1

Bertujuan membantu calon STPM yang

gagal atau berprestasi lulus sebahagian
ke arah meningkatkan pencapaian agar
mencapai tahap LULUS PENUH
Digubal oleh tenaga pengajar STPM
berpengalaman di Johor Darul Takzim
1. BOOPATHY RAMASAMY
SMK TUN HABAB, KOTA TINGGI
2. LIM POH THAI
SMK DATO PENGGAWA BARAT, PONTIAN
3. KOH AH LEH
SMK DATO BENTARA LUAR, BATU PAHAT
4. GOH KIM HENG
SMK SERI MERSING, MERSING
5. LEE KIM SING
SEKOLAH TINGGI SEGAMAT, SEGAMAT
2
PANEL PENGGUBAL
SMART TIPS
No. Formula / Terms Points to Note
1
n
r n
r
n n n
a x a x a x a x a + + + + + +


2
2
1
1 0
is a polynomial of degree
n
, such that
n
is a
Types of polynomials :
linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic etc.
3
polynomials
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1. Understand the meaning of the degree and coefficients of polynomials.
2. Carry out elementary operations on polynomials.
3. Use the condition for the equality of two polynomials.
4. Find the factors and zeroes of polynomials
5. Prove and use the remainder and factor theorems.
6. Use the process of completing the square for a quadratic polynomial
7. Derive the quadratic formula
8. Solve linear, quadratic, and cubic equations that can be transformed
into quadratic or cubic equations.
9. Use the discriminant of a quadratic equation to determine the
properties of its roots.
10
.
Prove and use the relationships between the roots and coefficients of a
quadratic equation.
11
.
Solve inequalities involving polynomials of degrees not exceeding
three, rational functions and the modulus sign.
12
.
Solve a pair of simultaneous equations involving polynomials of
degree not exceeding three.
13. Express rational functions in partial fractions.
real number and coefficients
n i a
i
, , 2 , 1 , 0 ,

with
. 0
0
a

2 Equality of Two Polynomials Two polynomials are equal if their degrees
are the same, having same number of terms
and all the like terms are having equal
coefficients.
3 Addition and Subtraction of polynomials To add or subtract two polynomials, the
coefficients of the like terms are added or
subtracted.
4 Multiplication of polynomials To multiply two polynomials, all the terms in
a polynomial will multiply with all the terms
of the other polynomial, and the products will
be added.
5 Division of polynomials
P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + R(x)
A polynomial can be divided by a polynomial
of same degree or of lower degree. Division
ends when the remainder has its degree lower
than divisor.
6 Zeroes
For polynomial
) (x P
, if a is a zero then
0 ) ( a P
.
a
is the zero of
) (x P
and
a x
is a factor of
). (x P
1. If bi a + is a zero, then bi a is also a zero
of the polynomial.
2. If b a + is a zero, then b a is also a
zero of the polynomial.
7 Remainder Theorem
When a polynomial
) (x P
is divided by
) ( a x
,
the remainder is P(a).
If remainder is 0, then
a x
is a factor of
). (x P
8
B Ax x Q c bx ax x P + + + + ) ( ) ( ) (
2
Remainder B Ax + ; Divisor+
c bx ax + +
2
Use it to find remainder if
) (x P
is divided by
quadratic equation.
9 Factor Theorem:
If
a x
is a factor of
) (x P
then P(a) = 0.
If (x-a) and (x- b) are the factors of P(x) then
(x a)(x b) also factors of P(x)
can be expressed as x
2
(a+b)x + ab
10 Completing the Square for a Quadratic Polynomial
h k x a c bx ax + + +
2 2
) (
e.g.
2x
2
4x + 5 = 2(x 1)
2
+ 3
3x
2
+ 4x + 6 = 3(x +
3
2
)
2
+
3
22
11
0
2
+ + c bx ax
,
Quadratic formula
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2
t

To find the roots of quadratic equation.

(must know how to prove)
12 Properties of roots :
0 4
2
> ac b
--- two roots are real and distinct
ac b 4
2

is the discriminant of quadratic

4
0 4
2
ac b
--- two roots are real and equal
0 4
2
< ac b
--- two roots are complex
b
2
4ac 0 --- real roots
equation
c bx ax + +
2
= 0
13 Inequalities
. , a x a a x < < <
a x a x a x > < > or ,


( )
( ) sides. both squaring before ) ( ) (
and ) ( ) (
use , ) ( ) ( or ) ( ) ( For
2
2
x g x g
x f x f
x g x f x g x f

< >
e.g
. 4 5 4 , 4 5 < < < x x
5 7 3 or 5 7 3 , 5 7 3 > < > x x x
preferred. is
method graphical Sometimes
14
Let
) (
) (
x D
x P
be the fractional function.
a) If the degree of
) (x P
degree of
), (x D
divide
) (x P
by
) (x D
. Express

remainder. the is R and
quotient the is ) ( where ,
) (
) (
) (
) (
x Q
x D
R
x Q
x D
x P
+
b) If the degree of
) (x P
< degree of
), (x D

) (
) (
x D
x P
= + + +
Express fractional functions in partial
fractions determine first whether it is a proper
fraction or improper fraction.
Make sure D(x) is expressed as linear factors(
repeating linear factors) or quadratic
factor(which is irreducible).
15
If

and

are the roots of the quadratic equation

ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, then
sum of the roots =

= -
a
b
product of the roots =

=
a
c
Some important identities:
1. 2 ) (
2 2 2
+ +
2. 4 ) ( ) (
2 2
+
3. 4 ) (
2
+
4. ) 3 ) )(( (
2 3 3
+ + +
5. ) ) )(( (
2 3 3
+
16 x
3
y
3
= (x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
x
3
+ y
3
= (x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
)
Important formula to solve simultaneous
equations.
GUIDED examples
1. When the polynomial 2x
3
+ ax
2
+ 3x + b is divided by (x+1) and (2x 1) respectively the
remainder are - 13 and 5. Find the value of a and b.
SOLUTION:
Let f(x) = 2x
3
+ ax
2
+ 3x + b
5
f(-1) = 2(-1)
3
+ a(-1)
2
+ 3(-1) + b = -13
a + b = - 5 ----- 1
f( ) = 2( )
3
+ a( )
2
+ 3( ) + b = 5
a + 2b = -2 ----- 2
from 1 and 2 a = -8 , b = 3
2. Show that x 1 is a factor of P(x), where P(x) = 6x
3
+ 11x
2
5x 12. Hence find the other
factors of P(x).
SOLUTION:
P(1) = 6(1)
3
+ 11(1)
2
5(1) 12
= 0
Since P(1) = 0, hence x- 1 is a factor of the polynomial P(x)
P(x) = 6x
3
+ 11x
2
5x 12
= (x 1)(6x
2
+ 17x + 12)
= (x 1)(3x + 4)(2x + 3)
Other factors of the polynomial p(x) are 3x + 4
and 2x + 3

3. Show that 2x 1 is a factor of the expression 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2.Hence find the set values of x
such that 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2 > 0.
SOLUTION:
Let p(x) = 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2
p( ) = 6( )
3
13 ( )
2
+ ( ) + 2
= 0
Since p( ) = 0, hence 2x- 1 is a factor of the polynomial p(x)
p(x) = 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2
= (2x 1)(3x
2
5x 2)
= (2x -1)(3x + 1)(x 2)
(2x -1)(3x + 1)(x 2) > 0
{x : x

IR , - 1/3 < x < 1/2 }

{ x : x

IR, x > 2}
4. If m and n are the roots of the equation 2x
2
+ 3x 1 = 0, find the value of m
3
+ n
3
. Obtain the
quadratic equation whose roots are
2 2
n
1
and
1
m
.
SOLUTION:
6
x - 1
12 17 6
12 5 11 6
2
2 3
+ +
+
x x
x x x
6x
3
6x
2

17x
2
-5x
17x
2
-17x
12x 12
12x 12
0
Try to obtain the quotient by long division
2
1/2
-1/3
Sum of the roots , m + n =
2
3
; product of the roots =
2
1

m
3
+ n
3
= ( m + n)( (m + n)
2
3mn)
=
2
3
[ (
2
3
)
2
3(
2
1
)
= -
8
45
2 2
1 1
n m
+ =
2
2 2
) (mn
m n +
=
2
2
)
2
1
(
)
2
1
( 2 )
2
3
(

= 13
2 2
1 1
n
x
m
=
2
)
2
1
(
1

= 4
Quadratic equation with the roots
2 2
n
1
and
1
m
is x
2
-13x + 4 = 0.
5.
If y =
x
x
1
+ ., express x
2
+ 1/x
2
in terms of y. Hence, solve the equation
x
4
- 2x
3
- 6x
2
- 2x + 1 = 0.
SOLUTION:
6.
Decompose
) 2 ( ) 1 (
11 5 12x
2
2
+
+
x x
x
in partial fractions.
SOLUTION:
7
. 3 2 1, 1, are equation the of roots The

1 , 1 x
0 ) 1 )( 1 (
0 1 2
1
2
3 2
2
3 2 4

2
12 4

2
4 16 4

0 1 4
1
4
2
2
t


+ +
+
t
t

+
+
x
x x
x x
x
x
or
x
x x
x
x
( ) 0 ) 2 ( 4 - y
0 8 2
0 6 2 2
0 6
1
2
1
, 0
0 6
1
2
1

0
1 2
6 2
2
2
1 1
x
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
+

,
`

.
|
+ +

]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ +

]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ +
y
y y
y y
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
y
x
x
x
2
3
) 1 (
2
1
9
) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 5 12
9
12
, of t coefficien Comparing
3. C , ) 3 ( 27 , 2 When
. 2 ), 3 ( 6 , 1 When
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( 11 5 12
2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 5 12
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
+
+

