សាសនានិងការប្រតិបត្តិនៅក្នុងតំបន់អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍

kRmgGtSbTeRCIserIs
sikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_
sasna nigarRbb
enAkgtMbnGasuIGaeKy_
bkERbBIasaGgeKseday
yin.sMbUr/..Cr.c&nFIa/.gYn.KwmlI..nig.GaMg.suxerIn
RELIGION AND PRACTICES

IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Translated from English by Yin Sombo, Chor Chan Thyda, Ngoung Kimly, Aing Sokroeun
CMBUkTI 1..BICMenOsalkeTACaCMenOkgRsk...sI...matuaB..nigaBTakTajnRBBuT
sasnaefrvaTsm&yedIm.
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBI. .RBwtibRtsikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_. vK:bI. c,abTI. 1/. .kum. 2002

rkasiTi Ks 1967 edayRKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yRbIFIskULMebo. . >
Chapter 1: Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of Early Theravda Buddhism
Seleted from: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, Issue 01, February 2002.
Copyright 1967 by University of British Columbia
CMBk
U TI 2.. PaBminc,aslasnePTPavemIlamBiFb
I b
M s
Y kg
RBBuTs
asnaenAtMbnPaK
xageCIgRbeTsf.
GtSbTTaMgendkRsge cjBIesoveA.. eynD&r. nigsasna.. BIPaBsKsajnnimitsBaa

rkasiTi Ks 1986 edayRKwsSaneBum<bikxin
Chapter 2: Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society.
Seleted from: Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols
Copyright 1986 by Beacon Press
CMBk
U TI 3.. esvePAsika..karepm
I beg;t
I Gkrsil,_lavburaNCaRbFanbTsRmabsika
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBIesoveA... Lav... vb,Fm. nigsg:m

rkasiTi Ks 2000 edayRKwsSaneBum<sIulk_vmbuk
Chapter 3: Books of Search: the Invention of Traditional Lao literatures as a Subject of Study
Seleted from: Laos: Culture and Society
Copyright 2000 by Silkworm Books.
CMBUkTI 4.. dMeNIrEsVgrkkarRtasdwg.nigGtsBaaNvb,Fm..RBBuTsasnaenAevot

Namshsm&y.
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBIesovePA.BuTsasna..nigneyaykgstvtTI. 20
rkasiTi Ks 2002 edayRKwsSaneBum<. xnFInwm. GuInFWNasUNal
Chapter 4: The Quest for Enlightenment and Cultural Identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam.
Seleted from: Buddhism and Politics in 20th Century,
Copyright 2002 by The Continuum International Publishing Group
rkasiTikgarbkERb. .nigecjpayCaasaExr Ks 2009 edaymCmNlexmrsika.. >

Copyright 2009 Center for Khmer Studies for the Khmer translation.
rUbaBRkbmuxeday. Cover picture

s;al. bYrdU. . (rkasiTi). .Ks2009
. . . Copyright 2009 P
ASCAL BOURDEAUX
k
arbkERb. .nigeBumesov
<
eAen TTYlnarbtSmBI
mUlniFi rkeW hVlr& enAjy
. .>
The publication of this book was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation (New York).
lsxG 13.. 978-99950-51-09-9

eBum<enAPMeBj. .RbeTs.km<Ca.. >. .Printed in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
ISBN-13: 978-99950-51-09-9
sarbC
kfamux..
CMBUkTI 1.
05
BICMenOsalkeTACaCMenOkgRsk...
................sI...matuaB..nigaBTakTajnRBBuTsasnaefrvaTsm&yedIm
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39
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PaBminc,aslasnePTPavrbsnaKenAkgBiFIbMbYs. . .46
PaBCabursRtvpasbrtamryBiFIbMbYs. . .50
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63
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PREFACE
The 2006 seminar I directed focused on giving Cambodian scholars tools to conduct research on
religion. The readings for the seminar were intended to supplement what students already knew
about Cambodian Buddhism and provide a broad introduction to religion in Southeast Asia.
Although this meant first and foremost looking at Southeast Asian Buddhism, there were also
readings and guest speakers on Christianity and Islamand one guest speaker talked about the Cao
Dai temple in Phnom Penh. The seminar was in general less about religious doctrine than about
religion in its historical-social context, and it attempted to give students theoretical tools for looking
at religion from the perspective of the social sciences. The four readings translated here were chosen for their theoretical interest and for the ways they provide an introduction to the Buddhism
of Cambodians neighbors, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.
The article Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of Early Theravada
Buddhism is written by historian Barbara Wilson Andaya. Although she is better known for her
work on island Southeast Asia, the article translated here is an especially far-reaching and provocative study of the coming of Theravada Buddhism to Southeast Asia. Andayas thesis is that Theravada Buddhism was empowering to women and that this was a significant factor in its acceptance
in the region. While her thesis might be disputed by some scholars, its raises important questions
which have given scholars new perspectives on the possible processes whereby the Buddhist tradition came to the areaan issue of great relevance to Cambodias scholars and students. The article is also important for the way it challenges historiographical tradition and shows how history
can be more open in recognizing the role of women. One also has to say that the article is of interest
simply for the wealth of detail it gives us on the role of women in Theravada Buddhist society.
Charles Keyes 1986 article about novice ordination in Northern Thailand, analyzed very much
from an anthropological perspective, is already well-known in the scholarly literature on Thai
Buddhism. Novice ordination also of course plays an important role in Cambodian Buddhism, and
the Cambodian practice has been well-described in a 2005 book by Sou Ketya, Hean Sokhom and
Hun Thirith. Scholars of Cambodian Buddhist ritual will, I believe, find it interesting to compare
Keyes detailed description of Thai practice with what they know about Cambodian practice. Besides the interest of its description, however, Keyes article is particularly significant in the way it
frames its description of the ritual theoretically as a study of gender roles and the nature of rites of
passage more generally. This theoretical framework will, I believe, be helpful to Cambodian scholars as they continue to study the issue of monastic ordination and a whole range of other ritual practices as they are practiced in the context of social relationships.
There is still relatively little scholarship about Buddhism in Laos. One of the more important new
scholars of Laos is Peter Koret, a specialist in Southeast Asian literature. In the article translated here
he describes a transition from traditional Lao writing, which served a clear Buddhist function and
was often passed on with palm-leaf manuscripts, to a more modern way of looking at the
same corpus of literaturewhich, he argues, came to take on new meanings as it was printed in
books and used to define national identity in the context of the new, modern Lao state. I chose the
article because it tells us important things about the evolution of Lao culture. Koret also works
in an extremely interesting theoretical framework. Once again, I believe this is a way of looking at
religious literature which could be applied to Cambodia, since Cambodia has experienced similar
transformations.
Finally, I chose one article about the modern history of Buddhism in Vietnam. Thien Dos essay
is the most succinct and interesting short article on Vietnamese Buddhism that I have been able to
find. This article contrasts with the other three in that Vietnams Buddhism is primarily in the
Mahayana tradition rather than the Theravada and thus very different from the type of Buddhism
practiced in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, or Burma. The article describes the revitalization of
Vietnamese Buddhism in the context of French colonialism and the movements to resist colonialism.
Cambodians, I believe, will be interested to know more about the Buddhism of their neighbor country. Despite the many differences from the Cambodian tradition, they will observe the complex relation between Vietnams religions traditions and the political practices which relate to a
growing nationalism in Vietnamissues which are also relevant to the Cambodian religious tradition.
John Marston
Visiting Scholar
CMBUkTI 1
BICMenOsalkeTACaCMenOkgRsk....sI...matuaB..nig
aBTakTajnRBBuTsasnaefrvaTsm&yedIm
eday..rra. vatsun. .Gandaya.(Barbara Watson Andaya)
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa. Localizing the Universal: Women,
Motherhood and the Appeal of Early Theravda Buddhism . .>
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBI. .RBwtibRtsikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_. vK:bI. c,abTI. 1/. .kum. 2002
rkasiTi Ks 1967 edayRKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yRbIFIskULMebo. . >
CHAPTER 1:
Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of Early Theravda Buddhism
Andaya, Barbara Watson

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, Issue 01, February 2002.
Copyright Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, Issue 01, February 2002.
bkERbeday..GaMg.suxerIn
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12
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n.>.edayesIfa.. BuTsasnastvtTI. .13.Gacman}TiBlelIBuTsasnik. nigfakdwknaMxaMgesIKa.
elak.vt.sg;tFnfa..RbCarassamBa..PaKeRcInCaGkcUlrYmbuNTankgvtGaram...nigCaGkGan
GksabkareRbnRbedArbsRBBuTe RcIneLIg@..>. eTabICayagNakeday.tamkarnsankarpasb r
sasna.EdlminEdlmanBImnu mken.manrabbBal TaMgeynD&rpgBIeRBa.. RBBuTs
asnayuKkNal
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pg.. >
smtikmdKYr[cabGarmN_rbs.elak .vt EdlfakarebIkTUlaydl.vNtUcTabCageK.[
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asnasm&yedIm.TakTajcMNabGarmNG_ k TaMgLayEdlcgeccgdgw BIRbvts
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neynD&r.(karRbtibti..nignimitrUb.EdlCMruj[sg:mnImYy@Gacbeg;IttYnaTIsRmabbursePT...nigsI
ePT)..> edaysareyIgminGacsntfa.karCMrujEpksartI...nigkarelIkTwkcit.nbursPaB.Gacyk
mkGnuvtCamYysIP aBRtv. .Gtpg..etIeyIgGaclakkM gM .PaBCasI .enAeBlEdlkarpasbr sasna
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mYyEdlksarRbvts
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(6)
(7)
(8)
(9).
(10)
13
BICMenOsalkeTACaCMenOkgRsk....sI...matuaB..nigaBTakTajnRBBuTsasnaefrvaTsm&yedIm
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eynD&rKYrEteFV[I sICu eRmACageKKWfaminEmnRtwmEtkardaksIk g TMBr& Rbvtsi asbeu NaeT. .>. .eKKYrEt
bgHajBIRbvtisasminfabursminfasIEdlmanelIkniyayBIsI. >
edayeFVkI arnsanCaCageFVGI N
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GasIGu aeKy._ GBM kI arKitfasIC aePTbnabbnMneKbdiesFfaxusBIeRBaenAkg BiFbI N
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vu ji xn . .>. enAkg dMeNIrenRBBuTs
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CageneTAeTot.karekIneLIgnUvsamK:FI mkg sg:m.Edlelak..vt ylfa.manTMnakTnM gCamYykarrIk
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Edlsg:mxus@KamanlTPaBGacyl...nigs:alsamBaPaBkgsklPaB.CYyBnlBIkarTTYlyk
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(11)
tYnaTIsIenAkgBuTsasnaGasIuGaeKy_
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sm&yedIm...ehIykarRsavRCavfI@nTajcMNabGarmN_eTArk}riyabfedayELk@nnikay
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asnataMgEtBICagmYyshsvt.mnu eBlEdl{vaT
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asnaefrvaTcabepmI rIksaymkdlGasIGu aeKy._ .>..karxVkarykcitT ku dakeTAelI.mCdanGasIu
GaeKy_kCaktamYynaM[GkRCJsIniymmanTMenareTArkBuTsasnamhayan...nigBuTsasnatn
EdleKKitfaCasasnaEdlbMeBjesckIRfarbssI[ncUlrYmkgsasna.>.
enAkg bribTnkareRbbeFobBuTs
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edImKWCaerOgKYr[ql. .>..eTaCaenAkgTICRmAnRTwsIBuTsasnahakdUcCaKanPaBerIseGIgkBitEmn
buEneyIgRKbKaEtgTTYls:alfa...GdkfanBuTsasnaefrvaTKWeFVIeLIgedIm,IEtbgabkarCabCMBak
CamYysIePT
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elIkeLIgBIkarBiPakaEdleBlxRbkbedayPaBekAKKukkgcMeNamBuTsasniksIsm&ybcb,n
enrYcmkehIy.xwmsarenAkgKm<IreRcInEtmanPaBRseBcRsBil...ehIyGMNGMNagkgRbvtisas
(12)
(13)
(14)
14
CMBUkTI 1
GasIGu aeKybBa
_ akBIvFi I nkarRbtibtsasna
i
EdlsRmbeTAtamclnaeynD&rnbriyakaskg Rsk. .>
enAkgtMbnmYyRtvneKsm:alfaCa.sV&yPaBx<smYykRmitrbssI...EdlkgenasIRtvneK
TTYls:alfa.CaGkbtSmdcm,gnBuTsasnaefrvaT. >
muxnaTInPikn .I Canimti r bU nPaBxusKa.rvagKm<rI . .nigkarRbtibtEi dleRcInekIteLIgedaysarPaB
ecsRmbxn nBuTs
asnaefrvaTeTAkg bNasg:mGasIGu aeKy._ .>. tamn&y.TlU TM lU ayCageneTAeTot
karsabrlabnkarsagps
RtwmRtvtamRkwtRkmviny
& rbsPki n eI nAkg RbBNIBTu s
asnaefrvaT.hak
dUcCaKaMRT.nUvTsnEdlfakarmkdlnBuTsasnaefrvaTGasIuGaeKy_.tRmv[sIman{kascUlrYm
kg sasnakanEttictYc. >..CaTahrN_.CakarGtRbeyaCn_eTEdlnikay.svsvi aTin.(Sarvstivdin nikya)
EdleKeCOfaman}riyabfeyaKyldlsIneRcInTTYl[TaMgekgRsITaMgekgRbscUlbYsCa
sameNr..>. eTaCamanRbCaRbiyPaBkgcMeNamCnCatiB.(Pyu) rbsPUmasm&yburaNkeday.nikay
enkRtvnCMns
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km<Ca..nigevotNam.ksMedAdlPiknIBuTsasnamhayanPaKeRcInCasImanzanx<s.EdlRbtibtielI
viFsasna
I
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PiknImanzanTabCagRBsg.> .rhUtmkdledImstvtTI. 11.eTIbeKeXIjmanvtmanPiknIenAkg
nikayefrvaTbuEnenAeBlena.karbYsCaPiknInsabrlabBIvtGaramTaMgLayenARsIlg;aeTA
ehIy. > enAcugstvtTI. 13.enAGaNacRkGg:r.CaTIRkgEdlnikayefrvaTnrIkdudaleLIgena
ebItam.raCTUtcinmakktsm:aleXIjfaKatmineXIjmanPiknIeT..>. KNPiknIminEdlmanrUbrag
c,aslaseTenARbeTsf.minEdlbeg;IteLIgeTenAkgRbeTsf.ehIyBakfa..PiknI.EdlGkeFVI
dMeNIrCnCatiraMgneRbIeBlmkdlTRI kgGayuFanRbeTsfenAstvtTI. 17. ena.tamBiteTACa
sikaeskBaks.EmCI.EdlCaFmtaCasIcMNas.ehIymanParkiccm,gKWbeRmIRBsg,. >
Pikn BiI tCamanRkdEmnenARbeTsPUmasm&yedIm.ehIysUm,IEtdlstvtTI. 15.ehIykeday. .keyI
g
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i sswgesnwI gRBsg
Edr..> .enArykaleRkayBIenamkkarbMbYssICaPiknIeBjeljRtvrlaysabsUnt...>...kg
GMLgeBleTATsnaenARbeTsPUmakgqaM...1795..eKnRbebskTUtGgeKs.elakmeXIlsIum
(Michael Symes). fadUnCIPUma.kalBImunenaesks,gelOgrbsPiknI...buEnKNenaRtvneKrMlay
eTAvij.edIm,ICMruj[mankMeNInRbCaBlrd. >
eTabICayagNakedayfVIebIkarbMbYsPiknI.nrlaytCayfaehtukgsg:mefrvaTenAbNa
RbeTsGasIuGaeKy_EdneKakdUcCaRsIlg;aCaedImena.ksikaEdlmanCMenOsbelI...sasnan
bgHatbeRgonneFVIsmaFi...nignbeRmIkickgBiFIsasnaepg@enAEtbnKitfaTegVIrbsKatCaehtu
naM[nplbuN..>..kgcMeNamsikaTaMgenaeyIgeXIjman.sIcMNasvNGPiCn.CaBiesssI
emmayEdlnktRtakgBgavtarGyuFa.faCaGknaMmuxeKxagkicbtSmsasna...>..sUm,IEtenAkg
stvtTI. 18. vtGaramrbsEmCeI skBaks..mankitanuPaBeBjbribrU .kg karplT CI araCdMNakbeNa
(15).
.(16)
(17)
(18).
(19).
(20)
(21)
(22).
15
(23)
GasndlRBTbrmtu.(Borommakot).(1733..58).kg xNEdlRBGg:yageFVRI BraCTsnkic. >.

