15

Chng 2

Cc c s v sng v tuyn - Pha inh - Thit b vi ba s

2.1 Khi nim v sng v tuyn Sng v tuyn l sng in t c tn s t 30KHz n 300GHz v c chia ra cc bng tn LF, HF, VHF, UHF v bng tn cao dng cho thng tin v tinh. C hai loi sng v tuyn l sng dc v sng ngang. Sng dc l sng lan truyn theo phng chuyn ng ca n (tiu biu nh sng m thanh lan truyn trong khng kh) cn sng ngang l sng in t c vect cng in trng v t trng vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Cc sng v tuyn c th c truyn t an ten pht n an ten thu bng hai ng chnh: bng sng b mt v sng khng gian. 2.1.1 Sng b mt Khi sng v tuyn lan truyn dc theo b mt tri t, th nng lng truyn dn b tiu hao. Mc tiu hao ny ph thuc vo hng s in dn v in mi hiu dng ca t. tng t nh khi sng i dc theo ng dy. Khi tn s sng trn 30MHz t c tc dng nh mt dy dn km gy tiu hao ln. Do , trong thc t khi truyn sng trn mt t ngi ta thng chn sng c tn s thp. 2.1.2 Sng khng gian L mt loi sng quan trng trong thng tin VHF,UHF v SHF. Nng lng truyn ca sng khng gian t anten pht n anten thu theo ba ng truyn tng ng vi sng trc tip, sng phn x t mt t v sng phn x t tng i lu. Bu kh quyn chia ra lm 3 tng: + Tng i lu: l lp kh quyn t mt t ln n cao khong (10 - 15)km. Cng ln cao mt phn t kh cng gim, lm thay i phng truyn ca cc tia sng. Tng ny thch hp cho vic truyn sng ngn. + Tng bnh lu: l lp kh quyn nm trong min t tng i lu ln n cao khong 60km, tng ny c mt phn t kh thp, chit sut kh c tc dng lm khc x tia sng, i phng truyn, lm cho cc tia sng pht t mt t ln tng

16
bnh lu s b i phng truyn quay v mt t. Do vy rt thch hp cho vic truyn sng cc ngn. + Tng in ly: l tng kh quyn cao nm t cao (60 - 2000)km, min ny hp th nhiu tia t ngoi c nng lng ln, cc tia ny c tc dng phn ly cc phn t kh tr thnh cc ion t do, tng ny mt phn t kh gim thp. Khi tia sng c pht ln gn tng in ly th cng b phn x b cong v quay tr li mt t do vy rt thch hp cho vic truyn sng ngn. + Sng trc tip L sng truyn trc tip t anten pht n anten thu khng b phn x trn ng truyn. Trong iu kin truyn lan bnh thng, n c bin ln nht so vi cc sng khc n my thu. + Sng phn x t Sng ny n an ten thu sau lc phn x mt vi ln t mt t hoc t cc vt th xung quanh. S phn x khng nhng ch xut hin trn mt phng ng m cn c th xut hin trn mt phng ngang. Sng phn x ti anten thu c bin v pha khc vi bin v pha ca sng trc tip, lm tn hiu thu khng n nh. Nu hiu khong cch ng truyn ca tia phn x v tia trc tip bng s l ln na bc sng th anten thu sng phn x lch pha vi sng trc tip mt gc 1800 v kt qu lm suy gim tn hiu sng trc tip, n mt mc no ph thuc vo bin ca sng phn x. + Sng phn x tng i lu Do thay i ch s khc x ca khng kh theo cao so vi mt t, nn sng c th b phn x, tu theo gc sng ti c th xy ra phn x ton phn t tng i lu. Trong trng hp ny xut hin mt bin gii c tc dng ging nh mt b mt phn x, gi sng tr li mt t. Mt s tia ny s n an ten thu, c th lm suy gim sng trc tip do s thay i pha v bin gy ra. Sng truyn theo tng i lu c th lan rng n 10 dm (khong 15km). 2.2 Cc nhn t nh hng n s truyn lan sng v tuyn 2.2.1 Suy hao khi truyn lan trong khng gian t do Khong khng m trong cc sng truyn lan b suy hao c gi l khng gian t do. Mc suy hao ca sng v tuyn c pht i t anten pht n anten thu