+
+ +

+


+ + + + +
+
+

+
+ +
x x x x x
x x
A
C A
x
C x
B B x
x C x B x x A x x
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x x
7.
Find the set of values of x which satisfy each of the following inequality
3
1 1
>
+
x
x

SOLUTION:
0 or
2
3
0
3
3 2
0
3
3 3
3
1 1
> <
>
+
>
+
>
+
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
The solution set is ). , 0 ( )
2
3
, (
Smart practice
1. Find the values of the constants m, n, p and q such that
x
4
+ px
3
+ 5x
2
+ x + q = (x
2
+ 4)(x
2
x + n) + m(x + 1).
8
+
_
+
2
3

0
2. Find the quotient and the remainder when
a) 3x
5
+ 5x
4
4x
3
+ 7x + 3 is divided by x + 2
b) x
4
+ x
3
x
2
1 is divided by x + 1
c) 8x
4
+ 6x
2
3x + 1 is divided by 2x
2
x + 2
3. When the polynomial x
3
+ px
2
+ qx + 5 is divided by x
2
x 2 the remainder is 2x + 7. Find
the value of p and q.
4 The expression x
7
- ax
3
+ b can be divided exactly by (x-1) and has remainder 8 when it is
divided by (x-2). Find the values of a and b and the remainder when it is divided by (x+2).
5. Show that x + 3 is a factor of the polynomial, P(x) = x
4
9x
2
+ 4x + 12. Hence solve the
equation P(x) = 0.
6. Given that when f(x) = 6x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 4 is divided by (x + 1) and (x 3) the remainders are
-15 and 49 respectively. Find the values of a and b. Hence find all the factor of f(x).
7. Given that f(x) = 2x
3
+ 5x
2
8x 15, find f(-3), hence determine the factors of f(x).
8. Show that 2 i is a zero of the polynomial P(x)= x
3
3x
2
+ x + 5. Hence find all the roots of
the equation P(x) = 0.
9. A polynomial p(x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d where a, b, c and d are real constants. If two of the
roots of the equation p(x) = 0 are 1 2i and 2 and p(-1) = -8, find the values of a, b, c and d.
10. One of the zeros of the expression 2x
3
+ ax
2
+ 4x + b is 2. The expression has remainder -9
when it is divided by x + 1. Find the values of a and b and hence, solve the equation
2x
3
+ ax
2
+ 4x + b = 0.
11. Find all the roots of the equation f(x) = 8x
3
9x
2
+ 6x 5. Find the set values of x such that f(x)
> 0.
12. Show that x3 is a factor of f(x)= x
4
+2x
3
+ x
2
- 28x 60. Factorise f(x) completely. Find the
set values of x such that f(x) > 0.
13. Given that f(x) = x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 8x + 6, show that -3 is a zero f(x). Find all the root of the equation
f(x) = 0. Hence find the set values of x such that f(x) > 0.
14. Write 3x
2
+ 12x + 15 in the form a(x + k)
2
+ h, where a, k and h are integers to be found.
Find the minimum value of 3x
2
+ 12x + 15 and state the value of x for which this minimum
occurs. Hence write down the maximum value of the function
15 12 3
1
2
+ + x x
.
15. Find the set of values for k if k
2
x
2
+ 2(2k 5)x + 8 > 0 for all real values of x.
16. Find the set of values of m such that the equation x
2
+ (3m 7)x + (2m + 6) = 0 has real
root.
17. Find the set of values of m such that the equation mx
2
+ 2(m - 3)x + 2(m + 1) = 0 has
distinct real roots.
18. If a and b are roots of the equation x
2
+ mx + n = 0, where m and n are non-zero constants, find
both the roots of the equation nx
2
+ (2n m
2
)x + n = 0 in terms of a and b.
9
19.
The roots of the equation x
2
+ 5x + 5 = 0 are

and

.
Determine a quadratic equation whose roots are

2
2
+
and

2
2
+ .
20.
By using the substitution p =
x
x
1
+ , show that the equation 2x
4
+ x
3
6x
2
+ x + 2 = 0, can be
reduces to 2p
2
+ p 10 = 0. Hence solve 2x
4
+ x
3
6x
2
+ x + 2 = 0.
21. Show that 2x -1 is a factor of the polynomial p(x) = 8x
4
4x
3
-2x
2
+ 7x 3. Factorize p(x)
completely. Find all the roots of the equation p(x) = 0.
Hence deduce the real roots of the equation
a) x
4
x
3
x
2
+ 7x 6 = 0 b) 8x
8
4x
6
2x
4
+ 7x
2
- 3 = 0
22.
Express 2
x) - 2x)(2 (1
20x - 15
+
in partial fractions.
23.
Express
) 4 ( ) 3 (
31 5
2
2
+

x x
x
in partial fractions.
24. (x + 1) and (x 2) are factors of the polynomial P(x) = x
3
+ px
2
+ qx - 6. Determine the
values of p and q, hence find the other factor of P(x).
Express
) (
13 5 2
2
x P
x x
in partial fractions.
25. Find the set of values of x which satisfy each of the following inequalities:
a)
3
1
2
1

<
x x
b)
2
2
1
x
x

c) . x
2
+ x + 1 < x + 2 < x
2
6x + 12
d)
2
3
2

x
x
e) 0
2
1
1

x
x
f) -16 < x
3
4x
2
+ 4x 16 <0
26. Solve the following simultaneous equations
a) x
2
+ 2xy = 3
y
2
xy = 4
b) x
2
2xy + 8y
2
= 8
3xy 2y
2
= 4
MATRICES
10
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1. Understand the terms null matrix, identity matrix, diagonal matrix and symmetric
matrix.
2. Use the condition for the equality of two matrices.
3. Carry out matrix addition. Matrix subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix
multiplication for matrices with at most three rows and three columns.
4. Find the minors, cofactors, determinants, and adjoints of 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrices.
5. Find inverses of 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 non- singular matrices.
6. Use the result, for non-singular matrices, that (AB)
-1
= B
-1
A
-1
.
7. Use inverse matrices for solving simultaneous linear equations.
8. Solve problems involving the use of a matrix equation.
SMART TIPS
N
o
Formulae/Terms Point To Note
1

,
`

.
|
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a Symmetric matrix
ji ij
a a
2

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
,
0 0
0 0
,
0
0
Null matrix, O.
11
3

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
1 0
0 1
Identity matrix, I.
4

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
c
b
a
b
a
0 0
0 0
0 0
,
0
0
Diagonal matrix
At least one of the value of the
elements in leading diagonal is not
zero.
5
d c b a
N M

Equal matrices
ij ij
n m d b c a : :
6

,
`

.
|
+ + + +
+ + + +

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
32 23 22 22 12 21 31 23 21 22 11 21
32 13 22 12 12 11 31 13 21 12 11 11
32 31
22 21
12 11
23 22 21
13 12 11
b a b a b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a b a b a
b b
b b
b b
a a a
a a a
Multiplication
1. Multiply the corresponding element
from the i
th
row of first matrix with
and the j
th
column of second matrix
and adding the products
i.e. the element c
ij
of the product
7 BA AB Exceptional cases AB = BA
commutative.

8 ( ) ( ) BC A C AB Matrix multiplication is associative.
9 ( )
CA BA A C B
AC AB C B A
+ +
+ +
) (
Matrix multiplication is distributive
over addition.
10 A IA AI If A and I are square matrices of
same order.
11
P
n
Q
Q
n
P
nI PQ
1
1
1
1

If
Q P,
and I are square matrices of
same order.
12 1 1 1
) (

A B AB
A and B are non-singular matrix.
(need to know the proof)
13

,
`

.
|

a c
b d
bc ad
A
1
1
Inverse of matrix , A =

,
`

.
|
d c
b a
14

,
`

.
|

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
If
e.g.
M
11
=
33 32
23 22
a a
a a
: M
12
=
33 31
23 21
a a
a a
: M
13
=
32 31
22 21
a a
a a

ij
M
is equal to determinant of the
matrix formed by eliminating the
elements from i-th row and j-th
column.
ij
M
=minor of ij
a
12
15
Cofactor of ( )
ij
j i
ij
M c
+
1
C
11
=
33 32
23 22
a a
a a
: C
12
= -
33 31
23 21
a a
a a
: C
13
=
32 31
22 21
a a
a a

Matrix of cofactor
=

,
`

.
|
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
c c c
c c c
c c c
16
13 13 12 12 11 11
13 13 12 12 11 11
or
c a c a c a A
M a M a M a A
+ +
+
Determinant of A(A is a square
matrix),
0 A
if the matrix is
singular.
17
adj A

,
`

.
|
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
c c c
c c c
c c c
Adjoint of matrix A is the transpose
of the matrix of the cofactor.
18
A
adjA
A
1 Inverse of A where A is a 3X3
matrix.
19
I A A AA
1 1 AB = I means A
-1
= B or B
-1
= A
GUIDED examples
1.
Find the value of a, b and c if the matrix A =

,
`

.
|
+

1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
c c b b
bc a a
b a b
is a symmetric matrix.
SOLUTION:
13
( )
. 0 , 0 , 1
possible) (not 1 1 When
0. c , 0 When
.
1 0 0 1 0
1 a 0 1 , 0 1 2 1 2
. , ; 1 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2

+

+

+
+
c b a
c c , b
b
bc c b
, b b ) b(b- b b b b
a a a a a
bc c b b b a a
2.
Given that C =

,
`

.
|
1 0 3
2 5 0
3 7 1
and D =

,
`

.
|

5 21 15
2 10 6
1 7 5
, show that CD = kI.
Hence find C
-1
.
SOLUTION:
CD =

1 7 3
0 5 2
3 0 1
|
.