RBsgRsIlg;amYyGg:EdlneTATsnkicenARbeTsPU
macugstvtTI. 19..mankarPJakeplI BIcMeN

dwgndUnCI. nigkareKarBsresIrrbsGkdTcMeBaBYkKat. >. karsikafmI y
Y knbgHajEdrfa.kg
RbBNItamtMbnenARbeTsfkmaneKarBbUCadldUnCIRsedogKaenEdr.ehIyrhUtmkdledIm
stvtT.I.20. eBlEdlc,abRKbRKgmanPaBtwgrwugCagmun.semcsgraCextxhakdUcCaRBmTTYl
sI[bYsCaPiknIneBjelj..>
cabBIstvtTI. 11.. mkKWCaeBlEdlnikayefrvaTmaneKeKarBbUCakanEtxaMgeLIgPaBRseBc
RsBilrbstYnaTIsIenAkgRBBuTsasnankayCaRbFanbTEdleKelIkeLIgt@CabmkrhUt..>
silacarwkTaMgLayEdlbnlTku edayBuTs
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cabkMeNItkgCIvitx<gx<s.EbrCaktRtafazanrbsBYkKatTabNasenAkgrcnasm<neynD&rkgn&y
sasna. >.edayehtufa.. zanrbsPriyatUcTab..mk.ma skRtiyP_ mU anastvtTI. .11..enAnKrha; n
sRggbYgsYgsMu[RBnagnkayCamnusRbs..nigCaRBlwgEdlehAtamPasaPUmafanat.> enA
eBlenaEdr.RBmataescfenArdsuexaT&yEdlCaGkeFVIbuNeFVITanEdl.nksagvtmYyenAqaM.
1399..sgwmfaRBnagnwgnkuslplbuNRKbRKan.edIm,IcabCatiCamnusRbs..>.. .enAkg
RbeTskm<C avij.semcRBraCmatamYyGg:eTotsRggbYgsYgfa.smU [plbuNNaEdlRBnagn
TTYledayTegVICabuNkuslBImun@mk.sUm[RBnagnseRmcesckIRfadFMmYyrbsRBnag
KWsmU [RBnagcabkMeNItCabursdGsar.[TanRBBuTG g:eRkay.>. .vs
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u nigsI. kg
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EdleKykmksresrCabnbnabenAkgGkrsil,_lIeRkayrCkalRBTGesak.elakbIec.T&r
vIl. (B.J. Terwiel) nG.Gagfa.lkNemIlgaybN bgabsI. enAkg Km<rI sMxanBrI rbsBTu s
asnaefrvaTenAGasIuGaeKy_.KWBitCamanlkNxaMgkaCag.Km<IredImrbs}Na. RsIlg;aeTAeTot.> elak
b,Bati . .CaKm<rI PasalI.sBI FI mCatinBiPBelak.nniBn. .RbmUlcgRkgeLIgenARbeTsPUma.enA
stvtTI. 11.. eRkaymkeTot.. nig. RtPUmki fa. CaKm<rI l,IeQaRBraCaRkgsuexaT&y.RBnam.lW.t
.LuTai (RbEhl.Ks..1347..74).EdlGtSbTTaMgBIrenyleXIjsIfaCa.. PavGesac. Edlcab
kMeNItCaePTGnefak. BeI RBaBYkeKnluedaykielssmar..nigpv GarmN._ enAkg CIvti GtItCatirbs
BYkeK..>
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karbgHajPaBpyKadc,asRkELtrvag.. zanx<sx<s. rbssIGasIuGaeKy_EdleKeRcInEtl,I. nig
karTTYlykRbB&nC eM nOrbsBkY eK.. EdlhakdcU CabeNay[manvismPaBsasna.. >. eTabICayagNa
keday.nrviTamankarxVlxVayCayUrmkehIyBIPaBpyKarvagrcnasm<neynD&renAkgGdkfaBuT
sasnaefrvaT..nigkarGnuvtCakEsgkgsg:mcb,n. .> .eTaCamankarExVgKMnitKaelIbBaHaCaeRcIn
keday...k.GkRCJPaKeRcInylRsbfa.BiFIbuNTakTgCamYynwgnikayBuTsasnaefrvaT.plzan
(24).
(25).
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29).
(30)
(31)
16
CMBUkTI 1
BiessmYyrbsmataTaMgLay..nigCarUbPaBCaviCmannPaBCamay.EdlRtvnbBaakedaynimitrUb
bgHajenAkg Km<rI tamRskPUmmanCaGaT#
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TakTgnwgvisy& ksikm. .ngi eTvkfanana..> .mni EmnfaeKelIktem;gI matuPaBedaysarEtCMenOsasna
RbCaRbiybeu NaeT.tamBiteTAvaCatYnaTIEdlCakarrMBgw TukCamun. .nigekIteLIgeTAnedaysarcMnnY d
eRcInrbssI. .>.. cN
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ykUn
RbsrbsKat.kbeg;
tI CacMNgpalCamYysSab&nBuTs asna.. >. .enAeBlekgRbsmakclU bYsCasameNr
plnbuNkuslenanwgneTAmayekgena.ehIyBiFbI N
u qgv&yenmankarTTYls:alCasaFarN
faCakatBVkiceBjmYyCIvit.EdlekgenaRtveFVI...>.muneBlbMbYs.mankarsURtRbkasRbnUvbMNul
EdlekgRbsCMTgfCMBakma y.. nigsURtsresIrKMnti minGataniymrbsma yEdlsRU TaMQeBasRmal
W
kUn. nigciBamw kUn.ehIybnabmkKitfakarEdlkUncUlbYskg KNsg.. KCaKu
W NtmnTwkedaEdlehA
tamPasaffa.xanMu (Kha nom)..> .enARbeTsPUma.ekgRbsbYsCa.sameNr..ehAtamPasaPUmafa
shin-byuTTYlnkarykcitTukdakxaMgCagkarbYsCaPikmYyGg:eTAeTot..>..GkplkicsmasmYy
cMnYnnRbelakmil..hVds<IrU (Melford Spiro) fa.kgcMeNamkareFVITanTaMgLay.shin-byu mantm
elIseK.Edlpln vU plbuNelIsbuNeTot. .>. eTabICayagenk.I KN
u EdlelakennCMBakmay
rbselakenAsleRcInNas..EdlkarbYsCasameNrGacsgnRtwmtmnTwkedamagrbsmay
elakbueNa..>. kgkarrM\kdlshKmn_.fakarcUlmkbYskgKNsg.mann&yfaCakarEbkecj
BIma y.karRbtibtEbb
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karRbtibtBi Tu s
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x.I .>. ebIeyIgeRbbeFobnwgRbeTsRsIlg;avij.bru sEdllacaksika bTEtgCaTIri KnrbsGk pg.bEu n
enAkg sg:mGasIGu aeKy_vji sUm,IEtGnti .(RBsgEdllacaksika bT)knTTYlnkareKarBcMeBa
karcUlsagRBpsrbsKatEdr..> karEdlbursmakmgenApCamYyRKsarmgcUlbYskgKN
sgenAEtbgHaj[eXIjnUvPaBGsaryagmhima.kg karEfrkaTMnakTnM grvagRBsg.. ngi RKhsS. >
karRsavRCavEbbnrviTa.plnUvcMNuccabepImmYydmansarRbeyaCn_sRmabkareQVgylBI
eynD&renAkgBuTsasnaGasIuGaeKy_.edayhtufaTmnnTwkcitkgTMnakTMngmay..nigkUnRbs.n
RKbdNbelIRKivb,FmdeRCA...>.enAkgkarbeRgnmYykgTIRkgLgkalBICag..40..qaMmunssacar
pl..eLvI. (Paul Lvy) ylfakarRTehayMEkg@nmayrbskUnnaK..(GkeRtmbYs). Lav.enAlacmunf
EdlkUnnaKenaecjsagps
faCa.. BiFEI dlbnlTku BIbrmburaN.EdlnbBal eTAkg karRbtibti
BuTsasna..>. enAeBlfI@eneTotsasacarhVgs&r..bIht (Franois Bizot)..nerobrabBIkar
Rbtibtxi @rbsRbCaCnkm<C a.EdlKitfakarcUlmkbYsrbsknU naKkg vtGaram.. eRbbdUcCakarRtLb
cUlkg RBTrnRBmata. KWRBnagmhamaya..(CaRBmatanRBBuTs mNeKatm).EdlCMrju [elakenn
fI.bg;bkicfancabkMeNIteLIgvijeBareBjedayPaBbrisuT..>...sasaKm<IrCaeRcInEdleKeXIj
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35).
(36).
17
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(vtSBnceg;)RBsgCamYyTgpt
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nTRmvb,FmTaMgen.GacplCa
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asnaefrvaT.RtvnsI
enAGasIuGaeKy_RBmTTYledayRslem. >
(37)
sI...nigkareFVITanenAkgsm&yBuTsasnaefrvaTsm&yedIm
cabtaMgBIcugstvtTI..11..mkCMhannkarrIklUtlasnnikayefrvaTenAGasIuGaeKy_EdneKak.n
RbRBwteTAyagelOnedaysarTMnakTMngxaMgxagkl.rvagRbeTsRsIlg;a...nigmCmNlsMxan@
Edl}LvsSti kg TwkdIRbeTsPUma.. nigRbeTsf..>.edayehtuen.karpasbr sasnakcabepmI rIksay
eLIg. > dUcEdlGkRCJmYycMnYnnelIkeLIgrYcmkehIyfa.CeRmA.. nigFmCatinTMnakTMngTaMg
en.mankarCabTakTgsMxansRmabralkarBiPakaBIRbtikmRbCaCnenAGasuIGaeKy_tbnwg{vaT
nBuTsasnaefrvaT...>..RbsiTPaBdsMxanmYynTMnakTMngRbesIrCagmunKWkarebIk{kasRbeKn
RBsgenAGasIGu aeKyk_ anEteRcIn[nimneTAsikaenAvtnanaenARbeTsRsIlg;a. >. .enATIenRBsg
TaMgenaelaknTTYlkarbeRgnsasnatwgrugw Cagmun.EdlTamTarcMeNdwgEpkPasasMs;tw .nigCa
BiessKWlI.BIeRBaeKeCOfacMeNTaMgennwgeFV[I karGanKm<rI RBRtbidkCaedImRbkbedaysMenog
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sm:altMbnmYy.ehIykarsikafI@.elak.vt lmitelIkareRbIPasalIdeRcInkgcMeNamrdtnana.
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sMs;wtpg.. EdlCamUldanRKwsRmabkarGtSaFib,ayBIelakFatuviTakgRBBuTsasna..>.
enAeBleyIgKitfamankarBikkg kar[tmxa gM eBkdlPasalIkg karCMrju [RBsgnimn
mkBIbNaRbeTsnanaTTYlncMeNdwgeRCARCEpkBuTsasnaefrvaT.karbeRgnPasaenAtamvt
GaramnanaenARbeTsRsIlg;a.enAeBlena.KWcgRkgmkBIsasaKm<IrCaeRcIn..>...kgcMeNamGkRCJ
TaMgena.karecsatCMnajn...6..PasaKWCalkxNRbBEdleKgcgn..> .karenRbEhlCa
qbBaaMgBIkarxitxMfItamvt.[eRbIPasayan.(RKamPasa).edIm,IBnlCMenepg@eTAelICMenGkRsk
Gay..nigbBatielakFatuviTa.. >..eTabICakareRbIPasayanmanRbvtieRcInCamYybNaRbeTsenAGasIuGaeKyk_ eday.. keKseg;teXIjfaRbeTsRsIlg;a.manTMnakTnM gCaBiessCageK> .CakarBitNas.
CnCati.RsIlg;amanRbvtiGkrsasyUrGEgVgmkehIy.buEnkarbRgmrvagsasna.Pasa..nigGtsBaaN.neFVIeLIgenAcugstvtTI. 12.CaeBlEdlRBBuTsasna.RtvnsSabnaeLIgvij.bnabBIman
karkankabedayraCvg.cULa.(Cola).enA}NaPaKxagt,g.GsryeBlyagyUrmk.. >. .karebIkTUlay
dlBYkRKhsS.KWCaEpkmYy.ndMeNIrkarsSabnaBuTsasnaeLIgvij...Edlmann&ykanEtRCaleRCA
(38).
(39)
(40)
(41)
.(42)
18
CMBUkTI 1
(43)
eTAeTotsRmabGtsBaaNRsIlg;aedaybRgbbRgmRbCaCnCamYyfakdwknaM...> .dUcEdlelak
qal..halIes.(Charles Hallisey) nbgHajrYcehIyfacabtaMgBIRKisskraC1000..mk.GtSbTGbrMsIl
FmmyY cMnnY EdlsresrCaPasaRsIlg;anniBneLIgedayRBsgRsIlg;a.sRmabCa{vaTeRbnRbedA
dlRKhsS. >edIm,I[BYkeKqabecsRmbxn eTAkg shKmn_BTu s
asnikGtSny
& dRCaleRCACageKena
KWsBII kareFVTI anEdlCarmIsMxanCageKkg cMeNamrmITaMg. 10. tamFmRBBuTG g:sEmgmkRBmTaMg
plbuNTaMgLayEdlnmkBIkareFVITannUvcgHan. ePsC. s,gcIvr..nigp;aPJI. eTAdlRBsg..>.
.karelIktem;gI BI.kareFVTI an.KCW aktaminGacpacecjnBIBiFbI CU a.. nigCaviFdI R bBnkarsnMbN
u kusl
KWmansarsMxanNas
. . BIeRBaTegVeI n.CrM ju [RbfucCnEdlmindwgmins:alkarPavnacit. .nigviCa Ecg
kgsasaKm<IrCaGVIpgGac.cUlrYmkgBiFIbuNepg@n..>...karRbeKneTyvtSdlKNsg.KWCakar
bgHajnUvkarRbtibtikgsasnapgCakarsnMpl.buNpgBIeRBafakarRbeKnCaRbcaMnUveTyvtSeTa
bICaminsUvmantmkedaykrabnfaCakarsnMbuNkusl.EdlnaM[eyIgQaneTAdlzanniBVan
Cayfaehtu. >.
cMNucKYr[cabGarmN_mYynkarsSabnaeLIgvijnUvRBBuTsasnaenenARbeTsRsIlg;a. .KWkar
yksICaTisedAskanuBlmYy.mann&yfaeKcgqbBaaMgBIbMNgcgelIkkm<ssika.CaCagPiknI. >
eyIgeXIjmankarelIksresIrcugeRkayBIPiknIenAstvtTI. 10..>. Km<IrRsIlg;amYyktsm:alfa.. kg
cMeNamGkseRmcesatplBIkarsaberOgBuT{ vaT.. nigerOgEdl..sresrCaPasarbsBkY Kat. KWCa
sIEdlekItkgRtkUlGPiCnEdl}LvGac...GanGkrn.dUckarbYgsYgrbsBYkKatEmn..> eK
cgsMedAfasImakEdlns:alBuT{vaTTaMgena.KWRBnagCnCatiRsIlg;amYyGg:RBnamvatamsika
(Vatamsik) EdlnyagmknKrh;an.(Pagan)..kgnamCaGK:mehsInRBTNarIpatisitfu. (Narapatisithu) .(1174..1211). >. .bE
u nRBsgTaMgLayEdlnimntamRBnagmktamBiteTAKWCayanmYysRmab
pBVpay}TBi lRsIlg;a.ehIykg GMLg eBlenaenAnKrha; n. .eKeXIjekItmannikaymYyepgeTot
KWKNsgRsIlg;a.EdlmanTMenareTarTneTArkRbBNIRsIlg;a. > .karelIktem;gI BITnM akTMngen
kmanCabTakTgnwgsIzanx<
se nAGasIGu aeKyE_ dr..>. CaTahrN.RBvrraCmataRBnam.ma tan.(Martaban) .enAstvtTI.14.nGMeNayCavtmy
Y kg RbeTsRsIlg;a. .EdlCaTIEdlRBraCRKRBnagnbYs
eronRBFm. >. .rIescRsIrbs.ekg.Tgu . .(Keng Tung). enAtMbnxg< r ab.san.(Shan). vij.k
neFVkI ci Rs
edog
KaenEdr.KWfaRBnageFVICaKNGFibtIdlvtmYyEdl.RBecAGFikarnbYskgnikayRsIlg;aEdl
TTYlrgkarEkTRmg. >. .tamrykardwgx@BIRbvtCi abbnnRbeTseyIgKYrcabGarmNd_ lRbvti n
RBsgdmankeI mtakruNaRBnamRBmaL.(Phra Malai).kg silacarwk.K.s..1201..nnKr.ha; n..>. Km<rI
sURtnRBmaLenaminRtwmEtCaKm<IrEdleKKitfamanRbPBBIRsIlg;aedaycglbgHajfakareFVITan
KWCaTegVIcMbgCageKnaM[nplbuNeRcInbueNaeTKm<IrenEfmTaMgCaplbuNcaMtbsgdlnrCn
NaEdleKarBRbtibtiedaysTaRCfa. >
sarsMxannkareFVITan.CaBiessKWsRmabBnlBIPaBTakTajnRBBuTsasnacMeBasI.tam
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
19
rykarbgHajBIkareFVTI an.naM[BYkeKGacTTYlbuNbEnSmeTot.. EdlminRKanEtGaccabkeM NItenAzan

RbesIrenACatimuxeTEfmTaMgeFVI[eCaKvasnarbsBYkeKkgCatienRbesIreLIgpgEdr..> .enAkg
Km<rI elakFatuvTi aniBnedayRBTlW.t. RtPUmki fa..(Traibhumikatha) sIKi rM U nrdtrKru(TVbI xageCIg
nPBmnus).nTTYlplbuNdRbBKWfaBYkeK..mincaMcrgkarQWcab.enAeBlsRmalkUn
eLIy.> karbYgsYgrbssIEdlekItkgRtkUlGPiCn.bBaakBICMenOfaplbuNnwgekItmandl
CnNaEdlmansm,CBaRBmeFVGMI eBICabuNkusl..>.enAeBlRbeKndIF.I snY c,ardlvtGaram.RBnag
enA.nKrha; n.enAstvtTI. 13..bgY sYgRKbCatimxu fa.sUm[RBnagGacnwgman.suPmg:l.pasukPaB
nigRTBsm,tieRcInCagCnsamBaeTot...>..RBnagbYgsYg[ncabCatiCanat(RBlwg)..>..RBnag
bYgsYgfa. sUm[xJmM anGayuEvg.Ka nCmeW botebon.manrUbsm,tl
i man
sMeLgBIera.manrUbragsat. enA
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M kbnci esaeLIy.>. .rIRBvrraCmatannKrsuexaT&y
enAqa.M 1399..eNavijeBleFVBI Fi bI CU amYyksRggbYgsYgRsedogKaenfaedaynmuCcUl. kg mha
saKrdRtCaknkareFVTI anenehIy. .sUmkM[u man.GkNaeLIymannUvrUbsms.ekre# Qa.GayuEvg.
RTBsm,ti .enaesnI gw xMeJ LIykg RKb@Cati.> .ehIyxNEdlRTBsm,trbs
i maskRtiy._ nig
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buNenAkgKm<IrPasalIenARbeTsPUmavijKWmanerobrabBIkicRbcaMfnsItamCnbTmandUcCa
karesTIFavtGaram.smatCMuvijectiy..karbUCap;a.plkMNatsRmabrMuectiyCaedIm..> .eTabICa
niBneLIgtaMgBIstvtTI..18..keday.kKm<IrRBmaLCaPasaf.manniyayBIkarrMBwgTuk..nigkIsgwm
enABIeRkayvdnkarsagbuNkuslrbssI. >. erOgenerobrabBsI
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RBFm.nigRBsg.>
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asnanikayefrvaT.clU mkGasIGu aeKy._ kg namCa..mit nRKhsS.feIV bIzananuRkmrbs
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TakTgeTAnwgkarsnMplbuN.. tamrykareFVTI an.GacnwgmanRbCaRbiyPaByagxagM enAkg sg:m.Edl
taMgEtBImunmkmnusmakitEtnaMKa EsneRBnRBlwgGarkGkta..>. karktsm:alEdlfa.. vtGaramnana
bcb ,nenenAPaKxageCIgnRbeTsf.hakdcU Ca..ykcitT ku dakTaMgRsg..eTAelImbH GaharKYrEteK
ykmkKittamrytRmynekrdMENlvb,Fm.EdlfakarCbelogrYmKa...KWCaRBwtikarN_mYydsMxan
kgCIvitGkPUmi..>.enAkgbTvin&yrbsRBBuTEdlEcgfa.RBsgRtvEtTTYlykcgHan.cminedayGk
mansTaRCfa..(minRbkanvN).RBBuTsasnaedIrelIKngmYyEbkecjepgBIsBaaNnkareFVIBiFI
bUCadbrisuTtamsasnaRBahN_. >..edaysarEtsIPaKeRcInCasacjatirbsRBsgpg..ena.tYnaTI
(49)
(50).
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54).
20
CMBUkTI 1
cm,grbsBkY KatKWrabrgerobcMcgHan.ehIykarksagkuslRbePTenkayCaskmPaBpacmxu rbssI. >

.enAstvtTI.17.Gkseg;tkarN_CnCatiGrW bu nKUsbBaakBkI arBit.EdlfaKWsIe ngCaGkbtSmc gHan
dlRBsg..>.
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cgHan. nigs,gcIvr.sIedIrtYyagsMxanenAkgTMnakTMngrvag.KNsg..nigRKhsS. >.ehtudUecehIy
KanGVKI rY [eyIgPJakeplI eTeBlEdleXIjelakRsI.mgI (Ming).CaemmayRtkUlx<gx s
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tMNn.vIrsika.my
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my
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RBGg:seRmcnUvkarRtasdgw rbsRBGg:. > mYyeTot.KnW agsuCata.CakUnRsIesdmI a k.EdlRbeKn
mFuyasdlRBBuTGg:cMeBlRBGg:eFVITuk;rkiriyamann&yfaCakarbBabeTAnkarbgtcgHanrbs
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erobcMcminyCamYyTwkedaeKa. (mFuyas).ehIyxMJnwgykeTARbeKndlRBBuT. >
eKGacelIkeLIgBITsnRsedogKaenEdrGMBIkareFVIbuNkusl.. nigkaeeFVITanCas,gcIvr.enA
GasIGaeK
u y._ >.. kart,ajenAkg tMbnenKWCakick arrbssIE dlcabepmI taMgEtBIRbmaN.2500..qa mM nu
ehIyGMeNayCaRkNats,gTnM gCaCabTakTgCamYynwgBiFbI N
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. .nigexyI ekIy.EdleFVeI LIgedaypald
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sm,rEbb.. nigmantm.RtvnTTYls:altamrykarktRtaeQamasTan[eKs:aldleBleRkay
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(55)
(56)
(57).
.(58)
(59)
(60).
(61).
(62).
(63).
21
(64)
bus,kmYy. > . Parkicr bsRkmsIk g kick artm,aj.KmW ansarsMxanNassRmab.karRbTakRkLa

nBiFIbuNnana.. Edlelakvt eCOfa.CakarBRgwgcMNgkgsg:menAkgcMeNamBuTsasniksm&y
edIm. >.silacarwksuexaT&ymYyBIrCkalRBT.lW t.nerobrabedayGMntY BIkci s
aV Kmn_dlRB
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nimnTsnkicmYyGg:BIRskeRkAedayelIkeLIgBI.kMNatRKbBN.rnaMgsMBt. nigkMNatEdllat
snwgkatpv..> Cag..600..qaMeRkaymk.eKnrkeXIjkarBNnaEbbenenAkgkMNtRtamYyna
cugstvtTI. 19..GBM BI Fi bI bM s
Y kg RbeTsLav.EdlsI
nlutCg:gC aCYrlatRtdagkEngBanarbsBkY
eKenAelIpvRBsgnimnkat. >
RbBNIEbbRBBuTs
asnaEdlTakTgnwgs,gRBsg.. KCW aTahrN_dRbtkmYyBIehtuEdl
kart,ajRkNatPabTMnakTMngrvagKNsg...nigshKmn_..>.eyageTAtamRBvinybidk.kareFVITan
rbssICas,gcIvr.cabepImBIeBlnagvisaxa.dCasikaKMrU...ndwgfa.RBsgCasav&kRBBuTGg:
enamans,gcIvrEtmYybnas. >.nagnesI[mankarGnuBaat.eFVITanCas,gsRmabrdUvvsaeTAdl
KNsg..>. RBBuTk y lRBmtamsMeNIrbsnag.ehIynGnuBaat[beg;tI ryeBlmYyEdlRBsg
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u kzinEdleFVeLI
I genAcugrdUvvsa.
EdlCabTakTgCamYynagvisaxamanerobrabenAkg silacarwkenAha; n.. ngi suexaT&y. .nigkg RtPUmi
kfaenAstvtTI.14.> .Km<IrRBRtbidk.nktRtafaBiFIbuNkzinKWCa{kassnMkusldRbesIr
sRmabsI.BIeRBaeyIgeXIjenAkgerOgCatkxsresrfa.sINaEdleFVITanCas,gcIvrnwgnCa
RbFannsIT aMgBYg. >. sI NaEdlpln vU esckrI kI rayRkdCannUvpsYK. .nigmansiTci l
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kgRbeTsf..>
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sMxanCageK..> .elIsBIenaeTeTot.sIEdlcUlrYmCYycbcugcbedImkgkareFVITanenaCasI
CasacjatiCaBiessKWCaejamRsIrbsRBsg..>. tamryerOgeRBgPUma.RBnagmaya.EdlCaBuTmata
nQrt,ajs,gcIvrmYyybTlPW.enAeBldwgfaRBBuTcgsagRBps> .tamBiteTAtamlkN
enehIyEdl.eyIgGackMNtGMBItYnaTIrbssIenAtMbnGasIuGaeKy_kgkareFVI[CMenOEdlnaMmkBIxag
eRkAkayCakg Rsk. .>. CaTahrN_enAkg Km<rI RBRtbidkmanEcgBI.karRbeKns,gcvI rBIsika.dl
RBsgeRbIRs. .nigBIPaBcaMcRtvt,ajs,gcvI r[ehIykg ryeBlnBiFbI N
u kzin. >. .karN_en
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.(65).
.(66)
(67)
(68)
(69)
(70).
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
22
CMBUkTI 1
(75)
eRcInCagenKW. mhakzin(Maha-Kathin) > .karBNnaEdleyIgenAeXIjmanenARbeTsLav. nigRbeTs

PUma.bBaakfaenaKWCakarbeg;nI cMNgcN
M lU citnG
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eTARbeKndlRBsg..>..mnusesIrRKbKamanCMenOfakarRbwgERbgrYmKa...nigsamK:IPaBCaRkm.Edl
mann&yfa.. CakarBRgIkbuNkusl.EdlRtvTTYlnEdlkarekIneLIgenanwgtbsgdlbKu l
: mak@
edayELkBIKa . >..plbuNTaMgLayEdlRtvTTYlnena.. KWRbBNas.dcU enAkg erOgCatktamRsk
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lMkeLIy. ehIyRkdCamansuPmg:l.manRTBsm,tisksm. nigmankitinaml,Il,aj.>
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TaMgbBaakBIplbuNEdlRtvnpg.. >.enAkg GtSny
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(76)
(77).
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nkarBaryagxagM kalBIsm&yedIm.ehIymenaseBatnaRslajkarBarrbsma y.RtvnRBBuTGg:
catTukfaCabTdanmYysRmabkarBicarNarbsRBsgcMeBastVelakpgTaMgmUl. > .bEu nenAxN

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asRslajrbsma yen.CajwkjabRtvncatfaCa.. KMrU nTMnakTnM gmnusCati. enA
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nigktCn..>.enAkgsaddl,ImYymansresrfa..CnTaMgLayKYrykRBBuTCaTIBwgnniyayfa
(78)
(79)
23
(80).
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maKaRBFm. >..CaTahrN_enAkg RbBNICnCatiRsIlg;a.erOgGtItCatinRBBuTG g:EdlrMlkw . BICati
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nEtgeLIgRbmaNKs. 1400.erobrabBkI tBat aFmEdlGnaKtRBBuT
nRbtibtbeRmI
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sm&yedIm.CatMbnEdlcMNgrvagmay. nigkUnnTukCayanmYysRmabCanimti r bU xagsasna.. >.. Kan
nisitxagRbvtiviTaNamakGacbMePcneTfa.saTtaRBhKWksageLIgedIm,ITisdlmatarbs
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CaRBmatakgerOgeRBgnRBBuTRKbGg:.> .karrukrkBIviFInanatamryGkrsas. .nigrUbbdiman
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bris&TeLIy..>.enAkgsg:mmYyEdlRBraCaeRcInmanRB{g;arfa.sINaEdlmincasRClKYrEtman
kUn .karBreBa.. .ngi karsRmalkUnnbeg;tI nUvnimti r bU tMNagCaeRcInEdlGac[eKnwkeXIjykeTA
sresrBIRbFanbTen.. >. CakarBitNas.Gk niBnnBgavtarfPaKxageCIgsresrCaPasalIenA
edImstvtTI..15..ntamdannUvPaBRsbKarvagRbvtinkarmkdlRkghribuBaC&y (Haripujaya).n
mehsIcameTvI.EdlkMBgu manRBKP. nigkartm;ls
arIrki FatuRBBuTe nAkg ectiymYyhakdUcCaRBKP
enAeBlenaRBnagnksagvtmYyenAkgRB.ehIynevrcgHan..nigePsC.RbeKnRBsgTaMg
Lay.>. RBnagknkayCamayBeBaCMnYspg. nigCamasTaneFVIbuNkuslpg.>
RbFanbTnkarciBawmbIcrbsmayEdlmanenAkgGkrsil,_RBBuTsasnanayuKkNal
kKYr[ykcitTukdakEdr.BIeRBaRBsgCaeRcInGg:EdlnimnBIbNaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_mksikaenA
RbeTsRsIlg;anpc epmI bkERbKm<rI PasalI. .nigRsIlg;a.ehIyBYkeKpalneFVeI sckGI tSaFib,ay
CaPasatamtMbnrbsxn .> dUcEdlEsl.dnu bLU k (Sheldon Pollock) nbgHajehIyfa.karKitdlGk
GanEdlrsenAtamtMbnvb,FmPmU s
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PasakgKm<IrTaMgena.> .ehtudUcenehIyeTIbkareRbbeFobsadsasaKm<IrCaPasaRbCaCnenA
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.(81)
(82)
(83).
nagmaya
nigkarRbsUtecjBIpmatanRBBuT
(84)
(85).
(86).
(87)
24
CMBUkTI 1
karEkERbbnicbncbuEnCakarcaMc. >..CaTahrNenAstvtTI. 16..elanerOgCINakaLamalIka