17
trong khng gian t do t l thun vi khong cch gia hai anten v t l nghch vi di bc sng. Suy hao ny gi l suy hao truyn lan trong khng gian t do, 4d L = 20 log( ) [dB] c tnh nh sau: (2.1) o d[m], [m]: ln lt l khong cch truyn dn v bc sng ca sng v tuyn. 2.2.2 nh hng ca pha inh v ma Pha inh c nh ngha l s thay i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn thu c do s thay i kh quyn v phn x t, nc trong ng truyn sng. Thc t cho thy nh hng do ma v pha inh nhiu tia l nhng nh hng lan truyn ch yu i vi cc tuyn v tuyn tm nhn thng trn mt t lm vic trong di tn GHz. V chng quyt nh cc tn hao truyn dn v do quyt nh khong cch lp cng vi ton b gi thnh ca mt h v tuyn chuyn tip. Pha inh nhiu tia tng khi di ca tuyn tng tuy nhin n khng ph thuc nhiu vo tn s. Cn tiu hao do ma tng ln khi tn s tng. Chng hn, i vi cc tuyn s dng tn s trn 35GHz thng suy hao do ma ln do m bo cht lng tn hiu truyn dn th cc khong cch lp thng chn di 20km, ngoi ra vic gim di ng truyn s lm gim cc nh hng ca pha dinh nhiu tia. Vy i vi cc ng truyn di v c tn s hot ng thp th pha inh nhiu tia l nh hng chnh. Cn i vi cc tuyn ngn v c tn s hot ng cao hn th tiu hao do ma l nh hng ch yu. Bng 2.1 Kt qu thc nghim v suy hao do hi nc - kh hu theo tn s sng v tuyn ca Alcatel. Suy hao dB/km 6GHz Ma va 0,25mm/h Ma ln 5mm/h Bo 50mm/h Bo ln 150mm/h 0 0,012 0,22 1,2 10GHz 0 0,08 1,2 5,5 20GHz 0,013 0,45 5,5 18 40GHz 0,07 1,5 13 27

18
Cng mc d tr phadinh 40dB, mt ng truyn vi ba di tn 38GHz s b mt i hon ton do bo ln, trong khi tuyn vi ba lm vic tn s 6GHz vn tip tc hot ng bnh thng. 2.2.4 S can nhiu ca sng v tuyn Thng thng nhiu xy ra khi c thnh phn can nhiu bn ngoi trn ln vo sng thng tin. Sng can nhiu c th trng hoc khng trng tn s vi sng thng tin. Chng hn h thng Vi ba s ang s dng b nh hng bi s can nhiu t cc h thng vi ba s ln cn nm trong cng khu vc, c tn s sng v tuyn trng hoc gn bng tn s ca h thng ny, ngoi ra n cn b nh hng bi cc trm mt t ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh ln cn.

2.3 Pha inh

Pha dinh l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn ti anten thu do c s thay i khng ng u v ch s khc x ca kh quyn, cc phn x ca t v nc trn ng truyn sng v tuyn i qua. S bin i ny l yu t xu i vi thng thng tin vi ba. -Pha inh phng: lm thay i u tn hiu sng mang trong mt di tn s (thay i ging nhau i vi cc tn s trong di). -Pha inh la chn tn s: lm thay i tn hiu sng mang vi mc thay i ph thuc vo tn s, pha inh ny nh hng ln n tuyn vi ba s dung lng cao. Hai loi pha inh ny c th xut hin c lp hoc ng thi v vy dn n lm gin on thng tin. S thay i tn hiu ti anten thu do phn x nhiu tia gi l pha inh nhiu tia. 2.3.1 Pha inh phn x t Nu ng truyn v tuyn i qua mt t hoc mt nc c phn x cao th pha inh do phn x mt t l pha inh ch yu so vi pha inh do phn x t tng i lu. c bit vi cc ng truyn ngn th phn x mt t lm cho cc tn hiu thu thng ging ngu nhin do cc iu kin kh tng gy ra lm bin i cc tham s truyn dn. Nu ng truyn v tuyn i qua cc vng nh bin, h, cc vng bng phng v m t, m ly,... th cc mc tn hiu phn x nh hn 10dB so vi mc tn