`
,



5 7 1
6 10 2
15 21 5
|
.



`
,



=

542+45 7+7063 1+1415

030+30 0+5042 0+1010
15+015 21+0+21 3+0+5
|
.



`
,



=

8 0 0
0 8 0
0 0 8
|
.



`
,



= 8

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
.



`
,



= 8 I

k8
CD = 8 I : C

D
8
|
.

`
,
= I
C
-1
=

1
8
D =

1
8
5 7 1
6 10 2
15 21 5
|
.



`
,



=
3.
Given that A =

,
`

.
|
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
, find A
2
then show that A
2
4A 5I = 0, hence deduce A
-1
.
SOLUTION:
A
2
=

1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
|
.



`
,



1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
|
.



`
,



=

1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2

2+2+4 4+1+4 4+2+2
2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+1
|
.



`
,



=

9 8 8
8 9 8
8 8 9
|
.



`
,



14

5
8

7
8
1
8
3
4
5
4
1
4
15
8

21
8

5
8
|
.






`
,






A
2
-4A5I =

9 8 8
8 9 8
8 8 9
|
.



`
,



4
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
|
.



`
,



5
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
.



`
,



=

945 880 880

880 945 880
880 880 945
|
.



`
,



=

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
|
.



`
,



A
4
- 4A = 5 I
A

A4I
5
|
.

`
,
= I

1
5
A4I
( ) = A
-1
A
-1
=

1
5
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
|
.



`
,

4 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 4
|
.



`
,








]
]
]
]
]
=

1
5
3 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3
|
.



`
,



=

3
5
2
5
2
5
2
5

3
5
2
5
2
5
2
5

3
5
|
.






`
,






4.
Given that matrix A =

,
`

.
|

3 1 0
5 2 3
4 1 2
, show that A is a non singular matrix.
Find adj A, Hence find A
-1
.
SOLUTION:
A = 2
3 1
5 2
1
3 0
5 3
+ 4
1 0
2 3
= 2( 6 5) 1( 9 0 ) + 4( 3 0 ) = 25

0
Hence A is a non singular matrix.
C
11
=
3 1
5 2
= -11 : C
12
= -
3 0
5 3
=-9 : C
13
=
1 0
2 3
= 3
C
21
=-
3 1
4 1
= 1 : C
22
= -
3 0
4 2
= -6 : C
23
=-
1 0
1 2
= 2
C
31
=
5 2
4 1

= 13 : C
32
= -
5 3
4 2
= 22 : C
33
=
2 3
1 2

= 1
Matrix of cofactors is =

,
`

.
|

1 22 13
2 6 1
3 9 11

Adj. A =
T
1 22 13
2 6 1
3 9 11

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1 2 3
22 6 9
13 1 11
15
A

1
=
A
1
adj. A =
25
1

,
`

.
|

1 2 3
22 6 9
13 1 11
=

,
`

.
|

25 / 1 25 / 2 25 / 3
25 / 22 25 / 6 25 / 9
25 / 13 25 / 1 25 / 11
5.
If A =

,
`

.
|

4 3
2 1
and B =

,
`

.
|
3 1
2 1
, find the matrix C such that A = BCB
-1
.
SOLUTION:
A = BCB

1
B

1
AB = (B

1
B)C(B

1
B)
= I (C I)
B

1
AB = IC = C
B

1
=
2 3
1

,
`

.
|

1 1
2 3
=

,
`

.
|

1 1
2 3
C =

,
`

.
|

1 1
2 3

,
`

.
|

4 3
2 1

,
`

.
|
3 1
2 1
=

,
`

.
|
+

4 2 3 1
8 6 6 3

,
`

.
|
3 1
2 1
=

,
`

.
|

2 2
2 9

,
`

.
|
3 1
2 1
=

,
`

.
|
+ +

6 4 2 2
6 18 2 9
=

,
`

.
|
2 0
24 11
6.
Given that M =

,
`

.
|

4 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 2
and N =

,
`

.
|

5 1 8
7 5 13
1 2 2
show that MN = kI.
Hence solve the following simultaneous equation
2x + y + z = 1 ; x - 2y - 3z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + 4z = 5.
SOLUTION:
=

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
20 14 3 4 10 6 32 26 6
15 14 1 3 10 2 24 26 2
5 7 2 1 5 4 8 13 4
=

,
`

.
|
9 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 9
= 9

,
`

.
|
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
= 9 I
16
Therefore, M

1
=
9
1
N =

,
`

.
|

9 / 5 9 / 1 9 / 8
9 / 7 9 / 5 9 / 13
9 / 1 9 / 2 9 / 2
2x + y + z = 1
x 2y 3z = 1
3x + 2y + 4z = 5

,
`

.
|

4 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 2

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
z
y
x

M

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
z
y
x

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

5
1
1
M
z
y
x
1

,
`

.
|
z
y
x

,
`

.
|

9 / 5 9 / 1 9 / 8
9 / 7 9 / 5 9 / 13
9 / 1 9 / 2 9 / 2

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
=

,
`

.
|

2
3
1
x = 1, y = 3, z = 2
SMART PRACTICE
1.
Find the values of m and n if the matrix B=

,
`

.
|
+
+ +
+
9 6 3 0
2 8 2
0 6 3 2
m n
m n n m
m
is diagonal matrix
2.
Given A =

,
`

.
|

1 1
2 1
and B =

,
`

.
|
d c
b a
, find a, b, c and d if AB = A + B.
3.
Show that the matrix A =

,
`

.
|

1 1
3 0
satisfies the equation A
2
- A - 3I = 0. Hence, without
evaluating A
3
or A
4
. Show that A
4
= 7A + 12I.
17
4.
Matrix A and B define as A =

,
`

.
|
1 0 4
1 1 1
0 2 3
, B =

,
`

.
|

1 8 4
3 3 5
2 2 1
, find AB and deduce A
-1
.
5.
Given that A =

,
`

.
|

2 2 2
2 5 4
2 4 5
, show that A
2
11A + 10I = 0. hence deduce A
-1
.
6.
Given that M =

,
`

.
|
1 3 1
2 0 1
1 2 1
Find M
2
- 2M - 6I, show that M (M
2
- 2M - 6 I) = kI.
Hence deduce M
-1
.
7. Find the value of k in each of the following, if A is a singular matrix:

a) A =

,
`

.
|
k 5
6 3
b) A =

,
`

.
|

8 4 2
11 3
1 1
k
k
8.
If the matrix A is given by A =

,
`

.
|
1 6
2
a
a
determine the set of values of a so that the
inverse of A exists.
9.
If A =

,
`

.
|
1 2
4 1
, B =

,
`

.
|
2 3
1 0
, C =

,
`

.
|
19 21
4 3
, find the matrix X such that AXB = C.
10.
Matrices A and B given as A =

,
`

.
|
1 1
3 2
and B =

,
`

.
|
1 1
y x
where x and y are real numbers
Find the diagonal matrix D such that ADA
-1
= B.
11.
Determine all the possible matrices for A such that A =

,
`

.
|
a b
b a
and A(I A) = 0
12.
Given that A=

,
`

.
|

1 3 5
2 5 9
1 2 3
and B =

,
`

.
|
3 1 2
3 2 1
1 1 1
, find the product of the matrices
AB, deduce B
-1
.
Hence solve the following simultaneous equation
x + y + z = 2 ; x + 2y + 3z = 1 ; 2x y 3z = 6
13.
If A =

,
`

.
|

3 1 2
0 1 1
2 1 2
and B =

,
`

.
|
1 0 1
2 2 3
2 1 3
evaluate AB.
Hence , solve the system of linear equations
18
3x + y + 2z = 11 ; 3x + 2y + 2z = 10 ; x + z = 5
14.
Matrix A is given by A =

,
`

.
|
3 1 1
2 2 0
2 1 1
Find A
2
6A + 11I.
Show that A(A
2
6A + 11I) = 6I and deduce A
-1
.
A factory produces three types of nuts, kacang kuda, kacang botak and kacang parang. The
profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda , 1 kg of kacang botak and 2 of kg kacang parang is
RM 9. The profit from 1 kg of kacang botak and 1 kg of kacang parang is RM 3. The profit
from 1 kg kacang botak and 3 kg of kacang parang is equal to the profit from 1 kg of kacang
kuda. If x, y and z represent the profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda, 1 kg of kacang botak and 1
kg of kacang parang respectively.
Write a matrix equation to represent the above information.
Hence determine the profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda, 1 kg of kacang botak and 1 kg of
kacang parang .
15.
If A =

,
`

.
|
0 19 19
6 12 20
1 2 1
and B =

,
`

.
|

52 57 152
14 19 114
24 19 114
. Find AB hence deduce A
-1
.
For everyday breakfast Ling chooses three types of kuih,s, that is karipap, kuih lapis and
donut. The cost of kuih lapis is the mean cost of each karipap and each donut. Sim paid RM
18.10 for 20 karipaps, 12 kuih lapis and 6 donuts. However if Sim paid RM 17.10 she will get
19 karipaps and 19 kuih lapis.
Suppose x, y and z represent the cost (in sen) of each kariapap, kuih lapis and donut
respectively.
Write a matrix equation in x, y and z to represent the above information.
Hence find the cost of each type of kuih.
JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI
JOHOR

UJIAN pengesanan: MATHEMATICS
T 2007
NAME: ..
CLASS: ..
TIME: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS : ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. All necessary
working
should be shown clearly.
1. Show that 2x 1 is a factor of the expression 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2.Hence find the set values of x
such that 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2 > 0. [6]
19