raNm. (Jinaklamlipakaranam) (mann&yfakRmgsm&ykalnRBCinRsI)niBneLIgenARbeTsfPaKxag
eCIg.nbnaMFatulI..nigRsIlg;aedIm,IplnUvesckIBitEdlqbBaaMgBITMnakTMngdmansarsMxan
rvagKm<Ir. nigBuTsasnik. .>. enAkgkarniTannCnCatiRsIlg;a.RBmatanRBeBaFistV.manTMnakTMng
edaypaleTAnwgdMeNIrEsVgrkRBFmrbsRTg.BeI RBaRBnagKWCaPaKmYyn..karpuseLIgnkarKit
BicarNa..EdldwknaMRBGg:enAelIKngeTAkankarRtasdwgCaRBBuT. >. eTaCayagNa.enAkgGtSbT
rbsCnCatiRsIlg;aRBeBaFistVKWRtvnBNnayagsamBafaCabursRkIRkEdlykcitT ku dakEfrka
RBmataRBGg:. >. bEu nenAkg erOgCinkalmalIbkrNMvijeKnsresrfaRBeBaFistVnbeRmIRBmata
rbsRBGg:edayRbmUleQIGsu . .nigskw eQIBI RB..>.RBbMNgsMxanrbsRBGg:kg dMeNIreq<amk. Twk
dIsuvNPmU i . (eRkaymkeKs:alfaCaRbeTsPUmaPaKxagt,g).KWedIm,IbBaakfaRBmataRTgminRtvkarRB
Gg:eToteT..>.RbFanbTeneXIjsresrCajwkjabenAkgKm<IrfmYy.EdlKUsbBaakfaKW.CaTmab
rbsRBeBaFistVehIyEdlRtvbgHajBIktBataFmcMeBaRBmataRBGg:. > .
eyIgKYreFVIGtSaFib,ayelIerOgCinkalmalIbkrNMnniBnCaPasalI.BIeRBafaCakarpynwg
karBRgIkkareRbIRsPasaGkRsk. >..kareRCIserIsykPasamYy.EdlGacq bBaagM BIkarKMnti . nigkar
beBajsMeLg..nigkarpasbrBaktamtMbn.buEn[GkRCJmkBInKr.Knh;an.. suexaT&y. .hg
RBg.enAylnbgHajfaGkniBnCaGkecdwgeRCARCBIsg:mPasaEbk@KaEdlRbtibtieday
RBsgcl&tTaMgena..>. magvijeTot.kareRbIPasalI.nBRgwgtYnaTIsRmsRmlnRBsg.Edl
sasacar.seW ds_.nyleXIjfaCaktasMxankg karpBVpayRTwsRI BBuTs
asna.> KWedaysar
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KWkarfVaybg:bM CU aRBGg:edayeRbIPasakMeNItrbsRBGg:.> .TMnakTnM gRBsgnigBuTb risT& nwg
man}TiBlyagxaMgenAkgkMlugeBlnkarBiPaka.enAeBlEdlBuTsasnaefrvaTenARsIlg;an
elIkykkarciBawmbIckUnrbsmataTaMgLaymkeRbbeFobkgKm<IrsasnamYy. .ehIyenAeBlEdl
}TiBlenarIksaydltMbnGasIuGaeKy_ehIyEdlRbCaCn[tmx<sdlmatuPaB..>.eyIghakdUcCa
Kankarsg&yeTfaRBsgenAsm&yenac,asCas:alsikarbsRBGg:...>..silacarwkPaKeRcIn
GGagCajwkjab.BIvtmannsikadmansTaRCfakgBiFIbuNTannana.. nigenAkgkarRbmUlpMBuT
bris&T...>..erOgrbsGK:mehsIcameTvInhribuBaC&y.cg..eFVI[citsb...nigTakTajcMNabGarmN_
sIk dUcCacMeBaburspgEdr.> enAkg qa.M 1720.sasnTUtCnCatiraMgmaknniyayfa.sIC nCati
fmYyRkmnmksabRBsgmYyGg:Gan...esovePAel,IkmYy.eLIgsgePcxn.BIeRBaBYkKatmin
TaMgdwgfasasnTUtenacUlmkkgsalabeRgnFmpg.pyBIbI...minsUvykcitTukdak.rbsBYkeK
EdlcMNayeBlenAxageRkAvteTAvij...>..eyagtamRbPBB&tmandEdlenaeyIgseg;teXIjfasI
mankarykcitTu kdakdlkarsURtGanKm<rI RBFmBIeRBaBYkKatk
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(88)
(89).
(90)
(91).
25
.(92).
GanCamYynwgRBsgEdr..>
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CaKm<IrmYyelceFaCageKGMBIkareRbnRbedArbsRBBuT...nigCakarcgl[edIrelIpvRtvenAkgCa
tien..>nwgskmPaBEdlelceLIgena...> .KanGVIKYr[sg&yeTfa.erOgdmanRbCaRbiyPaBCag
eKenaKWerOgevsnrCatkEdlrayrabBkI arykCatikeM NItcugeRkaybMptu nRBBuT. eKatm.. >. kg erOg
enRBevsnrndakCaTanGsnUvRTBFnTaMgGsrbsRBGg:rYmTaMgmehsI...nigbuRtpg.edIm,In
ceRmInelImaKaeTArkkarRtasdwgCaRBBuTrbsRBGg:. >..BuTbris&TeccaMerOgenc,asdUcCaerOgBuT
RbvtEi drehIyCYnkalcaMc,asCagerOgBuTRbvt
pi gkfan..>..enAtMbnGasIGu aeKy._ karrIkraldalenA
kgkarPavnacitnBuTsasnik.KWrwtEtmanlkNxaMgkaeLIg..BIeRBatYGg:dUcRBevsnr.manbgHaj
eRcIneTotenAkg .bBaasCatk.EdlCakRmgerOgniBneLIgkg Rsk.Edlman}TBi l.. nigGMNac.dUcerOg
CatkkgKm<IrEdr..>
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}riyabfrbsmnuselakkeday.. .kkarsEmgeLIgnCMenOtamrytYGg:nana.mni fatamry.karsresr
emIleXIjedaypalEPk.mni faedaykarniyay. .edaykarsabeTnbgHajBIcN
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TakTajnkarsURtGanKm<IrFmnCYy[kareRbnRbedAnRTwsIRBBuTsayPayeTAkantMbnfI.RBm
TaMgGGagBIPaBsmehtusmpl..nigkarGnuvtntamry.karhUrcUlnvb,FmEdlbBal.PaBBit
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TahrN_. karsabCaPasalI. .KWBti CaTTYlplbuNneRcIn. >. karsURtFmCaPasalIminylKYr
EtbgakTwkcitBYkGkRskGaybuEnpyeTAvijEbrCaeFVI[BYkKatxMRbwgsRmbxMRbwgykmkeFVICarbs
xnehIyeBlxxMRbwgbEnSmKMnitRsmrbsxnEfmeTotpg..> silacarwkmYyEdlnbnlTuk
edaysemcRBsgmYyGg:enAsuexaT&y.nktRtaTukfaCIvitbYsCasgrbsRBGg:...mantYGg:RB
evsnrCaKMr.U >.edaysarbMNgcgnRBniBaV n..RBetCRBKuNGg:en.(kalenACaRKhsS)knbrica K
nUvRTBCaTIRslaj. .nign.tubEtg[RbBn. .nigkUnRsITaMgBIrnUveRKgGlg;aredayBakExdmas
nigcieBan..>l>..ehIy[BYkeKCaTandlCnNaEdlmksM.BIu eRBaEtsTadmtu maMrbsRBGg:.>
ebIeyIgTTYlylRBmfa.buK:lRKbrUbGacsRmbykRKberOg..erOgPaKeRcInnBiPBRsmTaMg
Gsmkdakkg.BiPBpalxn.enaerOgRB.evsnrCatk.KYrEtCaPaBTakTgCaBiesscMeBaRbvtiviTU
eynD&r. >.eTabICaRbFanbTnerOgenKWsGI BM s
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CakarRbkanxa benAkg RKsarEtbeu Na..>. ehIyGkbkERbKm<rI PasalIcas@EdlenArkn..RbEhl
(93)
(94).
(95).
(96).
(97).
(98)
26
CMBUkTI 1
(99)
CaylRtwmRtv.enAeBlEdlBYkeKKiteXIjfa.. sICacMnYneRcInenAkgcMeNamBuTbris&T.> . enA

eBlEdlsIe mmay.. KWelakRsI.mgI .n[eKykGMeBICabuNkuslrbsKateTAqakelIfnU vskmPaB
EdlKat. .nigsVamIKatEdlnEckzaneTAehIyenansabkareTsnaerOgevsnrCatk.. >. rIsila
carwkmYyenAqaM. 1536..nktRtafaelakRsIEsnn[eKqakeFVIRsedogKaenEdr..> .kareyag
dlRBevsnrTaMgenGacmansacerOgtUc@bg;benAkgena...>..enAkgtMbnmYyEdlRKsarGacEbk
ExJkBIKa.edaysarCMgWesckIsab. .sg:amenaTukRByEtgGenalkgCIvitmnuselak..>. kbuEn.sI
EdltbgkUnCYbTukesakesABikcitCaRkElg..>. esckIsgwmkgkarEsVgrkCMnYyBIkmaMgGrUbI.
edIm,IFanannUvsuxumalPaB.may.. nigkUn.KWRtvnelIkeLIgedaysmageXIjfa.rUbPaBCaeRcInRtv
nrkeXIj.enAkg cMeNamrUbKMnrU tUc@rbssvu Nxelak..dl,Il,ajrbsRbeTsfenArvagqa.M 1350
nig. 1500. KWCarUbsIm a kkBM gu bIknU . > .dcU en.vaminlMkeTkg karsakl,gKitfa.sIn gw ylBGarI
mNTu_ kR ByrbsmehsIRBTevsnr. .KWRBnag.emRTI. eRkayeBlRBsVamIrbsRBnagndakTan
buRtTaMgBIrCaGkbeRmIRBahNcas
_ ma k. RBmTaMgGarmNr_ kI rayxagM dUcKaenAeBlEdlRBnagnCYb
buRtvij. .>. dUcCaerOg.ramayNenARbeTs}Na.(tamBiteTA.sUm,IenAkg tMbnGasIGu aeKyk_ e day).erOg
evsnrCatk.man}TiBlRKbdNbhYsBIvis&yGkrsil,_eTAeTot.> .erOgenankayCa..PaB
Bit..nig.rsrevIk.edaysardMeNIrerOgndwknaMedayCIvitrbsCnsamBa.ehIyRbCaRbiyPaBn
GVEI dleKehACaTUeTAfa. mhaCatk. ena.KRW tvnbBaakedaylMdabfa k. ngi nanaPaBnnimti r bU . >. Ca
TahrN_.enAelIk,accmakelICBaaMgRsaT.Gann. .kgstvtTI. 11..rbs.Kn..eyIgeXIjqakx@
sBI kI arrtrkbuRtdGaeNacGFmrbsRBnagmRTI.enAkEngEdlbuRtFabrtelg.PaBTukesak
seRgg
rbsRBnagenAeBleXIjbLkbLrbsbRu t.. nigkarCYbCMRu KsarvijRbkbedayPaBeRtkGr.>
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CaKMrUnmnusCatiEdlBuTsasnaefrvaTnGGagnUvtYnaTIx<selIslubenAGasIuGaeKy_...>..GtSbT
kMNaBmYyEdlsresrCaPasalIenARbeTsPUmaenAstvtT..I 14. nbEnSmmay.]Buk. ngi RKbeRgn
eTAelIRBrtnRt&yTaMg. 3. KW.(RBBuT. RBFm. nigRBsg).sUmfVaybg:dM lRBTaMg.6..Gg:enedaysTa
RCfa. > CaerOggayyleTfa.enAeBlEdlemdwknaMCnCatimnmak.ndaMedImeBaFiRBwkmYyedIm
dsaksiTi. elaknksagCarUb.bdimamYyGg:nRBBuTmatadCaTIsk;ar.. nigrUbmYyGg:eTotKWbdima
RBBuTb ti a.. >. enAyuKkNalrbsRbeTscin.elakGaLan. kUl.(Alan Cole) nbgHajBIkarBiPakaE
bbBuTsasnaelIbBaHaRKsarfaCakarxMRbwgERbgmYyEpk.EdlmanTisedAcgcgRKsar..nigvtGaram
RBBuTsasna.eTACaTMnakTMngdCanimitrUb..> ..kgn&yena.TaMgrdkanBuTsasnaTaMgkareRbn
RbedArbsRBBuTenAGasIuGaeKy_kCabCMBakyageRCAenAkgkarbNnUvKMnit.EdlRsbnwgGVIEdlGk
RbvtiviTUCnCatiGWrubyleXIjfaCa.karcRbDit.nRKsar.>
kbEu nenAkg karedadUrrvagmenaKtiEbbsasna. .nigsg:meyIgeXIjfacMNgmay..nigkUneNa
eTEdlTTYlnnUvkarcabGarmN_CaBiess..>..EpktamGtSbTevCsasfsm&yedIm.sUm,IEtekg
(100)
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104).
(105)
(106)
27
EdlminTanekItkdgw fanCMBaknvU esckeI mtarbsma yyageRcInelIslub. .ehIyfakarcabkMeNIt

enamann&yfaCakatBVkci s
gKuNcMeBamayEdleyIgmak@RtvEteFV.I > .RbFanbTnkarkarBar
nigkarlbgnmay.kmaneXIjpgEdrenAkgGkrsil,_RbCaRbiy.dUcCaenAkgerOgllitRBL.(T he
Lilit Phra Lo) CakMNaBvIrkfaPasafEdleKeRcInfaniBneLIgenAkg
stvtTI. 14.>.enAkg kMNaBen
tYkRbsniyayeTAkanma yKatfa..RsIesh._ .100..nak.mni esIn gw RbBnma keT..ehIyRbBn. 1000..nak.
kminesInwgmaymakEdr..>..KanGVIBikCagkarsRmalkUn...nigciBawmkUneT..>..{GkmayeGIy!..Gkman
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cabRsIsMkgvaMgCnCatiPUmamakEdleKs:alfaCakvII.eQa.maexV. .nRbmUlcgRkgsresrnUvkarEf
rkasnParbsmayfa.xJMKWeRbbdUcCakUnRbs.EdlRtveKbMEbkecjBImayrbsxn.CamnusEdl
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karEfrkaciBamw bIcrbsma y.edayKanPaBGataniymsUm,IEtbnci CakatBVkci G smYyCIvti ehIy
karkartbsgdlelakGkmanKuNnUvGVIEdlepgBIkareKarBdx<gx<sbMput.KWCamhabkm...>..erOg
niTanBIXatkr.Gg:l
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.KWCaerOgRBmandl...>.ebIkMuEtnRBBuTGg:lYgbMbYsnmuneBlEdlGg:limaleFVImhabkmena
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ekItsabKanTIbBab
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sasnikfa.ceM BakarsagbeTAelIma y.Kes
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. .tMNalfaescmYyGg:nRBegIykenyI nwgbNgw rbssIm a kEdlRtvkUnRbsrbsnageCrRbmafeFV[I
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kemcTIRkgrbsRBraCaGg:enaGseTA..>
(107).
(108)
(109)
(110).
(111)
(112)
tmnTwkedamay
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nnkarkarBarEfrka..ngi karRbNIsenas.enaKWKa nGVeRkABI
I sIbM eedakUneLIy. >. kg xNEdl
karbMeTwkedakUnCaEpkmYyBiessenAkg Km<rI RBBuTs
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(113).
(114)
(115)
28
CMBUkTI 1
enAkgRtPUmikfarbsRBTlW.tnEcgfa..vaCaerOgFmtasRmabmnusenAkgelaken.sRmab
RBeBaFistV...nigsRmabBBYkstVTaMgLayEdlfa.EteBlNaTarkekItcakpmaykalNa.esckI
RsLajrbsnag.eFVI[QamenAkgedarbsnagkayCaTwkeda...nighUrecjBIeda.edIm,I[kUnnbWt
CBaknFMFatrhUtmk..>. .enKWCacritlkNrbsstVmanCIvit.>.
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enARbeTs}Na.RbEhlCaenAkg stvtTI. 1. TI. 2. munRKiss
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_
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(116)
(117)
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(120)
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29
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snbe lIRBmata...>..enArMeBcenatMNkTk
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enAkg sasaevCsasfbUraN.nEckemeda.Ca..4.RbePT.EdlmanTwkedaeBareBjeTAeday.sar
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30
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(128)
(129)
(130).
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(132)
31
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RbeTsPUmavijBNnafa. .RBraCaTaMgLayRslajRbCarasRBGg:. eRbbdUcCaTarkekItecjBIp
RBGg:. GIucwgEdr. > RsedogKaenEdrRBraCaGalugpaya.(Alaunghpaya).(1752-60).bkRsayfa
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(133).
.(134)
(135)
.(136)
(137)
(138)
.(139)
(140)
32
CMBUkTI 1
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RbCaRbiyPaByagxagM enAtamvtGaram.. nigRBviharnanaenARbeTsfEdlPaKeRcInmansIC aGkbtSm
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tbgkgcMeNamGkRCJnanaEdlnykTinn&ykgsilacarwksm&ymun...nigBgavtaescedIm,I
cgRkgRbvtisastamsm&ykaleLIgvij. .>.. TahrN_elakGIumajEGl..h:ILn.( Emmanuel Guillon ).
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eyIgdwgfaRBraCaGg:enakMBugRKgraCtMNag[RBraCmataRTgbueNaeTabICaRBGg:. KWCaescRKg
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c,abbBatinRbeTsPUmaenAEtEcgfamaskRtIRtvEtCYyRBraCbuRtaRBnagkgkickarrdlenA
eBlEdlRBGg:minKgenAkgraCFanI. >
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RbeTsCati. >. GtSbTmYyEpkeTotBIRbeTskm<CaEdlsresrerOgravkgkMlugqaM. 1575-1618. n
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(141)
(142)
(143)
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(145).
(146)
33
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yagxaMgeTAelI..KMnitnbuNkuslsamBabuEnsMxan...EdlGacTakTgnTaMgbuK:lmak@TaMg
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dmanesckGI gGackahannnaMTB& ecjeTAc,aMg. .nignvayluknTwkdIBRI BraCaCaeRcIn. RBnag
nigRBbuRtanrYmkmaMgKaplrMlMT&BbcamiRt. > .sIraCvgCaGkcasTuMEdlGayueRcIn. .nigzan
x<sk g sg:mRBnagbBaakfaRBnagsnMnbuNkusleRcInsmnwgeKKitfamansmtSPaBBiessGac
eRbIGMNacpvggwt. .>. enAtMbncugxageCIgCMenOelIGMNacrmIpvggwtnRBvrraCmatamanPaBkanEt
c,aseLIgeTot..>. CaTahrN_Rbvts
i avtarBIRkgeQogmBiBNnafaenAkg qa.M 1443..RBmhakRt
nbBan kmagM T&BEdldwknaMedayRBraCmata. eq<aeTATisxagekIteTAkanextNan. EdlenATIena
RBnagnecjraCbBaa[eLamB&Tr aCFanIERB.. (Phrae). RKbTisTaMgGs. >. enAeBlenakaNugkaMePIg
jmni ecjeTrhUtdlRBnagerobcMeFVBI Fi EsneRBneTI
I
bjecj..>.RKaenaRBraCmataknerob
cMtgVay..EdlrYmmandUcCaRkbIXac..1..k,al..mansMLI..13..k,al...Ta..13000..k,al..exIymYykenl
PaCn_sam...BagTwk...qaMgfIcanfI...nigkenlfI...KWfaRKbrNabkarEsneRBneBjelj..>.eBlena
kaMePIgFMknjecjehIyTIRkgTaMgmUlkRtvcucaj. .>
ksarfPaKxageCIgknelIkeLIgEdrfakarRKbRKgrYmKanRBmata. .nigbuRtab karBnar
(147).
(148)
(149)
(150)
(151)
(152)
(153)
34
CMBUkTI 1
tMENgraCanusTi di lRBmatakanEtyUrKWCaEpnKMrnU eyayEdleKTTYlyk.. >. .Rbvts

i aseQogm
nktRtaTukfaenAeBlstVka nmy
Y . .nigkUnmYyrbsvartecjmkBIBRBraCa. kksagnnUvraCFanI
enARtgkEngenaedayRTgbBatfa taMgBIeBlenteTAtMbnennwgmanTenCanimti r bU nstVka nCamay
nigkUn..> karRsbRslKaxagRbvtisasnerOgniTandUcKaenCaedImnelIkeLIgmkbgHaj
kgkrNICaeRcIndUcCasilacarwkstvtTI..15..CaedImbgHajfaRBraCmataedIrtYnaTICaraCanusiTienA
eBlbuRtaRBnagKWRBraCanKreQogmmanRBCntci enAeLIy. > enArgVgq a .M 1500..BakmhaeTvI
keXIjmaneRbIenAkg silacarwkfEbkxageCIgEdlCakEsgBakensMedAdlGK:mehsIkRBmata
rbsRBraCaGg:mun. .CaRBmata. .kCaGK:mehsInRBraCakMBugesayraC enAkgGtSbTeTIbnwgbkERbfIm yY nnKrlunGaNacRkeQogExg (Chiang Kheng)enAPaKxagelIdgTenemKg:nktRtafa
kg kaleTsNaEdlraCblgsi
; tS enATMenr. .enAeBlEdlescRKbRKgnKresayTivg:tedaymin
nrMBwgTukmunenaRBvrraCmataRtvnCaGkRttRtanKr..>..maneBlxtMENgrbsRBnagCaGkEfrkaenkayCaGciny_pgkman.>.CaTahrN_enAqaM...1612..RBraCmatanTTYlnUveRKg
}siryysnRBraCaRKgraCmandUcCamkudraC. RBx&nraC.. RBesVtcRt.. eRKgmsas:rC&y. sMBt
kasayBsCaedImehIyRBnagnesayraCrhUtdlqaM..1637..> eRBaehtudUcenehIyenA
kg savtaeQogmenAeBlEdlRBsgmYyGg:TsTayfasIE dleKTngw rgcaMemIlenanwgCaRBraC
mata.RBsgGg:enanRbemIleXIjnUvfEdlRBnagnwgmanGMNacetCdmhima..>
cMeBaGkRbvtisasEpkeynD&rnniyayfaktaenkanEtmansarsMxanEfmeTotenAeBl
ykeTApMCamYynwgTsnrbselakvt EdlfakarsayPayrbsBTu s
asna. kanEtgayRslnig
qabrh&sCagmun..enAkg tMbnPaKxageCIgnRbeTsfCaCagPaKxagt,g. >. .KateCOfaRBraCaenAkg
tMbnenmanGarmNP_ y
& xacsIlFmBTu s
asnafIti cCagtMbnepgBIeRBaGg:rEdlCaGaNacRkKMredI
U r
tamlTis asnahinc u exayCagmunehIyenAtMbnenaEdrKmatrvagesc. nigRbCarasmantictYc. >
RbsinebIeKTTYlyksmtki meneyIgKYrEtcabGarmN[_ xagM CagmuneTotcMeBaskmPaBxagsasna
rbssImanCatiRtkUlx<s...RBmTaMgsYrfaetIkarcUlrYmrbsBYkKat..BitCaktamYyCMrujkarpBVpay
BuTs asnaeTAkg tMbnEbkxageCIgnRbeTskanEtgayRslEmnEdreT..>.. karerobrabGMBkar
I ksag
BuTb dimakarRbeKncgHanRBsgkarfVayRbeKns,gcvI r. .nigkarksagvtGaramCaPst agRbdlsaFarNBIkareFVIbuNsnMkuslrbsraCmata. .nigRBmatuca. .nigsIRtkUlGPiCnepgeTot..>
RTBsm,t.i .nigysskEi dlBYkKatmanenAkg Catien. .KWCaplnGMeBICakusldeRcInEdlBYk
KatnsagkalBICatimnu @ehIyBYkKatks
gwmeCOCakfaBYkKat. nigCnTaMgLayEdlenACuvM ji xn Kat
knwg.manCIvti dsm,rsb,aykg GnaKtCati. .>. tamkarBitBYkKattN
M ag[sikaEdlnbMeBjGs
nUvlTPaBrbsxnehIykgnamCa.. RBraCUbtSk..vijBYkKatkCaKMrUeKgEdr.>
enAeBlCamYyKaenbTBiesaFnPaBCamayknparPabsIR tkUlGPiCnedaypaleTAnwgsI
vNTab..EdlylfaPaBCamayeK...KWCakarbBaakBIsarsMxanrbsKatenAkgshKmn_EdlKat
(154).
(155).
.(156)
(157)
(158)
(159)
(160)
35
rsenA..>.eyIgKYrtamdanGeg;trebobEdlBuTs asnaCaTUeTAeTIsTalceM BaGtSbT.. nigerOgniTanepg@

eTotEdlmanelIkeLIgBItGY g:. .nigvK:x EdlGaceFV[I smRsbedIm,IelIkTwkcit. .nigKaMRTdlkarciBamw
rkakUn..> .enAkgn&yen...KNsgnTTYls:alfakarBreBa...nigkarbeg;ItkUnKWCakarcUlrYm
cMENkdcm,grbssIcMeBaCIvitxagsasnakgshKmn_...nigkarerobcMBiFIEhhmkUnRbsEdlcUl
bYskg sMNakvtGaram.. KWCa{kasmYysRmabTTYls:alkarrYmcMENkdFeM FgrbssI. .>. enAkg dMeNIr
eneyIgeXIjmankarTTYls:alyagGafkMMgnUvPaBCadKUrbssICamYynwgKNsg..BIeRBaPaB
ekgxesck
I rI bssameNrmann&yfakarTTYlxusRtvkg karciBamw bIckareRbnRbedA. .nigkarKaMBar
rkadlknU RbsmunbYsCasameNrena}LvParkice nRtvRbeKn[RBsgehIy. .>. dcU kg c,abbUraN
mYyrbsRbeTskm<CamankalbriecTenAstvtTI. 17..kmunenpgEcgfa. malsameNrTaMLay!
KWma yrbsGk ehIyEdlnykGkmkepkIJ g sMNakRKbCay_. >. .ehtudcU enmay..nigRBsg
nkayCasm<nmitrYmKadwknaMeRbnRbedAekgRbsCMTgeTArkPaBFMeBjv&y. >
sm<nPaBrvagsika...nigsSab&nBuTsasnaenmansarsMxanRCaleRCANasBIeRBafaebIBuM
manRBsgeT.. BuTsasnaefrvaTminGacrsranneLIy. .>..RKbBiFIsasnaEdlkMNtkarqgv&yCa
eRcIndMNakkalmunnwgQanmkdlv&ykMelarbsekgRbskanBuTsasnanImYy@KWsuTEtCakarpl
kityi sx<gx s< dl
ma yrbseKkareFVeI nhakdcU CacgeRkInrMlkw eKfaKWma yenehIyEdlplk eM NIt[
eKEdlnciBamw eKEdln[semkbMBakeK. .nigEdlCaGkpls
Ti ei srIPaB[eKeFVdI eM NIrelImaKa
rMltTuk. >
(161)
(162)
esckIsnidan
dUcEdlsasacarsWEds_nktsm:alCa..5. TsvtmkehIyfastvtTI. 12. nigTI. 13. KWCaTICRmal

mYyenAkg GasuGI aeKyEdlCamU
_
lehtusxM anCageKmYysRmabkarpBVpayBuTs
asnaefrvaT..>. .eTa
bICaeyIgswgEtdwgc,asehIyfa. .karrIkceRmInennCYy[pasbr dMeNIrRbvtis
askg tMbnenkkI
GkRsavRCavnanaenAEtBayameQVgylBI}TiBlTakTajdxaMgka. .nigGseBlyagyUrrbsnikay
efrvaTen..>..tYnaTIrbsRBraCRKbRKgRbeTs...nigRBsgnplkarBnlxkBitEmnehIybuEn
karpl ksiTdi lGk pc epmI CabursePTneFV[I GkRbvts
i asxageynD&rmineBjcite TAvij. >. .eTa
bICakarCMTasRbqaMgCabrhUtrvag..zanx<gx<s(mataFibety). rbssIenAGasuIGaeKy_. nigtMENg
tYnaTImni c,aslasrbsBYkeKenAkg RbBNInki ayBuTs
asnaefrvaTkedayk. PakgarsI . BuEM dl
ecaTCabBaHakgkarsresrRbvtisassasnarbstMbneneLIy. >.
edayepateTAelIsa dRsavRCavrbsGk RCJxagsasnaxEdlnsikaGMBRI beTsRsIlg;ana
yuKkNalGtSbTEdlRKanEtmanlkNsabsge nBayamKitGMB.I .kmagM cit sI . kg n&ysMedAdl
kareFVGI nrkmrvagsI. .nigKNsg..>.GtSbTenncabepmI edayesfI akarmkdlnBuTs
asnaefrvaTkg GasuGI aeKye_ nCYneBlCamYykarGPivDrIkceRmInyagxagM enAtamvtGaramnRbeTsRsIlg;a. >
36
CMBUkTI 1
Canick alRBsgEtgGnueRKacMeBasikaEdlmansTabUCakg sasnaelIsdUcCI. .Pikn eTA