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hiu ca ng truyn trc tip. Nu trong trng hp tuyn v tuyn i qua a hnh c sng m bao ph c th c s phn x ton phn. 2.3.2 Cc k thut gim nh hng ca pha dinh nhiu tia Cc k thut c s dng gim cc nh hng ca pha dinh phng v pha inh la chn tn s nhiu tia l dng phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s nng cao cht lng ca tn hiu thu. Phn tp theo khng gian cng vi cc anten t cch nhau theo chiu dc kt hp cc b kh giao thoa phn cc giao nhau. Hiu qu ca k thut ny m bo khng lm gin on thng tin, thng c biu th bng mt h s nng cao. Nh p dng k thut phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s thi gian gin on thng tin gim nh so vi thi gian yu cu h thng t c ch tiu cht lng ra. 2.3.2.1 Phn tp theo khng gian nh ngha: Phn tp theo khng gian l k thut thu hoc pht mt tn hiu trn 2 anten (hoc nhiu hn 2 anten) vi cng mt tn s v tuyn f. Khong cch cc anten ca my pht v my thu c chn sao cho cc tn hiu ring bit c thu khng tng quan nhau tng ng vi h s tng quan bng 0. Trong thc t khng bao gi t c gi tr bng 0 ny. Trong h thng thng tin tm nhn thng ngi ta a ra mt cng thc bn kinh nghim biu th h s tng quan khng gian theo khong cch trc ng: s = exp [-0,0021sf(0,4d)1/2] Vi s: khong cch gia 2 tm ca an ten [m] f: Tn s sng v tuyn [GHz] d: khong cch truyn dn [km] Trong biu thc ny, ta b qua sng phn x t. Theo khuyn ngh 376-4 ca CCIR, ngi ta chn khong cch gia cc an ten sao cho h s tng quan khng gian khng vt qu 0,6. Do c th s dng h s ny lm ngng cho vic s dng phn tp. Kh nng ci thin tn hiu thu do s dng mt cp anten c xc nh bng li phn tp Ios s f Ios = 100 2 r 10 10 9 4 (d / 40)
4+ Fm

(2.2)

(2.3)

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trong s: khong cch gia 2 tm ca 2 anten [m] f: Tn s sng mang v tuyn [GHz] ar: H s khuch i in p tng i ca anten phn tp so vi anten chnh: ar = 10[(Ad-Am)/20] Ad: l h s khuch i cng sut anten phn tp [dB] Am: l h s khuch i cng sut anten chnh [dB] d: di ca tuyn truyn dn [Km] Fm: d tr pha dinh phng Bng s m phng nhiu ln tm c v tr tt nht cho hai anten, khi khng th tnh c v tr, th khong cch hai anten phi ln hn 150. Thng thng cng thc trn tnh gn ng cho mt tuyn c chiu di (20 70)Km v tn s (211)GHz

E1

T1

f1 f1 f2 f2

T2 R1

E2

R2

S2

Chuyn mch

Chuyn mch

S1

Div R2

Div R1

Hnh 2.2 Phn tp theo khng gian s dng 4 an ten. 2.3.2.2 Phn tp theo tn s nh ngha: phn tp theo tn s l k thut thu hoc pht mt tn hiu trn hai knh (hoc nhiu hn hai knh) tn s sng v tuyn. H s ci thin phn tp tn s c th tnh: Iof = 0,8(1/fd)(f/f) 10FM/10 Trong : f : l tn s trung tm ca bng tn [GHz] d: di ca ng truyn [km] (2.4)

