K A BS. Cv J uz
uu Bn, Csk uu BnP
E. AP A CvU Si_z
u | \Q. uz uu Bn,
217


uu
BnP
u[P
u
{x B BskP u.
uu BnPfl Aux Ea\ }vfl
}vvPUS CnuS. CPfl Fv[P,
iP Cv Ea\}v fl }vvPfl Fv[PUS
iPUS \P E. CPx Fv[P
iP Cvfl uS |vx (Consolidated
Fund of India) [PkQfl.
AvP[P oP : uu Bn fl
UQ oP Qflx :
1. {hflz uuP {hzxu,
2. | \mhfl[PUP (fl u\[P
Eh) uuP {hzxu,
3. Si_z u, xnU Si_z u u
PUP uuP {hzxu BQS.
Smh \Phfl uhh o
PP (A) UP miz uzu, (B) uu
uvP |nzu, (C) uuP
ku, (D) US GsoUP iP AUP
Hk \u, (E) J {hfl Ax |a
\mhfl E uu Szu \a\P Gx
A uSv CUQfl Ax C Gflx
AU Si_z uUS [Su
fl Qflx.
Bnzvfl _uvz ufl : uu Bnzvfl
[S Aa\o fluS. Bnzvfl m\fl
Aufl _uvz uflhfl UQP nUPmk
Ex. uz uu Bn uu
BnPfl Cfl oP \mh fl
S P \Qx :
218

A. uu Bn | zvfl Aih
Auufl. Cu | 6 BskP uU
P Ax J 65 v Gmku C
Gx flu Aufli |UPkQfl.
B. J uu Bn Ea\}v fl }vv }UP
flk Au ufl }UP
i.
C. J Bnfl o |u Ax |z
vS fl AUS uPP hU Thx.
D. J uu Bnz uz uu Bn
fl x ox }USu
ix.
E. Bn ux oP vh zv, |
A_P u oP BnzvS
Qhzvha \ Phmk.
uz uu AvP : J |zv J
uz uu AvP E. Cvz uu
Bn | A]fl / fl u\zvfl J
z uu AvPP |
Az uz
\Qx Ax mk ozxQx. AzuP
| | A_ / fl u\ |Pzxhfl
Pu]UPmk \kQx.
| uu o k AvP
uz uu AvPUS [PkQx. |z
uu oP JmkzuP ku,
{kzxu, PsPozu BQ |zv
uz uu AvPfl R E.
Cvz uu Bn {hfl |
\mh\ uSvPUSz uu PP
219

Cvz uz uu Bn

uz uu Bn

uu BnP

uz uu AvP

mhz uu AvP

uu AvP

US v A

USa \i AvP

US A
(xP uu \P
P) A_ AP |UQflx. AP
Bn JhUS o Qfl.
| Gflx \mh JflS. AP
BnzvS AUP {hP AQfl.
|z uu Bn : A]z vzua
\mh[P 73 74&fl i |z uu Bn[P
AUPmk. J | / fl u\
uu Bn Em] A[P[P {Pm]U
PP[P, {Pm]P, mh Fm]P, Fm]
220

Jfl[P, Q Fm]P Em]

APUP uuP {hzu AvP Psh
S. C Cvz uu Bnzvfl Pmkmi
C uP C[SQfl. u{mi |z
uu Bn \fl Axx.
P AhP
1. n Cvz uu Bnzvfl A
UP i.
2. n
i.

uu

Bnzvfl

oP

UP

3. n uu BnP | U Sh
i.
4. n |[P Gu A Em]z
uuP {hzxQflx Gflu UP i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. Cvz uu Bn J
A. _uv A B. \mh A
C. u A
D. x |
2. Cvz uu Bn Ax Ch
A.
B. \fl
C. x v
D. PPzu
3. uu BnP C |UPkQfl
A. u Aa\
B. B{
C. CvU Si_z
D. Aa\U S
u
4. Em]z uuP Cu A {hzxQflx
A. |z uu
B.
Bn
C. mhz uu D.
221

zv uu
Bn
P

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cvz uu Bn _________ G AUP
kQflx.
2. uu BnPfl uUP _____ BskPS.
3. uu BnPfl
\S.

uSv

_____

}vvPUSa

4. A]z vzua \mh _____ _____

BQPfl R |z uu Bn[P
AUPmk.
III. fl zxP
1. uz uu Bn&& A]a \mh
A
2. uz uu AvP && 73 74 vzu[P
3. Cvz uu Bn && |z uu AvP
4. Em] APfl
uu

&& mh A

5. uu AvP

&& Cvz uu Bn

IV. _UPP hUP

1. uu BnP | \x ?
2. uu BnPfl oUP G?
3. uz uu AvP |x ?
4. Em] APfl
{hzxQx.

uuP

Gu

V. h uP
1. Cvz
?

uu

Bnzvfl

AvP[P,

2. |z uu
USP.

Bnzvfl

A,

222

oP
[Q

h & 5

uuP
P {UP[P
1. n uuP A .
2. n uu
Pu.

Pfl

PP

3. n {hfl, |a \mh fl[P,

Em] APfl EP G
uukUPkQfl Gflu x Pu.
4. n UP v|vPfl [Q z ux
Pu.

{hfl, |a \mh fl[P, Em]

APUS J Smh PzvS UPP
u[P v|vPz uukUS \z uuP
G AUQ. uuflx UPP Av
UQzx Qfl. uuP Cfl v|vzx
A_ Ax CuuS. xP C PPz
uu P E. AP Jfl {Pz
uu fl Pz uu BS. Cv
xz uuP Ix BskPUS J {hzu
kQfl. uuP {hfl, |a \mhfl[P
Em] APUS {hzukQfl.
{Pz uuP : C UPP u[PUS
mPUS {PP UPzx
u[P v|vPz uukUQfl. Cv
U \ |a \mh EP
223

C Ix BskU PzvSz uukUPk

Qfl. C J UP u[P
mPfl ]fl[PUS GvPz u[P
UQ vzx UPUQfl. A v
USP P AvP GsoUP USP
m uukUPmhuP AUPk.
|P :
1. C P UPm]z uflhuS.
H UPP u[P v|vP {P
P uukUS J C
Qfl.
2. C v|vPUS UPPUS
Ch {UP uh Hh
Ex.
3. A] UP w [Q B C
BmkQflx.
4. xP, {Pz uu mP u[P
PPP vmh[P UP fl
AUQfl. Cu A]fl \kP
UP xP iQflx.
5. C { v|vPz uukuS
Ex.
SP :
1. Cv UPP i A
PP uPP Eu u
Pfl a_UP AP Gv DUPk
Qfl. Aufl P ] {[P v
_{vP uukUPmk kQfl.
2. CPz uu AvPa \huP P
A HkP \h si
JflP Ex.
224

3. \vP, \[P, P E J
\uzv P UP C
sk.
4. Aa\ Enfl PnP {h uu
[PP mkkQfl.
5. UPm]
EPuu.

{UPPUS

Pz uu : C UP J UP
flzvz uukUQfl. Afl APx
v|vPz uukUQflx. CPz uu
Pz uu G AUQ.
|P :
1. x u US Hk S
P C uu }USQflx.
2. C UPm] Cu J
{mi \kzu.
3. C A]
SUPkQflx.

Pm]Pfl

UQzx

4. {kPUS C EPuuS.
5. C Su \ Hk.
SP :
1. C UPm]z uflx.
2. UPP
v.

A]

AvP

Dkk

3. C PmiS g\zvS sk.

4. C UPPfl UQzx P
SQflx.
5. C UPPUS v|vPUSh
{hz uh Qhx.
225

Chz uu : J mfl uUPzv Ax

u P Ax C Hk {hfl
Ax |a \mhflU P Chzv | {hzu
k uu Chz uu G AUPkQx.
E uu : {hflzu Ax |a \mh
flzu Auh uU P i fl
Pzxmk {hzx xz uu E uu G
AUPkQx.
Em] AP uu : Em] A
Ax Em] A_ Gflufl J Svfl
UP u[P Sv P[Pz u[P |QzxU
Pu BS. Aufl AihU PP Gfl
zv, | A_Ph J Svfl u
P a]P ASvfl UP ]P
PzxU P i GfluS.
1992&B Bsk A]a \mh vzua
\mh[P 73 74 Cmh. Czvzua \mh[P
1993&B Bsk H 24 u {hUS u.
C
Fm]P
{Pm]
AP
A] \mhi APP .
Em] A_ : Em] A_ {P Em]
A\P Q Em] AP G
UPkQfl.
Em] A_
{Pm]U PP[P

mh Fm]P

{Pm]U PP[P

g\zxa \v
Ax Fm]
Jfl[P
Q Fm]P

{P Fm]P
226

73&x A] \mhzvzu \mh J

Qzv Q \ Q, Ch|,
mh A Fm]P Hkzu P
\Qx. "{PPa \mh' G AUPk
74&x A] \mhz vzua \mh fl P {Pm]
AP AUP P \Qflx. CP
{P Fm]P, {Pm]U PP[P, {Pm]
PP[P Gk. {P Fm]P Q SvP
Cx
{P
SvP

SvPUS
AUPk BS. ] {P SvPUS
AUPk
AP
{Pm]P
BS.
{PSvPUS AUPk
AP {Pm]P BS.
Q Em] AP : u{k \mhfl
73&x A] vzua \mhzvfli 1994&B
Bsk u{k g\zxa \mhzv |x.
u{mi fl P fl Pmh Q
Em] A_ \kQflx : (1) 500 P
AuS UP uPU Psh J
Qzv J Fm], (2) mh A Q
Fm]PU Psh Fm] JflU S , (3)
mh A Pmhzv mh Fm]
BQS. ux u{mi 12,584 Q
g\zxUP, 384 Fm] Jfl[P, 28 mh
Fm]P E.
Q Fm]fl u, Sv EP
A] Aihfl UP {hPz u
ukUPkQfl. xnz uP Sv E
P uukUPkQfl. A Ix Bsk
PUSz uukUPkQfl. CP
fl J Sv Ch[P sPUPP JxUP
mk.
227

Azx Fm] JflU SUPfl E

P UP {hPz uukUPkQfl.
Fm] JflU Sfl u AUSSz
u Q. u, xnz
u Sv EP uukUQfl. u
ukUPmh Fm] JflU SUPfl uU P
Ix BskPS.
Fm] fl flx Pmh A mh
Fm]P BS. mh Fm]Pfl u Aufl
ufl. A mh Fm] u
ukUPmh Sv EP uukUQfl.
UP
Sv
EP
{hPz
u
ukUQfl.
18 vS mh x u SiUP A
UPUPz uSvhP. 21 x |
P mk Fm] EPP, xnz
uPP, uP uukUPk.
Fm]fl uUP i fl Ax PUP
kfl 6 u PzvS AuSz uu {hzu
sk.
{P Em] AP : A]a \mh
{Pm]U PP, {Pm]P, {P Fm]P {P
Em]
APP
A[RPzxx.
Cu
v {P AP (Townships), CqU Si
[P (Contonment Boards), AUPmh Sv
SUP (Notified Area Committee) BQ ] {P
Em] APS.
{Pm] Afl Pmhzv {Pm]U
PP[P E. C{Pm]U PP[P
{P[P |kQfl. xP, 10 Cm\
UP uP AuS Psh
{P[P {Pm]PP AUPkQfl. EunP
\fl, , PPzu, h BQ Cv
228

P {Pm]U PP[PS. u{mi

\fl, x, Pzy, \, va]
v{ fl 6 {Pm]U PP[P E.
{Pm]U PPzvfl A] u B.
A {Pz uu G {Pfl u SiPfl /
SiP G AUPkQ. , Sv
EP UP {hPz uukUQfl.
Sv EP xn z uukUQfl.
APx uUP 5 BskPS. {Pm]U PP
EPfl 2/3 [S fl zxhfl
w C , xn ux
}UP.
{P Em] A] {Pm]P Cshx Chzu
QUQfl. {Pm] G \ {P Ax {Pfl
_&Bm]U SUQflx. u {mi 100&US
mh {Pm]P E. J {Pm]
u, xnz u, Sv EP E.
u, Sv EP UP {h
Pz uukUQfl. xnz u Sv
EP u[PUS uukzxU PQfl.
AP 5 BskP u QUQfl.
J ]{P Sv J {P Fm]
A Hkzumkx. Av uukUPmh
EP E. CuPP {P Fm]
SvPP UPmkx. J Sv J
E mk uukUQflx. {P Fm]
fl u, EP UP {hPz
uukUQfl. AP Ix BskP u
QUQfl. {Pm]z u, EP fl
Au |, AvP[P E
P CP .
229

UP v|vPfl [S P : u
ukUPmh {hfl, |a \mhfl, Em]
APfl EP UP v|vP G
AUPkQfl. UPUP APx [S
P P UQ. {hfl, |a
\mhfl EP UPUS umh
hP B. {hfl EP
{hflzvfl u[P oP Qfl.
|a \mhfl EP | A Aa\
PP UPfl v|vPP u[P o
Qfl. , {Pz u, u fl
Em] AUPfl A] |Q
P. Em] APfl A] uP
{Pm]U PP[P, {Pm]P Fm]Pfl
Tmh[PUSz
u
u[SQfl.
AP
Em] APfl Bn[P zx A
Pfl AP x |P AvPzv
\zxQfl. UP v|vPUS J[Qn,
ku o UQuS.
P AhP
1. n {x {mi flk uu
P UP i.
2. n {P, Pz uuPfl |P,
SPU Sh i.
3. n Em] APfl PP UP
i.
4. n 73&x A]a \mhvzua \mhz
v UP i.
5. n UP v|vPfl [Q
P UP i.

230

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. U\ EPfl uU P
A. {flS BskP

B. fl BskP

C. Ix BskP

D. Csk BskP

2. Em] APfl uU P
A. fl BskP

B. B BskP

C. {flS BskP

D. Ix BskP

3. z uukP
A. {hP UP

B. EP

C. ua\

D. B{

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv xz uuP _____ BskPUP
{hzukQfl.
2. xP _____ P uu P E.
3. Qz u UP _____ BPz uukUQfl.
4. UP _____ BPz uukUQfl.
III. fl zxP
1. 73&x A]a
\mhzvzu

&& 74x vzu

2. {PP

&& {Pm]U PP

3.

&& Fm] |P

4. {Pz u

&& {P Fm]

5. u

&& {Pm]
231

IV. _UPP hUP

1. uu Gfl Gfl?
2. uu PP USP.
3. Chz uu Gfl Gfl?
4. Em] A_ PP USP.
V. h uP
1. {Pz uufl |P, SP ?
2. Em] APfl EP G u
ukUPkQfl?
3. UP v|vPfl [S, P ?
VI. \ ]P
1. Em] A]fl PP Psh UP Amh
Jfl u \P.
2. Em] _&A]fl AU PsUS
Amh h Jfl u \x Au S
US UP.

232

h & 6

Si
P {UP[P
1. n
Si,
Pu.

US

2. n UP Ah Amh, UPzu
P A .
3. n SiUS uSvP ux
Pu.
4. n A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P ux
Pu.
5. n
UPPfl
Pu.

PhP

"SiPfl' G k "]mi\fl' G
B[Qa \ Czwfl zu "]'
Gflvx mhuS. Aa\ {P&{mi
(City-State) ] G PshuS. {P&
{k A_P u fl Aa\ J {mi ]UQfl
PU SUP flkzumhx. J {mifl Si
UP, Si A] EP
AUQfl.
SiUPfl EP : {x A]a \mh {
{mifl SiUPUS fl EP [S
Qflx :
1. Aih EP.
2. SiUP mk xuP QUPz uSv
hP. {x {mifl u x
233

uP Si_z u, xnU Si_z

u, u Aa\, Ea\, E }vfl }vv
P, B{P ua\ BQS.
3. SiUP mk U \ | \mh
fl[Pfl EPUS UPUPz uSvh
P.
4. SiUP mk {hfl, |a \mh
fl[Pfl EPPz uSvhP.
SiUPfl PhP : 1976&B Bsk Cmh
42&x A]z vzua \mhzvfli AzxU
SiUP fl si AihU PhP
SUPmk. AP : (1) A]a \mhz
v Aufl SUP |[P
fl {hzu, (2) u]U Pi, u] Ruzv
vzu, (3) AQ\, UPm] \a \fl
fl A]U PPP Enx A
flu, (4) {x smk ,
Cs, J Jmi
xPzu BQS. xa \zxUP, CP
[P xPzu \P ua \Pz
uzu fl PhP E.
Sifl PP : Si C Pk. A
Si A {mh
Si BQS. J {mi |uP
(EhPU Psh) SiUP PU
Psk US SuP SiUPQfl.
EunP CvU SiUPUS US SuP
CPP ufla\P CvU SiUP
Qfl. J {mi }sh P u[Q Ax
A{mifl J SiP / SiP nu
Si A{mh Si (Naturalisation)
234

G [PkQx. xP ,x u J Gu
{mi SiUS snUP. B Afl
snzv HP Ax |PPUP A{mk
A]S E Esk. CP v Si
J ux Si Cx
ufl Gu {mi Q A{mifl SiPfl /
SiPQfl. Eun P CvP AUP
IUQ {mi Si A[P
Six. Cuv Cv A_ AP
]US Ch CvU SiUP (Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) G uSv [Qx.
Sifl ufl: {x Cv A]a
\mh CvU SiPfl / SiP Gk JU
Si mk [SQx. B AUP
IUQ {k, _m\x fl ] Tmh_ {kP
Tmhm] Ax u]U SiUP Smh
|zvfl SiUP G CmhU Si
Ex.
UPUS EP : US x Jfl
uSvS. Smh J v Gv UP
AUS US [PkQx. Cu
xu AUS US Ax uu
US G AUQfl. Cv 18 v
Gv G UPUPz uSvh. APh
P UP mi \UPkQfl. uu
Bn APUS UP Ah Amh
[SQflx.
UP Ah Amh : Cvz uu Bn
UP Ah Amh AP \xx.
Cmh UPfl , x, , P,
uSvfl Sk Gs uPP Ah[Q
. USa \iPUS ~x UPP
235

Ch Amhz u[Phfl zxU P

u sk. UP Ah Amh [Pu
UPP UPUPa \x u[Phfl
fl Huu Buzv zxU Pu
sk. A (1) Sk En Amh, (2) Kmk{
E, (3) ~ E \flu (Passport Certificate)
BQS. J UP u[P Sv
UP Ah Amh A_ AP
[S x Au uu Bnzxhfl
Jzxzu A]S.
UPUS : UPUS CP
kzu. A h USv, CP]
uu UP Ah Amhfl v
fl UP

fl UP

USv Gfl BS. ux C UPUS

P UQ v \ flqa
236

\u[P flkzukQfl. Cu
UPzu G AUQ.

flq

1. h USv : J UP ux
UQ hPz uzu Au
h USv G AUQ. h
USv USa ]u Eun PP
EzvU Pmi {Pz uukzuS. C
CP] PUPkv. C UP
GsoUP xz uuPUS
flhx. C hz ufl
UPfl E UPkQx.
2. CP] US v : C UPP
u[P US CP]Pa \USQfl. u
mh UPfl zv mik m
Ax Ehfl UPUS UP A
ix. EunP Cv {hzu xz
uuP C flkQx. C[S UP
PUS mPfl P, ]fl[P Psk
Aa]hmh USzuP [PkQfl. UP
ufl mfl US Gv Smh
J S Cmk USzu US mi
h sk. C CP] US v
Cv, AUP C[Qx fl
{kP flkQx.
A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P : J A] Pm]
uUP J ]fl Pskx. Cvz uu
Bn, {hfl, |a \mh fl[PUS
mik mPUSa ]fl[P JxUS
Qflx. Q Fm]P {Pm]U PP[P
fl Em] APUS {hzuk uuUS
|z uu Bn ]fl[P JxUSQflx.
237

P AhP
1. n SiUPfl EPU Sh i.
2. n SiUPfl
mih i.

AihU

PhP

3. n USP UP i.
4. n UP Ah Amh
UP i.
5. n UPUS UP i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. ]mi\fl G \ Cx mhx
A. QUP
C.

B. Czwfl
D. Ex

2. Cv UPUS EUP x
A. 21 BskP

B. 25 BskP

C. 18 BskP

D. 20 BskP

3. SiUP xP C PkzukQfl
A. C PP
C. Ix PP

B. {flS PP
D. J PP

4. AUP IUQ {mi E Si P

A. CmhU Si B. JU Si
C. |U Si

D. Gx C
238

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. SiUP ________ ________ EP
AUQfl.
2. Cv UP Ah Amh _____
_____ _____ AP \xx.
3. UPUS _____. _____ G CPP
Pkzumkx.
4. A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P _____
JxUSQflx.