I eTot
ehIyeyIgBiknwgfavaCakarcdneTEdlkarrlayteTAnUvkarbMbYsPiknIbg;edaysarkarelIk
sresIrkanEtxagM dlkareFVTI anfaCakarbgHajBIsikadmansTamutmaM. >.enAkg sm&yenaEdrEdl
eyIgeXIjfakarRbdUcRBBuTe TAnwgmay. .nigkar[tmdltnY aTICamaykka yeTACaRbFanbTdsMxan
enAkgGtSbTsMeNrxagCMenOsasnanayuKkNal.. >. RsbeBlCamYyenaEdrkgkicRbwgERbgedIm,I
BRgwgTMnakTnM gCamYyshKmn_enaRBsgknelIkeLIgnUvsarsMxanfmI y
Y sBI kI areRbIRsPasa
RbcaMtMbneFVICayanmYysRmabGbrMeRbnRbedAEpksIlFmdlRKhsS. >.
edaycUlmkkgtMbnGasuIGaeKy_cMeBlEdlmankarTTYlykBIsMNakRKhsSkanEtmancMnYn
eRcIneLIgenaBuTsasnaefrvaTnpl{kasCabmindacdlsITaMgGsedIm,IsnMplbuNkusl
tamrykareFVITanEdlCaehtueFVI[BYkKatQanputBIzantUcTab..>..kickarxEdleKcatTukfaCakar
garrbssIdU cCakarerobcMcmni cgHan. .nigkart,ajs,gcvI rCaedImkayeTACarUby
i vtSs
asnamYyRbePT
EdleKGacykeTAbr ykkrI BM gw eTAGnaKtTaMgxagsartI. .nigsmar..>. edayykGMNGMNagrbsnrviTU
CashesvikmkGnuvtnagxJMemIleXIjnUvRbvtidyUrGEgVgkgGnrGMeBInwgKaEdleKnkMNtrvag
sasnamatuPaB...nigkarciBawmkUn..>.eTabIBuTsasnanbgHajrUbPaBtMNagn..sIPaBepg@Ka
ehIyeBlxTMnasKakman.. keday.. knagxJMeCOfakarykmatuPaBmkRbdUcen.. KWCaktacm,gCageK
ehIyvb,FmGasuGI aeKyn_ ananTTYls:al. nigTTYlykyageBjTMhgw . >. .CakEsgkarelIkeLIgGMBI
tYnaTICamay...KWCaRKanEtCaktamYykgcMeNamktaCaeRcIneTotEdlGacTakTajsI[gakeTA
rkkareRbnRbedArbsRBBuT. >. Cakarc,aslaspgEdrfakarplt mdlPaBminGataniymrbsmay
kayCaFatumYydUcKaebbiTeTAnwgkarRbtibtxi agBuTs
asnaEdlmanbgHajyagc,asenAkg GMeBIsag
buNkusldFeM FgEdlbBan kUnRbscUleTAbYseronenAkg vtGaram.. >. edaymankarCMrju BIKm<rI sasa
CaPasalIpgedaykarbkERbCaPasayanpgTMnakTnM grvagmay.. nigkUnRbsnelceLIgyagc,as
enAkRmitx<sbMputnsg:m..>..RbPBksarnanaBIRbeTsfPaKxageCIgkanrwtEtmansarsMxankg
karbgHajBIsI nraCvgfaCatYGg:nskanuBlnsikamanCMenOsbk g sasna.. >. eTabIkarenGac
eTAGGagtMENgCa..raCUbtSmk..kIknagxJMsMuRbEkkfarUbPaBTakTgnwgPaBCamayBitCamanmnus
yageRcInTTYlylRBm..>. .nagxJdM gw fakarGGagbBal
RkmGPiCnenGaceFV[I tbgx nUvkarpasbr
lkxN. .ngi sSanPaBehIyGtSRbeyaCn_sIn y
i mkg karRbvts
i asEdlmanPaBxusKaennbgHaj
[eXIjGMBIkarylRcLMEdlGacekItmaneLIgedaykarcatTuk..sI..faCaEpkmYysg:mEdleKmin
sUv[tm...>...buEnebIeTabImanlkNeRcInyagNakedayknagxJMenAEtmanCMenOcitfamanEtbT
BiesaFnkarplkMeNItrbssIEtmYyKtEdlCacMNgcgsnwgTMagvNTaMgvb,Fm. >
eTaCadUecknagxJ
I mM ankarKitc,aslasGBM tI RmvkarykkarBicarNaxageynD&reTAdakkg Rkb
xNTUlTM l
U ayCagen. .RbsinebIkarBicarNaenaRtveFV[I mancMNabGarmNd_ lkarcabepmI CaRbvti
sasen.. >..ebIeTabICaGtSbTenepatxagM eTAelIBuTs
asnaxagnikayefrvaTkkI matuPaBCabTBiesaF
37
nmnusCatimYyEdlmanlkNsklbMput. >. vaCaerOgc,asehIyfaGkRCJRsIlg;anayuKkNal

EdlsMedAdl. matanBiPBelak..niBnedayminnKitenaeT..> kareRbbeFobBIrebobEdl
Pasa.. .nigrUbPaBCabTakTgnwgkarbeg;ItkUn. .nigkarciBawmbIckUn. .KWbEnSmesckIBiteTVeLIgeTAdl
sm<nP aBrbssg:mmnusEdlmanvb,Fmxs
u KaEdlmanCMenOxusKanpln vU visy
& dsm,rEbbmYy
sRmabkarsikaGeg;txagRbvtisas...>.eTaCayagenkIebItamviFIsaskaresIrsMu[mankarsika
edayEpkelIksareRcIn. .nigRbkbedayGnrvin&yEdleTAhYsBIRBMEdnnksarrkaTukEdltam
ryenamanGkRsavRCavRbvtisasCaeRcInneFVIkarsikarYceTAehIyehIyksarrkaTukenapg
EdreFVI[mankarBicarNadykcitTukdakeTAelIplnmenaKtidUcCa...sil,GkrsaselanrM
sib,kmTMenomTmabGk Rsk. nigRbBNIEdlniTantKa. .> eTabICaGacbeg;tI [manRbPBksar
dmansarsMxanke daycukkarKitKUrBIkarbkRsayecjBIKm<rI kg karsikasasnaminEmnsuTEtn
CaplRbeyaCn_ldlRbvtieynD&reLIyBIeRBafabnis&ykgkareFVIcMNatfakRTwsIsasnarYmman
efrvaTmhayantnCaedImGacbiTMgmin[eXIjPaBsamBanana..>..TMenarcgepatGarmN_eTAelI
GtSbTsMeNrKWCabBaHamYyEdlecaTelIsg:msm&yTMenIbEdlmansIminecGkreRcInCagburs..>.
eyIgenAEtyldwgtictYcenAeLIyeTfarebobdsRKsaj..nigedayRbeyalEdlGnkrCnTaMgena
GacylnnUvkareRbnRbedAEdlmanenAkgKm<Ir..nigedaycabepImylxneKfaCaEpkmYykg
shKmn_sasnadFMGacbgHajGMBIkarTTYlyk..nigkareFVI[kaymkCalkNRsknUvralKMnitGnr
vb,Fmnana..>eTaCaTMngfakarsikaRsavRCavnaeBlGnaKtnwgbBaakGBM }I TiB lnGkmanvNx<sk g
karpBVpaynigsRmbKMnitfICamYyGkRskGaykeyIgRtvEtRbgRby&tpgEdrcMeBakarEdlfa
}TiBlnCnCaKMrUEdlmanskiysx<sRtvneKsMGageTAelIkarsnidanfa. CaRsI.. CaRbs. >
karN_enRbRBwteTA
edaysatesmfaeynD&rnwgpln vU Tsnvisy
& mYy. dmanGtSRbeyaCn_.enAkg
karrukrkedayeRbbeFobnUvdMeNIrkarRbvts
i asEdlbBal
. nigeFVbI ribTeLIgvijeLIynUvmenaKtitamRskPUmi.^
(163).
(164).
(165)
CMBUkTI 2
PaBminc,aslasnePTPav..emIlamBiFIbMbYs
kgRBBuTsasnaenAtMbnPaKxageCIgRbeTsf
eday qal.eGhV.eXy_
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa. Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation
in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society . .>
GtSbTTaMgendkRsge cjBIesoveA.. eynD&r. nigsasna.. BIPaBsKsajnnimitsBaa
rkasiTi Ks 1986 edayRKwsSaneBum<bikxin
CHAPTER 2:
Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society.
Keyes, Charles F.
(Gender and Religion : On the Complexity of Symbols)
Copyright 1986 by Beacon Press
bkERbeday.yin.sMbUr.
CMBUkTI.2
PaBminc,aslasnePTPav..
emIlamBiFIbMbYskgRBBuTsasnaenAtMbnPaKxageCIgRbeTsf
esckIepIm
karkMNtePTPav..KWCabBaHaFMsRmabmnusCatiTaMgmUl..>..bBaHasMxanenaKWsSitenARtgfaPaBxusKa
xagCIvsasrvagePTepgKa. mni GackMNtTku Camunfa. .etImnuseyIgnwgylGBM eI PTRbsehIynwgePT
RsInenaeT..>.. mnuseyIgGacyldwgnUverOgennamrykarTajyknUUvGtSn&yBIBiFIbuNEbb
vb,FmmYycMnYn. .EdlbgHaj[eXIjBIkarceRmInv&yrbskumareTACamnusv&yCMTg. > enAkgsg:m
TMenIbx. ekgRbs. nigekgRsIGacTTYlnGtsBaaNePTrbsxn amryBiFbI N
u rYmKamYy. >. cMENk
sg:mEdlRbkanRbBNIbru aNPaKeRcIn. (RbsinebImni EmnTaMgGs). ekgRbs. nigekgRsIRtvqgkat
BiFIdacedayELkBIKa..>..enAeBleFVIBiFIepgKaenehIy..EdlePTRbs..nigePTRsIRtvnbgHaj[
eXIjamryBiFTI aMgena.. ehIyBiFnI mI yY @enehIyEdlcgl RbBlI kNePTepgKa. EdleKsnt. >
elIsBIeneTAeTot..karkMNtePTTaMgBIrenekIteLIgeTAn..KWGaRs&yelIkarsntrYmKaBIsg:mTaMg
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I
enAkg
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rbsekgRbs. .ekgRsI. .kTaMgekgRbsTaMgekgRsI[yldgw . .BIGtsBaaNePT..> . kci c abepmI n
BiFennecaTCabBaH
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skmPaBPam@EdlkMBgu EtrMxan..nigeFV[I RcbUkRcbldlGarmNr_ bskmu ar.. (ehIyCYnkalrYmTaMgrag
kaypgEdr). >.. eRkayqgkatbTBiesaFnsSanPaBdRcbUkRcblxagGarmN_enrYcehIyBiPBelak
fmYI ynebIkTVarTTYlkumarena..amrykicB Fi EI dlneFVCI abnbnab. >..eRkaycbBFi eI na..kmu argay
ylxngnfa.. rUbeKnqgv&ymkCabursePT.. sIePTeBjeljenAkgsg:mmYydCaklak.>
nrviTUPaKeRcInEdlcabGarmN_elIBiFIbuNqgv&yena..nylRsbamKMnitrbs.van..ehn
enb.fa.. BFi EI bbenaKWCaBiFqI g v&y.edaysarBiFeI nakumarRtvpasbr BImnusGtePT.. eTACamnusmak
EdlmanePT..>.. ehnenb..nerobrabfa.BiFTI aMgenKWCakice dIm,Ipa cecjBIBPi BEdlGtePTehIy
kicTaM
gGsenaRbRBwte TAdUcBiFqI gv&y. .edaymaneFVkI ci r mY KaCaeRcInedIm,IbBal
eTAkg BiPBmYyEdl
manePT..> ..enAeRkamrUbPaBEdlbgHajTaMgnimitrUb...TaMgbTBiesaFnBiFIqgv&yena..kumargay
ylxn gnfaCamnusmakEdlmanePTeBjeljenAkg sg:m. EdlkumarnwgRtLbeTAcUlRbLk
eRkayeBlcbBiFIbuNen..>
GtsBaaNePT.. mni RKanEteFV[I kumaryldgw BIxn faCamnusmanePTbeu NaeT..BkY eKEfmTaMg
(1).
(2).
(3).
42
CMBUkTI.2
eFV[I sg:mTTYls:alxn eKEfmeTotpg. >..dcU EdlGUrtnWr. .ngi vayEhd..nsresrenAkg esckep

I mI
nGtSbTxmI yY . EdleTIbecjpayf@I en. sGI BM kI arBicarNaEbbCatiBnvi Ta eTAelIGtsBaaNePT..>
GtSbTenanerobrabfa. . karyldwgBIePTKWbgHajeLIgamryescksn
I tEdlPaBxusKakg sg:m
enanmkBIkarvaytmeTAelI. zan..>. sg:mnImYy@man..rcnasm<nsRmabzan..EdlkarerobcM
tYnaTI.zanecjBIExRsLayBiessNamYy. .Edlvaytmedaysg:m(enCanItiviFIkgkarplzan
tYnaTIdlbKu l: . .kRkmmnus). ehIyenaCalkxNTeU TAkg karbeg;tI RbB&nEbg
Eckzan..> enAkg
sg:mEdlRbkanTeM nomburaN. .BiFqI g v&yEtgEtrYmcMENkyagsMxankg karbeg;tI nUvRbB&nz anen. >
FatusMxanenAkgRbB&nsRmabEbgEckzanmYyeTot...KWCaKuNtmrbssg:mEdlPabnUvTMnakTMng
rvagbursePT. nigsIePT..>. .KuNtmTaMgen.. RbEhlCamUldanRKwdsMxansRmabRbB&nTaMgmUl. >
BiFIqgv&ymannaTIsMxankgkarpasbrkumarEdlKanePT..ehIysg:mminTanTTYls:al..eTACa
mnuseBjv&yEdlmanGtsBaaNePTc,aslas. .RBmTaMgmansmtSPaBRKbRKanedIm,IcabyktYnaTI
epg@enAkg sg:mCati. .>. .bEu nkarbkRsayen.. KWeFV[I eyIgylnEtEpkmYybeu Na.. KeW nARtgkar
beg;ItnUvGtsBaaNePTEdlTTYlnkgkMlugeBleFVIBiFI. .>.. GIulIyadnbkRsaybEnSmeTotfa.
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(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
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43
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(8).
(9)
44
CMBUkTI.2
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(10)
(11).
(12)
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Gk RskfPaKxageCIg. (ehAfa..ynY . Xunemog).Edl

(13).
45
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(14).
46
CMBUkTI.2
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(15).
(16).
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(17)
(18)..
47
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(19)
(20)
_(21)
(22)
48
CMBUkTI.2
katEs,klig: .enAkg sg:mdTeTotsuTE tq bBaagM [eXIjBIkarxitxM.(edaymindwgxn ).edIm,I[TTYl

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(23)
(24).
49
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50
CMBUkTI.2
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(26)
51
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52
CMBUkTI.2
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(27).
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53
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nUvFmEdlminneronenaeT.. KWRtvsURttamKm<IrsasaburaN..>.. enAfPaKxageCIgsasaEdleK
niymbMputsRmab[RBsgfIefageTsnaena...KWsasaeQa...GanisugbYt .(PasalIehAfa
bBVCanisg). .mann&yfa..kuslnkarbYs..>. .Km<IrenmanesckIniTan..EdlerobrabBIbuNkusld
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xn . >. .enbgHajyagc,asBTI nM akTnM grvagmay.. nigkUnRbs. >.. Km<rI enabBaaknvU GV.I EdlnekIteLIg
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(28).
(29).
54
CMBUkTI.2
en. . enn.. PikfIenaRtvcgCabedayFmvin&yTaMgLay.. EdlbBatcMeBabuK:lEdlnlbgecal

CIvPaBkg elakiy. >. .tamRbBNIrbsGk RskenAEmsaerog. .ngi RskdTeTotenAfPaKxageCIgen.
enn...PikfIenaRtvXuMxndacBIeKkgbnbeRkamviharryeBlbIf...bnabBIfbYsmk..>...kgkMlug
eBlen.. EdlfPaKxageCIgehAfa..rsenAkg km.(yUkm) .enn.. Pikf eI naRtveFVsmaFi
I . .nigqan
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& dtgw rwgu rbssg..>
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xn tamk,nc,abbru aN.. EdlmanEcgkg viny& bidk.. enCavinysRmabbKu l: EdlnlbgCvI PaBkg pv
elakiy. >
(30)
karlbgecalpvelakiy..nigkareRsacRsgelakiy
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Rbtibtivin&y...KWelIsBIkarEdlRtvevorcaknUvkarsmab..karPUtkuhk..karlYcbn...nigkaresBkam
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lTplnesckTI ku . .mni EmnekItecjEtBIGeM BITaMgLayEdlbg;[mankarQW. cabEpkragkay
nigpv citb eu NaeT.. EfmTaMgekItecjBIesckrI xM andlPaBrIkray.kg CIvti . .RBmTaMgekItecjBIkarEbk
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valvdsgar..EdleBareBjedayesckITuk. .sav&krbsRBBuTylc,asfaBYkeKRtvEtcakecj[
putBIRbPBntNHa. >.. tNHaekItecjBIesckIlemg.. Edlpl. pl[eTACacMNgRbRBwtnUv. .kiels
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RbsiTPaBbMputdlmnus.. kgkarlagCRmnUvesckIlemgTaMgGsenecjBIragkay..>
55
meFayenaKanGVIeRkABIvin&y. .Edlbeg;IteTACa..10..sikabTsRmabenn..RbNib&t. .nig. 227

sikabT...(PasalIehAfa...sikabT...PasafPaKxageCIg...nigPasasgdarrbsfehAfa...sikabut)
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I nwgsika bT.. viny
& encatTku famankMhs
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& epg@KWkMNt
edayKNsg..>. karBin&yenEckecjCabIkRmit.
(32)..
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manGabticMnYn.4. RbePTEdleFVI[sgRtvraCik. .(pwk). .dUecRtvbgM[cakecjBIvt. >. .sg

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lYcsmarmantm. .ehIyRtvRksYgmansmtSkci c abeFeIV TastamGVEI dlnRbRBwt. .RbsinebIRBsg
enasmabmnus. .RbsinebIRBsgenakuhkedayGYtxn famanGanuPaBdUcRBGrht..>.. eTasraCik
nImyY @.. KRW kdCaekItecjBI.raK. elaP. .eTas.. ngi emah..> . .kg cMeNamGabtTi aMg. 4.en.GabtTi .I 1
KWkarhammin[esBkam.. CaGabtFi n bM ptu . >.. GabtEi dlekItecjBIkaresBkam.. kr mY manenAkg Gabt.i 5
epgeTot...EdlcatTukkgcMeNamGabtiEdlFnbMput...EdltRmv[KNsgeFVICaGkkateTas
pg.. ngi CaGkTTYlxusRtvelIkardakTNkmpgEdr..(dUceneKehAfa. .sgaTiess. mann&yfa. .khM s
u
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TI. 2. >
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u mkBIkar
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sMxanbMputEdlbursminGacbYsCasgnrhUt..>...buEn...karswklacaksikabT...eRBasgenamin
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ryeBl..(karRbesIrbMputena.. yagehacNaseBlcUlvsaEdlmanryeBl..3.Ex). .ehIykgkMlugeBlbYsenanRbNibt& Fmvni y
& yagxabxn . .enn.. Pike nanwgTTYlnkareKarBsresIrBImnuskgRskxn.enAeBlswkmkvij. >
yuvCnEdlncMNayeBlevlamYyrybYsCasgena...eKcatTukfaCamnusEdlRkmuM@cg
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38).
56
CMBUkTI.2
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yuvCnEdlbYsCaenn.. Etminbnbs
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epg@enAfPaKxageCIg. >.. RbsinebI. ennenabnbs
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[sasnaEtbeu Na.EtkGacykeTAeRbIRskg kargarGtSbTepg@TakTgnwgeharasasevCsas
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racafn.. nsresrBIRbBNIrbsGkRskfPaKkNal.. EdlRsedogKanwgRbBNIrbsGkRsk
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sBVfen.. karsikaEbben.. esrI EtElgmantYnaTIsxM aneTAehIy. .enAkg sg:mfPaKxageCIg. .eday
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(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
57
karGbreM nAsalarden.. bg;[mankarbTg:ci yagxagM . .dleBlevlankarcUlbYsenAtamvt. >