21
f/f: l khong cch tn s tng i biu th bng % Fm: l d tr pha inh [dB] Phng trnh trn ng vi cc gi tr tham s sau: 2GHz< f <11GHz; 30km< d <70km; f/f 5%; Iof 5 Mc d cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s phn tp theo tn s c th cho cc h s ci thin tt hn nhng vic s dng ph tn khng t hiu qu cao. Ngoi ra tng hiu qu chng pha inh ngi ta s dng kt hp phn tp khng gian v tn s.
E1 T 1 R 3 E2 T 3

f1

f3 f3
f2

R 1
Chuyn mch

S2 Chuyn
mch

S1

T 2 R 4

T 4 R 2

Hnh 2.3. Phn tp khng gian v tn s s dng 3 anten. 2.3.2.3 Chuyn mch bo v Mc ch ca chuyn mch bo v l nng cao kh dng ca h thng bng cch chuyn sang knh d phng khi c hin tng s c thit b chnh . Ngoi ra cng c th t c li ch khc khi thit b bo v chng li s gin on thng tin do pha dinh la chn tn s gy ra bng cch chuyn sang h thng d phng. (Ngha l knh d phng c s dng khi knh chnh b s c hoc b gin on thng tin do pha inh). Cht lng v kh nng sn sng ca h thng vi ba s c th nng cao nh s dng mt hay 2 knh d phng thay th c cc knh b s c nh thit b chuyn mch t ng. Thng thng khi s knh truyn dn nh hn hoc bng 7 (n 7) th dng mt knh d phng, tng ng vi cu hnh (n+1). Trong thc t dng cu

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hnh (1+1) gm mt knh truyn dn v mt knh d phng nng HSB (Hot Standby), c th hot ng cao tn RF hoc trung tn IF. Hnh 2.4 m t mt tuyn vi ba s c chuyn mch bo v bng knh d phng
Tx/Rx Knh 1 Tx/Rx Knh 1 Tx/Rx Knh 1 Tx/Rx Knh 1 Thit B chuyn mch t ng

Thit B chuyn mch T ng

Chng truyn dn
Tx/Rx Knh x Tx/Rx Knh x

Chng truyn dn
Tx/Rx Knh x Tx/Rx Knh x

Phn on chuyn mch Hnh 2.4 Nng cao an ton cho tuyn bng knh d phng Chuyn mch c thc hin khi my pht b s c hoc l khi c s la chn my thu cho tn hiu tt nht trong 2 my ang hot ng.
Ti Tn hiu vo T1 Chuyn mch RF

Tx Ghp v tch knh R1 Tn hiu ra Rx B chia B t hp chn la tn hiu tt nht B song cng

Hnh 2.5 Phn pht v phn thu ca h thng d phng nng theo cu hnh (1+1)

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Bng phng php phn tp theo khng gian trong s dng mt anten ring r cho my thu d phng nng, chng ta s c mt tuyn thng tin d phng nng cho php tng c tnh truyn dn ca n. Trong h thng chuyn mch bo v nhiu ng cng c th s dng phn tp khng gian v tn s nng cao c tnh ca h thng do iu kin truyn lan xu. Trong cu hnh tip theo, ngi ta kt hp k thut phn tp theo tn s v chuyn mch bo v theo cu hnh (1+1) hoc (n+1). Knh d phng pht tn hiu trn mt tn s sng v tuyn khc trnh trng hp thit b s c v gin on ng truyn xy ra ti mt trong nhng knh chnh.

Chuyn mch logic

iu ch + Pht Knh 1
2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

BB1

F1 Tx

iu ch + Pht Knh 2
2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

BB2

F2 Tx

iu ch + Pht Knh X
2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

BBX

FX Tx

Hnh 2.6 Phn pht ca h thng vi ba s c knh X d phng

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Chuyn mch logic c thc hin ti phn pht khi c yu cu chuyn mch theo knh phc v n t thit b thu khong cch xa hoc trong trng hp mt ngun pht. Kiu Logic ny c th c ng dng m rng cho cu hnh n+1. N cho php thc hin chuyn mch khng sai s i vi c phn pht ln phn thu. Gi s b phn iu ch v pht ca knh 1 b s c t sut, chuyn mch logic s tc ng iu khin tn hiu t bng thng c s BB1 qua khi chuyn mch vo b phn iu ch v pht ca knh X pht i trn tn s sng v tuyn FXTX n my thu, ng thi tn hiu t bng thng c s BBX cng c tch ra khi khi chuyn mch, khng c chuyn i, nhng knh d phng X cho knh 1.