2. If m and n are the roots of the equation 2x
2
+ 3x 1 = 0, find the value of m
3
+ n
3
. Obtain the
quadratic equation whose roots are
2 2
n
1
and
1
m
. [6]
3.
Express
) 2 ( ) 1 (
11 5 12x
2
2
+
+
x x
x
in partial fractions.[4]
4. Given that when f(x) = 6x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + 4 is divided by (x + 1) and (x 3) the remainders are
-15 and 49 respectively. Find the values of a and b. Hence find all the factors of f(x).[8]
20
5.
By using the substitution p =
x
x
1
+ , show that the equation 2x
4
+ x
3
6x
2
+ x + 2 = 0, can be
reduces to 2p
2
+ p 10 = 0. Hence solve the equation 2x
4
+ x
3
6x
2
+ x + 2 = 0. [9]
6.
Given that M =

,
`

.
|

4 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 2
and N =

,
`

.
|

5 1 8
7 5 13
1 2 2
show that MN = kI.
Hence solve the following simultaneous equation
2x + y + z = 1 ; x - 2y - 3z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + 4z = 5. [8]
7.
If A =

,
`

.
|
1 2
4 1
, B =

,
`

.
|
2 3
1 0
, C =

,
`

.
|
19 21
4 3
, find the matrix X such that AXB = C. [5]
21
8.
Determine all the possible matrices for A such that A =

,
`

.
|
a b
b a
and A(I A) = 0. [6]
9.
Matrix A is given by A =

,
`

.
|
3 1 1
2 2 0
2 1 1
Find A
2
6A + 11I.
Show that A(A
2
6A + 11I) = 6I and deduce A
-1
. [6]
A factory produces three types of nuts, kacang kuda, kacang botak and kacang parang. The
profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda , 1 kg of kacang botak and 2 of kg kacang parang is
RM 9. The profit from 1 kg of kacang botak and 1 kg of kacang parang is RM 3. The profit from
1 kg kacang botak and 3 kg of kacang parang is equal to the profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda. If
x, y and z represent the profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda, 1 kg of kacang botak and 1 kg of
kacang parang respectively.
Write a matrix equation to represent the above information.
Hence determine the profit for 1 kg of kacang kuda, 1 kg of kacang botak and 1 kg of kacang
parang . [7]

ANSWER:
1. SOLUTION:
Let p(x) = 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2
p( ) = 6( )
3
13 ( )
2
+ ( ) + 2
= 0
Since p( ) = 0, hence 2x- 1 is a factor of the polynomial p(x) M1A1
p(x) = 6x
3
13x
2
+ x + 2
= (2x 1)(3x
2
5x 2) B1
= (2x -1)(3x + 1)(x 2) A1
(2x -1)(3x + 1)(x 2) > 0
{x : x

IR , - 1/3 < x < }

{ x : x

IR, x > 2} A1A1

22
Try to obtain the quotient by long division
2
1/2
-1/3
2. SOLUTION:
Sum of the roots , m + n =
2
3
; product of the roots =
2
1
B1
m
3
+ n
3
= ( m + n)( (m + n)
2
3mn)
=
2
3
[ (
2
3
)
2
3(
2
1
) M1
= -
8
45
A1
2 2
1 1
n m
+ =
2
2 2
) (mn
m n +
=
2
2
)
2
1
(
)
2
1
( 2 )
2
3
(

= 13 B1
2 2
1 1
n
x
m
=
2
)
2
1
(
1

= 4 B1
Quadratic equation with the roots
2 2
n
1
and
1
m
is x
2
13x + 4 = 0 A1

23
3.
2
3
) 1 (
2
1
9
) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 5 12
9
12
, of t coefficien Comparing
3. C , ) 3 ( 27 , 2 When
. 2 ), 3 ( 6 , 1 When
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( 11 5 12
2
) 1 (
1
) 2 ( ) 1 (
1 5 12
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
+
+

+ +
+ +

+


+ + + + +
+
+

+ +
+ +
x
x
x
x x
x x
A
C A
x
C x
B B x
x C x B x x A x x
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x x
4. f ( x ) = 6 ( -1)
3
+ a ( -1)
2
+ b ( -1 ) + 4 = -15
a - b = -13 .. M 1
f(3 ) = 6 ( 3)
3
+ a ( 3)
2
+ b( 3) + 4 = 49
3a + b



= -39 . M 1
a= -13 b = 0 . A 1

f(x) = 6x
3
-13x
2
+ 4
By try and error method
f ( 2) = 6 (2)
3
-13(2)
2
+ 4
= 0 B1 + A1
Hence x 2 is a factor of f(x)
f(x) = 6x
3
13x
2
+ 4

x26x
3
13x
2
+4
6x
2
x2
)
6x
3
12 x
2
= (x 2 )( 6x
2
- x -2 ) .. M 1 ____________
- x
2
+ 4
- x
2
+ 2x
_________
-2x + 4
-2x + 4
_______
= ( x-2 )(3x-2)( 2x+ 1) .. A1 0
The factors of f(x) are x 2

, 3x- 2 and 2x + 1 A1
24
B1
B1
M1
A1
5.
x
2
( 2x
2
+ x -6 +

1
x
+
2
x
2
) = 0
x
2
(

2( x

2
+

1
x
2
) + ( x +

1
x
) - 6 ) = 0 B1
x

0
2( p
2
2 ) + p 6 = 0 B1
2p
2
+ p -10 = 0 M1
( 2p + 5 )( p 2 ) = 0 M1
p =

5
2
or p = 2 A1
when

5
2
x+
1
x
2 = x +

1
x
2x
2
+ 5x + 2 = 0 M1 x
2
- 2x + 1 = 0 M1
( 2x + 1 )( x+ 2 ) = 0 ( x -1)(x 1 ) = 0
x = -

1
2
, x= -2 A1 x=1, x=1 . A1
Hence, the solutions are x = -

1
2
,x2,x1,x1
6. SOLUTION:
=

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
20 14 3 4 10 6 32 26 6
15 14 1 3 10 2 24 26 2
5 7 2 1 5 4 8 13 4
=

,
`

.
|
9 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 9
= 9

,
`

.
|
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
= 9 I B1M1A1
Therefore, M

1
=
9
1
N =

,
`

.
|

9 / 5 9 / 1 9 / 8
9 / 7 9 / 5 9 / 13
9 / 1 9 / 2 9 / 2
A1
2x + y + z = 1
x 2y 3z = 1
3x + 2y + 4z = 5
25

,
`

.
|

4 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 2

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
z
y
x

M

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
z
y
x
M1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

5
1
1
M
z
y
x
1

,
`

.
|
z
y
x

,
`

.
|

9 / 5 9 / 1 9 / 8
9 / 7 9 / 5 9 / 13
9 / 1 9 / 2 9 / 2

,
`

.
|
5
1
1
=

,
`

.
|

2
3
1
M1A1
x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 A1
7.
]
]
]

]
]
]

1 2
4 1
9
1

1 2
4 1
8 1
1
1
A


B1


]
]
]

]
]
]

0 3
1 2
3
1

0 3
1 2
) 3 ( 0
1
1
B
B1
( )
( ) ( ) B1



1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

'

CB A IXI
CB A BB X A A
CB A B AXB A
C AXB

A1
1 1
3 2

27 27
81 54
27
1

27 27
72 81
for A1
0 3
1 2
27 27
72 45
27
1

M1
0 3
1 2
3
1
19 21
4 3
1 2
4 1
9
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

]
]
]

]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
X
8.
26
( )
correct. 2 if mark 1
correct, 4 all A1 A1 . , ,
1 0
0 1
,
0 0
0 0
A

2
1
,
2
1
or
2
1
,
2
1
or 1 0 or 0 , 0
2
1
4
1
0
4
1
2
1
,
2
1
When
. 1 or 0
M1 0 ) 1 (
0 0
, 0 When
2
1
or 0
M1 0 ) 2 1 (
0 2
0
2 either B1
. 0
0 ; 0
B1
0 0
0 0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0
0 0
1
1
0
1
1

1 0
0 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|


t

+

'

+
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
+
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

b a b a a , b a b
b
b
b
a
a a
a a
a a
b
a b
a b
ab b
ab ab b
a a b
ab b ab b a a
a a b ab a b
a b ab b a a
a b
b a
a b
b a
A I A
a b
b a
a b
b a
A I
9.
. A
2
=

1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



=

1 5 10
2 6 10
4 4 9
|
.



`
,



B 1
A
2
- 6A + 11 I =

1 5 10
2 6 10
4 4 9
|
.



`
,



6
1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



+11
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
.



`
,



=

4 1 2
2 5 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,



. B 1
A ( A
2
-6A + 11 I ) =

1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



4 1 2
2 5 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,



=

6 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 6
|
.



`
,



.. B 1
= 6 I
A ( A
2
- 6A + 11 I ) = 6 I
A
-1
A (A
2
- 6A + 11 I ) = 6 A
-1
I

I (A
2
- 6A + 11 I ) = 6 A
-1 .
B 1

A
-1
=

1
6
(A
2
- 6A + 11 I )
27
=

1
6

4 1 2
2 5 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,



M 1
=

2
3

1
6

1
3

1
3
5
6

1
3
1
3

1
3
1
3
|
.






`
,






.. A 1
x + y + 2z = 9 x + y + 2z = 9
y + z = 3

0x + 2y + 2z = 6 B1 + BI
y + 3z = x

-x + y + 3z = 0 either 2

1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



x
y
z
|
.



`
,

9
6
8
|
.



`
,



.. M 1
A B = C
(A
-1
A )B = A
-1
C B1
I B = A
-1
C


B =

1
6

4 1 2
2 5 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,




9
6
0
|
.