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nkarcUlbYs. .EdlCaEpkmYyyagsMxanenAkgsg:mf.. nigkarFakcuexaynUvvin&y. >.. Pstagn
karFakcu en.. KmW anenAkg tYrelx.. EdlbgHajBIkarfycuncMnnY Pik. .ebIeFobeTAnwgcMnnY PaKrysrub
rbsyuvCn...KWfycuBI..60%..enAkgqaM..1927..eTA...23%..enAkgqaM..1970..ehIycMENkennvij...ebI
eFobeTAnwgcMnYnPaKrysrubrbsekgRbs. .KWfycuBI. 39%. enAkgqaM. 1927.. eTAdl. 17%. enAkg
qa.M 1970..> . karFakcu ncMnnY mnuscUlbYs. .KmW ni EmnsuTE tmancMnnY eRcIndUcKaenARKbtbM nT UTaMgRbeTsfenaeT..>.. enACnbTdacRsyalnPaKkNal.. ngi PaKsanRbeTsf.. bru sPaKeRcIn
enAEtylBPI aBtg : tmnkarcUlbYsCasgmYyrykalxeI n..> . karFakcu KYr[ktsm:alxa gM
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nRbeTsfPaKxageCIg. .km ankarFakcu cMnnY GkcUlbYspgEdr.. enCalTplpalnkarbTg:ci rvag
RbBNInkarcUlbYs. .nigtRmvkarkgsm&ybcb,nedIm,I[ekgcUleronenAsalard. >
bcb,n...karFakcuncMnYnGkcUlbYskgsasnakgcMeNamyuvCnenARbeTsf...qbBaaMg[
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(43)
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PasasgdarrbsfpgehAfa.ePt..(PasalI..nigsMs;wtehAfa.evs.mann&yfa.semkbMBak
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58
CMBUkTI.2
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: enaRtvEtdakcti dak
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(46)
(47)
59
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(48)
60
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(49)
61
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(50)
CMBUkTI 3
esovePAsika..karepImbeg;ItGkrsil,_lav
buraNCaRbFanbTsRmabsika
eday Peter Koret
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa. Books of Search: the Invention of
Traditional Lao literatures as a Subject of Study . .>
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBIesoveA... Lav... vb,Fm. nigsg:m
rkasiTi Ks 2000 edayRKwsSaneBum<sIulk_vmbuk
CHAPTER 3:
Books of Search:
The Invention of Traditional Lao literatures as a Subject of Study
Peter Koret
(Laos: Culture and Society)
Copyright 2000 by Silkworm Books,
bkERbeday..gYn.KwmlI
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(1)
66
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(2)
(3)
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67
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I RsedogKaenEdr..KBW EMu dl|famanbeRgnk,n
EtgniBnenATIenaeT..>. .x
MJ nniyayCamYynwgmnusCaeRcInnakEdlFabktcmg. nigniBnGkrsil,_
lav. .xJMseg;teXIjfaCaerOy@..BYkeKpalminGacBnlRbnBIk,nxatniBnEdlBYkeKeRbIRs
kgkarsresrenaeT..>
ehtuplKWsamBaNasfa.. ehtuG
IV nCaeKminbeRgnk,nEtgGkrsil,_enAkg vtGaram>..eKmin
beRgnk,nTaMgen..BIeRBaEtRbCaCnlavminnKitfa.. eKniBnGkrsil,_enATIenaeT..>. .erOgrbs
lavdeRcInsnwksnab..minfamanRbPBmkBINaeT.KWRtvEtgniBnCaCatk..EdlniTanGMBICIvitrbs
RBeBaFistV..>...RbCaCnlavCaFmtaKitfa...GVIEdlGkRCJsm&ybcb,nehAfaGkrsil,_lavena..KW
RKanEtCakarbkERb..EksRmlBIGtSbTxagelIEtbue Na..>. .eKcatTku erOgniTanBuTs
asnaTaMgGs
enfaCarbsBs
i di . .cEM NkGkrsil,_vji . mni nTTYlzanEbbeneT..>.. eKcatTku sil,Gkrsil,_
faminsMxan..ehIyEfmTaMgRbmafdlvtSBisidenaeTotpg..>..ebIGcwg..etIeKbeRgnk,nEtgkMNaB
dlGkNa?..eKminGaccglbgHaj[nc,aslasBI. RbPBsadlavPaKeRcInneT..>..manerOgtic
tYcNasEdlmaneQaGkniBn..ehIyerOgPaKeRcIn...CnCatilavEdlrsenAsBVfmindwgfavaekIt
taMgBIeBlNamkeT..>. .Rbkaren..nBRgwgCMenOTUeTArbsCnCatilavEdlKitfasaddBisdi TaM gen
.(5).
68
CMBUkTI 3
minGac..EsVgrkeXIjGkniBnEdlCamnusneT..>..kMEBgekttavug...CaGkRCJlavEdlnsika
enARskraMg. nniyayRbxBMJ eI sckCI TM asEdlKatFa bRbQmmuxCamYynwgRBsglav.. enAeBl
EdlKatEvkEjkfa..erOglavnImYy@manlkNsil,...minEmnmanlkNskisiTiEbbsasnaena
eT..>..eKemIleXIj..nigsg&yfa..viFIsasviPaKGkrsil,_rbsKat..hakdUcCakMBugEtbMBaneTAelI
GtSbTdBisidTaMgena..>.
eKminrMBwgfa...RBsgenAtamTIvtGaramniBnGkrsil,_eT..EteKKitfaRBsgcmgGtSbTTaMg
ena..>. .fa keronenAtamvteKbeRgnCaGkrkg bribTsasna..EdleKeRbIRsedIm,IktRtaerOg..>. eK
eronBIrebobcmg. edaymankarseg;trkGkEdlmanbTBiesaFxagCMnajen..>. enAeBlcmgenehIy
CadMNakkalsMxan. .EdleKeronBIkarsresrGkr.. nigkanEdkcar.. ehIydMeNIrnKMnitcRbtidk
ecEtekItmanCabnbnabEdr..>...karRsavRCavrbsxJMnbgHaj[eXIjfa...enAkgeBlsresrcmg
GkcmgbgHaj[eXIjnUvcMeNdwgRbkbedayPaBvagvenAkgCMnaj...nigk,nniBnkMNaBlavEdl
BYkKatBuMFabEdlneronsURt[nRtwmRtvtamk,nxat..kecdwgxagEtgniBneneLIy. >.cMeN
dwgen...minEmnnmkBIkareronsURtk,nxatEtgkMNaBenAkgsalaeT...EtnmkBIbTBiesaFeFVI
kareRcInqa.M .edaykarrsenACabCamYynwgkMNaB.. EdlvanedIrtYnaTIya gsMxanenAkg CIvti RbcaMf
rbsBYkeK..>
TMenIbnIykmRbeTsLav..nigRbeTsfPaKsan...RBmTaMgkarpasbr
nig
karFakcuGnfynGkrsil,_buraN.
enAkMlgu stvtrTI. 20.. Gkrsil,_bru aNnFakcu exayyagxagM enARbeTslav..ngi RbeTsfEbk

san..>. .ktacm,gEdleFV[I Gkrsil,_Fa kGnfyKW. . bNalmkBIkarcuexayn}TBi lvb,Fm. .ngi
}TBi lneyayrbsvtGaram.. EdlbNalmkBIkarekgcMeNjxagneyayeTAelIRBsgeday.
k). rdaPilfenAPaKsan.. manbMNgcgbBal tMbnenaeTAkg rdf..ngi . x). edaysarclnabdivt
rNsireshaCatilav...(enolavhaksat)...eRkaymkKWrdaPilkumynIslavEdlTajyksasnaeTA
beRmIeKalbMNgbdivt. >
karbeg;tI sSab&nGbrrM denAstvtTI. 20.. neFV[I tYnaTIrbsvtGaramFakcu exay.. edaysarEt
karGbreM nAtamTIvtGaram.. RtvCMnsY edaykarGbrEM bbTMenIbedayyktamkmvFi sI ki arbsRbeTselak
xaglic. >..edaysarmUlehtuenehIy. .nCaCMnajRKwEdlcaMcsRmabkarGPirk. karsEmg. .nig
karelIktem;IgGkrsil,_. rYmTaMgcMeNdwgxagGkrburaN. .rebobktcmgCaedIm. . RtveKbMePcecal
ehIyGkrsil,_kkanEtXatqayeTA@..BICIvitRbcaMfrbsRbCaCn..>..eBlmun. .eKbeRgnGkrsil,_
EbbvIrkfarbslavdlssi .. EtenAstvtr_T.I .20.. eKbeRgnsis[cmgtamGtSbT..Gkrsil,_Edl
manRbPBmkBIf.. ngi GWrbu eTAvij. >..karcmgtamlkNvb,FmGrW bu . .kayCaRbPBmYydx<gx s
< enAk
g
sg:mTMenIb. >. .rI karTTYlykcMeNdwgxagvb,FmRbBNIvji . .RtveKmakgay.. ehIycatTku faCaGk
69
mankarGbrMTnexay.. nigmankRmitTab. >.

Gkrsil,_enARbeTsfPaKsan...mankarFakcuexayCagenARbeTslavedaysarEt
neyayrbsrdaPilcgeFVs
I mahrNkmtbM nenaeTAkg rdf..>.dbM gU .rdaPilf.. RbQmmuxnwg
karKMramkMEhgTamTarkankabtbM nPaKsanBIsN
M akBkY raMg. edaysarEttMbnensm,reTAeday
CnCatilavrsenA.. ehIyeRkaymkeTotRbQmmuxnwgkarlMkkg karbBal GtsBaaNfdlGk Rsk
enAtMbnena..>..edaysarmUlehtuenehIy. .eFV[I mankarKabsg;te TAelIGkrsil,_. .nigTMenomvb,Fm
EdlGkRsksanmanvb,FmdUcKanwgRbCaCnlavEdlenACitxag..>..kmviFIsikaenAtamsalaeron
rwtEteFVI[GkRskTaMgenaXatqayEfmeTotBITMenomTmabRbBNIrbsxnedayeKbeRgnEtRbvti
sas. . Pasa.. ngi vb,FmrbsfPaKkNalEtbue Na..>. enAxNEdlmankarRRs&yTakTgKakan
EteRcIneLIg@.. rvag.Gk RskenAPaKsan..nigGkRskenAtMbndTeTotnRbeTs..eBlenaeFV[I man
karTTYlykvb,FmfkanEteRcIneLIg@..sRmabCatRmvkardcaMcceM BaGkEdlcgTTYlneCaKC&y
nigCabuK:lEdlTTYlkareKarBenAkgsg:mfTMenIb. >
beckviTaTMenIbkmancMENkkg karkatbnSynUvsarsMxanrbsGkrsil,_buraNpgEdr..>. RbB&n
pBVpayTMenIbdUcCa..viT...ExPaByn..nig..TUrTsn_npBVpayvb,Fmf...nigGWrub..ehIynmk
CMnYstYnaTIrbskMNaBEbbvIrkfalav...EdlCaRbPBnkarkman..>..Gkrsil,_lavEdlCaTMenom
TmabmYyminenAnwgf;l. .kv vi tedIm,IeqyI tbeTAnwgtRmvkarpasbr rbsTsnikCnpgEdr..>. .tnIkman
mYyEbbEdlsBVfeKs:aleQafa.. emALaM. (Mau Lam). mankarvivtyagxaMgenAkMlugstvtTI.

20..> emALaM...ekIteLIgBIsadGkrsil,_lavsuTsaF...EdlsEmgGmCamYyePg...edaymansUr
esogtamrebobceRmgburaN..>...GsryeBlCaeRcInqaM.....emALaMnTTYl}TiBlBIRbB&npBVpay
fkanEtxaMgeLIg@...CaBiessBIePgCnbTmagEdl.maneQafa.lukFug...(Luk Thung)..>..enAkgkar
sEmg.emA.LaM.enAryeBlRbmaNBIrbI. TsvtcugeRkayen.. sadGkrsil,_bru aN.. RtvCMns
Y eday
erOgniTanEbbTMenIb.EdlmankareRbIvaksBfkanEteRcIneLIgCalMdab. >..
edaysarEtmankarbeg;tI eragBumC< aeRcInenARbeTslav.. ngi enARbeTsfPaKsan.. .karcmg
erOgdakelIsasaskw rwtKWElgmaneTotehIy. >.. edaysarkareBumm< an}TBi leTAelIrebobEfrka
B&tman.rebobEckcay..nigrebobeRbIRs. dUecehIy. .kareBum<kcabepImman}TiBlyagxaMgTaMg
eTAelIxwmsar..nigTaMgkareRbIRsGkrsil,_enAkgsg:m. >.. TMenomTmabnkarEtgniBnGkrsil,_
KWGaRs&yelIsmarEdleKeRbIRsedIm,IktRtava.. ehIyenAeBlEdlsmarenQbmansarsMxan
enAkgsg:mlaveTotehIyena...Gkrsil,_RtvbgMcitEkERb...edIm,IeqIytbeTA..nigtRmvkarpasbr
rbsGkGan..>.
(6)..
beckviTaeBum<...nigplbBaleTAelIGkrsil,_lavburaN
edIm,Ipl
n vU TsnKMnti TMenIbcMeBaGkrsil,_bru aN.. . CakarcaMcRtvBinti emIl[nlmti BIdeM NIr
70
CMBUkTI 3
vivtnbeckviTaeBum<enARbeTslav..>...edImeLIy...eKeRbIRskareBum<kgbMNgbeg;InRbsiT
PaBtYnaTICaRbBNIrbsGkrsil,_. .EteRkaymkkareBum<npasbrGkrsil,_. . nigxwmsarerOg
rbsvabnci mg@..>.. enAEpkxageRkamen..eyIgEckplbBalrbsRbB&ne Bump< BVpay.. Edlman
eTAelIGkrsil,_Ca.bRI bePT.. .karEksRmlGkrsil,_edIm,IrkanUvtYnaTIRbBNIrbsvaenAkg sg:m
EdlkMBgu pasbr yagqabrh&s. . karGPirkGkrsil,_sRmabmnusCMnan. eRkayehIynwgkarERbkay
Gkrsil,_[eTACaRbFanbTsRmabkarsikaRsavRCav..>
kareBumG< krsil,_lavdMbgU bgsP aKeRcIncUlkg RbePTTI.1. >.. cabtaMgBIcgu Tsvtqa.M 1930
eragBume< nAPaKsanRbeTsf.. ngi enARkggkkneBum.< .nigEckcayGtSbTerOgGkrsil,_lav
kg tmyagefak..>. kareFVdI cU en.. manRbCaRbiyPaByagxagM cabBTI svtr_qa .M 1940..dledImTsvtr_
qaM.1960..>..eragBum<TaMgenplnUvGtSRbeyaCn_dsMxanmYyRtgfa...eKGacEckcayGtSbTGkrsil,_
tammeFaymYygayRslCagsm&ymun. .>. edaysarGtSbTerOgTaMgLaysresrCaGkrf.. .deU c
eFVI[erOgGkrsil,_buraNen...GacRCtRCabneTAkgRsTabRbCaCnEdlniyayPasalavrsenA
tMbnsan...EdlminneronGkrlavburaNenAtamsalard..>..eTabImanPaBxusEbkKaxagrebob
cgRkgkeday...sadGkrsil,_EdleBum<eLIg...KWmanbMNgedIrtYnaTIenAkgsg:mRsedogKanwg
kMNaB...EdlsresrenAelIsasaswkrwtEdr..>..dUcKanwgsadGkrsil,_buraNEdr.kareBum<
kMNaBCaTUeTAminEmnedIm,IGansat@eT.. EtsRmabsURtenAcMeBamuxTsnikCn..>.. eKeRbIvaCaCMnYy
sRmabGksEmg. .emALaM. nigsRmabRBsgeRbIRskgkarsURtmn. >..
karseg;teTAelIGk niBnds
xM anmy
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[eXIjnUvPaBRsedogKayagxagM eTAnwgGkktRtaGkrsil,_lavkalBIbru aN..>. .PvI PIn. nTTYlkar
GbrenAvt
M
. .enATIenaKatnTTYlcMeNdwg. ngi elIktem;gI RbBNIGkrsil,_lav..>. .KnM ti TaMgLay
EdlbgHajenAkg karniBnrbsKatKRW sedogKanwgKMnti rbsGk ktRtaGkrsil,_lavCMnanmnu @Edr..>
enAkg Gkrsil,_. lavburaN.. (kdcU KanwgRbBNIsR tkMNaBpalmatEdr). .KWKa nKMnti eRbIeQaGkniBn
EtmaksRmaberOgNamYyenaeT>.dUcKaenEdr.tamryGtSn&yenAkgesckIepImrbs. Ny.. PIvPIn.
nigGtSbTrbselakpal...eKGacemIleXIjfaelakKanbMNgsresr..GGagfa...xnelakCaGk
sresrerOgeRBg.. edImdMbgU eT>.. bEu n. .RKanEtmanemaTn.PaBcMeBacMeNdwgrbselakcMeBasad
RbBNIdBs
i di T aMgen.. nigsmtSPaBrbselakkg karEklmsa dTaMgen..>..kRmit. .nigEbbbTEdl
KateFVIkarEksRmlenAkgsacerOgrbsKat. hakdUcCasuIsgVakKanwgTMenomTmabnkarktRtacmg
BIburaNEdr. >. enAkgGkrsil,_buraN.. GkniBnsadmYyCaFmta.. esIsUm[GkGanrbsxneRbIGs
lTPaBCYybEnSmbnSydlGtSbTrbsxn . >.. sN
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EdlRtveKEksRml. .nigcmgbnCabrhUtmk.. .ema ehIyvaminsUvmann&yeT.. enAeBlEdlsacerOg
RtveKeBume< lIRkdas..edayminGacEkkun. Efmfyn..>. buE neTabIyagkeday..Ny..PvI PInmin
manbMNgebgecalnUvTMenomTmabeneT.. .KatnbBal
vK:my
Y yagEvg.. (vK:my
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71
karniBnrbsKatpal). edayGnuBaat[GkGanTaMgLayCYyEklmGtSbTrbsKat. >.. KatBayamEk

ERbTMenomTmaben[smRsbCamYynwgmeFayf.I .edaysUm[GkGanrbsKatepJkMI ENrbseKmk
[KattamrysMbuRt..>..
beckviTaeBum.< kCyY eFV[I Gkrsil,_enAEtmanTMnakTnM genAkg bribTsasnapgEdr..>.Rkmhnu
mYyenARkggkkenAeBlbcb,n...eBum<erOglavburaNCaGkrfenAelIsasaswkrwt.npBV
paynUvsadTaMgenfa..sks
i mCaeRKgbUCacMeBasasna..>. .vtGarammYyenAkg ext. .suvNExtrbs
lav.nyksmuc&yEdl.CaRbePTKm<Ircas@CaeRcInrbsxn...edIm,IbrykplitplTMenIbTaMgen..>
. .ceM BaRBsgenAvtena.. EdleRbIRsCaRbcaMnvU erOgCatklavenAkg kareTsna. RBGg:yleXIj
fabeckviTafImansarRbeyaCn_Rtgfa.. vaCYybeg;InRbsiTPaBGkrsil,_kgkarbMeBjtYnaTItamEbb
RbBNI..>..kbuEn..cMeBaCnCatifEdleFVICMnYjsasaTaMgGsenvij...BYkeKmincabGarmN_nwgPaB
gayRsleRbIRsenaeT...edayehtufa...BYkeKekItenAkgCMnanmYy.EdlGkrsil,_ElgmannaTI
sMxaneTotehIy. >.sadcMNas@TaMgenmantmsRmabEtGkEdlsnMvtSburaNEtbueNa..>..
enAkMlgu BakkNalstvtTI.20.karrIksaynbeckviTaenARbeTslav.. mansn yWtCagenA
PaKsanRbeTsfEdlenACitxag..>.eTabICaenARbeTslavmankareBum<ksarEdlmankal
briecTtaMgBITsvtr_qa .M 1920..keday.. kkaEstCaPasalavdMbgU bgs. .EdleKeBume< TogTat. .eTIb
EtcabepmI enAmunsg:amelakelIkTI. 2.Etbnci bue Na..>. kg kMlgu Tsvtr_qa.M .1940. enARbeTslav
kareBume< nAmankRmitmUldanenAeLIy. >.. deU cehIy. .karktcmgGkrsil,_elIsasaskw rwt. .enA
EtmanskmPaBTUlTM lU ayenAeLIy. .eRkayeBlEdlenAPaKsanRbeTsf..ElgmanskmPaBCayU
rNasmkehIy. .>.. enAkMlugTsvtr_qaM.1930..nig1940..vaKWCaerOgFmta.. EdlRBsgenA.. evogcn
ykGtSbTkMNaBerOgeRBglav...EdleKeBum<enARbeTsf...ehIycmgkMNaBeneLIgvijdak
sasaskw rwtedIm,IeFVkI arEckcay..> . TahrN_sasaerOg.. NgGUra PIm. .edayminxVlG BM kI arpasbr
meFaycmg...GkktcmgnpayBaNiCkmGYtBIsacerOgdKYr[CkcitditGarmN_Edlnwgecj
payelIkeRkaysMu[GkGanCaverOgen. >
kareRbIRsmeFaypBVpayedaykareBumk< g eKalbMNgsMxanT.I 2.. KkW arGPirkGkrsil,_sRmabmnusCMnaneRkay@..>...kareBum<sadTaMgLayEdlsSitenAkgeKalbMNgen...n
bgHajnUvkarXatcakBIGtItkal..>. .taMgBIedImeLIy. . eKbeg;tI Gkrsil,_laveLIg. .KeW dIm,Ieqy
I tbeTA
nwgtRmvkarnGkGan..>. eRKgCMrujdsMxan[mankareBum<sadGkrsil,_lavdMbUgenARbeTsf
KWerOgesdkci . .ehIyeCaKC&yrbseragBumK< GW aRs&yeTAelIfaetI. Gkrsil,_enGacEksRmlnkRmit
NaedIm,Irka[nnUvRbCaRbiyPaBrbsva..>. .bEu npy
eTAvij.ehtuplenABIeRkaykarGPirkenKWeK
eCOfatYnaTIsg:mrbsGkrsil,_kBM gu Fakcu yagxagM dlcN
M cu mYyEdlGkrsil,_ngw rlaysabsUn
RbsinebImni mankarRbwgERbgEfrkavaeTena. >.. deU cehIy. . CaCageBumG< krsil,_eLIg. .edaysar
EtvaedIrtYnaTIenAkgsg:m. .eKeBum<va.. eRBaEtvaminmantYnaTIenAkgsg:mEtva. mantm. smnwg
(7)
(8)
72
CMBUkTI 3
TTYlkareRsacRsg..>..}srCndsMxanBIrrUb..EdlGPirkGkrsil,_lavburaNKW..RBGarIyanUvat..
(Phra Ariyanuwat) nig.RBIqa..BInefag.(Pricha Phinthaung) EdlGkTaMgBIrrUbmanedImkMeNItenAext
PaKsan..>..elakTaMgBIr...nTTYlcMeNdwgGkrsil,_RbBNItamrykareronsURtenAvtGaram
RsedogKa..nigGkepgeTotEdlRbLkenAkgvis&yeBum<en.Edr..>..GtSbTcmgmYycMnYnrbsBYk
Kat. sresreLIgtaMgBITsvtr_qaM. 1950..em. .EtsadPaKeRcInrbsBYkKateFVIeLIgBIcugTsvtr_qaM
1960..dlTsvtr_qaM...1980..>..edaysarsadrbselakminmanPaBTakTajcMeBatRmvkarTIpar
dUecehIyKeRmagkargarrbsBkY KatRtvBwgEpkeTAelImlU niFi btSm kCn. .EdlmanRbPBmkBItMbn
EdlenAeRkAextPaKsan..nigenAkgRbeTsfpal. >
lTplsMxanTbI I nkareRbIRsbeckviTaeBum.< .KkW arbeg;tI Gkrsil,_CaRbFanbTsRmabkar
sikaRsavRCav..>.. edaysarRbsiTPaBkgkarrka..nigpBVpayB&tman..meFaypBVpaytamry
kareBum.< .nRtsasaypv sRmabkarsikaRtiriBicarNaEdlRbEhlCaeFVeI TAminrYceT.RbsinebI
cMeNdwgTaMgLayRbmUlpEM tenAelIsasaEdlcmgedaydenArayyBaseBjkg tMbndF eM Fg..>
RsedogKanwgGkEdlmankarBakB&nkgvis&yeBum<Gkrsil,_lavenAkgRbePTTaMgBIrxagelIEdr
GkRCJGkrsasBImun...KWmnusRbsEdlmanTMnakTMngCamYynwgvtGaram..>..BYkeKPaKeRcInman
CMnajxagkarsR t..ngi niBnkN
M aBlav.. >. py
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TgnwgRbFanbTTaMgen..KsW tiS enAdacecjBIRbBNIGkrsil,_. .nigbrisaS nEdlbeg;tI Gkrsil,_ena..>
yagNamij. .eyIgseg;teXIjfa.. mansICaeRcInEdlkayCaGkRCJGkrsas. >.. kalBIedImGkr
sil,_lav.. CaTUeTA.. EtgniBn. .cmg. nigsEmgedaymnusRbsEtbueNa.. edayehtufa.. karGbrMxag
EpkGkrsas. KWeFVIeLIgenAtamTIvtGaram.. >.. eKcatfa.. vaCaerOgminsmrmsRmabsI. .sUm,IEtkar
bBalKm<IrTaMgena...keFVIGVImYyelIsBItYnaTICaGkeKarBRbtibti..>..KYrktsm:alfa....kgcMeNamGk
sikaRsavRCavenARbeTsf..niglavEdlnsikaelIGkrsil,_lav...ehIyEpkkarRsavRCav
eTAelIGkrsil,_EdlktRtaenAelIsasa...esIrEtTaMgGsKWCamnusRbs...EdlmancMeNdwgxag
GkrburaN.. >.. py
eTAvij. .Gk sikaRsavRCavCasPI aKeRcIneRbIRsRbPBksareBum.< .Edlcmg
ERb.. (ecjBIPasamYy). eTACaGkrkgPasaepgeTot..>..
eKemIleXIjfa.. PaBxusKaxagTsnrvagGkRCJCanxs
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buraN.. enARtgkarTieTonEdlGkRCJfEtgeFVeI LIg. .TakTgeTAnwgkarcmgrbs. .RBGarIyanvU at. .ngi
RBIqa.PInefag..>..TegVIenRsedogKanwgGkktcmgGkrsil,_BImun@Edr..KWGkTaMgBIrrUbenmanTMenar
eTArkkarEksRmlsadGkrsil,_kgeBlEdlKatcmg. >.. edaysarGkTaMgBIrmanCMnajxagEtg
niBn...dUecehIyBYkKatEksRmlyageRcIn..>..dUceyIgneXIjrYcmkehIykarEksRmlkgeBl
cmgena..KYr[ekatsresIr. .enAkg RbBNInkarEtgniBnGkrsil,_lav.. BIeRBaEtTegVeI n.. Cy
Y eFVI
[Gkrsil,_GacbMeBjtYnaTIkg sg:mRbesIrCagmun. .CaRbPBnkarGbrpM g..ngi karkmansb,aypg..>
buE nGkRCJfmanTsnepgcMeBaGVEdlGacTTY
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lyknBIkarktcmg. >..ebIeTabICaeKylfa.. tam
73
RbBNI. .Gkrsil,_lavGacEksRmlxmw sarnkeday.. ke nAkg RksEPkrbsGk RCJGkrsas