_____

_____

5. Cv _____ Si mk Ex.
III. fl zxP
1. UPUS x

&& uu Bn

2. CmhU Si

&& 18 BskP

3. ]fl[P JxUSx

&& PP Ezxu

4. h
USv

&& 42&x vzua \mh

5. AihU PhP

&& AUP IUQ {k

IV. _UPP hUP

1. Si Gfl Gfl?
2. "xu
AUS
\ USP.

US'

Gfl

3. UP Ah Amh [Sx ?
V. h uP
1. CvU SiUPfl
USP.

EP,

PhP

2. US, UP Ah Amh, UPUS

BQ P GxP.
239

VI. Pzu P \
SiUP EP, PhP Ah[Q UP
Amh Jfl u \x Au S
US UP.

240


Cv & K AP
{{k fla ]hzx. C[S
sn[P
Esk.
{,
Cfl
Cv J P uzuz ufl (timelessness)
|Qflx. { Pzvfl [P, u
Pzxhfl
Jk
P,
P
PP
|PQfl. fl, Cv
Ahux. UPfl Jflsk TP mk
[P Avzux. B Cfl [P
G UPU TP vx mkfl,
A], u, \u, ~m
Pa\
fl
G
E
Jfl |Pzvx. Phu 50 h[PUS

P,
_uv
Cv
|Pu
[Pz u \ vh J
A {USz uQflx.
G [P { [PP Cu
Gflu \z u. Gfl,
u Pzv h fl
Hmhx Gflu Gkzxa \ sk. J
] nUSP / USP mk h
ufl. Au mi \z uSu
P fl Cvux Gflx J
H. G h P UQ \u
J u u^zu, EUP
iux Gflu. A] \{P i
[PP ux Ca\uP Jfl.
SkP | ufli Th, _uv
uu EP fl Cu
Gflx Cfla ]. {mk Au
k { { {x Ash{kP
zu
{hiUPP
{hzv
P
uQfl.
241

u
fl
A
vv
uuP C; Gfl u h[P
h u\ fl {flP Ex.
{mi |u ] |Pa]P { a_
PP C Gflx J Po.
flmk mk miP Cvfl
\uP ]P C. B] {kP h
flu[Q | Cv Ex Gflx u.
P,
{

UPz
u
fl { {k Cfl H |
Ex Gflx zu uUTi Jfl. A_U
SURmh Pmkmi mk {
Ax PuP i. { _ {x
Av \fl TQ : "u Cux, {x
A_ x A, P {
zu, E\Pzxhfl \h.'
Gfl, Cv J {h k {hPz
uyUS Gfl {UP |Qflx. HP,
{{k Jhfl ufl Cx, ufl
kzxU Psk uh[Qx.
x Q {kPhfl A] v
{k|US vUQflx. {USa \uP \u
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242

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245

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TPm 1.2
247

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TPm 1.4.
251

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264

TPm 2.2
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fl izu A[Px, Psk
x BP u[P Azx u mP
B Cu hv Ph i zu. B J
]u AU Po Gflx E[PUSz u.
PUQ hv Ph iP |mhx.
iP CQ iPP .
269

 Kmifl UPmk {P Psk

|Sv hUS {UQ {Pux, A A[P
| Sv {Px \flx. Csk |[P
Pzv {Pu. G, Csk
|SvPUS Ch Cu x i
P Azu mh.
Cx
P
ix
iPP
Eu.
C
""iP''
Gfl
CP AUPU Pn.
Kmifl UPmk {P ix Eu
i PU Psh CP "i
P' G AUQfl.
CP Cvfl As. CP
Eu ]P[P PnP, Ph
h[ P E. EQ P Eu
]P Gm { {mk G Ex.
Czuh Pg\fl\[P, uQ, {[Pu
fl ]P[P P, fl PnP
E. CP P zuUS
P AS ux. A[S h H, h[,
], \ fl Ph h[P _z
u[PS. AS |u BS.

CP Pz u
P _kP

TPm 2.3

A\ PUPP Afl Psk

ifli, {, Cv h
Pn EQ Eu, ]P Psh
CP Pz ufl Pfl x
Pmh S. CP Pn
Pfl v zx CP
ufl P Es 450 & 500

270

271

umhu CP Gu' Gflx

AP PzuS. "G[P Pzvfli Cu mku
(collision) \ _ 508 fl h[PUS fl
J ] zuh |Pux. , P
uu, P[P Eu u
fl Cv {UQ |Pu', GflQ .
_ 450 fl h[PUS fl,
Eu UPz uh[Qx, A
|z u[P uu A uflk
P AS uzvx mkfl,
AvP A iP EUQx.
uhx,
ufl
P
uuk
mkfl Ph mhzvSU R ux, Cv
Px |SvP A u.
G, Cmh x Ph iPUSU
R }shP u vx, fl 55 fl
BskPUS fl |Pu uS B]hfl B
mku
xP
Ez
uh[Q.
Cxufl { CP E z
x[Q. Ca\zvufl EPU P |
Sz x[Qx. C P |Pu ]u
|PPfl
Gvha
\P
shzvx P UPmk
EP Su ux FUPz
ufl Cux. Au \zv, EQfl
Px C\ h Ph{UQz
u iP Pn. Es
Cfl P|fl [P, Ph}fl
C\zv, CPfl P Hmh
uu, E, u P
EPU Pn GflQ .

fl h[PUS mh GflQfl.
"uu CP AUS flu
Au
A
ufl
P
AiPU Psk Pmh G C
{Qfl', Gfl TQ ]
.
h[PP ] Ax
xn
BP
Pkh
{
P PoP Dkmk
x.
APx AUP T Gkzxa
\ ] , "G[P v u
E {UPfl uP P US x, _
450 & 500 fl h[ PUS fl
CPfl
P
R{UQ
P
BzvS Azu ', GflQ. u
sh P Azuzu hx EP,
P[P AP E.
C P P, uu, Azu
BQa \P | SU Psk
. Eu P P
EUP, Afl A AUPvP
iP Ezv \u. Czufl
iP Qhzu Tmk P, s
P A\ PU PP A
B \u. APx Bfl UQzu[P
{zv Afln uh CuS.
CPfl x Es P
R u Psk mh Pu
BS. Azxhfl A ThS.
" uu, u A 450 &
500 fl h[PUS v |PuP
{[P PxQ', GflQ . "A
CvU Psh |Svfl R

CPUSz uP Ax P[Pa
\
P[P
B
EUPmhx.
Ca\ S QUPP x xx.

272

273

P[Pa \

P[P B CP EQ, P
Azx,
izv
sh
i
UQflx. Cs P \u s
P {flS Qfl. \u s
Cv C[Sufl UPhzv AvP.
P[Pa \US Q \m \,
QUQ zv Ba \ Cvfl
G[P Ax.

wP
Cva \u Csk wUTmh[P
QUQ Q Esk. A (h 2.4):
1. Aufl, |UP wP
2. Cm\z wP

Au wP
\flUSU QUP [P ShU Ph
hUS Sv Aufl w, uQ |UP
w Ax. Aufl wP ]x
xP Hzu 300 wPU Psk.
CzwP Iv mk UP ]UQfl.
|UP
wPfl
Sv
UP
]UQfl. oP _ P
wPP C.

Cm\zwP, UP, Av wP
CzwP AUPh P Jmi A
x. CzwP E[PP, P
fl E. CP _z u[PS.

Cv BP
Cv

BP
Afl
iP fl Aih CPP
UP (h 2.5):

TPm 2.4

274

275

(i)

wP Cv BP

(ii)

wP Cv BP

wP Cv BP
wP Cvfl BP
Sz uha] P EQfl. Czuh
P uflS UP P
Qfl. BP ES Chzv
Cv UP[P mk } x,
P[P sk Qfl. G,
C BP GkQfl.
Sz uha] P ES BP
h Svx QUS {UQ x
[PUPh PUQfl. QUS {UQ
BP UQ P{v, Pu, Qn,
P GflS.
P B P{hP ShS
EQ
u{mhU
Phx
[PUPh
PUQflx.
u
{mi
va],
ug\
mh[P \x Q.. hhUP
PP[P
EUS
Qflx.
sh
\P { hzu P E.
Pu,
Qn
BP
Bv
kzx Qfl. wP Cv BP Pu
P } B. P{v J\ |zv Qflx.
{u, uv BP uUPn hfl hS
Sv E E|[P EQ S
{UQ x AUPh PUQfl.

wP Cv BP
TPm 2.5

wP Cv BP fl
CP uflQfl. CP

276

277

P EP Cu BP (Glaciers)
EQfl. wP Cv BP C
BPx, U Pzv
} Qfl. G, C Bsk x
}mhzxhfl PnkQfl. Cu C
"u BP' GkQfl.
wP Cv BP P UQ
B P[P B. C CPfl zx
Gfl Chzv \ x AhQflx.
CUP[Pfl xn BP :
(i) ,
(ii) uu
(iii) P].
C Ph PUS fl hmhU
P EUSQflx. P[P hhfl Sv
[P u\zv Ex. Q {vP Jfl
U mk Cv Qflx. U
{vufl Cv P AvP A E{mk
} USzx {hQflx. C{v
PPzu x PzuU Phhfl CnUQflx.

E[PUSz u?
P HP _[SQfl!

umiUQfl [P h P
SPz umk E. Es Cufl
Pn vh, AUPP \mh
u
\fl
|zu.
|hz
uSv PkUPmk E | h[P
\UPh (Dead Sea) \m H (Lake Chad) fl
}|P P| z u, }\
a] _[Q u GkzxU TQfl.
Ezv Sx Qfl P,
BUPfl P E hfl\fl
Qg\ Jfl. C 3 mhP Cx
5,892 mh EuP |Qflx. Bv]
P E PhPU PukQfl
|]vfl "SU' _ 10 mh Ezv
Sx 3,754 mhhuP |Qflx. Cx 1991&
Hmh P a]fl
PnP GflQx Cu | hzuSv.
A, uflUPfl Eu P
Jfl APflPS (Aconcaqua) HUS J
mh ASU Sx Bsj P
Ezv
Sx
Qfl
GfluU
PmkQflx. APflP Sfl Cfl E
6,959 mhPS.
Cv
|
hzuSv
\UPhfl
xzv GkzxU TQflx. H
1975&B
h
|
hzuSv
Pmhmiuh _ 16 mh B
Sx Gz u mkx.

EQfl PUQ US EPu |

hzuSvPU Puk hfl EP
| hzuSv' (Times Comprehensive
Atlas of the World) AUh 16& uv (2003) h
mhx. EQfl fl Psh[P CUQfl
u PkP (Mountain peaks)
E[P Sxmh Gfl TQflx Cu
|
hzuSv.
{flS
hzvS
fl hmh |hz uSv

CPx ES H C
BP ]x, zv Cv J
] Sv mk Qfl. ]x {vfl
Sv Qu, zvfl Sv
vzv Qfl. ]xfl xn B \m

278

279

mk
Cvfl
hQ
Qflx.
C{vfl x B] P AnU
Pmh U& {[P Cv A\ Pmhmkx.
Cn g\ | fl
Qflx.
zv {v CPfl hQUQ
A USflP P CvS
Qflx. fl [P u\zvS ~Qflx.
C{v AiUPi Hk zv A,
P |[P x vUPkQfl.
P AhP
1. nP Cv Pnk
|z
u[P
z
ux
PQfl.
2. nP
wP
Cv
Pnk

|zu[P
{flS
Ax
PQfl.
3. nP wP Cv Pnk
\P, zuhP z u
Qfl.
4. nP
Cva
\x
wU
Tmh[P {flS AQfl.
5. nP Cv BP
AQfl.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. C E E ]P
A. umh mh
C. Gm

B. Pg\fl [P
D. u Q

2. wP Cvfl h S Sv
A. uUPn h
C. h

B. S uha]

3. umh mh Ax
A. B

B. }Q

C.

D. S

4. P Bfl SUP Pmhmk An

A. U{[P An B. Sm An
C. uu An

D. hfl An

5. P[P AvPP Pnk Sv

A. h

B. \mh{U

C. UP

D. Au SPP

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. zv PUS, PhP PUS Ch E

Sv _________ .
2. P zuUQ E _________ H J ]u
_z uS.
3. {u zuUQS
_________

4. [PSh,
Ph
Ax w P _________
5. {u
PUQfl

uv

Ax

hUS

BP

_________

III. fl zxP

1. uUPn h

&-&

2. \z

&&

3. S uha] &&

4. QUSU SflP

&&

5. P[P

&&

D. \mh {U h
280

CnP

281

uPm

uPP
Ph

iP
&&

Qn

IV. _UPP hUP

1. Cvfl C |zu[P ?
2. uUPn h S P.
3. C ""C i '' Hfl?
4. Cv Pnk wP ?
5. C EzvS BP ?
V. h uP

1. Cvfl |zu
G
Ex? Hu Jfl .

UPmk

2. Cv BP J Pmk Gx.
VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv Aufl CP SvP

P.
2. Cv hzv Aufl BP wP
PmkP.

282

AS & III : Cvfl P|

h &-- 3

P| } Ah
P {UP[P
1. n
Cvfl
P|
G
C[SQflx Gfl PU P.
2. n Cv | P|fl
TP Ax P.
3. n
Cv
UP
Guu
u[P
|Qfl
Gflu
Ax
P.
4. n UPPfl PP ,
AUPP Ch[P
Ax P.
5. n } Ah A
.

J { { P vUS |Pa]
P Jfl P|. Cv \ P|
{ x. Cv s UPa
\u `umh GflUPkQx. uUPm]
\v P , P| Ax
P U SP ]UPkQfl.
Gflx J Chzv | J {
Ax SQ P |, Azu, P, P
mh, BQU SUQflx.
{
{mi
P
J
Bsk
Bsk k hkQflx. Cx PhU
Pzv hkQx. PhU PzvS S
iiPU Sx i\, \
283

u[P S BUS. Cxfl

hzv P|PP .
US P|US Hu k
Esh? Cu n, nP Px
hP & vUP.

P[P H S izuu
C[S | P.
ux Aa] 23o \ _Qflx. J
Bsi `fl 23o h Am\ PhP Am\zvS,
23o ufl Am\ P Am\zvS hUQx
uPP,
uQx
hUPP
{Px
P]x z ufl. `fl a, \h
u[P
|{kUPmifl
x
{P
P]UQflx. Au PhP Am\zv fl
u, P Am\zv i\ u `fl
PvP \[SzuP Qfl.

Ztm TYeLm

`hx k Bsk
x J A uhu fl
] SvP P, ] SvP Sa]P
E. | Bsk x J
vP C ChzvS Ch, PzvSU P
kQflx. CuSU Pn P[P
uflu.

a u \h `fl \[SzxU
PvP hAUPzv Qfl. C AvP
uUTi. G hAUPzv
Cu[P PhUP |Qflx.
h AUPzv PhUP | x,
`fl PvP ufl AUPzv \P
u A[S SP CUS. G
a u \h ufl AUPzv
SP | (h 3.1).

TPm 3.1

284

285

\h uzvS S, `fl |{kU

PmiS uP {Pu `fl PvP i\
uzv P Am\zv \[SzuP Qfl. fl
a uzv `fl |{kUPmh AhQflx.
G
\h
u
a

ufl
AUPzv
PhUP,
h
AU
Pzv `fl PvP \P u
SP |Qfl.
h AUPzv a u \h
Ph PP, AUh u
S PP CUS.
u{k h AUPzv Axu
Cx fl P| |Qflx.
Cv |{kUPmiS hUQ 80 h Aa\
u 37o h Am\ x. G, h
AU Pzvfl P| CvS x.
P |U TPfl Aih Cvfl
P| fl PP UP.
1. PhUP
2. SP
3. UP

PhUP
Cv a uzv `fl |{kUPmi
x Ch x fl uzv PhP Am\zu
AhQflx. Cu[P `fl PvP Cv
\[SzuP . G a u \h
Cv PhUP |Qflx (h 3.2).
PhP Am\zvSz uP, |{kUPmiS
AQ wP Cv Axu a

TPm 3.2

286

287

uzvx AvPUQflx. G ufl

u{mi

uzv
Ea\
|
PnkQflx.
PhP Am\zv fl uzv `fl PvP
\[SzuP Qfl. Ax PhP Am\zvS
hUP wP Cv a u fl
Ph Ea\| AhQflx.
Cv Ph | a u fl
|Qflx.
Cvfl uQx hUS
{UQ \a \ AvPUQflx. Cvfl h
S SvP Ea\ | PnP
Azu SQflx. Cu AzuU S u
Azu Jfl EQflx. Ph
Cv Ch[P E
C PhP K[P SvP
\ uP CUS. PhP Jmi
| PhP ], zuz uoUQflx.
wP
Cvfl
PhP
Jmi
SvPfl | E{mk |SvPfl
|U
Pmi
SP
Ex.
u{mifl QUSU Ph P Ax
\fl
PhU
Pzv

E{mi x, va] BQ Ch[P hU

SP Ex. Ph mhzvx E
SvP | AizuU Pmi
SP CUS. Gufl C, Sz
uha] P, QUSU SflP BQ SvP
Ph
PU
Su
|
|Qflx. Sz uha] Fmi,
Sflfi,
PhUP
fl
Ch[P,
C h[, ], hlfl fl
Ch[P Ph h[PPz vPQfl.
Cv PhUP E PU
Pni
PhP
K[P

SvP ]x SP CUS.
288

SP
\h
uzvS
S
`fl
|{kUPmi x uP Ch x
ufl Am\ (23o) P Am\zvfl x i\
uzv
\[SzuP
P]UQflx.
G
\h u ufl AUPzv
PhUPP, h AUPzv SP
P A. h AUPzv Ax
Cv \h u SP
(h 3.3).
PhP Am\zvSz uP Ax wP
Cvh hUP Ax wP
Cvfl SP | \ AvPP
CUS.
Cv SP | AUh u
|Qflx.
wP Cv |{kUPmiS AQ (8o)
Axu
`fl
PvP
\[SzuP
Qfl. G C[S SP uP CUS.
P wP Sv |{kUPmix
u Eu A[S `fl \
PvP Qfl. Cu C[S SP
| P S.
SPzv Cvfl | uS
Svh hUQ PUSP vQ
x. Su AvP Azu Jfl
C[S EQflx.
Cv PU SP SP
C PhP SvP \
AvPP CUS. H Ph SvP
_ PhPfl | |fl Su
P
ha
\x
SU
289

CkV UZu TWYp

SUQflx. G Cv SPzv,
PhP SvP AvPP CUQflx.
izvx E \a \
Su u{mi \fl, x
fl Ch[ Ph Fmi PhUP
PUSu | vQflx.

UP
Cv Ph S Pzv
ES Azu mi _ UPP
z uUQfl.
Cv
fl
u
{

UP Qflx.
YeL[
RNm

Cv Csk P
UP.
1. PhUP
2. SP

PhUP

TPm 3.3

a u \h CvS PhU
P.
Cu[P
Cvfl
hS
SvP
P hx, hx
{UQ GQflx. G C[S Su Azu
Jfl EQflx (h 3.4).
Su
Azuzu
Dk\U
Px
Ezu Svx, Szu Sv
{UQ
_.
hS
Cvfl
Su
Azuzu Dk\ uQx _ CUP |
{kUPmhU Phx h AUPzv ~
x,
fl
_]
PnPz
v\,
uflQx
_Qflx.
Gufl,
ufl
AUPzvx
_
CUP
ufl
S UP GkQflx.

290

291

uS UP
uflS UP fl u Bzv
Cv {UQ \z uh[S. Cvfl
i PnP Cx Csk QPP
Qflx. A :
(i)

AUPh Q (Arabian Sea branch)

(ii)

[P Sh Q (Bay of Bengal branch)

PS.

AUPh Q
uflS UPfl JQ AU
PhU Phx Cvfl SU PhP
{UQ _Qflx. uflS UP SU
Pzv hUS& uPP Ax S
uha] P ukUPmk E GQflx.
E G Pfl } _[Q, Sz uha]
Pfl S SvP P Qflx.
C[S BskUS 250 \.mhUS
Qflx.
DuUP P u fl sh
PP Sz uha] Pfl Ea]U
Phx Aufl QUSa \ R[SQflx. sh
PS u uflfl Sz
uha] Pfl QUQ uUPn h
u\P Ex.

[P ShU Q

TPm 3.4
292

uflS UPfl Q
[P ShU PhU Phx Cvfl
hQUQ ~ Qflx. CUP C
ukUPmk x, Su Cfl
293

hQUS SvP 300 \..US P

U PkUQflx. fl, CUP hPPz
v P[Pa \ A U
PkUQflx. uhx CUP |Sv
Ahx ux Duzv Cu A
SQflx. Cv hQ E u
Azu zu Ah x CUP
sk kQflx. G C[S \
CSv PU Pm]UQflx.
C[Sufl u Axx.

SP
AUh u a `fl ufl AU
Pzv P]UQflx. G C[S | Ph
zv Pfl Azu Sx u Azu
EQflx.
Au \zv h AUPzv SP
|, G wP Cvh wP
Sv `UPvP \P v
Sx Azu AvPzx E Azu Jfl
hS Cv EQflx. Czu
mh DkPmh h AUPzvx ufl
AUPzu {UQ P _. hUQx
_ CUP fl _] v\
hQUPP
_Qflx.
Cu
hQUS
UP Gfl. CuS "flh UP'
(Retreating Monsoon) Gfl Esk. hQUS
UP Ezu Svx _u
sh PP Ex. CUP wP
CvS U Pk v. B Cx
[P ShU PhU PhUS x Duzu
wP Cvfl QUSU PhP {UQ
_Qflx (h 3.5). A[S USflP
ukUPmk
PhP
SvPUS
U

TPm 3.5

294

295

PkUQflx. CUSflP C fl
EP C, uha]P C. G,
CUP
uflS
UP

PU Pkv.
hQUS UP SPzv wP
Cvfl QUSU PhP SvUS mk
U PkUQflx. QUSU PhP CU
P z u P
Qflx. S Pzv [PUPh uhx
P Gu J] u[PUS, SP
AUh u i\ , U PkUQfl.
Cu Ph[P US, E
a \u Qfl.
Ca\u[Px xP Eu
| w Hu Esh Gfl BP.

usp a] H?
{fl Q UP u
zv \ flkzumk Qflx.
{Pu, PflQm Pmih[P, vu
P
Sz
uh[Q.
vu
Pufl |} v }fl
UP \ SvS.
zux, }US AvPzux. G
UP |zui } { Pnzu Au P
AvP A QnP, SU QnP
GkUQfl. Cu |zui }mh Sx
QnP sk kQfl.

Cv } [P
Cv ha \\ fl A 4,000
P Q.. A BP }fl Kmh
1,869 P Q.. P[Pfl fl
296

u[P mk u, flkzuUTi
}fl A 690 P Q.. |zui }x
CUPk }fl ha \\ A 432 P Q..
\\P,
_
1,122
P
Q..
}x
flmiS Ex; {x uP
zu mi C} xuS Gfl,
}
flkzxv
a\P
Esk;
Aux } Afl , P
zx, J ^P C.
{x {mifl 20 UQ BiPP 6
iP SvP US AvQfl.
Cu, {x {mi } J a]z
ukUS P Qflx. }fl A
uUSz wUS snPz u]z
vmh[P (uk wa \ vmh[P)
wmh \hz x[Q.

} Ah (\P)
P[P }a \Pzxz
uk x u \[P
EQx } Ah BS.

usp umkk & H?

1. y} [P AvPP EPkzumk
Eu
Gx
{
uspUS
umkk Hmkx.
2. PP
x

{Pu
CPP } \PUS SvP Sx
Qfl.
3. zx ku \ `|
HkQflx.
4. fl A Sx ku |zui }a
\x CUP si | HkQflx.
297

5. AvPP |zui } EQUP si

Eu } mhzvfl A Sx CvPU
QnP kQfl.

w
1. y }US Bu } mk.
2. uspz umkmhz wUPz u
A u.
3. } Ahfl usp umk
mhz wUP.
4. |zui } xPUP Azx }i
P }z uUP sk.
5. } Ah (\P) Jflufl |uz
w BS.