`
,



M1
=

5
2
1
|
.



`
,



A1
x = 5 , y = 2 z = 1 either
Hence, the profit from 1 kg of kacang kuda = RM 5.00

1 kg of kacang botak = RM 2.00 A1

1 kg of kacang parang = RM 1.00
28

ANSWERS FOR SMART PRACTICES
PAPER 1:
POLYNOMIALS
29
1.
. 9 , 1 , 1 , 5 q p n m
2.
. 5 ; 1 4 2 3 ) (
2 3 4
+ x x x x a
2 ; 1 ) (
3
+ x x b
1 7 ; 2 4 ) (
2
+ + x x x c
3. 1 , 0 q p
4. 24 ; 16 , 17 b a
5. 2 , 2 , 1 , 3
6.
7.
5 2 , 3 , 0 ) 3 (
2
+ x x x f
8. i i + 2 , 2 , 1
9.
10 , 1 , 0 , 1 d c b a
10.
22 . 1 5.72, 2, ; 28 , 13 b a
11.
16
159 1
, 1
i t
12.
) , 3 ( ) 2 , ( ), 10 3 )( 2 )( 3 ( ) (
2
+ + + x x x x x f
13. ) (-3, ; 1 , 3 t i
14.
( )
3
1
; 2 , 3 ; 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 2 3
2
+ + x h k a x
15.

'

'

< <
6
5
2
5
, : k IR k k
16.
[ )
]
]
]

.
|
, 5
9
5
,
17. { { 9 , : 1 , : > < m IR m m m IR m m
18.
a
b
b
a
,
19.
0 81 90 20
2
+ + x x
20.
21.
2
2 1
, 1 ,
2
1
); 3 4 4 )( 1 )( 1 2 (
2
i
x x x x x
t
+ +
(a) , 2 , 1
(b)
2
2
t
22.
2
) 2 (
5
2
2
2 1
4
x
x x

+
+
23.
4
1
) 3 (
2
3
4
2

+
+

+ x
x
x
24
) 3 ( 2
5
2
5
) 1 ( 2
1
; 3) - 2)(x - 1)(x (x ; 5 , 2

+
+
+
+
x x x
q p
25. ( ) [ ] { ( ] 1 , 1 (c) 0 \ 1 , 1 (b) , 3
2
5
2, (a)

,
`

.
|
[ ] [ ] ( ] ( ) [ )
( ) ) 4 , 2 ( 2 0, (f)
, 1 1 , 2 ,-5 - (e) 3 , 1 1 , 3 (d)

26.
( ) ( ) 1 3, , 1 3, - ,
3
3 4
- ,
3
3
,
3
3 4
,
3
3
(a)

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
( ) ( ) 1 , 2 , 1 2, ,
2
1
- 3, - ,
2
1
3, (b)

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
MATRICES
1. m = -2 , n = 4
2. a=0 , b = 1 , c = -

1
2
, d =1
3.
4.

7 0 0
0 7 0
0 0 7
|
.



`
,



,

1
7
1 2 2
5 3 3
4 8 1
|
.



`
,



5.

1
10
6 4 2
4 6 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,



6.

2
3

1
9

4
9
1
3

2
9
1
9

1
3
5
9
2
9
|
.






`
,






7. a) k = -10 b) k = -

1
2
,1
8. a : a

IR,x3,x4

9.

2 3
1 1
|
.

`
,

10 . x=0 , y =6
30
11.

1
2

1
2

1
2
1
2
|
.



`
,



12. AB =

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
.



`
,



, B
-1
=

3 2 1
9 5 2
5 3 1
|
.



`
,



, x=2,y=1,z= -1
13. AB =

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
.



`
,



x =2 , y = -1 , z = 3
14.

4 1 2
2 5 2
2 2 2
|
.



`
,



, A
-1
=

2
3

1
6

1
3

1
3
5
6

1
3
1
3

1
3
1
3
|
.






`
,






,

1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
|
.



`
,



x
y
z
|
.



`
,

9
6
0
|
.



`
,



,
x=5, y=2 , z =1
15. AB =

190 0 0
0 190 0
0 0 190
|
.



`
,



, A
-1
=

114
190

19
190
24
190

114
190
19
190

14
190

152
190
57
190

52
190
|
.






`
,

1 2 1
20 12 6
19 19 0
|
.



`
,



x
y
z
|
.



`
,

0
1810
1710
|
.



`
,



, x = 6650 , y = 10450 , z = 14250

31


32
Bertujuan membantu calon STPM yang
gagal atau berprestasi lulus sebahagian
ke arah meningkatkan pencapaian agar
mencapai tahap LULUS PENUH
Digubal oleh tenaga pengajar STPM
berpengalaman di Johor Darul Takzim
1. BOOPATHY RAMASAMY
SMK TUN HABAB, KOTA TINGGI
2. LIM POH THAI
SMK DATO PENGGAWA BARAT, PONTIAN
3. KOH AH LEH
SMK DATO BENTARA LUAR, BATU PAHAT
4. GOH KIM HENG
SMK SERI MERSING, MERSING
33
PANEL PENGGUBAL
5. LEE KIM SING
SEKOLAH TINGGI SEGAMAT, SEGAMAT
34
DATA DESCRIPTION
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1. Understand discrete, continuous, ungrouped, and grouped data
2. Construct and interpret stemplots, boxplots, histogram and cumulative frequency
curves.
3.
Derive and use the formula


n
i
i
n
i
i
x n x x x
1
2 2
1
2
) ( ) (
4. Calculate and interpret the mode, median and mean.
5. Estimate graphically measures of location.
6. Calculate and interpret the range, semi-interquartile range and standard
deviation.
7. Estimate graphically measures of dispersion.
8. Understand the symmetry and skewness in a data distribution.
SMART TIPS
No Formulae/Terms Point To Note
1

x
=
n
x
n
i
i
1

Mean of ungrouped data
2

x
=

n
i
i
n
i
i i
f
x f
1
1
Mean of ungrouped and group data
(x
i
= class mid-point for the i
th
class)
3
y
i
=
h
k x
i

'

factor scaling h
mean assumed k
Formula for coding method
4
M =
2
1 +
+
k k
x x
if
2
n
integer(k)
M = x
k+1
if
2
n
decimal(k. .)
Median for ungrouped data
5
M = L +
C
f
F
f
]
]
]
]

2
.
Median for grouped data
F cumulative frequency of pre-class
6 k
x new
+

x new
h

k h
x new
+

Linear transformation for mean(can use
for median and mode)
MOL
new
= h MOL
old
+ k
7 Range = x
max
- x
min
Ungrouped data
35
M
---C--
Boundaries
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
8 Range = x
HC
- x
LC

= UB
HC
LB
LC
Grouped data
x mid-point
U/L upper/lower boundaries.
9
Mode = L +
C
d d
d
A B
B
]
]
]
]

+
Mode for grouped data
10
If
4
n
is an integer = k, &
4
3n
is an integer = h
Q
1
= ) (
2
1
1 +
+
k k
x x & Q
3
= ) (
2
1
1 +
+
h h
x x .
If
4
n
is not an integer(k. ..) &
4
3n
is not an integer
Q
1
= x
1 + k
& Q
3
= x
1 + h
.
Quartiles for ungrouped data.
11
Q
1
= L
B
+
C
f
F
f
Q
B
]
]
]
]
]
]

1
4

Q
3
= L
B
+
C
f
F
f
Q
B
]
]
]
]
]
]

3
4
3
Quartiles for grouped data
12
Interquartile Range = Q
3
Q
1
All types of data.
13
Semi-Interquartile Range =
2
1 3
Q Q
All types of data.
14
2
=
n
x x
n
i
i

1
2
) (
Basic definition for variance
15
2
=
2
2

,
`

.
|

n
x
n
x
i i
=
2
2

,
`

.
|

x
n
x
i


Variance for ungrouped data.
36
Boundaries
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
mode
d
B
d
A
Q
1
Q
2
4

f
4
3

f
16

f
x x f
i
2
2
) (

( basic definition ) or
2
2
2

,
`

.
|

i
i i
i
i i
f
x f
f
x f

Variance for ungrouped & grouped data.

17
2 2 2
x
new h &
x
new h
Linear combination for variance &
standard deviation.
18

X
=
m n
x m x n
+
+
2 1

mean of combined data

Combined data:
Data 1 consists of n datums with the
mean and standard deviation
1
x and s
1
respectively. Whereas
Data 2 consists of m datums with the
mean and standard deviation
2
x and s
2
respectively.
19

standard deviation of combined data

20
(

x
,
+

x
),
One standard deviation from the mean.
21 Type Of Distributions
Symmetrical Distribution
Positively Skewed Distribution

Negatively skewed Distribution
Can identify by using :
a) MOL
b) Histogram
c) Box plot
d) Frequency curve
e) PCS(Pearson coefficient of skewness)
PCS =
deviation dard s
median mean
tan
) - ( 3
-3 < PCS < 3
22 MOL = mean MOD = SD
MOL = median MOD = SIQR
Symmetrical distribution
Skewed distribution
(must know reason)
23 Range of outlier
(Q
1
1.5(IQR) , Q
3
+ 1.5(IQR) )
The values out this range is known as
outliers.
37
s =
2
2
2
X
m n
y x

+
+

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
) (s ) (
X
m n
x m x s n

+
+ + +
Guided examples
1. The total scores given The Times for Welsh and Scottish Rugby matches on 4 February 1995
were:
34 21 23 26 24 39 56 22 28 25 63
83 42 39 24 23 32 61 44 19 31 24
24 60 45 39 34 50 46 53 48 33 43

a) Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram to display the data above. [SOLUTION]
1 9
2 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 8
3 1 2 3 4 4 9 9 9
4 2 3 4 5 6 8
5 0 3 6
6 0 1 3
7
8 3
Key: 3 2 is 32
b) Find the median and semi-interquartile range
SOLUTION
n = 33

