Properties of the Group 14 Elements

Group 14 Elements - ns2p2 (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) General Common oxidation states C Si -4 to +4 -4, +2, +4 metalloids Ge Sn Pb -4, +2, +4 -4,, +2 +4 -4,, +4 +2
7 non-metal

metals

Preparation C - Naturally occuring; diamonds, graphite, coal Si - SiO2 (quartz); silicates

) SiO2 % C 6 Si % CO2
Purification: Si + 2Cl2 6 SiCl4 (liquid, can be distilled) SiCl4 + 2H2 6 Si + 4HCl a 99.9% pure Zone refinement 6 semiconductor grade (99.99999%) Ge - by-product of silicon refinement Sn - SnO

SnO2 % C 6 Sn % CO2

13.2o "& Sn $& Sn gray white

Pb - PbS (galena) 2PbS + 2O2 6 2PbO + SO2 (roasting) 2PbO + C 6 2Pb + CO2

Allotropes of Carbon

Graphite

Diamond

C60 and the Fullerenes

SiO2: $-Cristobalite and "-Quartz

Representative Silicate Structures

Zeolites - An Aluminosilicate

A Lead Storage Battery

Hydrides C) hydrocarbons, Cn H2n+2 (alkanes), etc. Mg2C + H2O 6 Mg(OH)2 + CH4 (methane) CaC2 + H2O 6 Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 (acetylene) Si) polysilanes Mg2Si(s) + HX 6 SinH2n+2 + MgX2 a pyrophoric R2SiCl2 + 2Na 6 (R2Si)N a organic groups a very stable, general hydrocarbon soluble Some bond strengths: (kJ/mole) C-C C-H C-O 356 413 336 Si-Si Si-H Si-O 226 298 368

Ge)

similar to silicon

Sn, Pb) Oxides CO2,

9

hydrides are unstable

SiO2,
9

GeO2, SnO2, PGO amphoteric

acidic

acidic

SiO2 6 many polymorphs, "-quartz, $-cristallobite a helical

Silicates: Al2Be3Si6O18 (beryl, with Fe3+ 6 aquamarine)

Li Al(SiO3)2 - spodumene 6 one of few important Li ores

G Si4O61 6 asbestos 1

Si2O2- 6 talc, soapstone 5

aluminosilates:

zeolites: Na4[(AlO2)x(SiO2)4] _ _ cage structures exchangeable ions application: ion exchange materials, catalysts (size selective), dessicants

mica: KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2 a anionic sheets vermiculite - hydrated mica (packing materials) Halides CCl4 6 stable SiCl4 GeCl4 SnCl4 volatile reactive liquids MCl4 + 4H2O 6 M(OH)4 + 4HCl

PbCl2 6 stable ionic solid Application: C) Si) fuels, pharmaceuticals, polymers, etc. semiconductors ! silicones: H2O (R2SiCl2 x6 (R2Si - O)n) biomedical, structural, lubricants, etc Ge) semiconductors

Sn) Pb)

metallurgy, tin plating, algicides fuel additives (PbEt4), batteries