} H \UP sk?
1. |zui }fl A S xPUP
}a \PUP sk.
2. } mhzvfl A S CUPa \PUP
sk.
3. |zui }fl ufl Ezua \UP
sk.
4. PhP K[P Ph }fl Fkz ukUP
}a \UP sk.
5. _P Hk \Pz ukUP }a
\UP sk.

} Ah G G?
1. Cx {iP } \PUS J \k
BS.
2. }a \Pzx {iP EQUP
Ax
|zui
}iP
\zx
EQUP.
298

} G Ah \kQx?
}x RUPsh CP \PUP
kQflx.
1. }z umiP \Pzx, xPzx {iP
EQx.
2. E QnP \Pzx S EQx.

} Ah \ P
1. kPfl
TP,
_
h[P } E
(} umi ) \Px.
2. G[P[S vu / SU QnP E
A kP }z uUQ
x.
3. vu } Gflfl
P uUP Aufli \UP.
P AhP
1. nP Cvfl P|a ]z
ux P v Qfl.
2. s
Gflx
UPfl
ua
`umh Gflu nP PQfl.
3. nP

[Pfl
TP
P u Qfl.
4. } Ah Hfl UQzx
GfluU PQfl.

299

4. Cvfl UP
u BS.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

5. Sz uha] fl QUS Sv __________

BS.

1. \h u a Cv |
A. sh

III.

B. Ph

C.

D. S

B.

C.

fl zxP
1. uflS UP && i\ u

2. PhP P ` J \[SzuP u
A.

D. fl

3. SPzv AvP Pzu E Sv

2. hQUS UP && u
3. sh u\

&& Ph

4. u\

&& SP

5. SP

&& \h u {

A. ufl S Sv B. ufl QUS Sv

C. hQUS Sv

D. hS Sv

IV._UPP hUP

1. Gfl Gfl?

4. wP Cv SP
A. x

2. Cvfl P| P ?

B. Sx

C. ux

D. PU Sx

3. uflS UPfl C QP ?
4. Cvfl Ph h[P ]U TP.

5. hQUS UP Sv
A. uUPn h

B. SU PhP

C. QUSU PhP

5. wP Cv
Pn Gfl?

D. P

AvP

SP

uP

CUPU

6. } Ah Gfl Gfl?

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv

fl u __________

V. h

uP

1. Cvfl PhUP, SP JkP.

__________

2. Ph
mhzvx
| __________

\a

3. PhUPzv AvP | vS
__________
300

2. ufl S UP & .
3. hQUS UP & .

Sv

4. } Ahfl UQzx .
301

VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv ufl S hQUS

UPfl v\PU SkP.
2. Cv hzv uflS hQUS
U
P

SvP
kzvU PmkP.

302

AS & III : u s
h 4

CPz u sq
P {UP[P
1. n P u[P
Ax P.
2. n u[P xPUS P
Afl A]zu ux
P.
3. n s ufl P Szx,
sofl PP x P.
4. n s AU Pmkkzx
Ax P.

{a _ G[S zu , \i, PiP

x. AP B, A_, , _,
Pmka \iP, PiP fl Q[P
{flS vu { UQfl. A
h, uP zx u
A "CPz u[P' G AUPkQfl.
A Auu Sv um |, s,
US H uP zx .
CPa `| ufl Dkk
C u[P "CPz u[P'
Gk.
303

u a]US BuP A :

CkV CVtLj RYWm

1. ` J
2.
3. s
Cfl Hu Jfl Su Ax u
a] vUS?
Cv Pnk |zu
um |UP CPz uzu 3
PP UP (h 4.1). A :
(i)

zu[P (Hill Vegetation)

(ii)

Cv u[P (Deciduous Vegetation)

(iii)

z u[P (Desert Vegetation)

1. zu[P
Pfl Ai Ra\P
SvP CUS. G, C[S
u[P \zx . Cfl hQUS
SvP, Sz uha] fl Sa \P
BQfl Aizvx Hzu 1,000 mh

Ahu
PkP.

PiP
hvUS. u ] \iP vUS.
C Bsk x _PU Pnk.
G C "_u[P' (Evergreen Vegetation)
GflUPkQfl. Gfl, u u, \ (Rose
wood), P[P fl _ u[P.
_ 1,000 mh u 2,500 mh
Ezv , SP CUS.
A[S [P Ahx , _P CUPx.
K x, } u[Puu uzu
[P, ua \iP, PiP Px
304

TPm 4.1
305

Pnk. Cz u[PU Psh Sv PU

PkP (Mixed Forest) GflUPk.
_ 2,500 mhUS E[P
P PU Sx |x Pnk. C[S
u[P S, u[SuS
H F] fl CP . G,
C[PU Psh PkP "F]U PkP'
(Coniferous Forest) Gk.
_ 4,000 mhUS Ezv Ahu
iu C[S u[P uP
`| C.

2. Cv u[P
u[P z u `| C
J] u[P mk Cu A[S
u[P m]z uUSiUP CP
Evzx k. AUP[P [P CP
Evzx mk x z ufl. CzuP
u[PU Psh PkP "Cv PkP'
(Deciduous
Forests)
Gfl. Cv CUPkP
"U PkP' Gfl AUPkQfl.
Cvfl uUPn h, Sz uha]
Pfl
QUSa
\
Axu
uflS
UP
sh
PP
_Qflx. G Su A
CSv Cv u[P |x.
Cu C Aizvfl S
Sv Cv PkP E. ufl S
UPU Pzv hQUQx hPP
\a \ iiPU SQflx. C[S
s Cx P uUS,
\, \, \u, [Q fl Cv
u[PP E.
306

3. z u[P
Bsk x AvP zu, J]
\[P mk Psk
Ch[P \zvUP, P fl
u[P z u[P (Desert Vegetation)
Gfl. wP Cvfl hS Sv
u
zv
CPz
u[P
PnkQfl.
CPz u[Pz u Cv
Pnk Cfl ] Pz u \x |z
u BS. Cx Cvfl QUSU PhPU
PP SvP PnkQflx. CPz
u[ PUSU Phfl AP , Ku[P
G{ } QhUQflx. P[P{vU
PPzv
Pnk
\x
|zu[P
_u Gfl AUP kQfl. \x
|zu[P P{v, Pu, Qn {v
PP[P, Aufl & |UP wPfl
PP[P PnkQfl.

CvU PkP PP
INDIAN FORESTRY POLICY

P }sh PP PkP PP
Psh {kP ] Cv Jfl. C[S
1894 uP PkP PP Esk. Cx
1952& vzumhx. 1988& Bsk PkP
PPfl UQ A\[P xP PkP
zu BS. Cufl {UP[P :
(1) _a` |z ufl qu
C`
\flmiz
vU
Pnu.
(2) CP zu xPzu.
307

(3) s A, BP, HP uUP[

Pfl i SvP ]uP Pmk
kzxu.
(4) Cufl

PhP
SvP
Fkz ukzu.

SvP

n
kPfl

(5) Phzu \PU PkP vmh[Pfl

UPkPfl AvPzu.
(6) S,
mkzw

Pmk
mPfl u |zv \u, FP
[Si UPfl s z
uP zv \u.
(7) {mkz ua \vUS P PkPfl
Ezvz v AvPzu.
(8) Pmk
mPz
vP
flkzu
FUSzu,
zvS
Hh Pqu.
(9) PkPfl {UP[P | PP
S UP, sP vmku

CflU
PkPfl
u
Azu[PU Szu.
Cx 1988& h u]U PkPfl
PP P ] UP PkP
\u
{hiUPPUS
zxna]
FmhkQflx Gflx vsn.
CPz u xP (Conservation of Forest)
: UP uP Qmh CUPzv PkPU
SiPP x AUS SUS.
UP uP Q [P Sx u s
A AvPzxmhx. P[Pa \, Sz,
g\, ufl uflv SvP
flu PkPfl _h Cv.
308

uu
S
Cxufl {' G
w \x
zu |zv
ux.
xz y
J uh

P .
fl Fh
{fl Azu zufl.
G[P zu }[P
Gkzxa \ ix, h!
A G[P Eh!
}[P J u
\u, u \u,
E[P
J Pi \ Cu,
{fl \uU Pg\
P[P :
Cx Gfl C, uS;
Cx G[P Afl Bz
Exx.
A G[P uu.
309

[P mhmh sqUS CUS

CUS, ua\zx fl }UP mk
k. PkP Ax u Bsku 1.5
fl Uh |[P, Pn[P
Cfl fl Uh |[P nUP
kQfl. a\P PkP C
AvPzx, sh s iP P
ix PUSa \u US. Cu
|[P s|[PQ hz uSvS.
{
fl
u
UP
Smh
GsoUPUS S [P {hsk
Gfl SUP zvu. PUQ
CUP[P x mh. PkP A
x
PUP
{x
A_

\mh[P
Cx. J |zv zx
AUP mkx. hl zx
Ba] | Pmk mP uh

Ba]P
Psk
[Pfl
{Pz ukx, Ezvz v AvPx
fl BP \mk Qflx.
mk E P Smh PzvS
] Smha \iP {miUP sk Gfl
\mh C mkx. 1950&B Bsk u
{h[Q {k BPk
u[P {h Qflx. Cufl UP
[P {mk uS FUSUP kQP.
, uUPm]a \u[P, ,
xsk h[P, {hP[P PU PkP
{ ix, P{h a\
fl Pmkkzu mkx. AvP a],
\ Cu PkPz vzu \x {
Czua \u {mka \iP Ezv \
vmhzu, Pmk CP mh[P
AUQ E. Cu S
GflUPkQflx. Cufl {UP Su A
flu [P zx a\ \v
USu.

PmiP |[PU SzuPUS GkUS

| HP SuP Gfl. Aua
\iPUQh
SuPUSz
u
En P UP.
C SuPh US
fl, Pmifl A]zu, Au
xPUS EnzxQflx.
u{mi 1984&B Bsifl \fli
PkPfl zu 2.2 fl Uh.
zu | 17 UPmk SvP
PkPS. B \fl ] h[P PkP
| Axmh.

310

311

PkP, P
Pmifl "' Gfl K\,
P
mi a]fl G {h,
s PUQfl \zu C \P\ {h,
fl P {h
C
[Si {h
C\!
J T[P
B,

Au UPfl
n En,
A\
Cm].

s
fl Pnk Pa] z
xPP B h "s' Gk. so
uxmP, UQ u[P, UjUP
fl E.

CkV UiLs

u[P fl sn
Bu. Px ]uUPmk ES
sn u[P, Cu [Q[P,
CP, UQ snP Qfl.

so PP
P
uxUPfl
uflUP
sofl sP kQfl. Cuufl
fl

sPP
PnkQfl.
Cv
|
E (h 4.2). A :

YeL[
RNm

PP

1. n
2. shs
3. \s
4. P\ s
5. s

n
Cvfl PhP SvP, Bk
PP,
KhP
BQ
Ch[P
n
PnkQflx. Cx sofl JP. n
xPPUQh Ch Cu, }
n u[Sv. Bu nUS Dzuz
u[S \Uv S. n u a]US Hu.

TPm 4.2

312

313

n CUS SP CUS n
ufl {flS . \US, v fl [P
n[P Ch[P {flS Qfl. sh
[P
n
PnkQflx.
Cso ux EP, _ Cu
\ \v Cfl \ C.

{mP uUP zxU Pu, P\ s

EzvUS Hx. zv, P, P,
Gsn zxUP fl P, P, \,
v fl u PP Cso {flP
Qfl.

sh s

Pfl Aizv Ahu PkP CUS

hzv, ua\zx AvP Pmk s Ex.
C, Sz uha] , QUS U
SflP, wP Cvfl ESvP
Cs PnkQx. a \P, Ea]
s Kk } AUPku, \P
s U Pnk. SP P
]P AP kQx. Csnz ""xUP s''
Gfl. Cs umh PUS, \P
AUP fl kQx.

s PP Cx P UQx. Ba
\P sh s B } i UP
kQflx. Cv P[Pa \ P
shs \S. P B sh s
\ ug\, {P mh[P EUS
Qflx. sh so Px, {, P,
fl {flS . Cx }z uUQ
Dzuz u[QU P vfl Psiu u
a]US Hx. BU PP[P sh
so Ph} AvP \u \x |[P
EQfl.

\s
wP Cv E P E
C
BUk
soSa
\|zu
AUQflx.
\s,
nS,
sh
soS Chmh A xPPx.
KS
}
Eg]
S
}z
uUQzxU
PQflx.
\s
_
h s. A, x, |UPh,
BnUS fl P P H s.

s A
sofl

AkUS
AUPku
sn Gfl. CPa \UvP }, P
BQ,
uPfl
\P
sn AvP |P Qflx. Cvfl zu
| 20 UPmk | sn
vUPmkx. u\[P, h
SvP sn AvP A |PQflx.
sn s Su, sn
xPzu A].

s xP

uUPn hfl hS Sv P\
s AvP A Ex. s xPPUQh
Ch PU SP Cu, }
Eg\x. B, Eg] } AvP

s AU Pmkkzxufl ,
zv xPzu s zu
UP C.
(1) s AU Pmkkzxu : a
\Pfl
SUP
P
Azx,
snz uUP. CPa "\EU

314

315

P\ s

Pmk P' Gfl. \|zv snz

ukUP , \i, PiP UP sk.
[P mh xP u, Afl P
sn CP izxU P } sn
Gv AUP ix C. P _ v\USU
SUP [P {mh Pfl P uhmk
sn PmkkzukQflx. Cu ufl {
A_ ""[P PkP xP ''
G UPUS Azv Qflx.
(2) s xPzu : s zu xPUP
s \u sofl ufl Ax
AuP P zu sk. J
P
P
J
|zv
uhx
ku s S. Cuz ukUP a
_] U P sk. s
xPUP Eu ] P :
(i) } \
(ii) sofl SP }US
(iii) uSu E[P flkzxu fl
S.
Cufl s Q, Pfl
Ezv Q, { {mifl u
fl Ah.
P AhP
1. Cvfl
u
PP,
u[P
xPufl A]zu ux Pshx.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. AvP E u\zv
u
A. Cv u

B. P

C. _U PkP D. F]U PkP

2. Ca \P Pnk PkP
A. F]U PkP B. CvU PkP
C. hP

D. _ U PkP

3. P[Pa \ Pnk u[P

A. _uU PkP

B. uP

C. hP

D. F]U PkP

4. PhP[P Pnk s PP
A. sh s

B. ] s

C. n

D. P\ s

5. zva \SiUS H s
A. P\s

B. sh

C. n

D. \s

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. _______ PkP 1,000 x 2,000 m E

UTix.
2. uUPn h Pnk u[P _________

2. ux PkPfl xP Enx {
P {hiUPP Ax Pshx.

3. wP

3. uufl Ph [P xPx,
x Gflu x Pshx.

4. P[Pa

4. s [P kzxx, s Az
ukzx s[PU Pufl A]zu
Enx Pshx.

5. n PU Su A __________ Eu
\z vS Hx C.

316

Cv

Pnk

u[P

_________

\x

|UPkP

_________

317

6. hSz uUPn h _______ s P

Pn kQflx.
III.

fl zxP
1. sh s
&-& PP
2. P\ s

&&

uUS

3. ] s

&&

_uU PkP

4. _ u[P &&

zv

5. DUPkP

&&

IV. _UPP hUP

1. CPz u Gfl Gfl?

2. F]U PkP Cv G[P
PnkQfl? Hfl?
3. PP[P G \x |[PP Qfl?
4. sh sofl Sn[P ?
5. n u a]US EPuP C Hfl?
V. h uP

1. Cvfl
P.

PP

2. PkP
USP.

xPUP

siufl

Pmk

A]zu

3. s G xPUPh sk?
VI. \ ]

1. Cv hzv s PPU Pmh.

2. } Qfl Sv E CPz u[P
mikP.

318

AS & V : Cv P
h 5

P, En xP
P {UP[P
1. n Cv Pnk CP |z
u[P A v zu.
2. n
wP Cv P PU
P.
3. n wP Cv P Ax
P.
4. n
J

`| PU P.

uP

5. n
J
|zv
AvPP
EzvS P ux P.

s P
{x {k Aih J \ {k. {x
{mi 47 UPmk UP s u
Dkmk. ufl E uS En
A]. { En {
Ezv \x PQfl.
P s zu, mh
|P, Sv |Sv \zvPP
JxUPmiUQfl Pnzu J h
Cv u P v J u
Chzu QUQflx. Cv | `UP
319

En Pfl PP Qfl. Pfl

PPUP UPfl En UPUP[P
kQfl.
Cv fl |zu[PU Psh
{k. G, C[S P P
Qfl. wP Cv A] ufl
EnP, {sn, u[P Gsn,
Ph Gsn u \ Gsn
PP flkQfl.
wP
Cv
Px
ufl
EnP, PkS Gsn \ Gsn
P flkQfl. {x {mi
P
ChzvS
Ch
kuP
Pn[P C PU P.
Cv {, Px, vn PP,
PP, P, Gsn zxUP,
P (Beverages), CP (Fibre Crops) G
P P hkQfl. CP
A P um |
Ch[P Ezv \ kQfl. Cv
Ezv \k P |zu
zx C PP UP.

Ch[P Gv . v PP,
PP, Gsn zxUP u
sh `| UTi PS.
P x a\P, zv P\ s
SvP \zx UTi. Cv
CPUP `| Pnku C
wP Cv |SvP AvPPa \Si
\kQfl.
(i)

{ J {fl\ S. { \SiUS u
|, AvP , AvP , s
BQ A]. {PvP zv
P } u[Qzu P Cflux.
Au {PvP vu fl Ah \
,
P
D
sq,
sh
P| | sk.
SvP mk { {
\Si {h. P CuS J ]u
GkzxUPmk.

wP Cv {, P, v PP,
PP, Gsn zxUP, P, zv
u UQ \Si PS.

Cvfl QUSU PhPa \ {

\SiUS H |S. CSv a u
\h HUS H u[PUS AvP
|Qflx. Cx { z u
J
P|,
hQUS
UP
{USz
u

QhUQflx. Cv BP P,
Qn,
Pu,
P{v
BQ
Pmhmk AnPx S QnP,
HP P { a\USz u }
QhUQflx.

ufl En { uS \
] `|P ukQfl. P, {

QUSU PhPa \x BP
uUPmh \ sh s Psh

320

321

(i)

wP Cv P

(ii)

wP Cv P

1. wP Cv P

hh SvP EhUQx. G CSv

{ \SiUS Hx.
QUSU PhPa \ u{k, Bv
u\, J\ BQ |[Pfl QUS SvP
Ex. Bu C|[P {a \Si
UQ [S QUQfl. Cvfl { \Si
Bv | u Chzu, u{k Csh
Chzu QUQfl.
wP Cvfl QUSU PhP A
x u{k, Bv u\, J\ |[Pfl
QUS SvP { \Si {hQflx.
E[PUSz u?
u{mifl { \Si
u{mifl {Pg] ug\ mh. C[S
\, S, ui BQ { PP
hkQfl. \ J }shP . Ax
Hzu 5 Ax 6 u Pzv AhS.
S 3, 4 u Pzv AhPU Ti
SQ P . { AhUS fl
v fl u Sv \zx Exmk
Akzx hk { ui Gk.
{ AhUS fl P Ex,
x, fl PP
\k. fl | Ksk u[PUSz
u\P hk. { Ah Jmi
uzv Ah x [P
PU Pshh kQx. {
Pfl uUPzv Ah P[P
Qfl.
ug\ mhzv Bkx {UP
mh Ba] | AUPmhx. Bkx 27

TPm 5.1

322

323

(ADT 27), 50 (ADT 50) fl { PP

C|zvfl Psk iPS. C { Pv
S, |zv \u sn |u
\Ph { x
(h 5.1).

2. P

{ fl P J {fl\ .
P

zv
AvP
}
AvP
| ukQfl. AvPUP
AvPUP Pfl a] xuS. P
Gmk uU PzvS } u. P sh
so, P\ so {flS . Cx J
h . zx uzvS AhUS .
wP Cvfl PhPa \ E
hh SvP P H `|
|Qflx. Cvfl }sh PhUP,
u }\ P
Eu Qfl.
P _U Gfl Ca \zx CUQflx.
P vu fl AvP Hifl
Av _Ufl A Sx, Px
k \UPfl A SQflx. \
A } Cfl _U AvPP CUS. G,
Su | A }\ Euhfl
S P AvP A \UP Ezv \
i. ufl Sz, i, P{hP,
u{k, Bvu\ BQ |[P Pa
\Si {hQflx. Sz, u{k
Bvu\ |[P }\ \vhfl
Pa \Si {hQflx. P{hP |zvfl
si
mh,
Pfl
Pzv
Axx. C[S P {flS Qflx.
324

E[PUSz u?
Pa \Si
P J uzx Ah
\x xP mh, AiSv
mkk. Avx sk
P, PmhU P (rattoon) Gfl.
z wP J \Si Cx H&Gmk
P x AhS. Cv
Csk & fl PmhU P
Qflx. Pmh J
Bsk uUS \, P S.

3. v PP, PP
Gsn zxUP
v PP, PP Gsn
zxUP
BQ
fl\
PS.
CPUS AvP } uhx. C
Su so . Cvfl uUPn
h | `| CPUS Hx.
uUPn h uflS UP, sh
PP _u, C[S PU S, ,
PhUPzv m] |Qflx. CSv
Sfl \s x.
BP
P

CSv

v PP

m]z

u[PUTi

: PS, \, P

Gsn zxUP : PkS, |UPh, G,

BnUS, C.
PP

: x, Ex,
fl {flS
BQfl.
325

uUPn
hfl
Sv
P{hP
|zv Axu C[S v
PP {flS Qfl. u{k
Bv u\zv Gsn zxUP AvPP
Qfl.
h
Svz
u
Pfl
PhP SvP ufl, v fl
Gsn P AvPP UPkQfl.
uUPn h P{hP, u{k, Bv
u\ BQ |[P EhUQu C[S
v P Gsn P \Si
\kQfl.

4. zv
zv Cvfl ufl {. zv
AvP zv, Su } \v,
so {flS . uUPn hfl h
S SvP Pi, Szvfl uflSv
BQ SvP P\ s x. C
so zv \zx u Cu ""zv
s'' Gfl T.
Ch | E , zv
Hx. Pi, Sz, u{k S
ufl mh[P BQ SvP zv
Ezv \kQfl. Pi P AvPP
zv Ezv \ |S.
Pi, Sz |[P P\s
Sv u{mifl S uS mh[
P zv \Si BQflx.