2
n
= 16.5 (decimal) median = x
17
= 34

4
n
= 8.25 (decimal) Q
1
= x
9
= 24

4
n 3
= 24.75 (decimal) Q
3
= x
25
= 46
Semi-interquartile range =
2
1
( Q
3
Q
1
)
=
2
1
( 46 24) = 11.
c) Find the mean and standard deviation. Hence find numbers of score that lies one standard
deviation from the mean.
SOLUTION
mean, x =
33
1258
n
x

= 38.12 / 38.1
x
2
= 55300
s
2
=
2
33
1258
33
55300

,
`

.
|
= 222.531
standard deviation, s = 531 . 222 = 14.92 / 14.9
The range of one standard deviation from the mean is ( x s, x + s ) = ( 23.20, 53.04)
38
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
Therefore, the number of scores that lie one standard deviation from the mean = 23.
2
.
The heights to the nearest cm, of 80 soldiers are summarized in the table below.
Height (in cm) Numbers of soldiers
150 154
155 159
160 164
165 169
170 174
175 179
180 184
185 189
3
7
10
15
25
12
6
2
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the grouped data, giving your answer correct
to one decimal place. [SOLUTION]
midpoint x frequency f
152 3
157 7
162 10
167 15
172 25
177 12
182 6
187 2
mean, x =
80
13570
f
fx

= 169.625 = 169.6 ( correct to 1 decimal place)

s
2
=
2
2
f
fx
f
fx

,
`

.
|

=
2
80
13570
80
2306860

,
`

.
|
= 63.1087
standard deviation, s = 1087 . 63
= 7.9441 = 7.9 ( correct to 1 decimal place)
b) Plot the cumulative frequency graph for this data hence,
i) estimate the median and semi-interquartile range of this distribution.
[SOLUTION]
x < Cumulative frequency F
149.5 0
154.5 3
159.5 10
164.5 20
169.5 35
174.5 60
179.5 72
184.5 78
189.5 80
Plot the cumulative frequency curve on a graph paper.
39
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
i) From the graph:
Median = 170.5
Q
1
= 164.5
Q
3
= 174.5
Semi-interquartile range =
2
1
( Q
3
Q
1
) =
2
1
(174.5 164.5) = 5

ii)
40

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190

Cumulative frequency
Height(cm)
Median=170.5
Q
1
= 164.5
Q
3
= 174.5
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
[SOLUTION]
Sketch a box plot on a graph paper.
End points of whiskers : 159.5, 179.5
Box : 164.5, 174.5, 170.5

iii) Two of the soldiers are chosen at random for guard duty. Determine the probability that
one, and only one, of them is taller than 179.5 cm.
[SOLUTION]

79
72
80
8
x +
79
8
80
72
x = 0.1823
3 Mean and standard deviation for the weight of 200 boys are 55.8 kg and 6.5 kg respectively,
whereas the mean and standard deviation for the weight of 150 girls are 57.1 kg and 5.3 kg
respectively.
Calculate the mean and standard deviation for weight of the whole groups.
[SOLUTION]

X
=
150 200
) 1 . 57 ( 150 ) 8 . 55 ( 200
+
+
= 56.36
s =
2
2 2 2 2
36 . 56
150 200
) 57.1 150(5.3 ) 55.8 5 . 6 ( 200

+
+ + +
= 6.02
41
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
Smart practice
1 A random sample of 51 people were asked to record the number of miles they traveled by car in
a given week. The distance, to the nearest mile, are shown below:
a) Construct a stem and leaf diagram to represent these data.
b) Find the median and the semi-interquartile range of this distribution
c) Draw a box plot to represent these data. Identify whether there are any outliers or not.
2. The weight to the nearest kg, of 180 male members of a circus is summarized in the following
table.
Weight in kg Number of men
41 50
51 60
61 70
71 80
81 90
2
5
11
23
37
42
67, 76, 85, 42, 93, 48, 93, 46, 52
72, 77, 53, 41, 48, 86, 78, 56, 80
70, 70, 66, 62, 54, 85, 60, 58, 43
58, 74, 44, 52, 74, 52, 82, 78, 47
66, 50, 67, 87, 78, 86, 94, 63, 72
63, 44, 47, 57, 68, 81
91 100
101 110
111 120
121 130
131 - 140
35
28
20
15
4
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the weight of the male members of the circus.
b) Plot a histogram for the grouped data, hence, estimate the median and the mode of the
distribution.
c) Calculate the median, hence determine the different between the median in (b) and the
calculated value.
d) State the type of distribution for the weight of the male members of the circus. Give reason
for your answer.
3 The data shown in the stem plot below are the marks in a statistics course obtained by a group of
students at a local institution of higher learning
3 1 4
4 0 2 3 7 9
5 1 2 2 6 8
6 1 3 3 4
7 0 2
8 2
9 1
key : 3/1 means 31 marks
i) Find the percentage of students who obtain less than 40 marks and the percentage of
students who obtain at least 80 marks.
ii) Find the mean and standard deviation of the students marks. Hence find percentage of
students who obtain marks within the range of one standard deviation from mean.
iii) Find the median and semi-interquartile range of the students marks.
iv) Construct a box plot for the above data. Comment about the distribution.
4 The table shows the lifespan, t the nearest 1000 km, of 100 tyres of a new model produced by a
tyre company.
Lifespan (km) Number of tyres
70 000 74 000
75 000 79 000
80 000 84 000
85 000 89 000
90 000 94 000
9
24
35
21
11
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for above data.
43
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1.Understand the concept of a discrete random variable. 1 2.Construct a probability distribution
table for a discrete random variable. t 3.Understand the concept of mathematical
expectation. e 4.Use the formulae E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b, Var(aX + b) = a
2
Var(X),
E(aX + bY) = aE(X) + bE(Y) and Var(aX + bY) = a
2
Var(X) + b
2
Var(Y).5.Derive and use
the formula E(X - )
2
= E(X
2
) -
2
..6.Calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable. v 7.Understand the binomial distribution. 7 8.Use the probability function of the binomial
distribution. d 9.Calculate the mean and variance for binomial distribution. 9 10.Use the binomial
distribution as models for solving problems. d 11.Understand the Poisson distribution. 1 12.Use the
probability function of the Poisson distribution. p 13.Calculate the mean and variance for
Poisson distribution. P 14.Use the Poisson distribution as models for solving problems. 1 15.Use
the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution where appropriate. t
b) Plot a histogram for the grouped data, and use it to estimate the median lifespan of the
tyres.
c) Plot a cumulative frequency curve for the data. Hence, estimate the median and semi-inter
quartile range for the tyres. Hence find the percentage of the tyres where the lifespan in the
range of one standard deviation from the mean.
5 Data below show heights in cm for 36 new born chicks.
31 29 30 33 34 31 32 25 37 28 26 35
48 41 51 60 41 32 44 37 39 30 41 36
31 43 50 37 35 43 28 32 30 37 37 37
a) Construct a stem and leaf diagram to represent these data.
b) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for height of the chicks. Hence find percentage
of chicks whose height lying in the range of one standard deviation from mean.
c) Find the median and semi-interquartile range.
d) Draw a box plot to represent these data.

e) Comment about the distribution of this data.
f) State which of the mean and median would be a better measure of location. Justify your
answer.
6 The weights of 25 Form three students in a school were recorded. It is found that the mean
weight of the students is 47.8 kg and the standard deviation is 30.2 kg. After the data was
checked again, the following three mistakes were found.
Recorded weight of
student (kg)
14.8 159.6 77.6
Actual weight of
students (kg)
41.8 59.6 55.6
Calculate the correct the mean and standard deviation for the weights of the 25 students
7 The following table shows the number of children in 20 families.
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the number of children in the families.
b) Find the percentage of the families with the number of children less than the mean.
44
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1.Understand the concept of a discrete random variable. 1 2.Construct a probability distribution
table for a discrete random variable. t 3.Understand the concept of mathematical
expectation. e 4.Use the formulae E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b, Var(aX + b) = a
2
Var(X),
E(aX + bY) = aE(X) + bE(Y) and Var(aX + bY) = a
2
Var(X) + b
2
Var(Y).5.Derive and use
the formula E(X - )
2
= E(X
2
) -
2
..6.Calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable. v 7.Understand the binomial distribution. 7 8.Use the probability function of the binomial
distribution. d 9.Calculate the mean and variance for binomial distribution. 9 10.Use the binomial
distribution as models for solving problems. d 11.Understand the Poisson distribution. 1 12.Use the
probability function of the Poisson distribution. p 13.Calculate the mean and variance for
Poisson distribution. P 14.Use the Poisson distribution as models for solving problems. 1 15.Use
the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution where appropriate. t
Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of families 2 7 5 4 1 1
45
DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
CHECKLIST:
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1.Understand the concept of a discrete random variable. 1 2.Construct a probability distribution
table for a discrete random variable. t 3.Understand the concept of mathematical
expectation. e 4.Use the formulae E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b, Var(aX + b) = a
2
Var(X),
E(aX + bY) = aE(X) + bE(Y) and Var(aX + bY) = a
2
Var(X) + b
2
Var(Y).5.Derive and use
the formula E(X - )
2
= E(X
2
) -
2
..6.Calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable. v 7.Understand the binomial distribution. 7 8.Use the probability function of the binomial
distribution. d 9.Calculate the mean and variance for binomial distribution. 9 10.Use the binomial
distribution as models for solving problems. d 11.Understand the Poisson distribution. 1 12.Use the
probability function of the Poisson distribution. p 13.Calculate the mean and variance for
Poisson distribution. P 14.Use the Poisson distribution as models for solving problems. 1 15.Use
the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution where appropriate. t
Smart tips
No Formulae/Terms Note
1 X discrete random variable a) can assume only a countable finite or
infinite number of values.
b) result from counting.
c) must assume integral values.
2
p
1
+ p
2
+ + p
n