Chuyn mch logic

Thu + Gii iu ch Knh 1
2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

Bng tn gc Knh 1

F1
Rx

Thu + Gii iu ch

Knh 2
2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

Bng tn gc Knh 2

F2
Rx

Thu + Gii iu ch Knh

2 n 34 Mbit/s G703

Bng tn gc Knh x

FX
Rx

Hnh 2.7 Phn thu ca h thng vi ba s c knh X d phng Ti phn thu chuyn mch logic s thc hin tng t nh phn pht thu tn hiu ca knh 1 nh b thu v gii iu ch ca knh X nh trn hnh v. Chuyn mch logic c thc hin ti my thu da trn s phn tch kt qu ca trng tn hiu hoc da vo t l li bit thu c.

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2.4 Cc ch tiu k thut ca vi ba s 2.4.1 Phn b tn s lung cao tn Tn s lung cao tn y l tn s thu pht ca thit b v tuyn, vic la chn phng n phn b tn s ph thuc vo: - Phng thc iu ch s. - Cch sp xp cc lung cao tn. - c tnh ca mi trng truyn sng. Theo khuyn ngh ca ca CCITT v vi ba s th di tn lm vic nn chn t 2GHz n 23GHz. Nu sng mang gia cc lung cao tn khng c phn chia ng th c s can nhiu gia chng v tp m s tng ln. Cc lung ln cn nn cch nhau 29 n 40 MHz v phn cc trc giao. 2.4.2 Cng sut pht Cng sut pht cng ging nh vi ba tng t, ph thuc vo c ly v nhy my thu m bo t s li bit cho php. n v cng sut pht tnh bng dBm. P0 = 1mw
P
TX dBm

= 10log
10

PTX = 10log
10 0

P TX 1mW

[dBm]

(2.5)

2.4.3 nhy my thu hay ngng thu L mc tn hiu cao tn ti thiu n u vo my thu n hot ng bnh thng, ngha l tho mn t s li bit (BER) cho trc tng ng vi tc bt nht nh. 2.4.4 T s bit li BER
BER = S bt li S bit truyn di %

(2.6)

thng tin t c tin cy cao, m bo cho thit b hot ng khng nhm li th t s ny cng nh cng tt, bnh thng cng phi t 10 3 , vi cht lng tt hn phi t ngng thu tng ng. 2.4.5 Phng thc iu ch v gii iu ch
10 6 . Vi yu cu BER cho trc my thu phi c mt

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Thng thng trong vi ba s, ty theo tc bit (dung lng knh) ngi ta thng dng cc phng thc iu ch nh QPSK (hoc 4PSK hay QAM) hoc QAM nhiu mc, chng hn (16QAM, 64QAM)... Phng thc gii iu ch c chn tng ng vi phng thc iu ch thc hin ti my pht. Thng thng, trong vic gii iu ch c 2 phng php l tch sng kt hp (Coherent), hoc tch sng khng kt hp. Tch sng kt hp i hi my thu s khi phc li sng mang ng pha vi i pht nn cu hnh phc tp nhng cht lng tn hiu cao hn so vi tch sng khng kt hp. 2.4.6 Tr khng vo my thu v tr khng ra my pht Vn phi hp tr khng i vi mch cao tn rt quan trng, cc b phn kt ni vo my pht v my thu phi phi hp c tr khng. Nu vic phi hp tr khng tt s lm nh hng n cht lng tn hiu, cng sut pht hoc thu khng t cc i, ngoi ra cn gy ra sng phn x, gy mt cn bng lm gim nhy my thu. Thng thng tr khng ra ca my pht v tr khng vo my thu c chun ho l 50 do tr khng vo ra ca cc b lc, ng dn sng, phi phi l 50. 2.4.7 Tc bng tn gc Tc bng gc l tc dy s liu vo ra my thu pht v tuyn V d: Thit b vi ba s RMD 1502/4 HDB3 2*2048kb/s 9470LX HDB3 4*2048kb/s