5. P
P J n. P u
, |, ^ u.
326

} P u[PUThx. Pa
\iP a\P {flS Qfl. Ezvfl
PnP P SP Cu,
} a\P ix ku C[S
P {flS Qflx.
Cvfl Sz uha] SvP
P{hP, P, u{k BQ |[P P
H `|P PnkQfl. P{hPzv
ShS , u{mi P
UQ SvPS. Cv
EzvS P 80 U PmiS
P{hP Qflx.
E[PUSz u?

P \Si
Cv P ku P{hPufl
u uh[Qx. ufl Gfl
, UPS u zv \fl
v x, Pa \iU Psk x
ShSz uhfl J Sv Au {mh.
A[S P| PUS HuP Cuu
P h ]P a] x.
Au fl |P ShS fl
J
Svx
ufl
SflP
GflUPkQfl.
Pz u u Cv
Qflx. P hU Su uUSz
u. G Pfl E SvP u
Qflx.
Pfl {k, Psnflufl SvP
u{mifl }Q, B ua
\Si \kQflx.
327

P, uz u P
Cv Qfl. A P,
{n PS. P Bv
Sz |[Pfl PhP SvP
hk Qflx. {n P
S, HUP, C[P fl Pfl
S zuhfl \P hkQfl.

2. wP Cv P
wP Cv P :
i)

Px

ii)

iii)

iv)

vP, PP, Gsn

zxUP

v)

vi)

\n

1. Px

\m
\
Ax
g\,
, Ezv u\ |[P Pxa
\Si ufl uP [SQflx. P
zuUS, \ u\zv Px \Si
{hQflx.
g\ Pxa \Si Cv u
Chzu, Ezv u\ Csh Chzu
QUQfl.
E[PUSz u?

g\ Pxa \Si
Cvfl
PxU
Pg]
[Sx g\, C[S Px Csk
[P \kQflx.
(i) SPU Px
(ii) \uPU Px
SPU
Px
}sh

Pshx.
Ax
SPzvfl
uhUPzv
uUPmk, S iu flufl
UPz
x[S.
Ax
UP
|zv uvUS. SPU Px
xP x vu Aufl u Eux.
Cx 6 u P.

Px J {fl\ . ufl
Px uS u |, u,
u, s BQ A]. Px
}sh Psh . Px
zv |, u u.
wP Cv P[Pa \, Aufl
hP Ax \m \ BQ
SvP, uflS UP u
Pxa \Si {flS {hQflx.
\m, P[P BP Psk mh sh
s C[S ixx. \m {vfl SUP
Pmhmk
U{[P
Anfl
P
}\ \v QhUQflx.

{ sh . AvP
PnPz xn shzv S.
wP Cv P[Pa \fl QUS Sv,

328

329

\uPU Px SQ P. Cx
SQ
Pzv
vu
SP
Pxh Pix. Cx 4 u P .
a uzv Pxfl Ahmi
siP PshhkQflx.

2. {

U \ BQ SvP { z
u
sh
sq
uflS
UP E. G
C[S { \zx Qflx. Cv
AvP { \Si {h | S [P.
Cuz u A K { Qflx.

3. P
{ Ch[P P .
wP Cvfl P[Pa \
Ezvu\, P, S [P BQ
P {flS \Si \kQflx. P
Ezv Cv uh Qx Ezv
u\. wP Cv h C[S
P
_U
SP
Ex.
G,
EzvS
\UPfl
A,
C
SP Ex.

4. vP, PP
wP
Cv
S
vn
Ph, wP Cv EzvS
vnP \zxUP. C[S ,
UPa\
fl
SP
|Pz
u[PUTi. g\, A, zv u\,
ufl BQ |[P vP,
zv u\, P, S [P BQ
SvP PP Qfl. zv
u\ | PP Ezv uh
QUQflx.

5. u

Cz uhfl E SvP A
x A |, u AvPPa \Si
\Qflx.
u,
S
[Pzv
h[Q
ua
\Si
]P
{hQflx.
330

6. \n
\n Ezv S [P u
|P Ex. P zuUS, Bg_,
B, \ BQ PPUS x.
g\ }sh Czv ShzuUP
] ux.
}\, s En Ezvz
vfl. (Irrigation, Agriculture and Food Production Potential)
s u P } ~P xP
Cxhfl, zu } flmi 80 U Pmi
~PuP Ex. u CzvSz u
En Ezv UP sk Gfl J
Aihhfl, |[P }\zv skP
P Cx Qfl. G, }\
ux P } ~P x. }
\zv 1951& h 22.6 fl U
hPP En Ezv 50 fl hflPP
Cu. ux En Ezv {flS h[PQ 200
fl hflPP Exuk, }\zv
100 fl UhPP Exx. Cv }
Aa\Pzvfl \zv PnUQfli Cvfl
Jmkzu }\z v 139.89 fl UhP
S, C ufl {k| }\
58.46 fl UhP ] }\ 81.43
fl UhP Ah[S. G Cfl
vzu Pofli Jmk zu }\z
v 113.50 fl UhP mkS. 2025&
hzv UPm uPfl Enz uP
zv \, Jmk zu }\z v A
hzvS Gvh sk. C En
xP a\P G P Esk.

En xP
En xP Gflx u \zu En
uUSU QhUS Gfl GUS xP
331

En BS. Cx {mifl En Ezv

CUSv \zx UPUSU QhUS zu
En ~P \Uv zux. Cv
En Ezv ufl Cx
Th, En xP xuP C. {mifl
uz uP, \P \P Cu,
{mi , US H Fv
Qhzu, ~P vfl Tk. ~P vfl, En
A (Food Supply) mk A \P
flkzuUTi, En P
A]. u, \zu En EsuS H
En xP K J[Qnu ]
ukQflx.
{mifl
Jmkzu
a]
En
xP AUP x. EQ 840 fl
UP En xPfl ]UQfl. Av 799
fl UP {kP E. G,
1996&B Bsk Ti En Ezvfl Ea\
{k EQ 2015US En xPU
Pskz w Cx. "Cx \zv
S? Gflx P Pzufl u.

En mP E G. Cx KsiS
{x UPUSz u _ 20 fl
hflPh
AvPS.
G,
x
AS En mP \zx UP
mk Gflu Cx Ev \Qflx.
C, uxTh, _ 200 fl
UPUS En QhUQfl | _
50 fl UPUS ], mifl PkUS
Cfl BQ Qfl | Ex. Cufl
P CUQfl | Pnk
Qflx. Cu \ | UPUS
}iUP CUP ux En xP
]Pa \kzxu A]S.

GvP si \

Cv ux umh u
|P E UPU Pskx. Aux
Enfl ] P E UP
J, P E UP J
CUP, CQh Qh[SP
Sx QhUS En mPfl \P
JP E J | Gvx.
EnmP Cv EnU PPzv (F.C.I.)
\Pzx UPmk. C[S Gx
AvPm\, Aux 62 fl hflPUS ,

EnxP J \ufl. G
P \k En xPU PP
fl UQ {UPx UPUSU Su
En mP [Sx, En
QhUP u, k UPUS En
QhUPa \x BS. CUPPfli
& s mPfl Ezv AvPUPa \,
]P Pmk Qfl. J
Pzv Cv En mP CUSv
\ux Gflx Shz uUPuS.
Enu[P A], Px
BQ Pu \uS, A
xPuS BS \ \zxufl
En mPfl |n \
kQflx. xPU T En m
PU Pu \x C x,
\UPmh mP UPUS
x [S (PDS) Ax Cv
EnU PPzvfl UQ {UP[P BS.

332

333

Cv En xP

Ck [P (INPUT SUBSIDIES)
] h[PP, En mPfl
H UPfl [S vUS H |n \
kQflx. A\[P En u[Pfl
KSU Szx PmkmiS
z xx. Aux s UPfl En
u[Pfl J SvU Pu \Qfl
AQ \u SvP u[Pfl
SP Ex G. Cua \UPmk
P, APUS sz uh E,
}fl\Uv, } fl uPP
[PkQflx. Cx Cu A
{Q ufl UQflx.
AvPi }a_u } u[S |
, AvPi Eku Ez ufl
Hkzxuk so \zx SUP
ku, iP sofl \zx Sx kQflx.
z uP AvPP [P mk Th A_
uk QhUPuu sz uh
uPa \a \ C s
Ezv Sx Qflx.

[S (ISSUE RICE)
{mk UP u |fl Ai
h C P UP. Jfl U
PmiS R EP (Below Poverty Line - BPL)
fl U PmiS EP (Above
Poverty Line - APL). En mPfl |P
x Smh C US H |n
\kQflx. G, Cu
\fl TuS C Gfl, U
Pmi Ak \a \huu,
Es U PmiSU RUS
kmk Qfl. Axmk, U
PmiS US ] u U
334

PmiS \zxU Psk mP

Es QhUP siUSU QhUP
P \Qfl. A U PmiSU
R EUSU QhUP si \PP
zxU PQfl. Cu A\[Pzvfl
|vU S SUS {UPzuk, En
mP
[S
\z
uP
SuPP x UPUS [S fl
|n A A\[P Tmh six.
xP, ua \ Gflx u[PU
Pu \uS BS \ Su
P (MSP), En Pfl
Pu, USzx BQS
BS \ flPS. ua \
TkuP CuS UQU Pn \PP
Ezu Su P fl AvP

EnU
PPzvfl
v
]
\kPS.
Cuufl,
U
PmiS UPfl [Sx (Issue
price), U PmiSU R E UPfl
U Pmi AvP Ex. Aux
APfl (APL) [S vUS P Ex.
Cu x|P x
P
\Qflx.
x|P
[P
[Pk mP ] \[P uUS
Eu, AP UP AqSQfl
UPUS vv Cfl UP
ux U PhP [Suz
uzx PhP, \uP [S uS
flQfl.
\unU
PhP
u
mP QhUP uk PU Su
AS, Tku AS Th
[SuS Av Azxx.

\uz u
x|P QhUP
mP, U PmkUSU R E
335

UPfl En mPfl u _ 25
U Pmi mk zv \Qflx. U
PmiS E PhPx mP
SvP [Su uP AvPUQfl Gfl
T. Su Pu AU Pmi
AvPP CUS m\zv Aufl P
E | Ex. Czunzv H UP
vS EmkQfl.
ES En [S vmh (Food-for-work
scheme)

H UPfl [S v (Purchasing Power)

AvPUPa \ {UPk, EUS H
UPUS
T

En
u[P
[PkQfl. Czvmh Gvzu A
Gfl T. zv A_ En
uzvS HP, |[P |vUS
HS G Gv UPmhx. B
|[Pfl |vUS PnPz uh[P
Hmkx. |[P Czvmhzv
Cfl Akzu BUP Gfl T.
xP (Suggested Recommendation)
C[Q En [S [P
v \mi, Ph fl
Rzu \P uzx AvPa \
BP,
u
u[P
[SuS
Ezvu
AUS
Ch[PUS
[S
[P u A]S.
[Pa \u uh oP
(Futures Market and Free Trade)

\PU PUP [Pa \u

E\Pzxhfl flu sk. uP u
~mzvfl Pa ]P C[Q
uzuh fl Eu s UP
ux Ezv mP vvk
\ iQflx. "" Pmk '' (Crop
Insurance Scheme) Akzumh S s
UP CPfl ^zvx PUS P
A\[P APUS Pmk \u uP fl
Sv HU PQflx. CUPmkz
vmhzu En u[P |[PUS
Ch
AuP
uh,
[P,
Hv, |[PUS Ezu PhflP (Institutional
Credit), zuPU PhflP BQS Cu uhP
G uzumh. Cu uh o
Ezv AS ~Pfl AS
E
mi
\\uk,
Pa\
mP EQv vU Pu,
\uPP E SvP Ezv \ Avzu
flP {hkzu kQfl.

PUS En

(FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION)

P |[P, SP, P
nPfl GsoUP AvPUPa
\, Gz u Quzu
\uQuP AvPUPa \ {UPzuk PUS
Enz vmh \ kzumk Qflx.
x[S (PDS) HPUS
APfl zvP En uP
AmhP (Food Coupon) [PkQfl.

ux {h E
Su P uUS Emh sk.
AiUPi Hk zvz ukUP,
vv Cx Cx ]

{ A\[P Q P,
UPfl x {UPP |v Eu \Qflx.
Aufli Q UP {huUS APfl
EP EnU TflPk n
PkUPkQflx.

336

337

s Ezv AvPUPa \u
(Enhancing Agriculture Productivity)

A\[Px,
s
uh
\v
UP AvPUP, P UPUS
Phu AUP, {z u~m[P
UP, | mh A En
Ezv ufl| a \uS |v Eu
AUQflx. UQ En P {
Px mkx \uP |P
E Ch[P Cu En P h
FUSzx
Qflx.

sUS
Cflu uPUS, SP, }\
flS, umh |vEu \
kQflx. Su A En Ezv \Qfl
uzv, u[Pfl uh oP
Qhu, Q[P
ux | Sx Qflx
G. Smh \kzxuS
Ix BskP AP\ PTh PkUPkQx.
BP Cvx J Smh PPkS
En xPz vmhzvfl J Eflu
| |a\P Ah Gflv ]x
I.
P AhP
1. nP

PUSa
\uP
_a`, \P u |P
x P v QP.
2. En
P

Px
kzvz ux PQfl.
3. s
nP
z ux PQfl.

4. \P En xPS Hh
{hiUPP nP AQfl.
338

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. m]
A. {
C. PP

B. P
D. Px

2. wP Cv { AvPP Ezv \
|
A. Bv u\
B. P{hP
C. u{k
D. P
3. ug\ mhzv E { Ba]
A. SPn
C. Bkx

B. ug\
D. {\

4. P{hPzv P AvP Ezv \ |

A.
B. si
C. `
D. u
5. \n AvPP |
A. P
B. zvu\
C. J\
D. S [P
II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. { J _________ S.
2. P _________ Gfl Ca \zx CUQflx.
3. u{mi Ll [m UX _________
4. Ut YeL[jp RX ALm NTf Nnm
T Bm.
5. CkVu LU L[gVm _________ .
339

III.

fl zxP
1. P

&&

Ezv u\

2. P

&&

P{hP

3. Px

&&

zv u\

4. B

&&

Bv u\

5. PP

&&
&&

C\ u\
P

IV. _UPP hUP

1. wP Cv
?

UVl

2. { z u `|P ?
3. u
Cv
hkQflx?

Guu

|[P

4. vnP S P.
5. P G hkQflx?
V. h uP

1. u{mi { \Si \ .
2. LUf
NT
\]m
TPlTm
TYeL[m, TL[m Tt Y.
3. Cv P UPUS
P E Gflu .
VI. \ ]P

1. Cv | hzv J s
SUP (uzu | hzv
\x {x).

340

AS VI : uP[P
h 6

Cvz uP[P
P {UP[P
1. n { {mifl u flzv
u\Pfl [Q Au.
2. n {{mifl u\P
x P.
3. n \Uv u (energy resources) [P
ux P.
4. n Pz u\Pfl
flP Ax P.
5. n PPz u\P G Cuz
uPfl
(USzx,
)
a]US
EuQfl
Gfluz
ux
P.

uP
uP E, a]hu \u {P
B. ufl Cflu Aihz uP
En, Eh, Eh BS. ufl ux UP
P \vP |uuP, _
x US UPuP, Bh UPuP
U PuS Aihz uPz u
uP \vP ukQfl. Au,
341

vvP UP AhuS mh
\vP ukQfl. C G vmh
u {hiUPP P kQfl.

Ezvz u\P Gfl u

{hiUP Pa\ mP (raw materials)
P (finished product) \S. {P
u
miS,
uxfl
fl ux fl uP Ex.
Auufl EQ ] , a]
Ahu a] Ahx PsiUS
{kP Azx u[Pfl [P
kzvz u a]z xukzx Qfl.
J mhzvfl ux {hiUPPUS
BuP Cx A[S CP [PS.
u\Pfl A[S [Pfl
zx AQflx. Cv
[P
|u
J
{hS.
C,
ux xP C. AuSU
Pn
u\PUSz
u

mPfl ^ Pnku. u
{hiUPPUSz uz ux mPfl
Cv Smh SvP \x
Pnkx ShzuUP JflS.

uP[P
J {mih u {hiUPPUS
BuP
Cx
A{mi
QhUP
[P. Khzvfl u flzvS A[S
QhUS Pa\mPfl Ezv x
UQzx Qflx. CP [P, PkP,
s Pfl Ezv BQfl
^ J ] Smh Sv mk
\x PnkQflx. G, u {hiUP
P
Afl
UP
kQfl.
342

Cv QhUS mPfl Ai
h uP fl PPP UP.
1. ux mP \u uP[P
2. Pmk mP \u uP[P
3. \ mP \u uP[P

uxmP \u uP
Cv Pnk P mP
fl PPP UP (h 6.1). A :
1. EPU P[P (Metalic minerals)
2. EPuU P[P (Non-metalic minerals)
3. G [P (Fuel resources)

EPU P[P
Cv P EPU P[P
PnkQfl. A Czux, [P_,
u[P, u, , A BQ {x
uzv x UQzx Qfl.
Cz ux [P_ {mifl u a]US
P Cflu. Cv P, J\,
S [P BQ |[P EPuxUP
SvPU
PnkQfl.
SP,
Cu
|[P Cz ux, [P_ AvP
A
QhUQfl
P{hP
|zv
P u[P mi GkUP mhx. ux
x
QhUPuu
u[Pa
_[P[P
hmk Qfl. Az ux
Umk u{mi AvP A QhUQflx.
C, [P_ BQ uxUP P, J\
S [Pzv, u[P P{hPzv
A u{mi QhUQfl.
343

EPuU P[P
P, _snUP, \ BQP
EP u uxUPS. P, _snUP
BQ u a]US x EuQfl.
Cfl
EPu
uxUP
Bv,
Cufl, u{k zvu\ fl
|[P mi kUPkQfl.

G [P

TPm 6.1
344

|UP, m, CP BQ
UQ G [PS. J {mifl
u flzv G [P UQ
[S QU Qfl. u xfl xu a]US
m
mP
x
EuQfl.
Csifl ufl GP [S
Cm
A\,
Pi
BQ
|[P SvP Ezv \kQflx.
u {mi P hh Sv P m
PskiUP mkx. Cvfl \Uv [P
|UP UQuS. { {mifl \Uv [Pfl
u 67 UPk (Afl\Uv u
Emh)
|UP
zv
\kQx.
Cvfl u a] |UPfl [S
P UQuS. P, J\, S [P
Bvu\ BQ |[P |UP
Ezv ShzuUP |[PS. |UP
fl J P |UP u {mi
{ mi kUPkQflx.
|UP P, J\, S [P, Bv
BQ |[P, m A\, Pi,
u{k
u
|[P
SvPU
QhUQfl.
345

xP, EPz uxUP, G

[P J[P QhUS SvP u
{hiUPP
P
]x
[SQfl.
GkzxUPmhP P, J\ S [P
Eh[Q ux UP mhzv PPz
u\P A .

PPz uP[P
PPz uP[P Jfl C GLSz
u\, {mifl u a] P
UQ JflS. C & GLS BP P,
J\

S
[P
|[P
|mk. C&GLS BP u
x

xzx
|QUPkQfl (h 6.2).
P, xP, , P, m,
zvv, \, \Pmi, m BQ
Ch[P C&GLS uP[P E.

hmh C&GLS |

(TISCO)

Cv 1907& m { hmh
Gfl C&GLSz uP P E
m |mhx. Cx uflu
u x |mh A
C&GLSz uPS. Cx Cv
C&GLSz uPzvS zyflx G
(h 6.3). C&GLSz u\US uk
UQ mP C, |UP BS.
C Csk P mP Gflu,
u\P CUS SvPUSU Psk \
USzxa \P AvPS. G Cuz
uuPP C&GLSz uP[P xP
Czux mikUPk SvUS AQ
346

TPm 6.2
347

Ax
|UP
mikUPk
AQ AUPkQfl.

SvUS

C |UPz u [P_,
_snUP, hm fl ux mP
C&GLS EzvUSz ukQfl. hmh
C&GLSz
uP
m
xUPmhuS UQ PnP Cu :

1. Czux P J\ |[P
Cx QhUQflx.
2. |UP uu zuUS Sv QhU
Qflx.
3. [P_, P,
QhU Qfl.

hm

J\

4. {mifl SvPhfl m C
si u CnUPmkx.
5. C[S
_
Sv
FvzvS
uP
QhUQfl.

Su
HPU

6. uP[P

uPUSz
u kP BQ PmkuS H
\|SvP C[S E.
7. u\USz u uspx
_nP (Subarnarekha) Bx
kQflx.
CzuP \uP `| m
C&GLSz uP |mk Ax fl
{flS a]hxx.

TPm 6.3
348

Cx C |UP QhUS
SvP C & GLSz uP[P xUPmk
a] . CPfl Ahzv
Cv hzvfl Euhfl ux P.
349

Cv[P C&GLS mPU Psk

uUPkQfl. B Cv[PU Psk
u mP uUPkQfl.
P
Pmku,
BP
[P
u,
P[P u, Aa ]Qa\U PP
u fl uS a]US
PnP
Ax
C&GLSz
uP[
PS.
S [Pzv ]zug\fl Gflhzv
uUPk C Gg]flP u{mi

Gflhzv
uUPk
C
miP EP .
Cv G [P |UP,
m BQ AihPU Psk
Gsn _zvP |[P, m &
C\z uP (Petro-Chemical Industries), xn
mP \u uP[P a] .
Cv Pa\ Gsn CUSv \mk
_zvPUPmk Qflx. Gufl Gsn
_zv P |[P xP[PUS AQ
A x. _zvPUPmh Gsnx S
Pz uSvPUS AkQflx.

PmkmP \u u\P
Cv
CPz
u[P
x
k huP Ex. P PkP
E. AP x k mP
PmhuP E. A UQ ]
mP
mk
uP[Pfl
a]
UQzx Qfl Gflu UP.
1. PkPx QhUS [P
Pmih[P Pmh uP[P
Pmh, a\flP \uS fl
kzukQfl.
350

2. Sz uha] Sv C
[P SvP Qfl. Cu wP
Cv C mP SvPU
Pnk Qfl.
3. PkP [Px uUPk
U TU Psk PQu uUP
kQflx. u{k, Pi, S
[P, zv u\ BQ |[P
PQuz uP[P SvP E. zv
u\zv E { {P \vzu
PQuz uP A xx.
4. PkPx k AUS, S
fl mP sm uuS
flkQfl. C u
\P Pmk mP flkzu
kQfl. PkPx k J]
mP Si\z uPfl a]US
BuP E.