= 1

n
1 i
i
) x P(X
= 1
p
i
0 , i

Z
+
To prove X is DRV or can use for
problems involves DRV
3 Probability distribution of X can either list the
probability individually (tabular form) or summarise
them in a formula.
x 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.25 0.125 0.125 0.5
P(X=x) =
4 P(X = x) Probability Distribution Graph
46

X ~ B(n , p) X ~ P
o
( )
n > 50, p < 0.1 ; np =
n p

3 x , 5 . 0
0 , 25 . 0
2 , 1 , 125 . 0

x
x

12
5


12
4


12
3

0 1 2 x
5
E(X) =

) ( x X xP


Expectation value of X also known as
mean of X
6 E(a) = a
E(aX) = aE(X)
E(aX t b) = aE(X) t b
Properties of expectation
7 Var (X) = E(X
2
) - (E(X))
2
= E(X
2
) - E
2
(X) Must know how to prove from basic
definition (E[ X -

]
2
)
8 Var(a) = 0
Var(aX) = a
2
Var(X)
Var(aX t b) = a
2
Var(X)
Properties of variance
9 E(X t Y) = E(X) t E(Y)
E(aX t bY) = aE(X) t bE(Y)
X and Y are any two independent
random variables
10 Var(X t Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y)
Var(aX t bY) = a
2
Var(X) + b
2
Var(Y)
X and Y are any two independent
random variables
11
E(X
1
+ X
2
+ + X
n
) = E

,
`

.
|

n
i
i
X
1

= E(X
1
) + E(X
2
)+ + E(X
n
)
= nE(X)
independent observation, X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
from the same distribution as X
12
Var(X
1
+ X
2
+ + X
n
) = Var

,
`

.
|

n
i
i
X
1

= Var(X
1
)+Var(X
2
)++Var(X
n
)
= nVar(X)
independent observation, X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
from the same distribution as X
13 For a situation to be described using a binomial model:
a finite number, n, trials are carried out,
the trials are independent,
the outcome of each trial is deemed either a success
or a failure,
the probability, p, of a successful outcome is the
same for each trial.
X B(n , p)
where n and p are the parameters of X.
47
X ~ B(n , p) X ~ P
o
( )
n > 50, p < 0.1 ; np =
n p

14
P(X = x) = C
n
x
q
n x
p
x
for x = 0, 1, 2, , n
X ~ B( n , p) where
P(X = x) is the probability distribution of
X , q = 1 - p
15 X ~ B( n , p) then

P(X = 0) = q
n
and P(X = n) = p
n
16 X ~ B(n , p) then
E(X) = np and Var (X) = npq
17 np q r np + p Determining the most likely value of X to
occur if X ~ B(n , p)
18
P(X = x) =
! x
e
x

for x = 0, 1, 2, to infinity
Probability distribution of Poisson Dist.
19 X ~ P
o
( ) then

E(X) = and Var (X) =
20 - 1 x Determining the most likely value of X to
occur if X ~ P
o
( )
21 X ~ P
o
( ) then

P(X = 0) =

e and P(X = 1) =

e
P(X > n) = 1 P(X n) =
= 1 -

e ( 1 + +

)! 1 (
....
! 3

! 2
1 - n 3 2

+ + +
n

)
22
Poisson distribution as an approximation
for binomial distribution.
48
X ~ B(n , p) X ~ P
o
( )
n > 50, p < 0.1 ; np =
n p

guided examples
1. The random discrete variable X can take the values 1, 3, 5 and 9 with P(X = 1) = 0.2,
P(X = 3) = 0.3 , P(X = 5) = 0.4 and P(X = 9) = 0.1. Find E(X) and Var(X).
SOLUTION :
X 1 3 5 9
P(X=x) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1
E(X) =

x) xP(X
= 1(0.1) x 3(0.3) x 5(0.4) x 9(0.1)
= 4
E(X
2
)=

x
2
P(X=x)
= 1
2
(0.2) + 3
2
(0.3) +5
2
(0.4) +9
2
(0.1)
= 21
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [ E(X) ]
2
= 21 16
=5
2. The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution
X 0 2 4
P(X=x) m + 0.1 2m + 0.2 3m + 0.1
49
a) P(X=0) = e
-4
= 0.0183
b) P( X=4 ) =
= 0.195
a) Determine the value of m. b) Find the expected value and variance for X.
SOLUTION:
a) (m + 0.1) + (2 m + 0.2) + (3m + 0.1) = 1
6m + 0.4 = 1
m = 0.1
X 0 2 4
P(X=x) 0.2 0.4 0.4
b)
E(X) =

xP(X=x)
= 0(0.2) + 2(0.4) =4(0.4) = 2.4
E(X
2
) =

x P(X=x) = 0
2
(0.2) + 2
2
(0.4) + 4
2
(0.4) = 8
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2
= 8 2.4
2
= 2.24
3. A box contains a large number of pens. The probability that a pen is faulty is 0.1. How many
pens would you need to select to be more than 95% certain of picking at least one faulty one?
SOLUTION:
Let the random variable X represents the number of faulty pen.
X ~ B( n, p)
P(X=x) =
n
c
x
p
x
q
n - x
p = 0.1, q = 0.9
P(X1)>0.95
1 P(X=0) > 0.95
1 0.9
n
> 0.95
0.9
n
< 0.05
nlog0.9 < log 0.05
n >
9 . 0 log
05 . 0 log
n > 28.43
At least 29 pens must be chosen so that the probability that at least one pen is faulty is
greater than 0.95.
4. The mean number of bacteria per ml of a liquid is 4. Assuming that the number of bacteria
follow a Poisson distribution, find the probability that, in 1 ml of liquid, there will be
a) no bacteria b) 4 bacteria c) less than 3 bacteria
SOLUTION:
X P
o
(4)
50
a) P(X=0) = e
-4
= 0.0183
b) P( X=4 ) =
= 0.195
c) P (X< 3 ) = P(x=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2)
= )
! 2
4

! 1
4

! 0
4
(
2 1 0
4
+ +

e
= 0.238
5. A small bus company runs four buses with 50 seats each. Experience shows that, on average,
2% of people with tickets do not show up for the departure and the place remains free. If the
company sells 205 tickets for one day, by using a suitable approximation calculate what is the
probability that
a) more than 200 passengers will show up?
b) exactly 200 passengers will show up for the departure?
SOLUTION:
Let the random variable X represent the number of passengers that will not show up.

4.1
0.02 x 205

np
an approximate Poisson distribution is used
P(X=x) =
!
1 . 4
1 . 4
x
e
x
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, .
a) More than 200 passengers shown up mean less than 5 will not show up
P(X<5) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) +P(X=2) + P(X=3) +P(X=4)
= )
! 4
1 . 4
! 3
1 . 4
! 2
4.1
4.1 (1
4 3 2
1 . 4
+ + + +

e
= 0.609
The probability that more than 200 will show up is 0.609
b) Since 200 passengers turn up, 5 passengers did not turn up

P( X=5 ) =
! 5
) 1 . 4 (
5 1 . 4
e
= 0.16
The probability that exactly 200 passengers will show up is 0.16
51
SMART PRACTICE
1. The discrete random variable X has probability distribution given by:
P(X = x) = kx
3
, x = 1, 2, 3
a) Find the value of k. b) the expectation of X, c) the standard deviation of X.
2.
The random variable X takes values -2, 0, and 2 with probabilities
4
1
2
1
4
1
, ,
respectively. Find the
Var(X) and E(
x
)
The random variable Y is defined by Y = X
1
+ X
2
. Find p.d of Y hence find Var(Y).
4. The discrete random variable X has p.d.f P(X = x) = k, for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
a) find the value k.
b) calculate the E(X) and Var(X). Hence find E(3X 4) and Var(2X + 3)
5. The random variable T has mean 5 and variance 16. Find two pairs of values for the constants c
and d such that E(cT + d) = 100 and Var(cT + d) = 144.
6. X and Y are independent random variable such that E(X) = 10, Var(X) = 2, E(Y) = 8,
Var(Y) = 3. Find,
a) E(5X + 4Y) b) Var(5X + 4Y) c) Var( X Y 8) d) E(3Y 2X)
7. On a road, the number of bike accidents in a day is found to have a Poisson distribution with a
standard deviation of 0.7. Find the probability there are no accident on a particular day.
8. From past experience, it is found that the number of typing errors made by Jaya follows a
Poisson distribution. The probability that there are no errors made on a randomly chosen page is
52
0.7788.
a) Find the mean and the standard deviation for the number of mistakes made on a page.
b) Determine the expected number of mistakes made on 8 randomly chosen pages.
c) If 20 pages were randomly chosen, find the expected number of pages that do not require
correction.
9. Let X represent the number of flaws on a meter of cloth that was produced by a machine. If X
has a Poisson distribution and E(X
2
) = 0.24, determine the mean and standard deviation of X.
10. The mean number of bacteria per ml of a liquid is 4. Assuming that the number of bacteria
follow a Poisson distribution, find the probability that, in 1 ml of liquid, there will be
a) no bacteria b) 4 bacteria c) less than 3 bacteria
11. Given that = 2.1, and P(X = r) = 0.1890, find the value of r.
12. Manufactured articles are packed in boxes each containing 200 articles, and , on average,
1% of all articles manufactured are defective. A box which contains 4 or more defective
articles is substandard. Using a suitable approximation, show that the probability that a
randomly chosen box will be substandard is 0.353.
A lorry-load consists of 16 boxes, randomly chosen. Find the probability that a lorry-load will
include at most 2 boxes that are substandard.
A warehouse holds 100 lorry-loads. Show that, the probability that exactly one of the lorry-
loads in the warehouse will include at most 2 substandard boxes is 0.06.
JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI
JOHOR