Mini-link HDB3 2*2048kb/s vi tr khng 75 khng cn bng 2.4.8 Knh nghip v C cc ch tiu v iu ch, mc vo ra, t s S/N, tn s bo gi (knh nghip v thng c iu ch FM hoc FSK). 2.4.9 Knh gim st v iu khin t xa Cng c cc ch tiu nh knh nghip v (c th c iu ch theo phng thc ASK ,FSK). Ngi ta s dng knh ny khai thc qun l v gim st thit b.

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2.5 thit b an ten Yu cu chnh ca thit b an ten cho mt h thng v tuyn l c suy hao truyn dn nh v kinh t (hiu sut bc x an ten cao), h s khuch i ln. 2.5.1 Anten Anten l mt giao din chnh gia thit b in v mi trng truyn sng, tu thuc vo tn s, cng ngh v cng dng. Anten YAGI c s dng cho tn s 400MHz 900MHz. Anten Parabol c s dng cho tn s t 1GHz n 60GHz, b phn phn x c ch to bng kim loi hoc nha c ph mt lp kim loi mng mt lm ca an ten. Khi tn s nh hn 4GHz b phn phn x c th c ch to bng vic ph kim loi trn cc thanh mng lm gim trng lng anten v lm cho gi lt xuyn. Phn chnh ca mt anten Parabol B

D d F 0 Dy dn sng

Phu thu sng

A Hnh 2.8 s kch thc ca mt anten Parabol S cu to ca anten parabol c biu din nh hnh 2.8. Trong : D: ng knh anten [m] d: B su lng cho, c tnh t tm n mt ming cho [m] F: Tiu c ca cho, c tnh t tm cho n tiu im F ca n.

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Mi lin h gia tiu c, b su lng cho v ng knh cho c biu dinc theo biu thc: F= D2 16d (2.7)

Khi pha ca ngun s cp t ngay tm F ca Parabol th cc sng bc x u ng pha. li ca anten parabol c tnh theo biu thc: 2 2 S D Df 4 = 10 lg GdB = 10 lg 10 lg [dB] 2 c Trong : S: Din tch (tit din) b mt an ten [m2] : Hiu sut ca an ten t (0,5 0,7) Bng 2.2 li ca an ten theo hiu sut v tn s (s liu ca hng Alcatel) Tn s D / 3,7m 2,4m 1,2m 0,6m 0,3m

(2.8)

2GHz 50% 32dB 28dB

4GHz 50% 38dB 34dB 28dB

8GHz 60% 45dB 42dB 36dB

13GHz 60%

23GHz 70%

38GHz 70%

46dB 40dB 34dB 46dB 40dB 34dB 44dB 38dB

S bin i ca hnh dng anten parabol hoc sai lch tiu c u c th dn n suy gim tr s li ca n. Cc an ten c th c dng pht hoc thu nhn sng theo mt hoc 2 phn cc (phn cc ng hoc phn cc ngang). 2.5.2 Biu bc x Phn chnh ca nng lng c tp trung bp sng chnh nhng mt phn nng lng s b bc x theo cc bp sng ph, iu ny dn n hin tng giao thoa ti cc im nt. Gc m 3dB ph thuc vo ng knh anten v bc sng c tnh theo biu thc sau: 3db 70 D (2.9)

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Trong : D ng knh an ten Bc sng

BW

1/2 b rng chm cng sut

3dB Bin (dB)

Chm sng chnh

Chm sng ph

Trc an ten 0

Hnh 2.9 Biu bc x ca anten Parabol Bng 2.3 gc pht x theo ng knh anten (s liu ca hng Alcatel) Tn s 3,7m ng knh 2,4m 1,2m 0,6m 0,3m 2GHz 2,80 4,40 4GHz 1,40 2,20 8GHz 0,70 1,10 2,20 0,70 1,30 2,70 0,80 1,50 3, 00 0,90 1,80 13GHz 23GHz 38GHz