QUESTION 1: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is one of the important components of process control.

As a group of control engineers in a new plant, explain thoroughly about P&ID, its functions as well as emphasize of the importance of P&ID in a plant. If possible, provide examples to support your answer.

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Definition and Background of P&ID

A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is a diagram in the process industry which shows the piping of the process flow together with the installed equipment and instrumentation. The P&ID are also used to operate the process system. P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of branches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks.

Based on Institute of Instrumentation and Control, a piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is defined by the diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on International Society Automation (ISA) Standard S5.1 (Wikipedia, 2012). The P&ID also is the primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation.

P&ID diagram has to show the interconnection of all the process equipment and the instruments that used. It is critical to show the actual sequence of equipment and other assets of the process, as well as how they are connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of process. P&IDs play a very significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process (Kalbhor, 2008).

1.2

Functions of P&ID

The main function of P&ID is related with a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it describes. It is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as the hazard and operability study (HAZOP).

For processing facilities, it is a pictorial representation of key piping and instrument details, control and shutdown schemes, safety and regulatory requirements and the last one is basic start up and operational information (Wikipedia, 2012).

1.3

Importance of P&ID

P&ID are importance tools for working safely, maintaining a process operation and also understanding and communicating about a process. P&IDs must be kept accurate and up-todate. Any changes made in a process system must be noted on the diagram (not usually the responsibility of an operator). For example, if an additional pump is installed, the change must be noted on a new issue of the P&ID for the system. It is important to keep information recorded on the P&IDs for specific areas consistent with actual plant operations. Other than that, P&IDs shows pipelines interconnecting all equipment, instruments, control systems, valves, etc. for the completeness of the process plant (Chang, 2008).

2.0

P&ID ITEMS

2.1

Symbols of Chemical Apparatus and Equipment

There are a few rules in preparing a P&ID whereby there are item that should be included and some items should not. A P&ID should include:

Instrumentation and designations Mechanical equipment with names and numbers All valves and their identifications Process piping, sizes and identification Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers Permanent start-up and flush lines Flow directions Interconnections references Control inputs and outputs, interlocks Interfaces for class changes Seismic category Quality level Annunciation inputs Computer control system input Vendor and contractor interfaces Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others Intended physical sequence of the equipment Equipment rating or capacity

These are some items that a P&ID should not include:

Instrument root valves control relays manual switches primary instrument tubing and valves 3

pressure temperature and flow data elbow, tees and similar standard fittings extensive explanatory notes(The Engineering Toolbox, 2012)

The Table 2.1 below shows the commonly used symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment in a P&ID. It is important to know all the symbols in order to understand the diagram better.

Table 2.1: Symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment (Wikipedia, 2012)

Thermally Pipe insulated pipe Jacketed mixing vessel (autoclave)

Jacketed pipe

Cooled heated pipe

or

Half mixing vessel

pipe

Pressurized horizontal vessel

Pressurized vertical vessel

Vacuum Pump pump or compressor Bag Gas bottle

Fan

Axial fan

Radial fan

Dryer

Packing column

Tray column

Furnace

Cooling tower

Heat exchanger

Heat exchanger

Plate Cooler

&

frame heat exchanger

Double pipe heat

Fixed straight tubes heat exchanger

shaped

tubes heat exchanger

Spiral heat exchanger

exchanger

Covered gas vent

Curved gas vent

(Air) filter

Funnel

Steam trap

Viewing glass

Pressure reducing valve

Flexible pipe

Valve

Control valve

Manual valve

Back draft damper

Needle valve

Butterfly valve

Diaphragm valve

Ball valve

2.2

Instrumentation Identification

The letter combinations in PI&D diagrams are done according to the ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R1992) "Instrumentation symbols and identification" standard which also include a succeeding number as a unique identification of the actual instrument. There are two ways of numbering practice which are either using a sequential number orusing a number related to the process line number or similar(The Engineering Toolbox, 2012).

First letter indicates a measured or initiating variable, or a modifier, such as Current (I), Speed (S) or Flow (F) and the second or succeeding letters indicates readout or passive function, output function or a modifier function. Table 2.2 below summarizes all the letter indications in P&ID.