UJIAN PENGESANAN:
MATHEMATICS T 2007
NAME: ..
CLASS: ..
TIME: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS : ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. All necessary
working
should be shown clearly.
1. The total scores given in The Times for Welsh and Scottish Rugby matches on 4 February 1995
were:
34 21 23 26 24 39 56 22 28 25 63
83 42 39 24 23 32 61 44 19 31 24
24 60 45 39 34 50 46 53 48 33 43

a) Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram to display the data above.[2]
53

b) Find the median and semi-interquartile range.[4]
c) Find the mean and standard deviation. Hence find number of scores that lie one standard
deviation from the mean. [6]
2. The table shows the lifespan, t, to the nearest 1000 km, of 100 tyres of a new model produced by
a tyre company.
Lifespan (km) Number of tyres
70 000 74 000
75 000 79 000
80 000 84 000
85 000 89 000
90 000 94 000
9
24
35
21
11
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for above data.[5]
b) Plot a histogram for the grouped data, and use it to estimate the median lifespan of the
tyres.[4]
c) Plot a cumulative frequency curve for the data. Hence, estimate the median and semi-inter
quartile range for the tyres. Hence find the percentage of the tyres where the lifespan in the
range of one standard deviation from the mean.[10]
54
3. The following table shows the number of children in 20 families.
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the number of children in the families. [5]
b) Find the percentage of the families with the number of children less than the mean.[3]
4. The random discrete variable X can take the values 1, 3, 5 and 9 with P(X = 1) = 0.2,
P(X = 3) = 0.3 , P(X = 5) = 0.4 and P(X = 9) = 0.1. Find E(X) and Var(X). [5]
5. X and Y are independent random variables such that E(X) = 10, Var(X) = 2, E(Y) = 8,
Var(Y) = 3. Find,
a) E(5X + 4Y) b) Var(5X + 4Y) c) Var(
2
1
X Y 8) d) E(3Y 2X) [2,2,2,2]
55
Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of families 2 7 5 4 1 1
6. A box contains a large number of pens. The probability that a pen is faulty is 0.1. How many
pens would you need to select to be more than 95% certain of picking at least one faulty one?[6]
7. Let X represent the number of flaws on a meter of cloth that was produced by a machine. If X
has a Poisson distribution and E(X
2
) = 0.24, determine the mean and standard deviation of X. [7]
ANSWER:
1. a) 1 9
2 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 8
3 1 2 3 4 4 9 9 9
4 2 3 4 5 6 8
5 0 3 6
6 0 1 3
7
8 3
Key: 3 2 is 32 D1 & D1
b)
n = 33

2
n
= 16.5 (decimal) median = x
17
= 34 B1

4
n
= 8.25 (decimal) Q
1
= x
9
= 24 B1(either)

4
n 3
= 24.75 (decimal) Q
3
= x
25
= 46
Semi-interquartile range =
2
1
( Q
3
Q
1
)
=
2
1
( 46 24) = 11. M1A1
56
c) x = 1258
n = 33
mean, x =
33
1258
n
x

= 38.12 M1A1
x
2
= 55300
s
2
=
2
2
n
x
n
x

,
`

.
|

=
2
33
1258
33
55300

,
`

.
|
B1
= 222.531
standard deviation, s = 531 . 222 = 14.92 A1
The range of one standard deviation from the mean is ( x s, x + s ) = ( 23.204, 53.038) B1
Therefore, the number of scores that lie one standard deviation from the mean = 23. A1

2. 2 a)
f = 100
fu = 1
u
=
100
1
= 0.01
x = 5000(0.01) + 82000 = 82050 M1A1
fu
2
= 125 s
u
2
=
2
100
1
100
125

,
`

.
|
= 1.2499 B1
s
u
= 2499 . 1 = 1.118
s
x
= 5000(1.118) = 5590/5589.95 M1A1
b)
57
Number of tyres
Mid-point x f
u =
5000
82000 x
72000 9
2
77000 24
1
82000 35 0
87000 21 1
92000 11 2
Median = 82000 D1D1D1B1
c)

OGIVE : D1D1D1
Range of lifespan that within one standard deviation from the mean = ( 76460, 87640)
Percentage =
100
15 82
x 100% = 67% B1M1A1
3. . (a)

1.261 s
)
20
38
( -
20
104
104 fx
1.9
20
38
x
38 fx
20 f
2
2

s


4.
X 1 3 5 9
P(X=x) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1
E(X) =

x) xP(X
= 1(0.2) + 3(0.3) + 5(0.4) + 9(0.1) M1
= 4 A1
E(X
2
)=

x
2
P(X=x)
= 1
2
(0.2) + 3
2
(0.3) +5
2
(0.4) +9
2
(0.1) B1
= 21
58
M1A1
B1M1
A1
b) 45% 100% x
20
7 2

+
B1M1A1
Median = 82000 B1
Q
1
= 78500
Q
2
= 86000 B1(etheir)
Semi-interquartile range
= (8600078500) M1
= 3750 A1
69500 94500
74500
79500 84500 89500
x< F
69500 0
74500 9
79500 33
84500 68
89500 89
94500 100
Var(X) = E(X
2
) [ E(X) ]
2
= 21 16 M1
=5 A1
5. 5. (a) E(5X + 4Y) = E(5X) + E(4Y)
= 5E(X) + 4E(Y)
= 5(10) + 4(8) M1
= 82 A1
(b) Var (5X +4Y) = Var (5X) + Var(4Y)
= 5
2
Vax(X) + 4
2
Var(Y)
= 25(2) + 16(3) M1
= 98 A1
(c) Var ( X
2
1
-Y -8) = Var ( X
2
1
) + Var(Y) + Var(8)
= )
2
1
(
2
Vax(X) + Var(Y) + Var(8)
=
4
1
(2) + 3 + 0 M1

= 3.5 A1
(d) E(3Y -2X) = E(3Y) E(2X)
= 3E(Y) 2E(X)
= 3(8) 2(10) M1
= 4 A1
6. Let the random variable X represents the number of faulty pen.
X ~ B( n, p)
P(X=x) =
n
c
x
p
x
q
n - x
P = 0.1, q = 0.9
P(X 1)>0.95 B1
1 P(X=0) > 0.95 M1
1 0.9
n
> 0.95
0.9
n
< 0.05 M1
nlog0.9 < log 0.05 M1
n >
9 . 0 log
05 . 0 log
M1
n > 28.43
At least 29 pens must be chosen so that the probability that at least one pen is faulty is
greater than 0.95. A1
7. Var(X) = E(X
2
) [E(X)]
2
Let E(X) = and Var(X) =
59
M1
M1
B1
A1 -1.2 is rejected( )

1.2 - or 0.2
2
1.96 1 -

1 2
) 24 . 0 1 4 ( 1 1 -

0 0.24 -
- 0.24
2
2
2

+ t

x
x x

mean = 0.2 A1
standard deviation = 2 . 0 M1
= 0.447 A1

ANSWERS FOR SMART PRACTICES
PAPER 2:
DATA DESCRIPTION
1 4 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 7 8 8
5 0 2 2 2 3 4 6 7 8 8
6 0 2 3 3 6 6 7 7 8
7 0 0 2 2 4 4 6 7 8 8 8
8 0 1 2 5 5 5 6 6 7
9 3 3 4
key ; 4 | 1 means 41
b) median = 66 . Q
1
= 52 , Q
3
= 78 , IQR = 26 c) no
60
2. a)

x94.1
, s= 20.78 b) median = 95, mode = 89 c) median = 93.93 , diff=1.07
d) positively skewed distribution , median > mode

3 i) 10 % , 10 % ii) 56.05 , 14.93 iii) 54 , 9.25 iv) positively skewed distribution
4 a)

x
= 82050 , s= 5590 b) median = 82000 c) median = 82000 , s= 3750 ,67 %
5. 2 5 6 8 8 9
3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9
4 1 1 1 3 3 8
5 0 1
6 0
b) 36.42 , 7.511 , 75 % c) 35.5 , 4.5 d) - e) positively skewed distribution
f) median is a better measurement of location , the data is positively skewed.
6

x
= 44 , s = 18.11
7 1.9 , 1.26 , 45 %
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1.
(a)
16
1
k (b) E(X) = 2.722 (c) standard deviation = 0.5076
2. Var (X) =2 E(1X1) = 1
y -4 -2 0 -2 4
P(Y=y) 1/16 2/8 3/8 1/4 1/16

Vax(Y) = 4
3. (a) k=1/6 (b) E(X) = 7/2 Var(X) = 35/12
61
E(3X-4) = 13/2 Vax(2X + 3 ) = 35/3
4. C=9, d=55
5. (a) E(5X + 4Y) = 82 (b) Var(5X + 4Y) = 98 (c) Var(1/2 x Y 8)=7/2
(d) E(3Y- 2X) = 4
6. 11 days
7.
(a) mean = 0.2212 standard deviation = 0.4703
(b) 1.77
(c) 15.6
8.
Standard deviation = 1.095
9.
(a) 0.0183 (b) 0.195 (c) 0.2379
10.
11.
0.04286 ( hints : use binomial distribution )
62