\ mP \u uP[P
uP[PUS si Pa\
mP s Px kQfl.
A ] U Ps.

\UP BP
Ezvu\, u{k, Bvu\ BQ
|[P

SvP
P
hkQflx. Px \UP Ezv
\
\UP
BP
{mi
PU
PnkQfl.
C
Afl

Ezvu\, u{k BQ SvPU

PnkQflx.

zv {\P
351

zv
hk
SvP
zv
{\P
a]
.
SP,
zv {\P \x Pn
kQfl.

zv {\P
zv {\P uflu ufl
AUPmh. fl fl|Sv (hinterland)
zv uS EPuuP Ex. zv
{\US si Pa\ zv
Qhu, u a]USz u ]
sP
\uPP
Axu,
C[S
{\P
AvP
GsoU
P
a]
. C[S | Du UP P|,
zv C Ah CUP HuP Ex.

zv
{\P
\x
Pnku Ax ""Cvfl fl\h'' Gfl
AUPkQflx.
u{mi x, Pzy BQ Ch[P
zv {\P AvP GsoUP E.
""u{mifl
fl\h''
Pzy
G
AUP kQflx.

Cv uP[P, \hu
v Pz uP[P {x {k
x
_mkuP
Pshmkx.
AP ]sm, A fl \Uv|, G\z
uP, \UP, E, J[Qnu C GLS
uP, Gsn _zvP |, UT
uP, C\ E, a]UP
xz uP, u uk uP,
EPUS x, \ uzu, Pa\h, \
EUSu, u EUSu A
EUSu
flfl
uP[P
BS.
352

zu E 1,551 uP PP 17 PP
\hx
uPU
Pshmkx.
HUS
1,266
uP
PP
_UPmkmk
\vP
|.
u 130 uP PP \hu PnP
hmkmh.
zv _U Pmkmk , | _U
Pmkmk [Phfl Px B]zx,
{mi
_mk
SvPU
Pshx
Pmkkzu u ] Gkzx Qflx. AP :
(Sz), ][P (Ezvu\), P,
Cm, {Ph (zv u\), iU (A\),
ua\ (J\), zv (P{hP), P (S
[P), uflz (P), , z (Cufl),
n, hBPk (u{k), \Pmi, mhfl
\ (Bv u\), \ (Pi), {P
(h), PzP (g\), EuU sh
(P), h, P (C\ u\)
Gfl Ch[PS.

\n u\P
S [P |zv \n SvP
hkQflx.
\n
u\P
A|zv
SP
U
{vUP
AvPPU Pn kQfl.
Cz u P {\P mk
{\P \P C u
BQP AuP \uP `|P |
SvP A. ]
u\P, ]uP, Si\z
uP Cv a] .
353

{mifl u flzvS uP[

P UQ Pn. PPz uP, {\z
uP Cu uPfl a]
E S. uP[Pfl a]
U PnU P UPUS U
Qhzxx. uP[P Ezv
\k Gsn mP (Finished
Products)
UPfl UP flkzumk

UPUS | HkzvQfl. Au
UPfl UP GuQflx. APx U Pz
u EQflx. ux flzvfl
P USzx, E{mk o, \u\
o fl xP fl Hmk
Ex. {P[Pfl GsoUP {US { Q
xhfl {mifl u] Q
Qflx. xP fl Hhz
uP[P x xnQfl.
uP[P & SP a]
uP Ezv A (Index of Industrial
Production (IIP))
|U Ti 2000 &01
uP[P SP a] Pnmh.
uhx 2001&02
AvPa \hfl
SP
a]
Pnmhx.
Ezv
mPfl Hv, Aih \vPUSz
u Ezv \ uP[P
a] Quzv SPz v Psk.
uP[Pfl a] 2001&02 (H & i\)
2.3 UPhPU Sxx. Cu PU
Pmhzv v h uP[Pfl a]
5.8 UPhP Cux ShzuUPx. C h
u 9 u[P Pshmh uP a]
Phu 10
h[Pfl a] PU S
uS. zv, uk \v,
E{mi, {mi uP AvP
Cu Pn[P, uP[Pfl a]
u Hmkx. uha] AvP mi
Quzu, Aih \vPfl uhP,
| u US
u uk, uP Ezv |zu
Psk.
uP[Pfl SP a] Azx
UQ P PsPoUPmk Qflx.

354

355

E[PUSz u?
Cv ] u EsP 2002 & 03
* zu E{mk Ezv (Gross National Product)
5.7 UPk xx.
* \ u]P (Cellular Phones) 1998&
1.0
P
Cx
ux
17
flPP Ex.
* C\UP P[P (Two Wheelers) 1998& 28
flPP Cx Cfl 51 flPP
Ex.
* mkU PhflP 1998& 186,000 fl
PP Cx ux 810,000 fl
PP x.
* {x {mifl A|a \oa \ 90
fl hPP Ex B]
flx \PU PukQflx.
* \h 2003& PPfl SP
Ex
13
UPmk
a]U
Pmix.
* \fl h (2001 & 02) Buz x (Out
sourcing
Sector)
mk 160,000 v
o|P EUPmk.

H & i\ 2000& Ezv fl a] 6

U PhP Cux. B 2001&, Au
PPmhzv a] 2.4 UPhPU Sxx.
fl\ Ezv H & i\ 2001& a] 2.7
UPhPU Sxx. Cu PPmhzv 2000&
uP a] 4.8 UPhP Cux. P[P
mi Gkv 2001& (H & i\) Ezv
a] 1.1 UPhPU Sux. B 2000&
(H & i\) Ezv a] 4.4 UPhP
Cux.
P AhP
1. uP[Pfl
Cfl
nP Ax PQfl.

2. uP[Pfl Ah sP
nP ux PQflP.

3. n, n P[Pfl
uP[Pfl

ux
PQfl.
4. uPfl fl |P n
nP ux PQfl.
5. uP kzvU Pmk
v n, nP QP.

_vk
I.\ hz uukUP

1. u{mi m QhUP hh
Sv
A. uo
B. P

3. P{hP u[PP E Sv
A. `

B. P

C. [P

D. si

4. SvP Um Ezv \ |
A. Bv u\

B. P

C. g\

D. u{k

5. B] P AUS BP E
w
A. Aufl w

B. |P w

C. m\zw

D. P w

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. u{mi
Sv______
2. m

|UP

QhUS

Ezv

hCv

\
|

___________

3. P,

J\ S
___________ mhS.

[P

BQ

4. u{mi x ___________ BQ
zv {\P SvP E.
5. ___________ Cvfl fl\h' G AUP
kQflx.
III. fl zxP

1. ]zug\fl

&&

zv {\

2.

&&

C GLS uP

3. m

&&

C Gg]fl B

A. uu zuUS B. zv zuUS

4. { {P

&&

C mi B

C. {u zuUS,

5.

&&

Aa_UPQu B

C. P

D.

2. Cv |UP QhUS mh
D. uv zuUS

356

357

IV._UPP hUP

1. Cv UQ fl P uP[P
?
2. Cv
?

Pnk

UQ

uxmP

3. PPz uP[P Gu u a]US

EuQfl?
4. PkPx
?

UQ

mP

5. zv {\P Ghzv \x Pn
kQfl?
V. h uP

1. hmh C&GLS B Aa \uPP Cu

Pn[PU TP.
2. Pmk mP
P Gu.

\u

uP[P

VI. \ ]

Cvhzv uP[P PkzvU

SUP.

358

AS VII : Pmk[P \P
h 7

Pmk[P \P
P {UP[P
1. n
J
{mifl
UPzu
E
\P Gu UQzx Qfl
Gfluz ux P.
2. n
J {mifl a] USzx
G xPP AQflx Gfluz
ux P.
3. n C USzx, \USzx
BQfl
uflP

Ahzv
mi Ax P.
4. n UQ xP[P, UQ
|[P

[P
Ax
P.
5. n UPzu miS P G
AizuP Ex Gfluz ux P.
6. n AihzuP Jfl mk
\vfl a] Ax P.
7. n {S SUS
Pz ux P.

J {k u CP [P
C |u {hP Cfl A{k
fl Ahx P Pi. J {mih
UPzu Euufl A{mifl
J. UPzu E sk {mifl
359

\v UP Psk. J {mih
a],
flzv
A{mi
\P [S QUQfl. J {mifl
USzx \vP, P, {
mk\v BQ \P A{mifl a]
x UQzx Qfl.

Cv USzv C USzx,
\USzx, }USzx
fl USzx BQ Aih
n[P BS.

J {mifl \P USzx, P,
{ mk\v BQ UPz
uzu Ezxuk {mifl flzv
[S QUQfl.

B]
Cvufl
C
USzx P AhzvP Ex. Cv
C USzx {P[P, ]
{P[P CnUS P Ex.

EP u {kPhfl u ~mz
x mik Cv UPfl UPz
u EuuP C. Cv _uv
Ahx Izux BskPUS QTh
{mi , H Cfl Cx
Qfl.
UPfl
UPz
uzv
EzxuS Cv A\[P ]P
Gkzx Qflx. AzuP ]Pfl P,
USzx, P, { mk\v BQ
\P ShzuUP fl Hmk
Qflx GU T PPx.

Cv C ux 9 sh[PP
UPmk, x |QUPmk
Qflx (h 7.1).

USzx
J {mih a], flzv
USzx
xPP
AQflx.
{mih
USzvS,
|zu
AS {[Q uh Ex. xP,
\ SvP USzx \v Ahzv
UPuP, h Pkh
SvP USzx a] u |
E. USzx Cn Afl a]
UPfl AvP US PnQflx.
360

C USzx

Cufl u\ sh P :
Cu sh

u{P

1. zv C sh

2. QUS C sh

PPzu

3. hUS C sh

xh

4. hQUS C sh

PU

5. hQUS G Sv sh

Pfl

6. uflP C sh

\fl

7. ufl zv C sh

\Pvz

8. ufl QUS C sh

PPzu

9. S C sh

&
\aPm
Cv C USzx uflu 1833&
BUPmhx. uflu C USzx
US uS Ch CUPmhx.
361

TPm 7.1.

Cufl zu n y 34 Q.mh mk BS.

B u\ Cv C USzx
a] x. C ux fl
PP UPmkx.
1. APfl Cu (Broad gauge)
2. mh A Cu (Meter gauge)
3. SQ Cu (Narrow gauge)
ux mh A Cu, SQ
Cu
APfl
C
uPP
mk Qfl. Azx C
uP 2004&B BsiSP APfl C
uPP \ vmhhmkx.
Cv fl UQ {P[PUS Ch AvP
CP hmk. AvP CP xu
CPfl
PzvU
Pmi
AvP
PhuS. Cu CP CuS
H \vPk En, \vzu
\vP . u{mi CP
AvP CP SP \flUS PUS
Ch, \flUS `US Ch,
\flUS
xhUS
Ch
h
mk. CP CP \uv AvP C
Gfl AUPkQfl. x hUS
US Ch \ AvP CP,
u
KhUTi
As
C\u
C u] \v \uS A_ x
]zx Qflx.
Cv C \mh 1994 u AvP
C
n
\
oPUSU
Pmkzvmh APkzvx. Aufli,
CP, C |[P E KP,
shPU PP, flv \h[P BQ

362

363

Ch[P {h Pl flP, Ssk

i,

BQ
vUPk
oPUS Cu Pmkz vmh uP
Ex.

\ USzx
C USzxhfl Jkx \
USzx Azx Si SvP
CnU
Qflx.
\P,
AP
flkzuk uflfl Aih
PP UP AP :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

{hu
siu
Pmh \
ua\
APfl \ (100 Aia \).
{P[P UQ \P
\PP E.

} USzx
Cvfl flmk zuPzv }u
USzx P \uPP Ex. \USU
PPfl | {kPh Cv
15&x Chzv Qflx. Cv
xP[P, ] xP[P zu 48
E. xP[P Azx zv A]fl
|Pzvfl R E (h 7.2).
Psm, , P, [P
Pa] xP BQ SU PhP
P Pzu, w \Pmin, \fl
yzxUSi
BQ
QUSU
PhP
Ax.

USzx

\ nzv P o
PUP | A_ | USzxU PP
xP CUQ Qflx. Cu xP
Azx {P[P Q[P CnU
Qfl.

fl USzvfl a], u
y SvPUSU Su {zv \ iQflx.
fl USzvfl a] EP P
_[Qx. GkzxUPmhP, J o P
En Cv, v En x, C
En C[Qv Esq AS
fl US zx xx. Cv
fl USzx 1930& APkzumhx.
ux "H Cv' "Cvfl Hfl'
BQ
|[P
fl
USzv
|QUQfl. H Cv | \u\ A,
Cvfl Hfl | E {mkUS
fl
USzv
CUQ
Qfl.
Cvfl Hfl AQ {, C[P,
][P fl {kPUS ux \
kzvx. ux xzx |[
Pz u u |[P E{mkUS

364

365

APfl

{P[P Pnk Su USzx

{\z uUS P [P, _[P
uP Pmhmk. mh u
{P[P, mh \P, | u{P[P
| {kg\P CnUPmk.
u] {kg\P zv A\, |
{kg\P mh {kg\P
BQ | A\ |QUPkQfl.

fl
USzv
CUQ
Qfl.
Cv E UQ {P[PUQh u
fl USzx CUPmk Qflx.
{{mi ], A |[P
E. flmk |[P J {zv
[P R C[SuS, kuS
H P \vP \mk. C[S
oPUP \vPhfl Ti K
AP Pmh.
\fl, , PPzu, h, vu
, [P, uz BQ {{mi
UQ flmk |[PS (h
7.3).

TPm 7.2

USzvS AkzuiP UQ \PU

Pukx PS. J {k G CP
[P P flu[Q
CUS A{k flhx Pi.
G P Gflx {mih flzvS
UPzu ES Aizu JflS.
Cv fl AvP UPmuP Psh
{kP AUS P Sx
Gflx P Pi JflS. Gufl, Cv
A_ P PPfl GsoUP
AvPUP ] \xQflx.
Cv A] A flzufl
Cvfl P EUPmkx. Cv
_uv fl P iiP AvP
fl Ahx Qflx. P a]UP
u] PU PPx 1968&B Bsk
AP kzumhx. Cufl P P
|[Pfl GsoUP AvPzux. Q[P

366

367

CkV
Tu]h U] XVeLs

TPm 7.3

AihU P \v Qx. {k x J
v,
uU
P
[SuP
Azx ]P GkUP mk. C
|v US Q UP BQ
P a]US uh AQfl.
1986&B Bsk Akzumh v PU
PPx, Pfl a]US UQ ysk
PP Aux. Pfl u, \ P
, SuP kzv P BQ
zu
mh.
v
P

u] Jk BQ
UQ CUSPP zu mh. u\
zv | A\[P Cnx P
|P uha \vP UP Ch
QuUS , {hkzv x.
PP SUP AUPmk AP
Q mh A AUPmk P
a]US vmhku, \kzxu
\x Qfl.
A\[Px s PUP u
vmh[Pz uzxx. uzumh UPUS,
UPUS P u
P ]P P kQfl.

\U
P
[P
Q[P
{P[P \ mk Qfl. u\
A[P SuPfl P AvP P
\zv
Qfl.
u
]P
Psk u P PS Azx
Cv UPUS QhUP Gfl T.
C
{x
A\[P
h
2000&
AUS PPS QhUP
P \x.
AUS P QhUS P zv
A]fl u mk Aa\P, u] P
Ba] ]U S, | B] P

368

369

Tu]h U]
XVeLs

Ba] ] CUP, mh B] P
] | BQP ]
Pa
\x
Qfl.
u]U
PU
PPx
1992&B
Bsk
sk
xUPmhx. Cufli, | P
J v +2 P {k x AP
kzumhuk J vz u P
Akzumh.
u] A, ] u APfl
u 1991& AUPmh S "Sum\
P' (minimum levels of learning) Gfl v P
APkzvx. S G
SuPUS u Azxz vflP
sk Gflu CUPPfl
UQ {UPS. BU P
hha
\uPP
Czvmh
Pskmhx.

Cv A\[P {P
]P
Psk
Qflx.
zx
P, uP[P, Ba _Pu |[P,
xn [P BQ ]Pa \
Qfl. J Bsk, {P \v
UP
Q
Qfl.
Phu
Ix
BskP x zxz x Cv
] J a] x.

mk \v

Cv A] \mhzvfli P
{ UQ Aih ES. J
\P
AP
{US
SUS
\P \ufl BUQ
\uv
EUP
i.
{S
Ah zxP Gzu kUP \v
Ex Gflu. P Q[P, {P[P

UPUS
G

Si}
[PkQflx Gflxufl Gfl EPa _Pu
| TQflx.
{S, uua _Pu, _a
_Pu
P
A]S.
Ci
A_zu[P \x Au QPfl vS
UP
BP
{k.
Cv
Q
g\zxP, {Pm]P, m]P, {Pm]P
BQP _Puzu xPUS
.

{mifl UPmuP Q uP
UPh u P AvPzx Qflx.
u zv \ En ~P
mPfl
Ezvx
AvPUPmk
Qflx.
CuS

vmh[P
\kzumk Qfl.
uh Aihz uP Jfl
Eh. vmh[Pfl A_
UPUS Eu Qflx. GkzxUPmhP, u{k
A_, Si\ zvfl SiUP
iu UPUS k Pmiz uQflx.
u{k mk \v x un
n
U
Psk
J

SUS
H
kPmiz
uQflx.
Cx,
zv
A_
UPUS
k
PmizuQflx.
A_z vmh[Pfl Pmhk kPz
u, u QhUPUTi mPU
Psk u[Pfl `|US H P
kPU PmkQfl. xP, Pmhk kP
`| miP kQfl.
SvP kP PU Psk Pmh
kQfl. C[S kP Psni \flP
zukQfl. Pn SvP
AUS CUS zvU PuPP,
a\zvPP Psni \flP zu
kQfl. u\ Su \ u Pmh
k kPUS A\[P Euuk

370

371

[SQflx. C CP mk \vP
AUS QhUP Gfl T.
mk \v zu, {P[P
US UP hPP
E. C[S \ K {h hP
US Ch[P Aih \vPTh
C Cfl UP x Qfl.
""GUS mk\v'' Gfl {UP {h
Cfl | Gfl T. UPUS
SiUS k Ax mh Cu \vP
P, { fl Azx Axk.
P v, { Pv
Dkh SUS. Ax \uu P
Gflx, \uu Eh{ Pzu Gflx
PP A.
P AhP
1. USzvfl \ P a] |
nP ux PQfl.
2. Pfl Cfl nP
ux PQfl.
3. v PU PPfl
Ax PQfl.

CUSP

4. mk \v miP Pmk
vmh[P ux PQfl.
5. uua _Pu, _a _Pu {
S P A] Gflu nP
ux PQfl.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. USzx \vP \x Pnk Sv

A. h
B. \
C. SflSv
D. zuUS
372

2. B]
P
\v {k
A. ^
C. Cv

Ahzv
B. fl
D. ]

3. Cv
uflu
siu
A. & u
C. & h

USzx

x[Pmh

B. &
D. & \fl

4. EP
{kPh

USzv
{hzx Cv A]fl USzx
|
A. H Cv
C. m H

B. Cvfl Hfl
D. u H

5. ] u AP EUPmh v
P
A. Sum\ P B. v PU PP
C. BU P
D. E|UP
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. J
{mifl

AP
sk,
UPh _________ Esk.
2. J {mi A \P UPfl
UPzu
E
mkfl,
UPfl
_________US P.
3. u si GflUPk AvP
C si _________ |zv KkQflx.
4. xP Cvfl G _________ CnU
Qflx.
5. [P xP _________ PhP A
x.
373

III. fl zxP

1. zv Cv

&&-

PU

2. QUS Cv

&-&

\fl

3. hQUS

&&

Uh

4. uS

&&

PPzu

5. uS zv

&&
&&

Pfl
\Pvz

IV. _UPP hUP

1. Cv fl USzv |QUS
A_ |[P ?
2. Cvfl v u]U
SUPP ?

PU

PPfl

3. Guu
A_
|[P
AUS
BUP
QhuS
]
Gkzx
Qfl?
4. "Sum\ P' A Gfl Gfl?
5. {PP
]P ?

A\[P

Psk

V. h uP

1. Cvfl Huu \ .
2. mk\v AvPUPa \ Cv A\[P
Psk ]P .
VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv UQ USzxz uh[P

SUP.
2. Cvfl P flzvPP wmhmk
vmh[P [Pa \PUP.
374

AS VIII : Cvfl UP
h 8

u[P
P {UP[P
1. n u P UQ
Gflu
G
UPmuP
PnUQhkQflx
Gfluz
ux
Pu.
2. n
UP Ahzv
Ax Pu.
3. n UPhzvfl Aih G
mh[P UPkQfl Gfluz ux
Pu.
4. n zvfl UQzxzu Enx
Pu.
5. n
{mifl UP zv kzu
GkzxU P si P Ax
Pu.

{
Qfl
EPx

CP
[P PshuS. EQ E [P
u P UQ S. EQ
^S
AkzuiP
Cshx
AvP
UPmuP {k CvS. u
{mifl P \zuP Cuv,
UPmuP P AvPP ( [Ph)
Ex {mifl a]U ShzuUP
A vUS.
^P uaua \zuPU Pv
APfl GsoUP AvPUSx
375

fl |USz ukP
Gflu Enx, UPmuP UPzvU
Pmkkzuz wP Dkmk. Av K

UP
GsoUPU
Szx. Cv A_ UP uPU
Pmkkzu ]P \x ShzuUP
A x.
{mifl vmh[P uPfl u
|zv \x UP BUQPP
uSz vmhh kS. UPfl {,
Ax uP |zv \kx Gfl
CP [Pa \x. u P
AvPP UTix. B
CP [P wx PUTi. UPUSz
uk [Pfl u AvPUS x,
a]z vmh[P \kzxx A
x PU PiS. SP, P
PP x Cvfl a]US
uhP Ex. Cvfl P UP uP
a]. G, GvP UPfl uU
PnUQmk, zv \ {mifl [Pa
\P
flkzv
Au
xPUP
UPmuP [P P
Azv]Qfl.
Cv 3.28 fl \.Q.mh |
EQfl Hx {hPz vPQflx.
UP uPfl Aih, Cx Cshx
{hS. _uv Ahuvx \{Pa
\uU PP fl {mifl a]
{US
vmh[P

FUSUQflx.
Czvmh[P {x P u |v
Bu[Pfl
flzv
\Pa
\
kzumk Qfl. Cu
376

{mi u a], P, _Pu,

mk\v, Cu\vP a]
u UPfl UPUSz u
Aihz
uP
zv
\mk
Qfl.