sm&yTMenIb. .karEkERbGtSbTmYyenAeBlkMBgu cmgena.. KCW akarlubbMtnvU xmw saredImrbsGtSbT.
.deU cehIyeFV[I vatbgtmkg namCaRbPBnkarsika..>. ema ehIyminRtwmEtminekatsresIrcMeBa
Tsn...nigviFIsasnkarktcmgxusKabueNaeT....GkRCJGkrsasfCaeRcInrUb...EbrCaemIl
gaycMeBaGkktcmgEdlnEksRmlxmw sarGkrsil,_TaMgen.. faCakarbgHaj[eXIjBIcMeNdwg
xtexay..ngi minmancMeNviCa RsbtammaRtdan..(sgd ar).[nRtwmRtv. > . }riyabfen..eBlx
ktRmgeTArkGkktcmgTaMgBIrrUbenxagelIenpgEdr>.. edayRBmTTYlnUvkarriKn. .RBmTaMgTTYl
s:alnUvlkNsgdarTMenIbTaMgen...RBGarIyanUvat...nigRBInqa..PInefag..kmankarsakesIrkgkar
beBajnUvsasaTaMgLay.. EdlBYkKatncmg. .kRBmTTYlfaBYkKatmankMhs
u kg karRbkanTMenom
TmabBIburaN..>.. .buEn. .FatuBitenAkgRbBNICakEsg. .BYkeKenAEtbneRbIRssmtSPaBxagsil,
rbsxn. .edIm,IelIktem;IgerOgTaMgena[enAKgvg..>..
(9)
karcabepImykGkrsil,_lavburaNeFVICaRbFanbTsika..sadrbs
sila..vIrvg
sila.vIrvg..KWCaGkRCJsm&yTMenIbmuneKbgs..nigCaGkman}TiBlCaTIbMputxagEpkGkrsas
lav..>....taMgBITsvtr_qa..M1930..dledImTsvtr_qaM.1970..KatneBum<sadCaeRcInGMBI...Gkr
sil,_. .Pasa.. Rbvtisas. nigTMenomTmabsasnarbslav. .ehtuenehIy. .CMruj[vb,FmburaNkay
CaRbFanbTsRmabkarsikaRsavRCav.. >.. edIm,IeFVI[RbCaCnlavyldwgGMBIekrmrtkvb,Fm. .nigRbvtisasrbsxn...sila...mantYnaTIyagsMxankgkarbgHajpv...faetIGtItkalnplrUbragyagdUc
emc
eTA[bcb ,nkal..>.. TnM akTnM gbcb ,nEdlsilamancMeBakarsikaelIGkrsasrbsKat. .(nigkar
sikavb,FmTUeTA)..KWmansegbenAkgesckIepImnsadrbsKateQafa...paneyat..xg..vanxaDI
(RbeyaCn_nGkrsas).. enAsm&ybcb
,n. GkrsasmansarsMxanya gxagM . .BIeRBavaCYyRTRTg
vb,FmCati. nigCanimitrUbn.. xVamqalWn.. (PaBcMerInrugerOg). rbsCati. (1996.. 2). >.. enAkgsad
sIBIviFIEtgkaBEdlniBneLIgkgsm&yGaNaniKmraMg..KatnsresrbEnSmfa..RbsinebI
GkrsasKWCasBaan..xVamqalWn..rbsmnusCati. .Gcwg....RkgevogcnkalBIenAmankraCPaB
enAeLIyKWCakEngmYyEdlman.xVamqalW. mincajTRI kgdTeTot.. EdlenAsm&ykaldUcKa..(sila
vIrvg1993.g..).> . .deU c. edIm,IdakbBal
karRsav.RCavGkrsasrbssl
i aeTAkg Tsnvisy
&
my
Y c,aslas. eKRtvylGBM TI nM akTnM grbsGkrsasCamYynwgtYnaTIrbsvaCanimti r bU nxVamqalWn.
. .rbsCatilav..>.
(10)
(11)..
karsikaelIGkrsil,_lavburaN...nigneyaynvb,Fmlav-f
dUcnBnlrcY mkehIyenAkg saddMbgU eKrbssli a.. .eKalbMNgsMxannkarsikaGkrsil,_lav
74
CMBUkTI 3
buraNenARbeTslav.. nigenARbeTsfnastvtTI.20.. KWCakarkMNtRBMEdnRbvtisas. .nigvb,Fm

.rvagCnCatilav.. nigf..>.. dUecehIy. .eKalerOgEdlbg;benAkgkarsikaRsavRCavrbslavnigf..
cabBITsvtr_qaM.1930.rhUtmkdlbcb,n...KWCakartsUedIm,IGGageFVICamaskmsiTielInimitrUb
TaMgLay.. EdlGaceRbIRsedIm,IbkRsayKMnti bcb ,nceM BaGtItkal. >.. enAkg bribTenehIyEdl
eKGacesIcsresIrBIGtSn&y. .EdlbBaakenAkgBaksmIxagelIrbssila.. EdlfaRkgevogcnrbs
lavkalBIGtItkal.. minRKanEtmanKuNsm,ti. .xVamqalWn. .bueNaeT.. .kbuEnkRmitnPaBrIkceRmIn
enkmincajRkgdTeTotEdlenAsm&ykaldUcKa. >. .fVIebIenAsm&ybcb,n. .RbeTsTaMgBIrmanPaB
xusEbkKaTaMgTMhM. .nigGMNackeday. . kkalBIGtItRbCaCatiTaMgBIrenmankRmitesIKa. >. .xNEdl
karbeg;ItGtsBaaNlavCamUldansMxansRmabkarbeg;ItCatilavsm&ybcb,n....eyIgeXIjfakar
bdiesFnUvGtsBaaNlav.. KWdUcKaeTAnwgkarrYmbBaledIm,Ibeg;Itrdfbcb,nEdr..>.. dUecehIy. .eK
GaccatTku nfa.. karcabepmI ykGkrsil,_lavCaRbPBedIm,Iski a.. KCW aEpknkartsUd xa gM ka. .edIm,I
kMNt[nRtwmRtvnUvGtsBaaNlav.. EdlxusEbkBIGtsBaaNf..>. .enAkg karsikaGkrsil,_lav
deRCARCmYy. .eFVeI nARbeTslav..KCW animti r bU n..xaV mqalWn.EdlelIktem;gI rdlav[rugerOg..>. .cEM Nk
enARbeTsfvij. .RbBNIdcU KaendMbgU eLIyRtveKKabsg;t. .edaymankarP&yxacfa.. vaCakarelIk
tem;gI nUvkraCrbsGtsBaaNlav..ehIycugeRkaybMptu RtveKeRCIserIsedIm,IbgHajnUvvb,FmcRm
rbsf. > . ceM BaCnCatilav.. .eQaEdlRtwmRtvsRmabGkrsasK.W .Gkrsaslav. .mrtk
Gkrsaslav.. .GkrsaslavEdlbeg;tI eLIgkg sm&y.Lanqag..>. .cEM NkenAkg karsika
BIfvij...eKehAfaCaGkrsasrbs..fPaKsan..eRtIyTenemKg:...k.Lan.qagPaK
san..> GkrEdlmanmunGkrlavbcb,n...(eRbIsRmabktRtaGkrsasPaKeRcIn)...enAkg
ceg;amGksika.. eKs:alfaCaGkrlavEdlbeg;tI enAkg RbeTslav. >.. .cEM NkenAkg karsikaBIedIm
kMeNItfvij.eKehAGkrdUcKaenfaCa.. fNy.(ftUc). > .cMeBaCnCatilav.. . Gkrfrbsesc.
ramkMEhg. .sm&ysuexaT&y. .KmW anmUldanmkBIGkr..lav..>.. cMENkenAkg karsikaGMBI fvij. Gkr
ftUc..vivtecjmkBIGkrf..> enAkgkarsikaRsavRCavEdleFVIeLIgedayCnCatilav.eKcat
TukRbBNInkarniBnGkrsil,_CaPst agneTBekaslrbsRbCaCatilavburaN. .edayTTYl}TBi l
breTstictYc. .KanesaeTAelIRbPB.. kxmw sarrbsva..>. .ceM BaCnCatifvij. .RbBNInkarniBn
Gkrsil,_. .KWeKnxI. .edaymankarEkERbbnicbnc..BIGkrsil,_eQog.m.>
(12)
(13)
(14).
(15).
(16)..
qakCIvit..nigGaCIBrbssila.vIrvg
karsikaGMBCI vI ti rbssli a.. (manTMnas. .ngi PaBpy KaCaeRcIn). .nbgHajBIkarbun bgpacf..ngi laveTA
CaGtsBaaNCatiBIredayELkBIKa. EtCanicCakalminGackatpac[nc,aslasenaeT.. >. cMeBa
bursmakEdlTTYlkareKarBBIGkpgTaMgBYgenAkgRbeTslavbcb,n. .faCaCneshaCatilavKYrkt
sm:alfasilamankMeNIt. .nigTTYlkarbIcciBawmenAPaKsanRbeTsf.. EdlenATIena. .Katn
75
TTYlkarGbrtamp
M v sasna.. ngi TTYlkarbtSmB RI Bmhasemc. .vrI avg.. (minEmnCasacjati). .EdlCa
GnuKuNsgenAextPaKsan..>.. tamrytYnaTI. .KatnnaMykRbB&nGbrMfEdlmanlkNsgdar
cUlmkkanPaKsanf.. EdlRbB&nG breM nnedIrtYnaTIyagsMxanenAkg karbBal
tMbnenaeTAkg
rdf..> . .enAkg CIvRbvtmi rNpv karmYyEdleBume< nARbeTslavkg qa.M .1990.. karerobrabGMBI
CIvitkumarPaBrbssilaenARbeTsf.. RtvneKeRbIedIm,IelIkBIKuNsm,tiCatiniymrbsKat. >..eK
BiBNnalkNsm,tirbsKatdUcteTA..silaCamnusmak. .RslajQamC&rlav..(EdlhUrtamsr
sQamrbsKat).. (GYsniu . .1990..39-40). >..cabtaMgBIvy
& ekgem . KatescI sresIrcMeBa}srCn
Rbvts
i aslaveQa..ecA..Ganu. .CaescmYyGg:EdlbraC&ykg cMgM rMedaRkgevogcn. .ngi tMbnCti xag
dTeTot. .ecjBIkarRKbRKgrbsfenAedImstvtTI.19..>. CaGkKaMRTkarpacxn ntMbnsanecj
BIrdf.. . karGakGncitrbsKatcMeBaf.. ekItmaneLIgkgkMlugeBlEdlKatbYsCasgenAgkk
EdlenATIenaKatCYbRbTnUvkarerIseGIgCatisasn_cMeBaRbCaCnlavenAsan...BIsMNakRbCaCn
fPaKkNal..> ..buEn...fVIebIGksresrGMBICIvRbvti...sg;tFnBIGtsBaaNrbssilafaCaCnCati
lav. .nigCaGkmancitRbqaMgnwgfyagNakeday..kGVIEdlbgHaj[eXIjc,asenAkgsadena. .KWCa
GVIEdlKatrkaTMnakTMngyagCitsiTCamYyRbeTsfeBjmYyCIvitrbsKat>. .enAbunanqaMeRkaykar
eTArsenAevogcn...KatnQreQaCaebkCntMNagras...(edayminneCaKC&y)..enAkgRbeTs
TaMgBIr . RBmTaMgnTTYlsVaKmn_smaCiksPafEdlneTATsnkice nARkgevogcn. >..enAeBl
EdlGaCJaFrraMgenARbeTslavEsVgrkcabxn Kat. .edaysarEtskmPaBneyayrbsKat. . Kat
nePosxn eTARbeTsf.. enATIenaKatbeRmIkarenAkg Epk. Gkrsassan.rbsbNal&yCati
f...rhUtdlRbeTslavnTTYlkraC..>...karRsavRCavGkrsasrbsKat...PaKeRcInKWeFVI...nig
eBumenARbeTsf.
<
.>..RbFanbTEdlKatsikandakeQafa.. lav..enAeBlEdlsadenaeBum<
enARbeTslav..>. .
cMENkRbeTsfvij. . KatsresrGMBGI krsil,_rbs. RbCaCnfenAPaKsan..nigviFEI tg
kaBrbs..RbCaCnfenAevogcn..> ..minmanGVIKYr[PJakepIleTenAeBlEdlGtSbTeBum<Ca
PasafrbsKat. .RtveKeBume< LIgvijenAkg CIvRbvtri bsKat. . .sl
i aeRbIBakedImfa.. f.. ceM Ba
RbCaCnenAPaKsan..ngi RbCaCnlav.. kb Eu nRtveK..EktRmv..eTACa..lav.. vji . > . .RBwtki arN_
dsMxanmYy...enAkgkarsikaGkrsaslavenAstvtTI.20...KWsila...rkeXIj...sadknGkr
sil,_lavmYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa..
. >. .sarsMxannkarrkeXIjen.. RtveKBiBNnaenAkgesckIepImnCIvRbvtirbssiladUcteTAen...
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
favhug...faveqag
(mhasila)..nRbkas[BiPBelakdwgGMBP
I aBGsar.(rbssa dGkrsil,_erOg.favhug.faveqag)>
ehIyGVIEdlsMxanbMputena..KWCakarRbkas..(bEnSm).rbsKatEdlfa...vIrkfaen...niBneLIgeday
GkniBnlavmakenAkgRBraCaNacRkLan..qag.enmann&yfa...(BaksmIrbsmhasila)..KWCakar
RbkasCaRbvtis
as...GMBP
I aBCamaskmsT
i ri bsRbCaCnlav...cMeBasadGkrsil,_dG
saren.>
(GYsuin..1990..17)
76
CMBUkTI 3
PaBCamaskmsTi i .rbslavcMeBasaderOg..favhug. .faveqag.. en.. TTYlnsarsMxanbEnSm

eTotenARtgfa...sadkenRtveK..rkeXIj...enAkgbnbtm;lksarEdlmkBIPaKsanrbs
bNal&yCatienARkggkk..>...kEngrkeXIjenKWCanimitrUbyagBiess...edayCnCatilaveCOfa
sasaTaMgLayEdlrkaenATIen..rYmmansadEdlykmkBIlav.. enAeBlEdlkgT&BfkemcRkg
evogcnkalBIedImstvtTI.19..>.
bnabBIKatmkdlRkgevogcnmYyryxI. . .silankayCaelxapalrbs.ePtsarat. rtnavg
CaRBGg:ma smy
Y Gg:EdlnwgRtvkayCa}srCnQanmuxkg clnaRbCaCnlavedIm,IkraC..>. .RBGg:
masePtsaratedIrtYnaTIyagsMxan...kgkarbeg;ItGtsBaaNCatilav...tamrykarbeg;IteLIgvijnUv
cMNabGarmNe_ TAelIRbvtsas
i . .ngi vb,FmrbslavenATsvtqa.M 1930.>. karRsavRCav.. ngi karRbmUl
sasarbssl
i aPaKeRcInenAlav.. RbRBwte TAenAkg kMlgu eBlen.. eRkamkarCYyeRCamERCgBIRBGg:
maseng..>. .buE n. .eTabICamankarCYyKaMRTBIRBGg:ma sePtsaratk e day.. ks
li aminGacman}TBi l
edaygay@eTAelIsg:mlavenAevogcnneLIy. >.. kg namCaGkbeg;tI . .nigKaMRTKMnti Catiny
i mlavd
ekvka. . Katmankarxkcitd F mM y
Y enAkg GaCIBrbsKat. .KmW ni man}TBi l.. nigGMNackg karseRmc. .enA
kgKNkmaFikarGkrsasepg@rbslav...EdlKatenAbeRmIkargarena..>...kgnamCaCnCatilav
EdlekItenAfPaKsan.. mni faKatmancMeNdwgEpkvb,FmlaveRCARCyagNakeday.. kBak
smI
rbsKatminman}TiBlesInwigBaksmIrbsBYkvrCnlav.. EdlnsikaenARbeTsraMg. >
buEn...karcMGkdxaMgbMputenAkgGaCIBrbssila...RbEhlmkBIkRmitnkarGbrM...nigFMFatenA
RbeTsf...C}TiBleTAelIkickarRsavRCavrbsKat...ehtudUecehIyvaeFVI[bBaleTAdlTsn
bcb,nrbslavcMeBaGkrsasrbsxn. >. .cMNucexaydsMxanmYyrbssilaenAkgkarsikaelI
Gkrsas. .KWkarTTYlykTaMgRsgnUvkarRsavRCavrbsfmun@..EdlykkMNaBrbsRBraCvaMgf
mkeFVICamUldansRmabviPaKelIGkrsil,_lav..>...silaman}TiBleTAelIkarEtgniBnkMNaBEbb
buraNkgsm&ybcb,npg.. RBmTaMgkarbkRsayeTAelIsadkMNaBburaN. .edaykarTTUcfa.. Gkr
sil,_laveKarBeTAtamsgd arrnkarniBnkN
M aBf..ehIykarvaytmelIsa dGkrsil,_. .k llk
edIm,IbMeBjeTAtamsgdarrenEdr..>..
karsikarbssilaeTAelIviFIsasEtgkaBlav
eTabICasilaeFVkI ci k arRsavRCaveTAelIRbFanbTCaeRcInkeday.. EtKatmanekre# Qal,IbpM tu xagEpk

sikaGkrsil,_..>...silaneFVIkarRsavRCaveTAelIGkrsil,_lavGsryeBlCag.10..qaM...TaMgenA
RbeTslav.. ngi enAbNal&yCatifenARkggkk..>.. enAkg esckeI pmI nkarsikadMbgU rbsKateTA
elIviFIEtgkaBlav.. .sl
i ansresrdUecfa
xJMminEmndakbBalKanUvk,nxatepg@nkarEtgniBn...EdlmanenAkgesovePAenedayminnEpk
eTAelIRbPBc,aslasenaeT..>..xJMnerobcMk,nxatTaMgLay...edayEpkeTAelIkarseg;trbsxJM
77
eTAelIesovePAdUcteTAen...Ebb..kab..san..viLasinI/...fav..hug/...sag..sins&y/...evtsnr.
sadk/...nubsun/..kab..RpmunI/...kab.fav.Esn..emOg..nigsadCaeRcIneTot.....enKWCaelIkdMbUg
ehIyEdl...(karsikaEbben)...RtvncgRkgeLIg..>...sadenekIteLIg...KWGaRs&yTaMgRsgeTA
elIcMNabGarmN_rbsGkEdlncgRkgva...edayminmanRK...GkRbwkaeyableLIy..>..dUec
ehIyxJMsgwmfavanwgmankMhusq:gCaminxan..>...xJMsgwmfaelakGknwgGFaRs&ydlxJM...ehIyxJMnwg
rgcaMTTYldMbUnanBIelakGk...EdlmancMeNdwgeRCARC..(1993..s..)>...
esovePATaMgGsEdlsilaeFVkI arsika.. (elIkElgEtesovePAmYyecjbeu Na). Ks

W Tu E tCasad
Gkrsil,_lav.. >. .esovePAelIkElgena.. KCW aesovePAEdlKatnniyaydMbgU eQa.Ebb..kab..san
viLasinI. .(.rebobniBntamEbb.. kab..san..viLasin)I . KWCakarsikaeTAelIkaBCaPasalI. >
silaKWCaGkniBnsadsMxan@BIr...KWkarsikaBIviFIEtgkaBlav...Ebb..Etgxn..fy_..evogcn
.el..Ebb..Etg..kab..san..vLi asin.I . (rebobEtgkaB.. fevogcn. nig. .kab..san..vLi asin)I . EdleBum<
enARkggkkkgqaM.1942...nigsnSlkN..(viFIEtgkaB)..EdleBum<enAevogcnenAkgqaM..1961
edayEpkelIsa dBImun. >.. karsikaTaMgBIren.. KCW asaddMbgU eK.. BeI RBavanpln vU KMnti CamUldan
sRmabylBrI cnasm<n nkarniBnkN
M aBlav..>.. enAkg sadGkrsil,_bru aNTaMgLay.. Edlsresr
enAelIsasaswkrwt...BakTaMgGsminmandkXaeT..>...KankarEbgEckXa...rb...kvK:[dacRsL
BIKaeT..>...silaKWCamnusTImYyEdlnviPaKeTAelIRbePTkaBlavxus@Ka....edaysresrk,nxat
rbsva.. RBmTaMgeroberogva[ecjCaXaeXagRsbeTAtamk,nTaMgena..>.. CakEsg. .sl
i aKWCamnusmuneKEdlnEckBakkgkMNaBlavenAelITMB&reBum<. .[manXadacecjBIKa.>.
cMNucexayFMbMputenAkgkarsikarbssila...KWxVkarBicarNaeTAelIviFIsasktRta...nigviFI
sEmgGkrsil,_lav.. . RBmTaMg}TBi lnviFs
I asen.. (CYnkalman{kas..ehIyCYnkalKan). .CeTA
elIrebobEdleKerobcMtakEtgGkrsil,_. >.. cMNcu exayen.. KrY [ykmkBicarNaBIkaryldgw Bit
Rkdrbssl
i a.. ceM BaviFsas
I ena.. ebIEpkeTAelIRbvt.i .ngi bTBiesaFrbsKatenAkg karEtgniBn
kMNaBlav.> . .vaCaerOgedayELkBIKa. .rvagkaryldwgrbsKatcMeBaRbBNInkarEtgGkrsil,_. .ehIynigcMeNviCadUcEdlnbgHajenAkgkickarRsavRCavrbsKat. .EdleyIgdwg|fa.. Kat
KWCaGkrkeXIjeLIgvijnUvGkrsil,_lav.. >
karsikarbssl
i aeTAelIkN
M aBlavKWEpkeTAelIceM NdwgnkarsikaBImnu @rbsKat. .sGMI BI
rcnasm<nnTRmgkaBrbsf..nig}Na..>...eBlEdlKatsresrBIGVIEdlehAfak,nxatEtgkaB
lavdMbUgena.. .k,nxatsRmabEtgniBnkMNaBfRtveKktRtaenAkgGtSbT.. GsCaeRcInstvtmun
enrYceTAehIy. >. .eyageTAtamsmrI bsRpeXag.. nmi a ejmin. (1987). fasadrbssilaeQa..snS
lkN...manlkNRsedogKayagxaMgeTAnwg...lak..pasa..fy_....(mUldanRKwnPasaf)...Edl
sresredayGkRCJfeQa.. paya. .kitilsan. >
enAkg karbeg;tI k,nxatEtgkaBlav.. .sli a.. vrI vgnBwgEpkeTAelIkarsikaBITRmgkaBmun@
(22.)
(23)
(24)
78
CMBUkTI 3
rbsf.. edIm,IseRmcykGVEI dlmanRbeyaCn_. ngi GVEI dlminmanRbeyaCn_smlmnwgsika. .edIm,Ibeg;tI