Table 2.2: Letter indication for instrument identification

First Letter Measured or Initiating Variable A B C D E Analysis Burner, combustion User's choice User's choice Voltage Modifier Differential Ration (fraction) Scan Time rate of change Momentary -

Second or Succeeding Letters Readout or Passive Function Alarm User's choice Sensor (primary element) Output Function User's choice Control Modifier Function User's choice -

Flow rate

Glass, viewing device

User's choice Hand Current (electrical) Power Time, time schedule Level User's choice User's choice User's choice

High Low Middle, intermediate User's choice -

H I J K

Indication Light User's choice Orifice, restriction Point (test connection) Record

Control Station User's choice -

L M

N O

Pressure, vacuum

Integrate, totalizer -

Quantity Radiation

S T U V

Speed, frequency Temperature Multivariable Vibration, mechanical analyses

Safety X-axis Y-axis Z-axis

Multifunction Well Unclassified -

Switch Transmit Multifunction Valve, damper, louver Unclassified Relay, compute, convert Driver, actuator

Multifunction Unclassified -

W X Y

Weight, force Unclassified Event, state or presence Position, dimension

Some examples of P&ID codes are FI 001 for Flowmeter-Indicating, TT 001 for TemperatureTransmitter, FV 001 for Control Valve and ZSH 001 for Position Switch-High Level. Figure 2.1 below shows a simple instrument identification using letter.

The first letter defines the measured or initiating variables such as Analysis (A), Flow (F), Temperature (T), etc. with succeeding letters defining readout, passive, or output functions such as Indicator (I), Record (R), Transmit (T), etc. Mover (solenoid)

Tag name of the corresponding variable

Function (valve)

Figure 2.1: Instrument Identification(Kirrmann, 2011)

2.3

General Instrument or Function Symbols and Lines

Besides the common symbols in P&ID, there are few other function symbols that should be noted as well as the common connecting lines used in P&ID. Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 below shows some symbols with theirfunctions and common connecting lines respectively.

Table 2.3: General instrument or function symbols (Kirrmann, 2011)

Primary location accessible to operator

Field mounted

Auxiliary location accessible to operator

Discrete instruments

Shared display, shared control

Computer function

Programmable logic control 1. Symbol size may vary according to the user's needs and the type of document. 2. Abbreviations of the user's choice may be used when necessary to specify location. 3. Inaccessible (behind the panel) devices may be depicted using the same symbol but with a dashed horizontal bar. Source: Control Engineering with data from ISA S5.1 standard

Table 2.4: Common connecting lines (Kirrmann, 2011)

Connection to process, or instrument supply Pneumatic signal Electric signal Capillary tubing (filled system) Hydraulic signal Electromagnetic or sonic signal (guided) Internal system link (software or data link) Source: Control Engineering with data from ISA S5.1 standard

3.0

APPLICATION: EXAMPLE OF P&ID

Figure 3.1: A small and simplified P&ID

Square root extraction of the input signal ispart of FIC 101s functionality.

The output of FIC 101 is an electrical signal to TY 101 located in an inaccessible or behind-the-panelboard location.

TIC 101s output is connected via an internal software or data link (line with bubbles) to the setpoint (Sp) of FIC 101 to form a cascade control strategy.

FT 101 is a fieldmounted flow transmitter connected via electrical signals (dotted line) to flow indicating controller FIC 101 located in a shared control/display device. The output signal from TY 101 is a pneumatic signal (line with double forward slash marks) making TY 101 an I/P (current to pneumatic transducer)

TT 101 and TIC 101 are similar to FT 101 and FIC 101 but are measuring, indicating and controlling temperature.

Figure 3.2: A small and simplified P&ID(Kirrmann, 2011)

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Figu re 3.3: A co mpl ex and co mpl icat ed P&I D

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CONCLUSION

The development process of piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) is inefficient and problematic. P&ID is indispensable as transmitters of information, essential in the design stages. They can also be considered as the instruments of communication. In the final analysis, process diagrams communicate an astonishing amount of engineering information about many things to many groups for a variety of uses. It is not surprising that preparations of P&ID have assumed great importance in chemical process industry. Process engineers can produce innovative designs which can be well presented by these diagrams. Time spent on preparation can easily result in cost savings, efficient plant layout and safer plant operation.

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REFERENCE

Chugh, A. (2012). Making and Importance of Process P & ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) [Online]. Available at: http://www.pipingguide.net/2009/10/making-and-importance-of-process-p-

id.html [Accessed 30 October 2012].

Chang,

D.

(2008).

Piping

&

Instrument

Diagram

(P&ID)

[PDF].

Available

at:http://osewiki.kaist.ac.kr/images/9/94/Week_11-Piping_&_Instrument_Diagram.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2012].

Kalbhor, M. (2008).What is P&ID?(Piping and Instrumental Drawing)[Online]. Available at: http://mangeshkalbhor.wordpress.com/2008/07/19/what-is-a-pid-piping-and-instrumentationdrawing/ [Accessed 30 October 2012].

Kirrmann,

H.

(2011).

Instrumentation

and

Control[Online].

Available

at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/58561597/AI-210-Instrumentation[Accessed 30 October 2012].

The Engineering Toolbox (2012).Piping and Instrumentation Diagram [Online]. Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/isa-intrumentation-codes-d_415.html 2012]. [Accessed 30 October

Wikipedia

(2012).Piping

and

Instrumentation

Diagram

[Online].

Available

at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_instrumentation_diagram [Accessed 30 October 2012].

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