UPmuPU PnUPk
{mifl UPmuP, a]fl Ai
h GvP UPmuPfl GsoUPU
PnUQh C. Cufl Aih vmh[P wmi
\kzxx GuP C Gflu {mifl
UPm uP PnUPk Gflx (Census) {mifl
a]US P Cflu JflS.
UPmuPU PnUPk (Census) Gflx UPfl
GsoUP \P, u |Pfl
[PS.
UPmuP
[P
zx
h[PUS J PnUQhkQfl. EQ
G
{kP
UPmuPU
PnUPkUQfl.
\fl
1991&B
Bsifl
PnUPkfli Cvfl UPmuP 846.3
fl.
2001&fl
PnUPkfli
1,027
flPP Ex EQfl Cshx AvP
UPm uP Psh {hP {x {k [SQflx.

UPmuP
Cv UPmuP fl Aih
fl mh[PP UP (h 8.1). AP :
1. AvP UP \u SvP
2. u UP \u SvP
3. Su UPmuP E SvP

AvP UP \u Ch[P
Cv s u AvP \ Sv
P, AvP UPmuP E SvP UP
377

CkV UdLhRL

{UP AvP PnkQflx. s u

\ SvP UPhzv ufl
[SQfl.
P[Pa
\|[P,
PhPa
\P UP {UP Ahx Pnk
Qflx. Cu fl wP Cv P,
Pu, Qn, P{v i| SvP UP
{UP Ahx PnkQflx. AvP
, sh sq Eu
PhPa \|[P s u {flS
{hQflx.
G,
QUSU
PhPa
\P AvP UP \x.
P[Pa \P Ax Ezvu\,
P, S [P, h zvu\ BQ
|[ P UPm\ AvP PnkQflx.
QUSU PhPa \P Bv u\zv
AvP UP {UP PnkQflx.

u UP \x SvP

TPm 8.1

wP Cv E|[P |
sh P|, Su sq
s
uU
Sz
uhP
E.
CSvP m]z u[PU Ti u[P
\kQfl. P\ s E SvP
zv hku, zv z ukUS
uP a] CSv \
USQfl. Cu CSvP UP Ahx
PnkQfl. SP Pi, P{hP
P\ s SvP UP Ahzv \x.
P\ s SvPz u wP Cvfl
SvP u UP Ahzv PnkQflx.
u{mi u UP Ahzv Ex.
wP Cvfl ] SvP ux [P Cu
v, ux [P { ua
\P {h SvP UP Ahzv
uP Ex.

378

379

YeL[ P

\mh {U h ux [P Qh
u ux [P AihPU Psh
uP a] . Ax AvP UP
Ahzv E SvUS AP Axx.
G, UP Ahzv ux[Pfl uflfl
Aih U PnkQflx. SvP
UP ]uPU PnkQflx.

Su UP Ahzv E SvP
SvP
Sfl
SvP
UP
uS Ha ` Cu Pnzu UP
Ahzv SP Ex. wP Cv Sz
uha] P, QUSz uha] Sv
P, wP Cv CSv
UP Su GsoUP ]UQfl.
SvP Pnk P|, A[S
CPz u[P, s A flP ua
\PUSz uhP E. En
u[P \ H ` Cu
Pnzu \P Pnk s,
s
A
BQ
s
uUSz
uhPP Eu UP {UP SPU
PnkQflx. B SvP Pnk
zuUSP, SP C P
zuUQ, UP Ahx PnkQfl.
C P | AvP
UP U Pskx.

Ph h[PP [Su K UP
\x PnkQfl.
hQUS |[P An\u\,
o, A\, P, v, {Px BQ
SvP PU S UP PnkQfl.
A\ m u\fl PnP UP
{UP ]x AvP PnkQflx.
Cx u ua` PnP UP uP
uP uQfl. P |
SP, Ahu PkPP
PhP SPP Eu UP ]UPUTi
| ]uQflx. Cufl PnP, A[S
UP {UP Ahx PnkQflx.
hS Cv u UP
Hu. Cufl ] SvP, Szvfl
] SvP, g\ J Sv BQ Cu
zv Ah[S. J\fl Sv
Ash S. CSvP UP
{UP P SP Ex. Cvfl h
fl u\z v UP {UP uuP
Ex. Cvfl UPmuP A[S
| u A, P|, sP, s
|, u a], \P flfl
Aih AQflx.

Qu

u\[P | P|, CP
AQfl PnPa ]SvP _ u[PP
a] . wP Cv Sz
uha] P E }Q, B,
PhUP, SflP, wP
Cv C Ax h[,
], hlfl fl _z u[PP,

2001&B Bsifl UPmuP PnUPkfl

i Cv 1,027 fl UP, AP
523.8 fl BsP, 488.6 fl sP
E. 1901&B Bsi 1,000 BsPUS 977
sPP Cu Qu Cfl 929 sPPU
Sxmhx. Cvfl P mkufl
BsPh
sP
AvP.
K
BsPUS 950 US AvP sPU Psh

380

381

|[P C\ u\, Bv u\, P,

P{hP, o, J\, u{k, \siP.
|[P PU Su Quzv sP
E.
Bs & s Qu Suz ukUP A_
P ] Gkzx Qflx. sPUSU
P, \E Axhfl Pfl \P
zv P na] HkzxQflx.
Cv A_ Pk ] Psk
sofl vn u AvPx, Sk
{zvmhzu x, xU P Aufl
"] Sk' Gfl CUQ Ah
kkQflx. Czvmh[P zv, | A_Pfl
Tmk ] \kzu kQfl.

u miP FUSP
1996&B Bsk 4 & 5 B uvP
h Ti ua\Pfl {mi 2000
BsiS Ah CUSP SUPmh.
1. Q, {P[P 100 \uQu _zu
Si} [Sx.
2. Q,
{P[P
B
zx
\vP |v \uu
x.
3. AUS BU P Ax.
4. iu H UPUS kPmh |vu
Ax.
5. v Enz vmhzu G Q, {P,
\ UPUS, flu[Q UPUS
kzxx.
6. G Q[P Cnx.
7. U PmiS R E UPUS
x|Pzu J[Skzxx.
382

Jzx,
Aih
\vP
UPUS Azx UPfl UPz uzu
Ezxxufl CUSPfl {UP. Cua
\mh Gu J | a]
Hhx. G[Qu Ax a]USz uh
GfluP
Cv
P
{Qflx.
uha] flmka \P, EP
u flPfl G UPfl
UPzu
E
Gfl
{UPfl
Aih IUQ {mka \ u[P
AUPhfl Ti { {hiUPP {{k
Dkmkx. A IUQ {kP \fl
|[P A_P \h {hiUPP
Dkmk.
Gmhx Iusk vmhzvfl (1992 & 97) UQ
{UP u hS. Cv \P a]
ShzuUP P mkx. 1995 & 96 fl
u] a] Qu 7.1 UPhP Ex. Au
a]
Qu
|kzumkx.

uh o, EPu a]
FUSzx Gfluz u] a] Qu
EvkzxQflx.
Jflux Iuskz vmh 1997 & 2002
Cv _uv Ahu 50 & Bsk uh[P
mhx. Cv E vmh[P.
1. zuUS UQzx Azx Q
a] kzxx; x
EUQ Jx.
2. P u a], |
], EnxP fl
SP P flu[Q \PzvUS
[Sx.
383

3. _zuU Si}, B zx \v,

PmhU P, SiP, Q[P
Cnzu Azx Smh PUPmhz
vS | hsk.
4. UPmuP a]U Sx.
5. \P na]fl G UP
Dkkzv _a ` |kzxu.
6. sP |kzxu, flu[Q,
a
\v,
uzumh
\P
u a].
7. g\zx A_, Tmk, _ ]
UP Jflkzv a] FUSzu.
8. uflUP zu
Czvmh[P Cv KS fl
Psk { | UPz u E kmhx
P u.

2. 1991&
h
UPmuP

PnUPkfli

Cvfl

A. 406.3 fl

B. 846.3 fl

C. 1,000 fl

D. 400 fl

3. s u \ H Gu Sv
A. u\

B. h u\

C. \P

D.

4. P, Pu, Qn, P{v i|[P

A. SU PhPSv B. QUSU PhPSv
C. Cz uh

D. z uUS

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv

AvP

UPmuP

_________

P AhP

2. _________ Sv UP uS H `
C.

1. nP
u

UPmuP
PnUPk Ax PQfl.
2. nP UP , Ahzv,
BQ Ax PQfl.

a]

3. Cfl _________ Sv [Si UP

( UP) mk ]UQfl.

3. nP
UTmk
PQfl.

Ax

4. _______________ |zvfl Sv |P
Eu u UPmuPP Ex.

4. nP Sk{zvmh, QuzuU
SUP siufl A] Ax
PQfl.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. UPmuP Gzu BskUS J

PnUPkUPkQflx
A. zx BskP
B. Cx BskP
C. x BskP
D. J h
384

5. S PhP AvP GsoUP UP

Pnk SvP _________
III.

fl zxP
1. A\

&& C,
S & Su UP
2. P zuUS -&& u{P, flmk UP
{P (Cosmopolitan)
3. h
&& hQUS |,
\v
385

4. h u\
5. Cufl

&& QUSU PhP

&& E|[P Sv &-Su Ahzv

IV. _UPP hUP

1. UPmuPU PnUPk Gfl Gfl?

2. Gu |[P AvP UPmuPP E?
3. Qu ]S P.
4. P[Pa \ Hfl AvP UPmuP
Ex?
5. Sv
Gfl?

Su

UP

]UPU

Pn

V. h uP

1. Cvfl UPmuP P
.
2. Cv a]US hmhz vmh[P
P .
VI. \ ]P

1. PkUPmk Cv hzv UPm

uP G P BoP (patterns)
P.

386

AS IX : x Cv
h 9

Ga] Cv
P {UP[P
1. n
Cvfl
mi
z
ux Pu, Cvfl \uP,
uhP Ax P.
2. n
Cv
a]UPPz
vmhmh
Iusk
vmh[P,
Aufl
P,
\uP, uhP Ax Pu.
3. n
vmh
Cm][P,
{UP[P,
UP, A_ \ si \P
Ax Pu.
4. n Cv |Px Ga]
\P ux Pu.

UPfl Aihz uP En, Eh,

Ch BQP zv \ six
J {mk A]fl u PhS.
Azxhfl UPfl Gsn[P, PP, PP,
USzx, P, _Pu, zx fl Cu
\vP
kzv
UPfl
UPz
uzv Ezu sk.
Cfl Cv xP fl
Ahx
Cux,

UPfl
Aihz uP P zv\
i. Cvfl u{ P
387

S. Cx AUPfl u{ zv 60
J [Sufl. AvP A UP U
PmiSU R Qfl.
G, Cv A_ C|Pz vzu \
vmhmh ua \P, \P
a]z vmh[P Szx \kzxQflx.
P P UP uP AvP {x a]
vUQflx.
1950&B Bsk u u] vmhUS
| Iuskz vmh[P wmi \kzv
Qflx. Iuskz vmh[Pfl UQ {UP
UPfl uP zv \x UPz uzu
Ezxx, {mifl u, \P flz
vP PU Pshx {mh G
P fl u Azxa \x
S.
u Iuskz vmh 1951&56& wmhx.
Cx Jflx Iusk vmh[P |
mk. Cuz vmh[Pfl UQ {UP
ua ^vzu, u k, u
USu, xzx |[Pa ^x
uh o USx BQ
PS.
Cv A\[P ShzuUP A {mifl
u a] fl Pskx.
SP 1991&x Hmh uz u
u Cv u |v |
fl Pn Eu. uP,
s, En Ezv BQ ShzuUP
P fl Ahx. {h
Ezv mP {kP P, AvP
S, zuP a]US
Pszxx. Iuskz vmh[P {k
xP
flx
Gflv
Gu
I.

_ 40 & 50 h[PUS fl {x
flP s
Dkmiu. v A ~m xP
P UQ C Cu Pnzu
u[P va] AvP P GkzxU
Psh. \Sifl A SP
Cux. zu v P,
xP, \P E[P fl kzxx
fl Cu Pnzu En U
S |x. E Th En U
S H Cu.

388

389

1960&B BsiS S s u
P Hmhx. { wa
\Si \mhx. _m] P AP
kzumk u uP, E[P, a]UP
xP, iUhP flkzumk Ezv
AvPUPz uh[Qx. Cfl Cv 200 fl
hflP En u[P Ezv \Qflx.
Px Ezv EQ ^, IUQ AUP
S AkzuiP flx Chzv Cv
Ex. flmk s Ba] |
Cfl J ] BskP Cv AUP
h Px Ezv fl Cshx
Chzu k Gfl TQfl AS
flx.

Cv Iuskz vmh[P K
1. u Iuskz vmh (1951 & 1956) : Czvmh
sUS
fl
Azx
{mifl
s, }\, fl Ezvz xP
flzu Hkzvx.
2. Csh Iuskz vmh (1956 & 1961) : Cz
vmh u a]US fl Azux.
Cufl PPz uP[P |mh.

u PP uP Hkzv.
Afl Eu AvP A Pmhx.
3. flx Iuskz vmh (1961 & 1966) : Cufl
{UP {k ufl xufl. B u]
zu flkzxv Hmh ]UP
ua \ P Afl umha
\x
Cuu
Gvzu

.
4. Bskz vmh[P (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :
flx Iuskz vmh u Su
{UPi
\UP
Bskz
vmh[P
hmh. uha] P fl BskP,
Bskz
vmh[P
mk
vmhmk
\kzumh.
5. {flPx Iuskz vmh (1969 & 1974) : Cufl
{UP P u a],
\Pzv Hz uPU Px, UPz
uzu Ezxx BS. Czvmhzv flu[Q
SvPUS fl AUPmhx. |,
ufl Ahu uzu , Au
kzxxufl Cufl SUP. B n
UP, mh[P, \Pzv Hmh
S[P, uhP Gvzu z
u.
6. Iux Iuskz vmh (1974 & 1979) :
H }USx, }shP Aih 1974 &
75&x 1985 & 86 hmhx. fl
Bskz vmh[PP mhx. _ vmh[P
EUQ
fl
Au
ui
\xmh.
7. Bx Iuskz vmh (1980 & 1985) :
x a] Cufl SUPS. Iusk
vmh[P Hmhx Gflx Cu
Iuskz vmhzv Cxufl uux.

8. Hx Iuskz vmh (1985 & 1990) : En

u[Pfl Ezv USx
AvPx UQU SUPS.
B xzx |[P Gvzu A
\hu
Pnzu
Czvmh

.
9. Gmhx Iuskz vmh (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,
1991&92, BQ fl BskPUS Bskz
vmh[P wmhmh. 1992 Iuskz vmh
wmhmhx. Cufl UQ {UP u
k, u u, xzx |[
PU Szu, ua ^ \u
BQS. Cx K vmh
BS. u _uv xP Ex.
10. Jflux Iuskzvmh (1997 & 2002) :
u k, uu, u
xUS U Pkzu BQS AvP
UQzx
AUP
mhx.
^
uhmhx.
EPufl
PnP
{mk
ukP
Cv
uk
\mk uP[P BUPmh. Cv
UPmuP Ezv mP P {
\u Gflu |zux.
2001 \h 9/11 Hmh ]x ua]US S
Cv uP u ~mzv (IT) fl
Qflx.
11. zux Iuskz vmh[P (2002 & 2007) :
En u[P, PP, Gsn
zxUP BQP Ezv AvPUS Gfl
GvUPkQx.
AvP
UP
uP
UPzv ShzuUP A U Pm
iSUR EPfl GsoUP S Gfl
Gv Ex.

390

391

Iuskz vmh[Pfl u PP
ux.
sim

{
Cvz
uPfl a] Iuskz vmh[P
uh[Q zu. mk siP, C \UP
P[P, v siP, xP, C
miP, [ Pfl Ezv Qx.
xzx, u x fl Hmk
PPz uP[P, fluP[P
|mh. , ] uP[Pfl a]
PUPmhx. u mhP EUP
mh.
Cvfl P a]fl P
xP Cfl Cv flo Ex.
Aq\Uv, s Ba], \PUP
Ezv,
Au
s
Au,
Po, fl Ezv fl Su
a]hxx. uz v Cv
EQ flx Chzu Qflx.
Phu flskPP Cvfl Hv
AvPzxx. flmk u[P CvU PPz
u\P, u FUSzu.
Cv A_, u, A]fl umkU PP
^P Hkzvx. Cvfl {UP
Cv u\Pfl Ezv mP
flmka \u izx u Afl
\o
Dmku
BS.

u
mP,
BhP,
uUPmh
BhP
Ezv P \zx Qflx.
Hkzv H mku Cvz
vmh[Pfl UQU SUPS.
EQfl flo E P[P, P
Ev P[Pfl Ezv |[P Cv

uP[P uk \x TmhP Ezv

PQfl. Cvz uPU Psk P
uP[P | BUPmk. P
Fvz uP AvP Hmkx.
Cvfl hmh P |, fl fl
|zxhfl Cnx P uU Qfl. u
~m Sv Cv P a]
Gmix. s Ba] Cv ux
AUP
IUQ
{mkhfl
mikQflx.
Cvfl { sP IRS IC x Cvz
u~mzu, Cv uUPmhuS.
Cx ux[P vh P EuP Ex.
, Cv |mk \Uv u ~mP
\vUS P (Sensor), un mP
zuP v a] EuQflx. sP
Ba] mk A |, xP,
P Pmk u fl UQ Ch
APfl [P x.
s ShzuUP a] Cv
x (h 9.1).
Cv s Ba] |zvfl |
{kUPmk sP Hu (Equatorial Rocket Launching
Station)
vu
AQ
x
|mk Ex. C| 1968& IUQ
{kP \UPP Huzu Aozux.
Cv s Ba]
(ISRO) Cv
s Ba]US P xx.

392

393

a] uUP
xP Cv a] x.
SP P, zx BQ Su
a] x. 1947& Cv _uv
Ahux
Cvfl
\\
UP
27
h[PS. ux Ax 67 BP Exx.

P
zu,
_uv
Ahux 10 UPhP Cux. Cfl 61
UPhP Exx. s P P
|Pxx. BU PnUP }zuUP[P
Pmhmk. { P fl
Pskx. Cx { {k Cfl a]
sk.
a]fl {k \P ua ]UPP
E. B H {P uzxx.
uU PPPz uzx,
v PPP Cv flz uh[Qx.

EPu Cv

A]p u XVm
u u XVm
A u XVm
AQ/oTN] hPeLs

TPm 9.1
394

EPu
Cv
Csk

|PP \kQflx. Cv UPfl

G | P Cufl uUP uxx.
C uzvfl Fk
izu,
CUS
uzu

Azx. Cu Cv EQ ux
Chzvz vhkzv, hx Ash
{kPhfl { uh zxU P i.
Cvfl P Pa\ UP, uU
Pm], \vzuP fl Pm] fl
Azv [P HmkU Psh Cv
Cx uQflx. zx BskPUS fl
Cuuh Cv Cfl
Ex.
Cv
EPufl
uUPzv
CUP
P
HP.
Cv
{hP {kP Cv UPfl
P
EPu
AvPzxU
PsiUQflx. Cvfl CUQ, PP,
vh[P,
u[P,
EnP,
EhP,
{[P C\ BQP Pzv
395

{kPfl J[Qnu SvPP Cfl E.

Cvfl zxP, uP u~m
P, P P AvP A
Pzv {kP ShzuUP A uUPzu
Hkzv. CP u[Ph Pi E
vP fl CUQfl.
CP
zu
CvPfl
u
AvPzxx.

a \v
Gfl
v{mP
ukv \mhfl.
H
UPfl Azu,
uflP,
J a \vzu.
Cu {
\i,
{ UPUS
{ Susk.
B
GUS o x &
Es Efl x &
{UP.
Gfl,
IP,
Auz ukv
{fl
Gfl UP
niUQflfl.
{fl Cfl
Ca`umhzvufl
P PUQflfl.
396

P AhP
1. Cvfl
a]
Ax
nP
u Pshx.
2. nP Cvfl vmhmh \
P,
Iuskz
vmh[P
AxPshx.
3. Csk Iuskz vmh[Pz u
vmh[P Gvzu .
AuS
Pn[P
nPAx
Pshx.
4. Cfl
Cvfl
s,
Aq\Uv
a]U Psk zu.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. USzx, P, {, mk\v BQ
CP GU PukQfl.
A. \P

B. |A

C. Pa\

D. uP

2. Cvfl
flzvPP
1950&
A\[Pzu Cx EUPmhx.
A. u]z vmhUS
C. _ m]

Cv

B. Iuskz vmh[P
D. \PU PP

3. AUP IUQ {kPfl Ezv Cv J

] BskP uU Ti s Ezv

A. {

B. Px

C. u[P

D. umhP

4. Cvfl UQ Hv
A. En mP B. xo {
CP
C. uP mPD. [P
397

5. Cv s Ba] | (ISRO) 1968&

IUQ {kP \UPP Aozu Hu
Ax Ch
A. x
B. \fl
C. h
D.
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. Cv Cx __________ Ix Bsk
vmh[P |mk.
2. 1991& {x {mi __________ ^vzu AP
kzumhx.
3. 10&x Iuskz vmhzvfl x __________
Ezv Cv Cshx Chzu QUS.
4. __________ { sP Cv u ~mzu
x Cv uUPkQx.
5. | {kUPmk sP Hu Ax Ch
______

III. _UPP hUP

1. J {mifl PhP ?
2. UPfl
UPz
uzuG
Ezu
sk?
3. zux Iuskz vmhzvfl CUS Gfl?
4. sim { uh[Q uP
a]zvmh G uP Ex?
5. Cv u a]fl uUP G
Ex?
IV. h uP
1. Cv Ga]h CvP EUS
vmh[P J Pmk Gx.
V. \ ]
1. "Ga] Cv' Gfl uS H
{x {mifl a]U Pmk \vP,
h[P uPPa \PUP.