k,nxatTaMgenaeLIg. >.. eTabICacMNcu lmti enAkg TRmgkaBlavmYycMnnY . .kg esovePArbsKatm an
lkNBiessEbkBIfkeday.. kR bePTnk,nxatkMNaBEdlerobrabenamanlkNdUcKaesrI Et
TaMgGs. >. .TahrN_. . ebIeKBinitemIlkMNaBlaveTAelIkarelIkdaksMeLg. .cugCYnenAkg.nigenA
cenarbkMNaB. .karpaBM ak..nigsMeLgRsCaedIm. .TaMgGsenRsedogKaeTAnwgGVEI dlfsikaeTA
elIkMNaBf.. >. .mYyvijeTot.. karykk,nxatkMNaBfeFVICamUldankgkarsika.. nigeFVIkareRbb
eFobCamYyGkrsil,_lav.. KCW aerOgsamBabMptu . .>..eKseg;teXIjfa.. RbeTslav.ngi fmanTMnakTMng
Pasa. vb,Fm. nigGkrsil,_. . RBmTaMgTRmgkMNaBrbsRbeTsTaMgBIrmanlkNdUcKa. >. .buEn. .eK
KYrsYrfa..RbsinebIkarsikaGkrsil,_fmanlkNpyBIkarniBnkMNaBf...etIKYrykvaeFVICaKMrU
sRmabCamUldankgkarsikaGkrsil,_lavEdreT..>...karsikaGkrsil,_enARbeTsf...eFVIcMeBa
EtkMNaBRbcaMraCvaMg. .CakMNaBmYyRbePTEdlmanPaBxusEbkKaTaMgrebobcmg. .xs
u EbkTaMgEbb
bT..ngi brisaS nsRmabsEmg. .RBmTaMgxusEbkTaMgGkTsna..lkNTaMgGsenehIyEdlxusKaBIGkr
sil,_lavburaN.. dUceyIgs:alenAeBlsBVfen..>. RbsinebI. .karsikarbsfepateTAelIkMNaB
rbsRbCaCn
samBa. .vaRbEhlGacykeFVCI aKMrRU bhakRbEhlKamYy. .sRmabeRbbeFobeTAnwgkMNaB

lavn..>..
enAkg karsikarbs. .Cti . PmU s
i ak. .eTAelITRmgkN
M aBlav.. bgHajBIkaryldgw kanEtsICeRmA.
u
cMeBalkNnkarEtgkMNaBlav.. ehtupldRtwmRtvenaKWfaKatnsresreRbbeFob.. CamYynwg
kMNaBEdlsURtpalmatrbsGkRskenARbeTsf..>. ..KatnerobrabBIPaBxusEbkKa...rvag
kMNaBEdlEtgeLIgsRmabsab. .nigkMNaBEdlEtgeLIgsRmabGandUcteTAen...
(25)
kMNaBEdlniBneLIgyaghtcteTAtamKeRmagEdlnkMNtTuk...KWRtveKarBtamk,nxat[n
RtwmRtv...edIm,IRKbRKgelIGtSny
& ...nigGarmN_ cRbtidr bssl
i ,kr...enKWCakMNaBrbskvICMnan
eRkay....kvITaMgencg[eKcabGarmN_elIkMNaB...cg[manrcnasm<nRtwmRtv..nigmansNab
FableFV[
I TakTajEPk..>..BYkeKmincabGarmNf
_ aetI...kMNaBmansMeLgdUcemceT..RbsinebIBk
Y
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u gVakCamYynwgrcnasm<nk
N
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tUcEbkExJk...eFVI[rMxandlRtecokenaeT....(1981..191-2)..>..
karsikaGkrsil,_fepateTAelIRbePTkMNaBEdl.. TakTajEPk.cMENkGkniBnlavvij
enAkgkarniBnGkrsil,_rbsxn. .KWykcitTukdakeTAnwgGVIEdlBIeraRtecok..>.. PaBxusEbkKarvag
RbePTxmw sarepgKaTaMgBIren.. KCW alkNxusKaxagM rvagviFs
I asBrI . >. .py
BGI krsil,_lav. . . Gk
niBn. .ngi GkGanGkrsil,_enAkg raCvaMgfPaKeRcIn. KCW aBYkGPiCnCanxs< E dlmanTMnakTnM gCamYynwg
RBbrmraCvaMg. >..kRmitnkarsikarbsBYkeKx<sCagGkniBnGkrsil,_lavPaKeRcInEdlmkBIRKb
mCdankgsg:mlav..>..RsedogKaenEdr....GkcmgGkrsil,_fk..manTMnakTMngCamYynwgRBbrm
79
raCvaMgEdr.ehtudUecehIykMhusenAkgkarcmgGtSbTeTabIebICaman...khakdUcCatictYcCagGkkt
cmgsadGkrsil,_lavEdlCaFmta..KWCaennEdlmanv&yekg..>...RsbeBlCamYyKaenEdr...kar
bgHajsadGkrsil,_fenAkg RBbrmraCvaMg. .mni EmndUceTAnwgrebobkmanFmta.. Edlmanmnus
cUlrYmyageRcInkukr..mksabkarsR tkMNaBenaeT..>.. deU cehIy. . eKminsUvxVlf a.. GkTsnaena
yl. .minylGtSny& rbserOgenaeT..> . edaysarEtPaBxusEbkKaTaMgkarbeg;tI . TaMgkarEfrka
nigTaMgkareRbIRsGkrsil,_f..niglavdUecehIy. .eTIbeFVI[TRmg. .RBmTaMgxwmsarerOgrbsGkr
sil,_TaMgBIrenxusKaxagM . >. Gkrsil,_rbsraCvaMgfminsUveRbIBakRcMEdl}tRbeyaCn_eRcIneT..>
vaeRcInEtsresrbg;bn y
& eRCA.. enbgHaj[eXIjnUvkRmitcMeNdwgrbsGk niBn. >.CaerOy@..eKeXIj
fa. .kvInBi nfeRcInEteRbIRsTRmgkN
M aBEdlsK saj.. .dcU CakareRbIBakeBCn_xg< x s
< m kBIPasa
Exr.ngi lI. RBmTaMgbeg;tI BakeBcn_f@I kg Gkrsil,_EfmeTotpg..>. RsbeBlCamYyKaenEdrxmw sarGkrsil,_rbsvaMgf.. eKarBeTAtamsgd armYyepgeTotEdlGacTTYlykn.. CagGkrsil,_
lav.. >lkNrbserOglavdUcCakarkMEbgcMeGscMGas. .mankarelgesIceRcInkg eBlerobraberOgBuTRbvtiRBmTaMglayLMnUverOgravmYycMnYn...EdlminBakB&nnwgRBBuTsasna...dUcCakareCOeTAelI
RBlwg. .kGaTieTBenAkg CMenOCnCati. t.. TaMgGsenRtveKhamRmmin[manLkLMenAkg erOgEdl
TakTgnwgsasna. .cMeBaGkrsil,_EdlniBnkgRBraCvaMgf..>
edaysarsadGkrsil,_fq bBaagM BIcN
M gcN
M l
U citr bsBkY GPiCn..deU ckarsikaelIGkrsil,_f...kCakmsiTipacmuxrbsBYkGPiCnTaMgenaEdr..>...CakEsgeKGaceXIjenAkgkarsikaelI
Gkrsil,_f.. EdleK[sarsMxaneTAelIkarsikaBITRmgkaBCaPasalI. .ngi sMs;tw . .ehIynigTMnakTMngrbsvaCamYynwgkaBf..>..tamBiteTA.. mankrNICaeRcInEdleKGacCECkedjedalsYrfa..
.etITRmgkaBEbben...BitCamanRbPBmkBI}Na...k.t..>...dUcKanigkarehAerOgniTanrbsGkRsk
enA
tMbnGasuIGaeKy_faCaerOgCatkEdr...karsntfaTRmgkaBf...lavmanRbPBmkBI}Na...CYyeFVI[
kMNaBenamanekr#eQaRbesIreLIg. (cit. .1981.. 222-3)>..
edaysarEtEpkkarRsavRCavrbsxn eTAelIkarsikarbsf.. . eFV[I silamankareFVsRbEhs
kgkarktsm:al[nc,aslas. .BIPaBxusKarvagGkrsil,_TaMgBIrRbePT..>. .enAkgkarsikarbs
sila.. KatBayam..kMNtnvU k,nxatc,aslas. .enAkg kMNaBlav.. edayman..rcnasm<ne robry
RtwmRtv...eFVI[..TakTajEPk..>...kgn&ymageTot...GVIEdlKateFVIBitRkdena...KWyklkNviFIEtgkaBmYyRbePT.. eTAbBal
kg TRmgkaBmYyepgeTot..>. enAkg esckeI pmI nesovePAdMbgU rbs
silasIGMBIviFIEtgkaBlav.. .KatnsresrdUecfa..
(26)..
xJMmanCMenOyagmutmaMfa...kalBIGtItkalRkdCamanesovePA....(EdlbeRgn)..BIk,nEtgkMNaB
rbseyIg..>...buEn...eRkaymkesovePAenatbg..kminTanrkeXIj.(1993..)>
80
CMBUkTI 3
bEu n. .enAeBlBicarNaGMBs
I arsMxannkarelIkdakseM Lg.. enAkg kMNaBlav.. karylfaman
esovePAEbben.. KhW akdcU CaminGaceTArYceT..>.. CnCatilavPaKeRcInmanbBaHakg karBnlGMBlk
I N
sMeLgen..>.. RsedogKanwgkareRbIk,nevyakrN_kg PasaGgeKsEdr.. . karelIkdakseM LgeTAelI
Bakkg kMNaB.. KeW kIteLIgedaysVy
& Rbvt.i .CagkarKitTukCamun. >. .tamBiteTA.. eTabICasBaasm:al
sMeLg..manenAkgPasalavrabstvtmkehIykeday.. .keKeTIbEteRbIvaCablabcabBIBakkNal
stvtenbeu Na..> enAkg sasaGkrsil,_lavburaN.. eKminsUveRbIsBaasMeLgeneT..>. . smU ,I
EtenAkgsadxEdlmaneRbIsBaasMeLgen...(eKeRbIvaEtmgm;albueNa..ehIyvadUcCakarBRgay
PasalIenAkg Bakraylav). .KeW KbEnSmvasRmabCakarlMGr.. eRcInCageRbIkg eKalbMNgepgeTot..>
RbsinebIKa nsBaasm:alseM LgeRbICaTUeTAenAkg PasaeT.. (ehIykareRbIseM LgekIteLIgedaysVy
& Rbvtui...CagkarEdlEpkeTAelIkarKitKUrBIsUrsMeLg...EdlenAeBlenaeKBMuTanbeg;It[manlkN
sgdarenAeLIy)...etITMngCamanfakeronkalBIsm&yburaN...kesovePAEdlsresrBIrebobEtg
kaB..edayEpkeTAelIkarsg;tBak[mansMeLgeLIgcuyagdUcemc?...enAkgesovePArbssila
eQa. snlkN..KatBBi NnanUvk,nxatsRmabkarEtgkaB.. .KnY Gan.. CaTRmgkaBmYyRbePTEdl
Gkrsil,_buraNPaKeRcInsresasamlMnaMena .
(27)..
.(28)
eKRtvEtgkaB[nRtwmRtvedayEpkeTAtam..(k,nxatEdlkMNtcn
M n
Y ).rb.nigvK:...RBmTaMgkarelIk
dakseM Lg.....kg
mYyvK:rbskaB..KYnGan..Rtvman.4.rb..ehIyrbnImy
Y @Rtvman..7.BakelIk
ElgEtXadMbUg..nigXabEnSmbueNa.>.eRkABIena.eKRtvdak.(Bag:).mansMeLgeLIgcuGaRs&y
eTAtamTItaMgrbsva[nRtwmRtv..(1961..20)>.
buE ntamkarBit. .k,nxatrbskaB..KnY Gan.. manlkNERbRblxagM Nas. >.sUmBicarNaBIk,n

xatEdlsilaniyayfa.. karEtgkMNaB.RtvEt.eFVtI am..>.. karfwg Efgenpy
eTAnwgkarBitnGkrsil,_lav....
1).RbEvgnvK:. . mni mankarkMNtcnM nY rbeTenAkg kaB.. KnY Gan..>. .eTabICasilaniyayfa..KnY
GanRtvEtmanvK:EdlmanbYnrbeBjeljyagNakeday..EtCaerOy@.. .enAkg vK:my
Y cMnnY manEt..2
rbbueNa..>. . vK:xGacman.1.rb...3.rbpgEdr..>.. vK:EdleXIjjwkjabbMput. .KWman..3. rb.. nig.4
rb.. CavK:EdlsilaykCaKMrU. .EtvaRcMEdlrhUtenAkgsacerOgTaMgmUl. >
2).cMnYnBag:enAkgmYyrbkMNaB.. .rbPaKeRcInenAkgkaB..KYnGan.. man. 7. Bag:. (edaymin
KitBIXa dMbgU . nigXabEnSmeT). .EtvaminEmnCaerOgcEmkeT.. EdleKRbTeXIjrbmYymanbEnSmBag:myY
BIr. .bIeTot..>..
3).TtI aMgsMeLgenAkg rbkMNaB.. TtI aMgsMeLgCajwkjabeKarBeTAtamk,nEdlsilaerobrab
EtvakCaerOgFmtaEdr.. EdlrbxmineKarBeTAtamk,nxatena..>..
srubmk.. k,nxat..KnY Gan.. Edlsilaniyayfa.. RtvEt..eKarBeTAtamenaKWmni Caklakxa gM dUc
81
GVEI dlKatcg[eyIgeCOenaeT..>.. dcU neFVeI scks

I eg;teTAelIkN
M aBlav.. .kN
M aBTaMgenaplCa
KMrUdlbMputBIsPaBERbRbl. .mindUcCak,nxatEdlnkMNtenaeT..>. .silanGanGkrsil,_lav

yageRcIn. . ehtuenKatminEmnmindwgfa.. k,nxat..rbsKat. .minEmnCak,nxatBitRkdenaeT..>
enAkg esckdkRsg
I
xageRkamen.. KatbgHajTahrN_my
Y GMBkI aB.. KnY Gan.. EdlCakarbkRsaynUv
KMnti rbsKat. .sGI BM vI Fi EI tgkaBlav..>.. karbkRsayenmanenAkg sadrbsKateQa.. snlkN
EdleXIjPambnabBeI sckEI dldkRsgmnu ena.. ehIyvabgHajBIPaBhtc tnk,nxatrbsKat.Edl
ekItecjmkBIkarRbtidedayectna.. CaCagkareFVIviPaK
TahrN_nkarEtgkMNaBEbben...(eKGacRbTeXIjenAkg)...kaBkgsasaswkrwt..>...buEn
kMNaBPaKeRcInEdlktRtaenAelIsasask
w rwt....KWnB
i nmn
i nRtwmRtvtamTRmgeT..>...manEterOg
mYybue NaEdlRtwmRtvKWerOg...sins&y..>...dUecehIyxJn
M g
w dkRsgecjBIerOg..sins&y...enedIm,I
eFVICaTahrN_rbsxJM..(1961.....20)..>
enAeBlEdlkRmgGkrsil,_lavTaMgGs. .(elIkElgEterOg..sni s&y. my

Y bue Na). KnW Bi n. min
nRtwmRtv.eTAtamkRmitsgd arrbssl
i a.. eKmanmnl
i fa.etIenCakarGnfyxagGkrsil,_. .kCa
karGnfyxagkareRbIRssgdarxng.>..RbsinebIsilaylBIviFIsasnbBaHaRbFanbTrbsxn
edayEjkva[dacecjBIRbFanbTnkarsikaGkrsil,_f.....KatRbEhlCadwgfa...vaminGaceTArYc
eTEdlmank,nCaklakenAkgkarEtgniBn. >.. dUceyIgneXIjrYcmkehIy. . .GkEtgkaB.. KYnGan
kalBIedImminndwg. .(edaykareFVvI Pi aK). .BkI ,nxatkMNaBEdlBYkeKkMBgu EtgenAeBlenaeT..>. .eK
eronTRmgkaB.. mni EmnedaykarTenjcaMtamk,nEdlnsresrTukenaeT.. (ema ehIy. .nCasila
eFVIkarRsavRCAvGsCaeRcInTsvtmkehIyminEdlRbTeXIjk,nenaesa)...EtedaykarrsenACa
mYynwgkarhVkw hatpa lmat. >..k,nxatCaklaknkarEtgniBn. .EdlGacmanrebobrbbEtenAelITBM r&
eBum.< .KWmni caMc. .kmanRbeyaCn_ceM BakMNaBEdlsresrenAelIsasaskw rwtsRmabGk sab
enaeT..>..enAkg sasalav.. (BaknimyY @minmandkXaeT). .eKminmanviFeI dIm,IEjk[nc,as. .rvagkar
cabepIm..cugbBabnrb...kvK:enaeT..>...RsbCamYyKaenaEdr.minmankareRbIRssBaasm:al
sMeLg[mancugcYn. .edIm,I[emIleXIjc,asBTI tI aMgrbsBag:seM LgTab.ngi Fakcu . >. deU cehIy. .kar
yktamk,nxatrbssila.. minman}TiBlGVIeFVI[manrboberobryenAelIsasaeT..>.. magvijeTot.
vaminEmnCakargayRslkgkarktsm:alfa...etIsadmYyEdleKnktcmg...RtwmRtv.kminRtwmRtveTAtamk,nxaten.. kGtenaeT..>..Gkrsil,_lavRkdCaRtveKktcmgeLIgvijCaRbcaM. .edIm,Irka
va[Kgvg..>..raleBlEdleKktcmgvaeLIgvij....B&tmanlmitxenAkgGtSbT...RtveKEksRml..>
enAeBlEdlerOgmYyRtveKcmg. ngi pasbr B&tm anlmti . .my
Y bnatmg @CaRbcaMCaeRcInryqa.M .eday
GkcmgEdlPaKeRcInKWCaenn. .EdlmanGayueRkam..16..qa .M .BIsasaEdlmanTRmgkMNaBBikyl.
etIGtSbTenaGacrkaCablabtamk,nxatkMNaB[nc,aslasyagemceTAekIt?...RsbeBlCa
82
CMBUkTI 3
mYyKaenEdr.. etImanRbeyaCn_GkIV g karrkakMNaBena[nRtwmRtv?..etIPaBxusEbkKax. .rvagkar

ERbRbl. .nigkareKarByagmuWgmateTAtamk,nxatEbbenGksabGaceFVIkarktsm:alnEdreT?
enAkg karviPaKeTAelIkarsikaviFEI tgkaBrbssl
i a.. eKcaMcRtvBinti elIkRmitsgd ar. Edl
KatkMNtsRmabkarEtgniBnkN
M aBlav.. ehIynigmUldanrbsva.. >. . edIm,IylBehtu
I plEdltRmv
[Gkrsil,_eKarBeTAtamsgd ar[n.. RtwmRtv..enAkg RkEsEPkrbssli a. .eyIgKYrylfa.ehtuGIV
nCamnusmakEdls:alc,asBIRbBNI...EbrCasikaRbFanbTen...hakbIdUcCaKatKWCaGkmkBI
xageRkAdUec. >. .sarsMxanEdlsilaxMlbgeTAelIkarsikaryeBldbqa .M .edIm,Irkk,nEtgkaBKW
mantmKYr[ktsm:al. >. .karBnlcMeBakarsikarbsKat. .bgHajnUvsarsMxanEdlKatykGkr
sil,_. .edIm,IkMNtniymn&yBITMnakTMngrvaglav-f.. kalBIGtItkal.. nigbcb,nkal..>. enAkgesovePAeQa..Ebb.Etg.xn.fy_. evogcn. el.Ebb..Etg..kabsan..viLasinI. Katsresrfa.KatnRsavRCavrkk,nxatGkrsil,_. .edIm,IbgHajfakaB..exagrbsf.. KmW anmUldanmkBITRmgkN
M aBlav
EdlmankMeNItmunena.. (1993.. .)>.. bEu n. .erOgEdlsuCI eRmACagen.. . karRsavRCavrbssl
i a.. Ca
sMxanenaKWedIm,Ibeg;ItGkrsil,_[eTACanimitrUbn..xVamqalWn..rbsCatilav..>..enAkgkarerobrab
TakTgnwgbMNgnkarsikaGkrsil,_rbsKat....silaeRbbeFobkarFakcunvb,Fmlavbcb,n..
edaysarxVxatk,nxatEtgkMNaBc,aslas...nigxVamqalWn...rbsGarFmlavenAeBlvaeLIgdl
kMBlU .eRBaeBlenamanGtSbTEtgkaBburaN.. EtKYr[sayEdlKatmni GacrkeXIj. .>kg n&ymag. .eK
GacemIleXIjfa.. sg d ar.xVamqalWn. rbssli a..ehIynigkarGGagBI. PaBRtwmRtv.nkarniBnkN
M aB
buraNfaCa}TBi lnkarrsenAFMFM atdcU CaCnCatif..>.. bEu n. ny
& Bitkdena.. vaKWCakarq bBaagM nUv
}TBi lnRbB&ne Bump< ay.. ngi KMnti Catiny
i mkg Tsnbcb ,ncMeBaGtItkal..>. sarsMxannk,n
xatc,aslaskg rcnasm<n& kM NaB..ehIynigkarbeg;tI TRmgsresredIm,Ipl
ni ymn&y[. xVamqalWn
eTACaGarFm. .KCW akarseRmcenAkg sg:mmYy. .EdlmeFayeBumnbeg;
<
tI nUvTsncMeBalkN
Gkrsil,_..>..enAkgkarsikaGkrsil,_f...eKRbTeXIjmaneRbIsgdarRsedogKaen...enAkugkar
sikaGMBIedImkMeNIt. nigRbvtinkarniBnkMNaBf..>
karTamTarrbssilafa...karniBnkMNaBkalBIburaN...eKarBeTAtamsgdarrbsGkrsil,_
EdleKeBum<ena...ehIykMNaBenamanTRmgmYyCaklak...TaMgennbg;r[mankarylxuskg
cMeNamCnCatilavsm&ybcb,n. >.. karsikaGMBIviFIEtgkaBrbsKateQa.. snlkN.. Edln
niBneLIgeTAtamTisedArbsRksYgGbrMlav..ehIyRtveKykeTAbeRgnenAtamsalaeronTUTaMg
RbeTs.. . nTTYlkarGnumt& CaFrman.. Cak,nEtgkaBlavEdlmankarGnuBaatRtwmRtv. > . manEt
mnusBIrbInakbeu Na.. EdlxJ
M nniyayCamYyenARbeTslav.. CaGkEdlmankarcabGarmN._ CaGk
BakB&n.nwgkarRsavRCavenAkgGkrsil,_lav.. . nylGMBIkarBitEdlfaesovePArbssilaGMBIkar
EtgkaB...CakarbkRsaynUveyablpalxnrbsKatGMBIrcnasm<nkMNaB...eRcInCagk,nxatEdl
nbeg;IteLIgedaykvIniBnlavkalBIburaN..>. .enn.. nigRBsgekg@CMnaneRkayCaeRcInGg:. Edl
(29)..
(30)
83
xJM nCYbenAtamTICnbTenARbeTslav.. sa: lc,asBkI ,nEtgkMNaBrbssli a.. EdlBYkeKneronBI