398

AS X : | h[P UPh[P
h -10

|h[P
UPh[P
P {UP[P
1. n [Pfl UQzxzv
Au.
2. n mh [P
A u.
3. n P Gu AS
[P flkzxQfl Gflu
Ax P.
4. n

\u
[P
G hP x Gflx Szx
Ax P.
5. n h[P uP
P ux Pu.

|h[P

(MAPS)

J PU Pmhzv,
uP P P AxP iQflx.
| h[P
Gkx, J Chzu
, J mhzu , u A
Ax u Ak uhh
Cfl fl uPP uUPUTi
JflS. | hzv J mhzvfl
Es v Gfl T. UPh
(Diagram) Gflx uPPz x
399

 [Pfl Aihk ukzx

J S.
| h[P, UP h[P BQ
Csh P hP
(Graphicacy) Gfl P \zx. h
Gkx
uPP
Gzxi
T
| h[P, UP h[P flfl
P uuS. UP h[P,
| h[Pz u, P h,
mP (artefacts) BQP uPP
Av UQ [S QUQfl.
{Ph (flow maps) Gflx J P
uP k BS. Ch[PUS
Ch E {P Cufl Ax P
iQflx. GkzxUPmhP, u{mi C
|[PUS Ch CUPk CPfl
GsoUP {Ph[Pfl
x, C US zv {h UP
mPfl {P A iQflx.
xP, {Ph P C \
USzvfl Ahzv A iQflx.
| hzvfl uPP {flS Ax
P AS zuP (words) A
iv Gfl T.

UP h[P (DIAGRAMS)
BP \PUPkQfl [P
Pmkh (Graphs) , UP h[P
PmhkQfl. UP h[P
[Pfl
uflz
xP
GkzxU
PmkQfl. u h[Pfl

[P
PsUPkQfl.
AP Pmk h[P (Graph), mh
h[P (Bar diagrams), mh S h[P (Pie
400

flP UQ P BS.
Cfl

[P
hPU
PsUS x & Aufl k Jzu
ufl BQz uP A iQflx.
Smh UP h[P \
[P flkQfl. UP uP
a] Pmk h , mh
h PsUP i. hzu zu UP
a] GP x P.
diagrams)

[P \Pzu (DATA COLLECTION)

{
mh
mk

u
mh [P {USz u Qfl.
A ] { v {flS vxkQfl.
[ P { B]P
P, , uU Pm], \vzu
flP AiQfl. ] \[P
P[PUS \fl ux P Qfl.
C {US si [P { \PUP
six. [PU Pzx Au
(observation), PPU Pmhu P (listening),
{ \u ] (Our own efforts)
Qfl. C k uPPz
ufl [P (Data) Gfl TQfl.
[P Es vUPU TiuS.
Au gbzu Jzux G.
a \P Gflx J gb
Jfl
Gfl
T.
\PUPkQfl
[P \h
[PS.

\h [P (SPATIAL DATA)
C[P Ahzvfl Aih
\PUPkQfl. C[P Am\, wUP
Aih \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP
401

Cvfl Am\ 8o 4' hUS u 37o6' hUS

, wUP 68o 7' QUS u 97o2' QUS
E. [P \PUPh
si Svfl Am\, wUPzxUS Emmh
Svfl | A, P|, CPz u,
s fl uPP \PUPkQfl. Cu
\h uPP GflQfl.

\ [P (NON-SPATIAL DATA)
C[P
u
\uzxhfl
uhh PS. Cu 3 PP
UP.
(1) \P \u [P (Social),
(2) u [P (Economic Data),
(3) Pa\ [P (Cultural Data) Gfl
uS.
xPU
T,
umhP,
Skzv, Q {P UP \u
[P \ [P Pa
\. UPmuP \u [P (Census
Data)
\P

[P
GUT.
GkzxUPmhP,
2001&
Bsi
UPmuP
PnUPkfli
UPfl
GsoUP
1,027
flP BS. UPfl u {h
iUPP uh [P, \
\u

u\Pfl
Ezvz
uh [P u
[PUS GkzxUPmhPU T.
C u [P
x flkzukQfl. A Gu,
Guu Pfl \PUPkQfl
Gflu Au A]S. CP P UQz
x u [P Po
kx Gfl T Ax PPx.
402

x ""u J gb''
Gfl (Science of approximation) T.
[P APfl UQzxzv
C\ fl Gfl AP {flS GkzxU
T. Ax Ti "" \u Gu
J TUS A Gflx P Cflu
uS''. (Geographical thought involves measurement') Cvx
iS [Pfl UQzx
Gflu {flS A iQflx.
u P,
P fl P, [P
x EQUQfl. Au [P
hzvSz u h[P, |
h[P, Pmk h[P,
h[P BQP uSz u
Bu[P Gfl T. mh
[P \P, u, Pa\, P|
uhh. [Pfl uflUP
P (Methods) flkzumk UP
h[P Ax | h[P kQfl.
J P zvSU Th,
Pfl P UP h[P
. G, P,
P
flkzv
uUP

[P UP h[PP, | h[
PP ufl ]ha
\x Gfl T.
xP [P UP h[PPU
Pmkv Csk P E :
1. umh UP h[P (Representation is made
without a map)

2. P \u A\[Pfl
UPsUP k UP
h[P.
403

UP h[P (DIAGRAMS)

GkzxUPmk :

[P, uukUPk AUS

zu h[P u UP hS.
UP
kzu.

h[PU

RUPsh

1. J n h[P (GkzxUPmk : mh
h[P (Bars) Pmk h[P (Line Graphs).
2. Csk n h[P (mhh[P,
\Ph[P

\xh[P
u).

RUPsh zvS J u mh h
(Simple bar) P (h 10.1).

mhh
uxmPfl Ezv & Cv
2000 & 2001 to 2001 & 2002
\
Gs

ux mP

Ezv A
(100 hflP)

Um

7,993

Sm

1,972

u[P

[P_

1,595

mh h[P (BAR DIAGRAMS)

_snUP

3,078

[PU Psk mh h[P

x P G JflS. Cv
kQfl mhPfl AP J AP,
E PkUPmk zvP
k. mhPa \[SzuP Ax
QhP . J ufl
zuU PmkuS umh h (Simple Bar),
JflUS mh zvU PmkuS
Tmk mh h (Compound Bar) .
, mh h[P QhP (Horizontal bar),
\[SzuP (Vertical bar) h. Tmk
mh hzv mh zvP
mhP PP zxU Pmhk.

\ E

2,644

3. n h[P (Pa\x[P, P
h[P u).
]zvU SP [P
h[PPU
PmhkQfl.
AuS
]zvU
Smk h[P (Pictorial diagrams) Gfl .

404

712

Pmkh (GRAPH)
[P, Pmk h
kzu. Cv QhUPmi (X Aa]) P
Ch , \[SzxU Pmi (Y Aa])
[P, zu Ai
SzxU Psk fl Csh uh
kzv, (Co-ordinates) P SUPh sk.
CP fl Cnzx Pk u
sk. CUPmifl HuU Psh
zvfl ufl GuP xP
i.
405

GkzxUPmk : PkUPmh zvS J

Pmk h (Graph) P (h 10.2).

Cv Czux Hv
\
Gs

BskP

Hv
(fl hflP)

1980 & 81

22.4

1990 & 91

32.5

1995 & 96

31.7

1997 & 98

29.5

1999 & 2000

16.1

| h[P (DISTRIBUTION MAPS)

h[Pfl & EP[P {US{
G x AvP A flkzumk
u & UQzx AvPzx Qflx.
uh Eh | h[P
h[P P UQ [Q QUQfl.
Ch[P v P Pzu
P x CfluPP E.
] Smh P [P hzv
UQfl x P BoP
(pattern of distribution) Pmh miUS. Cx UQP
P, P{hP (Livestock), UP BQfl
P Sk Ax sn Psk Pmh
kQfl.

TPm 10.1.

xP, A\[Pfl h[P

mh P PkQfl.
A :

406

407

1. (Dot Method): Cu x xP
UP uP, P{hP, P, uxmP,
u\Pfl Ezv mP BQ
fl U PsUP flkzukQflx.
UPm uP fl U
PsUP C J A P
PsUP kQfl. UPm U Pmk
| h[P J J Smh
A UPfl GsoUPU PsiUS.
2. sn wmk (Shading Method) :
C U PsuS mh
sn[P, Ax P
Csih (Black and White) Phfl Ti
sn EQUPkQflx.
3. mh Sh (Pie graph) : C S
h uS mhx AUS H
PP UPkQflx. fl P
sn[P kzv PsUPkQfl.
4. mh UP h (Bar Graph) : Cu
Phx SP zuP mPfl
[PU
PsUP
x
flkzu
kQflx. Cx A Jmk uS P
flkzu kQflx. GkzxUPmhP, UPmuP
BsiS Bsk G kQx Gflu,
J UPmuP PnU Pk Bsi
(Census year) UPmuPfl GsoUP G
kQx Gflu PsUP flkQfl.

TPm 10.2.
408

GkzxUPmk
:
u{mifl
2001
Bsifl
UPmuP zvS
flkzv | h P (h 10.3).
409

 (DOT METHOD)
u{mi UPuP 2001 (ux)
.Gs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

mh[P
v
\fl
Pg]

u
vsn

\
{UP
Dk
}Q
Pzy
vskUP
P
va]
RtT J
A UYhPm
Ph
{Pmi
v
ug\
xUPmh
]P[P
x
u
x{P
C{u
yzxUSi
v{
PflS

410

UPm uP
2,738,866
4,216,268
2,869,920
3,482,970
2,833,252
2,181,853
2,943,917
2,992,754
1,495,661
2,574,067
764,826
4,224,107
1,918,960
933,791
2,388,831
486,971
694,058
2,280,530
1,487,055
1,165,213
2,205,375
1,452,269
1,150,753
2.562,279
1.094,724
1,751,548
1,183,321
1,565,743
2,801,194
1,669,763

TPm 10.3.
411

mh S h

(PIE DIAGRAM)

mh ih[P \UP hfl, mh

S hfl AUP kQfl. Cu
uS
[Pfl
zu
A
mhPU Psk (360 iQ), fl zvfl
J S Pn AP Psk izx,
mhzuU Pn AP zx kzvU
Pszu sk. Chx | flk,
uP fl PsUP P
zuuS.
GkzxUPmk:
R PkUPmk |
flmk zvS J mh S
h (Pie Diagram) P (h 10.4).
mh
Sh
uS
u
Cvfl zu U Pmh J mh
x P sk. fl J P |
EPzvS P AP RUPsh
Pshx Au mhzv zxU Pmh sk.
fl J P | flmk
sn[PU Psk kzvU
PsUP sk.

mh S h (PIE DIAGRAM)
Cv | mk h (1995 & 1996)
.Gs

| EP

B Uh

1
2
3
4
5

PkP
s Au
flmi E |
s
\hu |
u_ |
|P s |
zu
412

40.48
48.52
49.45
28.12
132.89
397.46

TPm 10.4.
413

mh S hzvP Pn APU
Pskizu
1. PkPfl zu 40.48
P A = 40.48 x 360/397.46
2. s Au
flmi | 48.52
P A = 48.52 x 360/397.46
3. s \hu | 49.45
P A = 49.45 x 360/397.46
4. P A = 28.12 x 360/397.46
u_ | 28.12
5. |P hmk | 132.89
P A = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46
C
PskiUPmh
Pn
APUP,
mhzv
zxU
P
sk. fl J | EPzv
sn[P kzvU PsUP sk.
P AhP
1.
UQzxzv
PQfl.

[Pfl
nP
Ax

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. umhP, SkzvP, Q {P
UP uhh [P
A. u \u [P
B. u [P
C. Pa\ [P
D. \P [P
2. J SvUSa \fl uk [P
\PuS
A. Po
C. Pmk h

3.
P
[P
UP
h[PPU Pmk P Ax
PQfl.
4. Gzxi
E
zuU
Pmi
h[P

PsUPk
x
PzxUP {flS kzu i Gfl
Es
nP
{flS
Ax
PQfl.
5. h
Ax PQfl.
414

nP

D. Csh |

3. J {UPn \uS EPkx

A. x
C. h[P

B. mi
D. Po

4. [P {iP, Ax {Pn
P \PuS
A. v

2.
[Pfl
Bu[P
nP Ax PQfl.

B. mi

C. {Ph

B. mi
D. u|
[P

5. J ChzvS, ChzvS Ch
E
{P
(Flow)
PsUS
|hzvS
A. Pmi
C. {Ph

B. Pmkh
D. v

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. \u zva \PUP BuP

Ex _________.
415

2. PnUPk

\PUPk
zvS _________Gfl .
3.
Bo

uPP
kzx | hzvS _________ Gfl
.
4. J
Ah

Ch[P
CnUS
PmiS _________ Gfl .
5. mhS Ax \UPhzv, mhx
_________ BP UPkQflx.
III. fl zxP
1. \u
&& {Ph
2. \P [P && UP h[P
Pszu
3. mi
&& Cvfl CP
A
4. mhh
&& {UPn
5. UP Ch
&& PnUPk
IV. _UPP hUP
1. \u (Spatial data) Gfl Gfl?
2. (Dot Map) | hzv USP?
3. J n h[P ?
4. Pmk hzu (Line Graph) _UPP
GxP.
5. Hu J | hzv (distribution Map) _UPP GxP.
V. h uP
1. [P \Pzu UPP GxP.
2. \PUPmh
[P
h[PPU
PsUS P GxP.
3. \u [Pa \PuP
Bu[P UP uP.
4. uSu GkzxUPmkhfl mhS h (Pie diagram) .
416

AS XI : Po
h 11

Po : Pzx, US
(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)

P {UP[P
1. n Poz uhU
UQ Ax P.

Pzv,

2. n {UPnUP zuS
uzu Ax P.
3. n u vP (human samples) G
u ukx Gfluz ux P.
4. n v (area sample) uukzx,
Po \uS flPa \si
uPmh o (pilot survey) z ux
P.
5. n \P uh ]
u vP (Key informants) u \u
Ax P.

PUS,
Ax PuS, \ kP (areal
differences) AihU PzuS. Cufl Aih
ufl C u BQ
Csi {flS Ax P iQflx.
fl E [P Ax
PuS, BS Po
P Cflu JflS. Pofl Cfl
Cu
hzv ux
P.
417

Ax
PuS,
Ba]US u| [P
(Primary data) UQ JflS. BS
Bn[P, AUPP BQPk,
Csh | [P Cflu
BS. PUS |Sv UQ
Bfl
BuP
[SQflx.
|Sv
QP
Ax
{PP
Cu,
AuP Ezu [P \PUPk. CUP
ox
US
P
uhh,
Cflu JflS.
Po \u Gflx J ] \.
Po \uS RUPsh ] [Pz
ux Pu A]S.
1. Su B,
zu.

Psh

Po \ , zuv
Su B (must keep their eyes open) Psi
zu.
2. u, u, uPPU
Skzu (notes).
Po, Pzva _zx (Sight
seeing) fl uPPa \PUPz x[Su.
3. ]u
|h[Pfl
Euhfl,
PoU P Ahzv |nv
P \zxu.
E{USu (Observation) A
hzuk uh kzx xufl Aufl
v TkuQfl.
PzvS |h[P Gkzxa \u
sk.
418

Po \ Chzv, |hzxhfl
uhkzvU Po \ x P
o P xPa \ i.
Ahzv
|nUP
EP
Ah Psh P (Global Positioning Systems GPS) flkzu.
EP
Ah
Pshu
(GPS)
Px P \uP Eu, Gkzxa
\x Gx. B Ax AvP v
Ehx Gflu v |zu sk.
Cx xP \hUTix (quite accurate).
v Bhzuz u \ (Sample location),
Po uP uSv
(Geographical Information System) fl kzu.
4. vzu (Be consistent) : Po
Gflx [Pa \PzuS.
[P GxP C (GkzxU
PmhP, s, u, u[P) AvP
zvU Pnuu zxufl
[P xuP CUS.
[P \Pxhfl mk Po
iv. \PUPmhz uPP
kzu , Pou P
zx B \hsk. fl zu
h[P UPh[P
x UP
zu sk.

Po (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)

xP Po u| [
Pa (Primary data) \PUPUTi J \ Gfl
419

T. Ca\, |h v
h[P uzu, E{USu (Observations),
A J ]S AhflTi u
(Measurement), umhh {hzuk
{UPn (Interview) Gfl Ah[S. Csh
| [P (Secondary data) xuP
CUSx Pofl A] S.
P, Po fl J
] P PxQfl Gfl, 1950&B
Bsk u 1960&B BsiS Chmh
Pzv Csh | [Pzufl

flkzv
x.
]
AxTh u | a \Pzu
Buzuuk Au zuUS, BS
Cflu J PU Pv. Cu
Pofl UQzx {US { AvPzx
ux. Cfl, Po B
Gflx C. \P uz uhh
BSz
u
UPfl
Aflh
{hiUPP A Po UQ JflP
flkzu kQflx. Po, BPfl
UP zx, {UPzv zx
AQflx.
Gu PoUS RUPsh
zu
flkP
\u
A].
PoU P flmk {hiUPPUSz
uP :
1. Pofl {UP ufl.
2. Po [PPfl {
{ .
3. Po zu AP[P
\umhPUS fl Tmi
u kzxu.
4. Po P Chzu xPzu
(Conservation)
420

5. Po \ si Sv
UPh, J {nUPzv (rapport)
HkzvU Pu.
Po DkkUS, u
A A QhUP Ex. Auufl
Po _ UTh' (Classroom without
walls) Gfl SUS JmkU TQfl.
Po uha \P fl PP
UP.
1. Poz vmhku
2. Po {hzxu
3. Po \Pzuz uPP
kzxu.
Poa \Pa \xiUP, RUPsh
i i PU Pu sk.
1. Po
{UPzvP
\
si oP miku sk.
2. Po
\uS
fl
vmhku
sk.
3. Po
\S
ChzvSa
\uS
A[S
u[SuS
flkP \u A].
4. PoUSz u mP,
P P u | zu
A].
5. \PUP
Qfl
u|

[P B \uS zu
Pz u \u sk.
6. Po \ Sv Ahu,
Poz uh[Q {hzxu.
uh ]P RUPsh
P UQPS :
421

1. E{USu (Observation)
2. {UPn (Interview)
3. [P (Participation)
4. [P Szuu (Data Processing)
5. Szuu zu (Interpretation)
C Po, {iPU Pmh
{UPn J Aih S. Cufl
k [P Cv uk
AUP GxuS P EuP CUS.
Gu Po u AUP
Gxu (Interpretation / Explanation) ufl ia
\S.
Po
Dkmh
Gu
J
n Psh v, AUP Gx
Ax P iQflx. xP,
Poz uha \P E {USu
(Observation), AUP Gxu
(Report Writing)
UQ \PS.
\ vPfl PP (Types of
Spatial Sampling) : flx v uukzu
( Exploratory Sampling) : J Sv Gx
u Cu, Ax x uPP
u Cu, Au Sv ux
PuS u flx v uukzu
(Exploratory Sampling) Phizu sk.
Cx J u ]P Ax, xz
uPP {USU QhUP EuP CUS.
GkzxUPmhP, FP a] Jfl
o J J Smh Qzv Gzu
kP miS E usp S Cn
Ex Gfl PnUPkUSi ozxuP
zxUP.
Cuo
\
fl
x
v
uukzu

RUPsh flkzu. Azx SvUS

\fl AP E kP mk
zx A Gzu kP Em S
422

Cn Ex Gfl Psk
A. Cu
PnUPkflx, Au Sv
uPP u. Cu U Pufl
Ba]P Cx Pkzu
hu uP (Undocumented) | h[P
uUP SUS.
Cu |h[P x hu
| Cu Th, C P S
BS Cx J uiP A.
n \fl v uukzu (Reconnaissance
Sampling) : J Sv K uPP
\PUP mk, uPP \PUPh
si fl, n \fl v uukzu
PhiUP. Cu SQ
Pzv, Su \ Pmk, fl
x uukzu U Pmi iu
A
Tkuz
uPP
\PUP
flkQflx. 1920&B Bsk UP {mifl
hS
mhzv
u
Ba]
UQzx u Ch[Pz u \uPP,
Czx EUQ hm i. sm (Donald D.
Brand) AP Ah Pmi P K.
\ (Carl O. Sauer) AP Cu U
Pshx J ]u GkzxUPmhP [SQflx.
CPUS fl Ba] \uP u
Ba] Ch[P ] CUQfl Gflu mk
flx u ukzu AuP.
sk, \ P \x ]
\ P uhx |flk. Ai |S
u, AQ Hu Sfl Cu \
A[S \fl Ba] {hzx. P x
UPmk, Pfl Cv C[P Bzuhfl
Aufl \zu Pmk PUSz v . H,
423

Aa\[P AUS P P
Cu. Ax Ba]Pfl Qhzu
[Pfl ufl, P uhuu \
Gx Jmk zx Q.

uukzu

(Extensive

Sampling) :

C [P,
x \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP, mh
A Pnk P CvU
PkP BQ Ai.

w B v uukzu
(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)

C
Su

Sv
[P \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP, u
Sv vP GkzxU P x,
J Sv E u mi
Cfl Ax P iQflx
(GkzxUPmk : P |u PkP).

B v ASP (SAMPLING UNITS)

v uukzu (POINT SAMPLING)
C , Smh SvP uPP
\PUPkQfl. fl Au [P Ai
hPU
Psk
Au
Chzv
uPP
KS
FQzxU
TiQflx.
GkzxUPmhP, J Sv Pnk sn
A sk , Au Svfl
Ch[P vP Gkzx fl J
v s E Sv s mi
GkzxU T.
424

v uukzu (AREA SAMPLING)

P xmh Sv [P
A, J ] |Svz uukzx
[P
\PUPkuS

v
uukzu (Area Sampling) Gfl . Cx Csk
Pk. Jfl |x (Fixed), fl
uflhx (variable). uv, vUS GkzxU
Psh
Svfl
A

i
|uS. CSv HU S, Smh
Bzv EUPmh mh izv Ax
J Smh A EUP mh J
\xzv fl CUS. v uukzu
|Svfl Ax (Sample Areas) BP
GkzxU
Pmkvfl
Ahzv
,
ufl zu AQflx. GkzxU PmhP
Ahzv B uz u[P
BSz (low and dense vegetation) uukzu |
Svfl A ]uP (_ 1 \xmh
), PkP uhS P
A
|SvP
GkzxU
PkQflx.
v uukzu |Svfl Az
wUP RUPsh TP &
(Phenomena - Area curve) PkQflx. Aux
| Sv 'X' Aa] (X-axis) BS GkzxU
P mhu "Y' Aa], (Y-axis) uhkzv
h k Qflx. Cv UPmi
Gu J US S UPk QhP
Eu,
Au
Smh
ufl
v
uukzu SvUS (Sampling Area) zu
AS (Ideal size).

}v uukzu (LINEAR SAMPLING)

Cv |SvUS {k, SUPP }UQ
(Transect) Pk hmk, Aufl Aih,
425

AuS AQ vP uukUP kQfl.

Cu PzvSa \ |h
Ax fl PhzvU Psh
v uukUP si Svz u \x
fl PzvSa \fl Po \. Cu
v uukzu |Sv } Pk fl
}sh mh fl [Pfl uflUP
u \kQflx.

Ahu v uukzu
(PLOTLESS SAMPLING)

Cx {flPx vS (Sampling Unit). Cx

P
]UPx,
AvP
{
GkzxU
PUTixS. G, Cx J EPu v
A Gfl T. Gu J \h
BS , Ax }v
uukzu (Linear Method) BQ
Hu Jfl flkzukQflx.
\ v izu (Spatial Sampling
Design): Psh vPzu Po \
RUPsh v P fl Qfl.
i| v uukzu (Hierarchical Sampling).
C mh , {P, |, {k fl
J Cx [P \PUP
kQfl.
Smhu v uukzu (Random
Sampling) : [P \PS C fl
kzukQflx. Cv Sk Gfl
mh[P uS [P A
iv.
C
Smhu
v mk u \k.
{ v uukzu (Systematic Sampling) :
Cv vP u J Smh Ch
426

Pa \kQflx. GkzxUPmhP, J
Po {P[P \vUS Ch[P Ax
\P \vUS Ch[P PnUQhUQfl
Ax Cu TP Gkzx vk \.
AkUPzx
Smh
Auv
uukzu (Stratified Random Sampling) : _UPPU
T, Cx Smhu v mk
uukzu (random
samping),
{ v
uukzu (systematic Sampling) BQ Csk
\u J \\ Gfl T. C KS
\a^ u Sv
\PS HxuS.
iPU T v uukzuUP
umh Pi vP Cfl
T. xP, EP [P
Ah[Q
JflS.
A
GUQ
[P UPUSU QhUPa \x Po
Gfl T. G, u G
HU
PUTi
P
P
flkzv [P Au A]S.
Gu , uk, `|
AhzvS Hzufl flP A.
z uS uzuUS flh
si P (Designing Schedule of Questions or
Questionnaire)

UPz
uSzuxu
Gflx
J
Pi \ Gfl T. AuS
P E. A P UQx
G P :
~so SP & izu
(Micro Issues - Item Design)

1. x vP (General Rules)
2. Aa_zuu UP (Non-threatening questions)
427

3. Aa_zuUTi UP (Threatening questions)

4. Aa \ UP (Knowledge questions)
II. UPUS

zu Azu fl
si vP (General Rules for wording)

V. Aa_zx UPU Pmh Gkx

1. uP.

1. G {h Czu sk.

2. vmhhhuP Czu.

2. UP ]uP Czu sk.

3. hT AvP { iUPUTi UP

3. uUS P UPz uzu

sk (Avoid double - barrelled questions).

4. P (AkUPP) Czu.

4. GvUS
v
u
UP
uzu sk (Avoid leading questions).

VI. \Pzv

UTi P E

UP (asking socially desirable questions).

5. P, P \UTi UPz
uzu (Avoid implicit questions).

1. {h AqShfl Tix.

6. S
\h
flkzx
x PP Czu sk.

3. hT AvP { iUPu UP.

III. Aa_zuUTi Aa_zuu UP (Threatening vs Non-threatening Questions)

1. Aa_zuUTi Gfl Gfl?

2. Aa_zu Gflx Csk P :
(i)

\uzv k UP.

(ii)

\uzv zuPu UP.

3. Aa_zuu
UP
HhUTi
a\P bP \Uv zux.
IV.

3. u PzvP P \uP
Czu sk.

Aa_zuu UPU Pmh Gkx

1. | |PUTi UP flkzu
sk.
2. UPU Smh Gv{UQ v u
P, EUP sk.
428

2. Pnzxhfl Ti UP.
4. AUS AvPP
UP.

PkzvU

Tu

VII. A UP (asking knowledge

questions)

A
Pn Gfl?

UPU

PmuPU

1. GkzxUPmk & mU 1977&B

Bsk {hzumh \.
2. UP
AP
sk :

(i)

nhfl Czu

(ii)

u hPx \ h
S H uukzu.
429

(iii)

UPP Czu.

(iv)

x A \vzu.

a \P (DATA COLLECTION)
zu a \P
Gflx P UQ JflS. PzvSa (field)
\fl uUP UP P [P
\PUPk. A \PUPk x 3
G P PhiUPkQfl.
1. E {USu [P (Observed data)
2. {UPn P k [P
(Interview data)

3. z uS P k [P
(schedule or questionnaire based data)
1. E {USu QhUS [P
(Observed data)

\u [P zu zvzv
Pshx Gflx A Gu. B \
si, Afl ufl, flk
BQ zxzufl C [P
\PUP ku sk. Cv UQ,
x,
Azu
[P
\PUPkQfl.
2. {UPn

\PUPk
[P (Interview data)

C uk [P {UPn
\PUPkQfl. CuS PmPkQfl
P Pz uzx zxU Psk fl
[P
\PUPkQfl.
C
UP Efl PU Pzx AuP \
v Azu P A].
430

3. z uS Psk [Pa
\Pzu (schedule or questionnaire based data)
z uS uzu J UQ
\S. z uS Csk Pk.
1. {UPn {hzx, {UPn {hzx
uSU Pk UP.
2. {UPn {hzx uUPmh z
uSx, {UPn [PPUS
PkUPmk
UPUP
h
|mh fl v kQfl
z uS.
v uukzu (Sampling)
[Pa \Pzu Gflx P Ai
h Jfl. \P, u B UP
A {UPn [P \Px
Gflx Gu. G, AP ] mk
uukzx UPUS hPq US
v uukzu (sample selection) Gfl . {
\PUQfl [P, Csk PPP
UP Gflu fl zu. A :
1. u | [P
2. Csh | [P
1. u| [P (Primary data)
Cu P [P vP
(samples) uukzu fl [P \PUP
kQfl.
Aux,
UP
uUPmk
A uukUP mk u U
PUS hP kQfl. C[P fl
B \mk (analysed) P AUP
(Interpretation) uUPkQflx.
431

2. Csh | [P (Secondary data)

CP [Px zuP[P,
Bn[P, AUPP flx \PUP
kQfl. CP UPmuP PnUPk
(Census Tract) kQfl [P
Ah[S.
P AhP
1. J Smh {UPzvPP, vmhhmk
{hzu k Po nP
ux PQfl.
2. {UPnUP z uS (Interview
Schedule) u \ uzv nP
Ax PQfl.
3. B
\uSz
u

[PUPP v uukzu (Sample)

P
UTi
uzv
nP
Ax PQfl.
4. BP Chzv G u \x
Gflu nP Ax PQfl.
5. UQ
[P
A
uuPa
\k PnUPk (Pilot Survey)
iPa \k PnUPk (Survey),

{UPn

BQ
nP Ax PQfl.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. Cfl | UP \u Po uh
hx
A. {hiUP
B. |h uzu
C. vh
D. Pu Tu

2. uhUTi, J Smh P
[P
A. kP
B. umhh
C. vfl
D. {sPh
3. { B \h Chzv
U PUP v, \PUPmk RUPsh
[P A.
A. Pshu
B. {UPn
(Observation)

C. z uS

D. Eh (Dialogue)

(Schedule)

4. J Smh UP mk uukzx AP
[P \PuS
A. v {P
B. PshP
C. P
D. PmP
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. UP Ah[Q J _______
\PuS
Poflx
flkzu
kQfl.
2. [P \PuS _______ Gflx J
UQa \S.
3. [P \Pv Po J ________
S.
4. Po \x____________Gflx UQ
\P JflS.
III. fl zxP
1. {UPn
&& zu UP J Smh
GsoUPh {P
mk uukzu
2. u|
BPU PP
[P
&& u \u
3. v uukzu
(Sampling)

432

(Interview)

kzumh
&& [P
433

4. zuS

&& , v
[P \Pzu
&& umhPa \vzx
uP \Pzu

5. uP

IV. _UPP hUP

1. Po \z u fl \PU
TP.
2. Po
kQfl?

Gflfl

3. PoUSz u fl
a\UP {hiUPPU TP.

fl

UQ

4. Po \uS si B
(Steps) Hu Jfl GxP.

fl

|P

5. a \P USP.
V. h uP

1. Po,
UQ GxP.

uh

[P

2. Poz uh fla\UPP ?
3. Gu
PnzvPP,
G
\kQflx Gflu USP.

Po

4. Po Guu ]P (practices) P
kQfl?
5. v uukzu (sampling) Gfl
vP G uukUPkQfl?

Gfl?

VI. \ ] (Practical Exercise)

1. J G z uSz u \x,
\P,
u
uh
[P
\PUS
Po
AP
E
Sv \.

434

AS XII : [P vk
h 12

AvP [P vk
P {UP[P
1. n [P P GflUPk
\ PU P a_u.
2. n AvP [P vkP
SP CP [P s \x
] P Pz uu.

Cfl BP FP mia
\x UQUS vk P Csk
{[Q AqSP flkzu
kQfl. AP :
1. AvP FP vk (Rapid Rural Appraisal RRA): Cx 1980&B Bsk ufl P x.
Cv FP mi vhz u
uPP Emhzv { P \PUP
kQfl. \PUPmhz uPPfl Aih
FP[Pfl uP vh kQfl.
2. [P FP vk (Participatory Rural
Appraisal):
Cx
1990&B
Bsk
ufl
AvPP x. Cv E UP [P
Au PzxUP \x Psk
vk \Qfl.
[P u[Px Qzvfl
` mk | B \x u[Pfl
435

A, A BQ Qx Psk
Qzu kzuz vmh[P wmh, \
kzu, PsPoUP, vh AUQ
UP SUQfl. [P fl Ai
hx Q UPfl Aflha \Pfl
UQ uflx.
[P FP vk fl {UP[P
AihPU Psk \kQflx. A
:
1. BvUP \zu Eu \ {fl
fl {hzu.
2. AqS P Pzvx
hP,
u{x
SP,
Gzx P Cvx {hPU
Psx
P,
Akvx
Jku Ahxx.
3. Tmkhfl
uPP,
A[
P, En ]P E
UPh {h A
PUS Ch Qx Pu.
[P vk fl {UP[PU
Pshx. AP:
1. J u Bx Ba]
Px.
2. E]PUS, {PUS J[
Qnu ] Ax.
3. vmk Bx, vmhmk
\kzv, PsPozx vha \
v, \Uv [Su. [P
P CP [P s
\xhfl, sP, HP, s,
{ EnxP fl

[P zx Ax Gflx Po
Bfl J Smh iS. Cv B
u {hzv B |PPfl K {PP
[PQ. iU Phu (unstructured) Po
QhUS [P CP \PU
PoPfl
s
x
P
AQh Ax uh Ax
P EuP CUQfl. uspUS
_Pu PoPUS Ch \kPUS,
\Pa \mhvmh[P UQ PnS. S
zx
Av
E
S[P
APkzu. [P zxAv
FP UPfl \P& Pa\ {flS x
P C.
zx Ax, QQUS usp
|P _ _Pu \vP mk
Cfl {US Gv B Eu Au
A. Ba] Ba] i Q
UPx UPhfl Jfl APfl A[
P, Aflh vP ux h
v \Qfl. Au hUSP Bfl

436

437

\P kzu i. Cu P
P v u uP {Pzufl
PshuP
CuP
Pfl
\flP EvkzxQfl.
Cu h u mh, P zuUQ
E ]zxmi Gfl Qzv {hzu
AvP [P Bfl Aih
uSUPmkx. Cu B {mi
J usp |P, _Pu
{ {hzu x. Cu hzv
PkUPmk E G GkzxUPmkP Cu
Bfl Ai h GumhS.

[P (PxP) zx Ax

_ n AvPUPa \xhfl {h
, Ba]fl | vU
Qfl. Cm \fl (Robert Chambers) Pzxi
{iP zx Ax huP CUS.
[P zx Ax BU PP
kzvU
P,
B
Pz
ukzvU P Eu .

\u | h[P u
[P Bz uh[P \u |
h[P J { B. Hfl Cx [S
Ba]h EhUS
SUS.
|h[P
\P
|
USU Psk. [P FP vmhz
wUP [P |h ukQflx.
|h[P uUSx, fl Hk
u[P, EhP Q UPfl UP
| , UQ [P U Pn.
| h[P u
Smh vmhzvfl R E usp, _Pu
\vP (P ]z
vmh[P P), A A G H,
{kzu nUP UPzvS Gu ASU
QhUQfl Gflx Ax P Eu.
\u |h[P (Social mapping) Qzvfl
uUP, PP Bfl {UP[PUSU
Qhzu
uPPfl
Aih
uUP
kQfl. \u |h[P uUS
x umh UPh Ek
HkQflx. Cufl P E } |P
x P iQflx. _Pua `|
Q UPh Pxk
HkQflx. kzumh uzu
mh P Ax vP |
438

h BsP, sP SuP
(6 x 30 P ) [PPP
flkzu. [PP Ba]h,
Euh Pu]zx GP, \P,
kP, Pmih[P, P} \UPhP, P
h[P, PP |k SvP, } Bu[P,
{,
P
\vP

PP
|hzv SUQfl. xP, CP
|h[P fl]fl Euk \m (Chart)
u P kQfl. Cu |
h[P SUS{h nz vS, \ {U
PnUS, v& iUPmh zuSS
UP EUS uS EuP CUS.
SUS {hn (Transect Walk) : Cx E
UPhx ] Smh SvP Afl
[P, SP, |P Ax P
EuQflx. GuSvUS Gflfl EuP
AvP ukQfl Gflx U
Pxh Q UPh {h EuQflx.
{flS kzu mh usp _Pua
\P G \Pzv E Gflu \P
|h[Pfl
[Pa
\zxU
P SUS{h n flkQx G
A uP TQP. Cx
\P _Puzvfl |P,
\Pzvfl Sv G E Gfl
uP uQflx. Tx P
P, G {[P v Gv UP,
Ena]P x PUTi, A
mhPP Cfl P AvP uP
C.
\P |hzv Pmhmh uUP
PP AihPU Pshxufl
SUS {hn BS. Cu
439

P E uUPfl Pa ^Pa \
x \Pzv EPz u \x
APhfl Px h. Cu {hx
hzv mk u[P PU
P \UP EuP CUQflx.
CP Pxh {hzu
Tku uP ux P flkQfl.
Aux usp |P, _Pu \vP, usp
\PUS P, PP, SuP {,
P[Pfl {, _a`, AP, }
u[Su BQ uPP A
iQflx. Qzv E CP \P
AP , _a _Pua `|
Th {flS A C flkQflx.
\
{UPn
(Informal
Interviews)
:
umhPh Ax SUPh {h
EhP, Ax ufl Pxh
Px BPP GkzxU Puzufl
\ {UPn P GflQ. CP
{UPnP {Qz uflhfl uha]P
{h
sk.
UP
x
BP AUPku sk.
\
EhP,
^UPhu
Ps
PoP

UPfl
UP,
UP
UP[P Ba] uP xP
C.
\ {UPnP P umh
\vP, BsP, sP Su
Ph B xP {hu sk.
A
{h
{UPn
[P
xP v \h sk. Ax
fl Px hP v \h
sk. G {UPn P v \h
si A]. C v \k
{UPn, PxhP QhUS

[P Qzu , Aufl usp, _Pu

\vP {flS x P Euxhfl
AUQ UPhfl BPUS uh
kzu EuQfl. Cu [P FP
vk Aufl P kzu
kQfl.
ChU Pu (Story with a Gap) : Cx Azxz
u
{P
Px
Psk
u[Ph
PzxUP GkzxU T UQflx. h[P,
K[P UPfl Gsn[P kzu
Eu G PPS. h[PUS Chh
Tk PzxUP A Px P
SUS. Cx Pxh u[Pfl Po
A[P BP Qx P
flk. Chh Tk h[P \u
PuP BsP sPfl
a]Pfl Pn[P Ax P,
En, usp, _PuzvS Ch E
uh
x
P
HxS.
]zxmi Qzv h[P flkzu
mh. Jfl _Pu Q, fl _Pua
_
zuk Ti Q. Cu
\v, mh v, BsP
sPh Pkzx PzxUP A
mh. AuS J Pu T fl, Csk
BskPUS
P
Cfl
_Pu
Qhzu Pmi Q UPfl PzvU
PuP TU Pmhx, BsP A
u[Pfl \u AzuU PuPU T.
B sP PmkUPuPU T. AP
] Pn[PUPPz u[Px \u A[PU
T .
viUPmh {UPn (Semi-Structured
Interviews) : Cv uUPmh UP \P
\U QP PmPh sk. Smh

440

441

UP Q usp |P _Pu
a]P Szx, Su GsoUP
UPh
PmPkQfl.
UP

[P zx Aux, \ {UPn,
\P |h SUS {h n
Qhzu uPPfl Aih uUP
mh. ]zxmi Cu {U Pn
fl Qz u, uu Qz u
usp Ex |zv E
fl\ \ (Electricians) BQ Ph
{hzumhx. CP {U PnP Qhzu
uPP Q UPh Cx vmhmh
uPP B PUS flkzu
Eu Gfl PPx.

v&iUPmh
{UPn
:
UPmh Ev [PU Q
UPh \Pzu.
ChU Pu : BsP, sP Pzxi
_Pu, { Bs, s E
x Pu.
v&iUPmh zu : A \u
u \u, ]UP, [Pa
\Pzu.

v&iUPmh zu
(SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE)

\ {UPn : Q UPhfl E
uh AvPkzxQflx. Q UPh
Pxh
FUSUQflx.
Ba]
P kzu UP flk
Qflx.

zu
UPP,
[P
AUTiuP, AhU TiuP
UPfl
Gsn[P
vuP
CUP
sk. zu ] PmkkP
E. \P & Pa\ \u \vP AvP
Pku
Cx
uhuP
CUS.
v&iUPmh zuP [P
zx Ax, \P |h[P, SUS
{hn, ChU Pu T ,
\ {UPn uUPh sk.
Cx , \ (Biased) PPz uUS.
[Pa \PuS ]u UvP
CUS.
zu v uukzu

AihPU
Psk
CUS.
uP v uukzu PP J
zux mi GkUSi A. CvP,
v uukzu 3.5 UPk (1,614 kPUS 57
kP mk Gfl A) Q kPx
mhuP A. Skz uP, Bs,
s BQPh uzu {UPn
{h.

442

443

Ba] AqSP P
[P zx Ax
\P, Pa\ SvP x Pu :
Q UPfl UPhfl Jfl, u
[P \PUPh sk.
\u |h[P : umh UPhfl
uh
HkzxQfl.
SUPh
u[P, Q UPfl usp, _Pu
a]P, \Pzvfl A, [Pfl uh
BQP A SUS {hn
US AizuP AQfl.
SUS
{hn

:
\P
|h[Pfl [P \UPkQfl.
Q UPh E uh kzx
Qflx. v&iUPmh {UPn z
u uUP flkQflx.

Skz uP GflP vn
Sk EP, AuU Skzvfl {
S QP CUP
sk. kzumh v uukzu
Qzvfl Sv Cx mh
uS. zu fl \vzx Amk, CUS
SP }UQ Cv zu Azx P
UPhfl hh sk.
Cu hzvfl AvP [P
vk J \Uvu B Pfl uSP
APkzumhx. [P Pa
\PUPku Cx AvPx BS. Gfl
Azx uPP xuPa \PUP sk
Gflx Pmh C. Cx J [P ,
Hfl Azx P vUPkQfl.
UPfl [P, Px Px UQz
uS. [P Eu [P
PnhuP, JzxU TiuP E.
[P FP vk Gflx Gx Q
vmh mk Tx A. {P[P
Th flk.
P AhP
1. B AvP [P fl
flk

A
nP
Qfl.
2. AvP [P fl P
nP {flS Ax PQfl.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. {Qz uflhfl Ti, ii uhu
izu
A. A\ux
B. u \ux
(Quantitative)

(Qualitative)

C. AvPx

D. [PPUTix

(Rapid)

2. GP |hzv P
\xP.
A. BP
C. [PP

B. EuP
D. P

3. {UPn CuP AQflx

A. a]P
C. xP

B. flP
D. C fl

4. h[P h[P BQ FUSUS

_U PP flkx.
A. k (Expression) B. uh (Communication)
C. \

D. vh

5. vk \uS uzvSa
UQPz ukx.
A. ChU Pu

B. {UPn

C. SUS {h (Transect) D. \ {UPn

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. _______
UP
EP,
[P
E{UP (Participant Observation) P EuP
Ex.
2. \P h[P _______ Ba] P
{ J uhUPS.
3. a\PUS
(Problem
situations)
fl Tk PuP _______
4. \
{UPn
_______
ufla\ UPS.

(Participatory)
444

445

fl,

Gkx

III.

fl zxP

1. [P E{UP
2. \P | h[P
3. SUS {h

&&- UP EUP
&& Q UPhfl uh P
&& zuh
xPu
&& \PU Pa\ v
&& SUS {hUS Aizu

4. \ {UPn
5. ChU Pu
IV. _UPP hUP

1.
2.
3.
4.

AvPU Pzx T "AvP' Gfl Gfl?

\P |h[P Gfl Gfl?
SUS {hnzvfl {UP Gfl?
v&iUPmh
{UPnfl
\uP
{flP ?
5. Hfl miP Ba]US flkzu
kQfl.
V. h uP
1. [P vh flk {UPnUP
UPz uukUS EzvP ?
2. UPfl Aih {h \UP
Skzu Gflufl Azu Gfl?
3. Q [PU PzxUT Gflx Tmh
P & Pnzxhfl .
4. [P [P \P SUS {h
G UQzx Qflx?
5. ChU Pu & Cx a
\P USP.
VI. \ ]P

1. AP E Qzv, |
[PU PzxUTUS C[S vUPmh
Hu Csk Pz uukUP.
2. AP E Qzvfl _Pu |

[P
AuP
Pz
uS
i
AUP
B]P
nPUS EuP Cx.
446