salard...eRcInCagTTYlnBIkarGbrMtampvsasna..>...fVIebI...B&tmanEdlTTYlnvapyBIGVIEdlxM
cMNayeBlCaeRcInqaeM dIm,Isa b. .cmg.ehIynigsR tGkrsil,_lav.. xmMJ ni Fab|RBsgsYredjedalBI
PaBRtwmRtvrbsk,nEtgkaB.. EdleKykmkbeRgnRBGg:enaeT..>
enAkgkarpasbrTsnbcb,ncMeBaGkrsil,_buraN....eKGacemIleXIjBI}TiBlsadrbs
silaTaMgenAkg. karEktRmv..erOgburaN.. nigTaMgkarEtgniBnkMNaBTMenIb. >. .enAmunsm&ybdivt
bNal&yCatilavneBum<sadGkrsil,_lavburaNyageRcIn..>..Cajwkjab...eKRbTeXIjPaB
minRsbKaenAkgesovePATaMgenedaysarEtkMhusq<g...EdlenAminTannEksRmlBIsasa..>
TahrN_EpknImYy@.CajwkjabeXIjmanxuslMdablMeday...eFVI[lMkkgkartamdansacerOg
niTan..> .ebIsmgw emIlmYyePt. . eKRbEhlCasanfaGtSbTeBumE< dlmankMhs
u Ebben.. KCW akar
cmgTaMgRsgtamc,abedIm. >..bEu ntamBit. . .esovePATaMgenRtveKEkkunCaeRcInsa. .minEmnedIm,IeFV[I
erOggayRslylCagmunenaeT.. . kb Eu nedIm,IFanafaerOgTaMgenRsbtamsila.. EdltRmv[manbYn
rbenAkgRKbvK:TaMgGs..> ..eKGacemIleXIj.TahrNn}TiBlrbssila...eTAelIkarEtg
kMNaBenAkgkaB. .KYnGan.. RbkbedayPaBhtct. nigmansNabFabl. .EdlsresredaykvIv&y
ekgenAevogcnecjpayenAelITMB&rTsnavdIGkrsil,_eQa...vNsin...edaymanRbEvgXa...rb.
nigmanTItaMgsMeLgbgHajyagc,aslas. >..
enAkgesovePArbsGamIn..sVInnI...mancMNgeCIgfa...karsab|eBjelj.(1987)...nerob
rabBIcMeNdwgEdlecEtekIneLIg. .man}TBi leTAelIsPu asitrbsma eLsI.u >.. kaledImeLIy. .suPasitKWCameFaysRmabrkaB&tmanEdlniyayt@Ka. .edayrkatamkarcgcaM. >. edaysarPaBec
dwgkanEtekIneLIg. rmY pMngw karEckcayesovePAnFMTlU ayCagmun. .minmankarcaMceToteTkg karrkaB&tmantamlkNEbbena..>.. .buEnpyeTAvij. .meFaydUcKaen.. EdleFVI[suPasitTaMgena
xusBIPaBedIm. .kC aviFrI kaBYkva[KgvgEdr.. eRBaebImni dUecaeT.. vanwgkbeTACamYyescksa
I brbs
BYkeK..>. edaysarmanRbB&neBum<pay.. eKnRbmUlsuPasitmaeLsIuCaeRcIn. .cgRkgCaesovePA

edaydaktamlMdabBBan.ehIybeRgndlekg@enAtamsalaeronTUTaMgRbeTs..>. .dUecehIy. .suPa
sitTaMgGsenRtvnrkatamviFImYyEdlmanRbsiTPaBlCageBlNa@TaMgGs..(1987..701)..>.
enAkgRCgmYy. .eKkemIleXIjfa.. Gkrsil,_lavsSitenAkgkrNIydUcKaenEdr..>. .vtmannRbB&n
eBum<pay...eFVI[eKQbeRbIviFIcmgdUclavkalBIburaN...>...CamYyKaenEdr...kareBum<EfmTaMg
CYybeg;InRbsiTPaByaglRbesIrTaMgkgkarEfrka..nigTaMgkgkarcgRkgk,nxatrbsGkrsil,_. >
. .Gkrsil,_lav. .FatuBti CakMNaBsRmabsRU tpalmat. . KEW tgEtmankarERbRbl. .ngi pasbr eTAtam
RbBNIdrsrevIk...>...buEn..vtmannesovePAeBum<TaMgLay...Gkrsil,_..(hakdUcCaElgmankar
pasbr ).nTTYlnUvTRmgEdlmansgd arc,aslas. >. .dcU eyIgneXIjrYcmkehIyfa.. mnusCMnan
munminneronBIviFEI tgniBnkN
M aBlaveT.. . EteKecEtgkMNaBtamrykarrsenACamYyva..>. .kb Eu n
(31).
(32)
84
CMBUkTI 3
Gkecdwglavsm&ybcb ,nmni nrsenACamYyRbBNIEbbenaeT. .eRkAEtBIkarCMrju [erontamk,n

xatkMNaBenAkgfakeron..> . eKeRbbRbdUcGkrsil,_lavbcb,nCa.. Gkrsil,_sab. Rbsin
ebeI RbbeFobCamYy. RbBNIdr srevIk..kalBIGtItkal.. EdlvaEsgnUvkarBitpgEdrcMeBakarEck
cayrbsva...>..karGankMNaBlavbcb,n...manEdnkMNttUccegt...KWsRmabEtGkeronsURtEt
bue Na.. >. .vaCaerOgKYr[cabGarmNf_ a.. feVI bIman..(kRbEhlmkBI). PaBeCOnelOnnbeckviTa.erOg
lav.sm&yTMenIbmanGkGanticCagGkrsil,_buraN...EdlRtveKktcmgedaydyagpitpgenAelI
sasaswkrwt. >..
(33)
karykGkrsil,_buraNeTAeRbIRskgeKalbMNgneyay...kg
clnabdivtrNsireshaCatilav
karRsavRCaveLIgvijnUvGkrsil,_buraNdUcnRtsRtaypvtamrysadrbssila..vIrvg.. ecEt
bneFVenARbeTslavrhU
I
tdlbcb ,n>. .eBlmYysilansresrGMBkI arxitxMRbwgERbgkg sikarbs
KatdUecfa..
GVk
I e day..(EdlxJ
M nsresr).EdlminRtwmRtv..(vaGaRs&yeTAelI).kUn.nigecArbsxC
MJ aGkEktRmv.>..
sUmeRbIGVIkedayEdlRtwmRtv..>..(GYzin..1990..16)
enAkgbribTtYnaTIsg:mrbsGkrsil,_lavenAstvtTI.20..Bakfa.RtwmRtvenAkgsmIrbs
sila..GacbkRsaymann&yfa..GaRs&yeTAtamkarBitenAeBlbcb,n..>..karbkRsayenRtvn
BnlenAkg kareRbIRsGkrsil,_bru aNedIm,IbeRmIplRbeyaCn_neyay.. eFVeI LIgedayrNsir
eshaCatilav..(N..Lav..hak. sat)ehIyeRkaymkeTotedayrdaPillav>..
BIedImTsvtqa.M 1950.rhUtdlCy
& CmrbsBkY kumy
nIse nAqa.M 1975..rNsireshaCatilav
nTajykplRbeyaCn_BIGkrsil,_buraN..nigBITRmgGkrsil,_epg@edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNg
neyay..>.. eKGacemIleXIjtYnaTIds
xM anrbsGkrsil,_enAkg kMlgu eBlenatamrysad.vaya
ekan. Lav. .EdlCakarsikaBIevyakrN_. .sresredayemdwknaMbdivteQa.. PmU .i vgvicti . eBumenA
<
qaM. 1967..enAtMbnrMeda..(sUmemIl. .GinehVl..enAkgesovePAen). >..eyageTAtamsmIrbsGkniBn.
karrka.. ngi kareFV[I rseLIgvijnUv. .esovePA. .Pasaniyay. Gkrsil,_. .niglkNvb,FmCati. eFV[I
GkenakayCaCneshaCati. (1967..6). >. .enAkgesckIepIm. . GkniBnBiBNnaBIRbvtinkartbg
kraClaveTAelIf. raMg. nigGaemrik. .CakarbnabbenSakPasalav.. edaysarEt}TBi lPasabreTs
elIPasalav..>...90.TMB&r...RbEhlCamYyPaKbInsadena...manBiBNnaBIkarEtgkaBlav..>..
TahrN_TaMgLayrbskN
M aBEdlEtgedayGkniBnrbU en..KPW aKeRcIneKeRbImni EmnRKanEtedIm,I
beRgnBIk,nEtgkMNaBbue NaeT.. EtkedIm,I niyayGMBnI eyay..ngi sg:mlavpgEdr..> . eKbk
RsaysuPasitlavfaCa..kartsUedaybBaa...rvagGkTTYlrgkarCiCan...ehIynigGkCiCaneK.
(34)
85
1967.285)...>..suPasitEdleKnRbmUlpM...hakdUcCaRtveKeRCIserIseLIgedaysarEtvaman
RbeyaCn_cMeBabuBeV htubdivt. .>.. TahrN_sPu asitxageRkamenRtveKbkRsayfa.. CakarRBmandl
raCrdaPillav
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RbmUlkmaMgKa...BYkvaGaccwkGk[sabn.(1967...284)..
enAkgkareRbIRsGkrsil,_buraN...edIm,IGFib,ayBIbuBVehturbsBYkeK..rNsireshaCati
lav.. knTajykplRbeyaCn_pgEdr.. BICMenOsasnaburaN.. nigTsnGMBIBiPBelakrbsCnCati
lav. dUcmanTahrN_enAkgkMNaBxageRkamen..
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M siladrwgmaM
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enAkg XakMNaBburaN.. . eKRbdUckmagM rbsrNsireshaCatilaveTA.ngw pagM fP.M .EdlCaGkr

rbscRkval...RsbtamTsnelakFatuviTarbsRBBuTsasnaefrvaTlav...>...KYrktsm:alfa.kic
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enAkg XakMNaB.. EdlCaFmtaenARtgkEngen.. kg kMNaBlavburaN.. eKeRbIeQaRBBuT. .kRBBuT
sasna..>..
tYnaTICapvkarrbsGkrsil,_buraNenAkgsaFarNrdRbCaFibety
RbCamanitLav...BIqaM.1975...rhUtdlbcb,n
cabtaMgBIC&yCmrbsBYkkumynIsmk...rdaPilLavneRbIRsGkrsil,_buraN....nignimitrUbn
Gkrsil,_.enAkg karbeg;tI nUvRbeTslavkalBIGtIt. .ngi bcb ,n. >.. Gkrsil,_bru aNpln vU rcnasm<n
mYydmanRbeyaCn_. .kgkarbeg;ItGtsBaaN. .nigemaTnPaBCati. .RBmTaMgRtveKeRbIedIm,IbgHajBItYnaTIrbsrdaPil...kgkarEfrkakraCvb,FmrbsRbeTs..> ..eKnelIkyksaddelceFa
nGkrsil,_buraNenAtamTICnbTRbeTslavenAstvtTI.20.. mkbgHajCaTahrN_ya gsMxanBRI bCaCnlav. .edayeFVkI areRbbeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag.(f). .KmW ni nykKMrtU amvb,FmRbeTselak
xaglicRClhYsehtu. .ehIyenAbnrkamrtkRBBuTsasnarbsxn. >..
Cajwkjab. .rdaPillaveRbIRsGkrsil,_Canimti r bU . .edIm,IeFV[I karRKbRKgrbsxn manPaB
RtwmRtv. >.. kMNaBxageRkamenniBneday.. esA..edsa..enAqaM. 1976..erobrabBIfQbsMrakbuNCatirM\kdlfC&yCmrbsBYkkumynIs
(35)
f.2.FCafeBjbUrmIdffaKWCaC&yCMndl,IxrxarExFmann&yfaCa.F...PaBGsar..PaBkahan..nig
86
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mnuskMNacmagEdleKRbTeXIjmaneRbIenAkgGkrsil,_RBBuTsasna. .>..enAkgRbeyaKEdl
bnBIvK:xagelIen.. . eKcatTukykEdlcajenfaCaBYkcRkBtiniym..nigBYkvNskiPUmi. >
enAkg karsikarbsRbCaCnlavbcb ,n. Gkrsil,_bru aN.. ngi sadnImy
Y @enAkg RbBNI. .Rtv
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sadGkrsil,x_ . .faCabkrN_rbsBkY skPi mU ki g karekgRbv&BaelIRbCaCnFmtakeday.. ke KelIk
sresIrTRmgkMNaBlav...faCaTRmgsil,mYyrbsRbCaCnsamBa..(eEkv..1972..18-19)..>..Ca
jwkjab.eKcatTku xmw sarenAkg Gkrsil,_. .CakarbgHajnUvPaBminsb,aycitr bsRbCaCnlavsamBa.(esA...1996.20..xamma..1987...85-88.)>...karbkRsayxwmsarerOgnImYy@...rYmTaMgkareFVIviPaK
pgena.. GacEckCaBIrRkmFM@KW. . k).CakarbgHajnUvTMnasrvagvNenAkg sg:mskPi mU .i .ehIynwg.x).Ca
kartsUkgRbvtisasrbsRbCaCnlav.. edIm,IrMedaxnBInwmRttRtarbsBYkbreTs..>. .enAkgkarbk
RsayerOgeRBgburaNmYymancMNgeCIgfa..nag..maerag..eQog...niBneday...epA..PYga..Edl
e B u m < e n A q a M . 1 9 8 4 . . . K W C a e m
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enAkgerOgena..>..eQog...KWCabursrmTmmakEdlTTYlkarGaNitRslajBImayrbsnarIena
Etnag..maeragRslajcgnv..s ak. .edaysarEtKatmkBIvgRtkUlskPi mU .i .Edlmanzanx<gx s<
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bkRsayerOgenCakarRBmanfa.. BkY skPi mU Pi aKeRcIn. .KCW amnuscite carminesaRtg. . edaysarmUl
ehtuenehIyBYken.. ngi BYkk,tRbtikri y
i amUlFnRtvRbCaCnbeNjecjBIRbeTslav.. (epA.. 1984.
38-42). >. enAkg karsikamYyeday.. esA..edsa..KatbkRsaykMNaB..san..elaP..pasnu . faCaRbePT
Gkrsil,_EdlbgHajBIkarRbqaMgeTAnwgBYkfQanBan.. EdlniBnedaymhakRtlaveQa.ecA..GanU.
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BYkCnePosxn lav. enAshrdGaemrik. .edIm,IRbqaMgnwgrbbkumy
nIs. > . .kalBIGtItkal.. kN
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san. elaP..pasnu . .CaFmtasR tedayGkPUmei nAPaKsan..ngi enAPaKxagt,gRbeTslav.. CakMNaB
(37)
(38)
(39).
87
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RbeTs...kneRbITaMgTRmgkMNaBburaN...RBmTaMgnimitrUbGkrsil,_...edIm,IriKnrdaPillavpg
Edr..> . .TahrN_. .PmU ma. Pmi a esaneBump< ayGtSbTmancMNgeCIgfa..dYg. sata..sat..lav. cak
. xaM. faMNay.. (eCaKvasnaCatilavtamTMnay). .EdleBume< nA.. eKbci . .enAqa.M .1990..eRbIRskMNaB
lavburaN.. ngi TMnayrbs. NU sadamUs. .edIm,IeFVkI arriKnya gRsbc,abceM BardaPillavkumy nIs. >
enAkg esckeI pmI rbssa dGkrsil,_bru aNmYy. Gk niBnCaFmtabnabxn cMeBacMeNdwg. nigsmtSPaB
xagsil,rbsxn . .ehIyEfgfa.. tmnkMNaBrbsKatstiS enARtgPaBesaRtg. .kg karyktamKti
bNitrbsbuBVbursCMnanmun. >..kglkNRsedogKaenEdr.. PUmma. Pimaesan. sresrfa..
(40)
RbsinebI..karsesrrbsxMJmYyNabBaldlCnNamak...RbB&nneyayNamYy..xJMsUmGP&y
eTas..>..xJMminmanbMNgTUnanGkNamakeLIy..>...xMJRKanEtniyayedaysMGagelIkareRbnRbedA
GMBIkarBit..nigkarTUnanrbsRBBuTkgnamCaBuTsasnikCnmakbueNa..>..GtSn&yTUeTArbsTMnay.
edayEpkeTAelIkarsikaeRbbeFobrbsxKW
JM edIm,ITn
U a ndlmnus[ecEbgEckrvagGMeBIl. .nigGMeBI
b.ehtuenehIy...dleBlEdlGknRbRBwtRbqaMgnwgkarBit...ehIypyeTAnwgsarCatimnus
dwgBIGMeBIbEdlxn
nRbRBwt. .>...erOgenCakarBit...BiesscMeBaGkEdlCasRtvnwgsasna...RBm
TaMgCasRtvnwgsnP
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eRbb e FobTM n ay..G k TaM g enKW C aBY k ku m y nI s . ..EdlkM B u g kan G M N acsBV f e nARbeTs lav..>
(1990.75)
esovePAsika..eyablbBab
karpasbr nUvtYnaTIGkrsil,_lavBI. .esovePAsika..mkCa..esovePARsavRCav..sbBaakBIkarpas

bryagsMxannUvTsncMeBaBiPBelakrbsRbCaCnlav..nigfPaKsan..>...ktasMxanEdlCMruj
dlkarpasbr en.. KeW daysarkarrIkdudalnUvmenaKmviCa Catiny
i m.. ngi }TiB lrbseckviTaeBum<
pay.. >. .dcU CaGkCatiniymenARbeTsdTeTotEdr.. .sl
i a. .nigGkKaMRTrbsKat. .manKeRmagcgRkg
nUvk,nxatGkrsil,_. .EdlmanlkNBiesssRmabRbeTsrbsxn . >. .vaminEmnCaerOgcEmkenaeT
KWdUcCaRbeTseCOnelOndTeTot.. EdlBYkeKTTYls:alnUvsarsMxankgkarcgRkgk,nxatGkrsil,_.sRmabkarbegI;trdlavmYy..ehIyBYkeKkKaMRTyagskmkgkarEfrka.pBVpay...nigerobcM[
Gkrsil,_lavmansgd arRtwmRtv. > enAkMlgu Tsvt.1960..nigedImTsvtr_.1970..bNal&yCati
lavneBum<paynUvsadGkrsil,_buraNCaeRcIn...edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIGg:karmUlniFi
GasI.u >. enAkg eBlf@I en.. Gkrsil,_lavRtveKeFVkI arsika. .ftcmgdakmRI khl
VI . .cmg. ecjCaGkr
nigeBumpay
< . .edaymanCMny
Y EpkhirBavtSb reTsepg@dUcCamUlniFti y
U tu a.. nigRkmhnu eRbg}nn
(41)
88
CMBUkTI 3
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eLIgedaymanCMnYyhirBavtSBIrdaPilGalWmg. >. .KeRmagencabepImenAqaM. 1992..ehIyeKrMBwgfa
nwgcbsBVRKbkg ryeBl..8.qaeday
M eRbIRsGsTkw RkCagmYylanRMEsnmak.RkGalmW g . >
mUldansMxanntYnaTIkg neyayrbsGkrsil,_EdltMNag[..rdTeM nIb. rbsRbCaCatilav
ena...KWeKalKMnitehAfa...xVamqalWn...Edl[niymn&yedayRbCaCnlavrsenAkgCMnanmYy...Edl
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swkrwt. >.. . karcgRkgGkrsil,_lav[eTACasadmYymanxwmsarCaklak. .nigmanrUbragc,aslas
RBmTaMgbeg;tI nUvsgd ar..Edlxmw sarrbsvaRtvnbkRsayBnl. ngi seRmcyagRtwmRtv. .q bBaagM
BI}TiBlnRbB&neBum<pay.. eTAelIKMnitkgbcb,nkalbkRsayGMBIGtItkal..>
buEn. .karcgRkgGkrsil,_buraNlav.. Cak,nxatGkrsil,_Cati. .enAEtCYbRbTbBaHa. .dUcEdl
neXIjRsabenAkgkareRbIRsBak..lav..(Lao)...eFVICacMNgeCIgrbsGkrsil,_..>...enAkgn&y
neyaysm&yTMenIb. Bak. Lav.. (Laos). . ensMedAdlRbCaCnTaMgGsEdlrsenAkg RbeTslav.
.(enAkgenarYmmanRkmCati..sasn_epg@...Edlmins:alGMBIRbBNIGkrsil,_rbslav.)...cMENk
Gkrsil,_vijRbTeXIjmanTaMgenAkgRbeTsLav..(Laos)...nigRbeTsfPaKsan..>..enAkgsm&y
raCaNacRk..Lan..qag..mansadGkrsil,_CaeRcInRtvnniBneLIg. .eKenAEtmanmnl
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GkEdlniBnsadGkrsil,_TaMgena.. GacnwgehAxneKfalav.eT..>.. pyeTAvij. .RbCaCnEdlrs
enARbeTsfPaKxageCIgbcb ,n. .EdleKehAfalavEdrena.. manRbBNIGkrsil,_pa lxn daceday
ELk..>. .bBaHakanEtsK sajCageneTAeTotena.. CnCati. PU f.. enARbeTs.Lav.. nigenAfPaKsan
kmansadGkrsil,_RsedogKa. .EdlhakdUcCamanRbPBecjBIRbBNIEtmYy. >.. GtSbTedImrbs
Gkrsil,_. .lav.. .manbg;bn vU BakeBcn_rbsCnCati. .PU f..rbsCnCatiepg@eTot..EdlRbCaCn
niyayPasalavenARkgevogcnminGacyln..>.
elIsBIeneTAeTot.. vtmanGkrsil,_lavEdlCakRmgsadeTal.. ngi dacedayELk.. KRW bkb
edayPaBcRmgcRmas..>...eKKitfa..esckIsnidaneTAelIGkrsil,_..lavfaCaRbBNImYydaceday
ELk. .EdlmanRBMEdnkMNtc,aslasdacecjBIRbBNIGkrsil,_epg@eTotenAkg tMbn. .KCW aKMnti
mYyEdlekItecjeLIg. .edaysarEtkarcabepImykGkrsil,_CaRbFanbTsRmabsikaRsavRCav..>
buEn. .eKRtvdwgfavamansarsMxanxus@KaeTAtamtMbn. .enAkgGkrsil,_lav. nigfPaKsaneday
rYmman. .k). karcUlcitk arniBnEbbBakray.. ngi kMNaB. .x).rebobrbbsEmgnig. K).erOgBiess@mYy
cMnnY . >.. TahrN_. .Gkrsil,_enAlavPaKxageCIg. .mancritlkNxusKaBIGkrsil,_enAtMbnepg@.
edaysarEtvarg}TiB lxagM BIRbBNIGkrsil,_rbsCnCatiLanNa..>.eKGacemIleXIjcritlkN
enenAkg . .k). vtmannkareRbIRsPasaLanNaenAkg karniBnsa dGkrsil,_. .x). karpBVpaynUv
sadGkrsil,_. .EdlCaFmtaeKEtgeXIjmanEtenAkg RbeTsfPaKxageCIgsBVfEtminmaneXIj
enAtamtMbnepg@rbsRbeTsLav. .bfPaKsan..nig. K).kareRbIRsk,nxat..nigEbbbTkMNaB
(42)
89
RsedogKanwgkMNaB..LanNa.. dcU CakareRbIRsCaTUeTAnUvTRmgkN

M aB..hay..enAkg karniBnsad
Gkrsil,e_ RcInCagenAkg tMbnepg@rbslav. fPaKsan..>..deU c. .sN
M rY EdlecaTeLIgena.KWmni
RtwmEtfa. .etIeKGaccatGkrsil,_lavcUlCaRbBNIEtmYynEdreT.. EteKkRtvsYrpgEdrfaetI
RbBNIGkrsil,_my
Y cabepmI enARtgNa.. ehIymYyeTotcbenARtgNa.?. . eyIgGacCYbnUvkarlMk
kgkarplcemIycMeBasMNYrxagelIen...CakEsgenAkgkrNIerOg..xVay..TUraPI...EdlnbkERbCa
PasaGgeKsenAkgesovePAramayN..enAkgRbeTslav.. (karsikaGMBI. .xVay..TUraPI.). bkERbday
scdi ann. .sah.. (1976). >.. ebItamesckIe pmI . .erOgenmanEtBIrc,abbeu NaenAkg RbeTslavehIy
TaMgBIrc,aben...RtveKtm;lTukenAkgbNal&yRBraCvaMg...enAhgRg..>.erOgmYyc,abRtvn
ktRtaCaGkr.LanNa..nigmYyc,abeTotEdlkItenAeBleRkayRtvncmgeTACaPasalavRbEhl
CaenAkMlugqaM...1971...ehIymanxwmsardUcKanwgc,abedImEdlCaPasa.LanNa..ena...(sah..
1976..2)>etIkarpasbrRtwmEtGkrsresrenAkgsadmYy...eFVI[sadenakayCaGkrsil,_
rbslav.yagNa.?. .sadEdlmanenAkg Gkrsil,_bru aNrbslavCajwkjabRtvEksRmlBIerOg.
EdlmanRbPBmkBIbreTs....ebImindUeceTKWmanmUldanmkBIerOgniTankgtMbnEdlminEmn
BiesssRmabEtlavenaeT..>.. etIsa dmYyRtvkarEkERbkRmitNa.. edIm,IGaccatTku nfa. .Casad
rbslav?
RbsinebIeyIgcatTku Gkrsil,_lav.. CaRbBNIGkrsil,_my
Y . .(edayminmankarTamTarfa.. Ca
RbBNIrYmEtmYyEdlminGacEbgEck[manRBMEdnc,aslas.nigCaklak)...eyIgGacbegI;tnUvcrit
lkN. TeM nar..nigcMNgcN
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dUcCa.. teXIn. elI. nigtyYn(KWCaRbCaCnrbs. nKrLanNa).> . lkNTaMgenrYmman. .k)kareRbI
RsGkrlav...nigGkr..fam .x)..k,nxatCaklakGMBIrebobEdleKGacbgHajnUvsadkgbribT
sasna...nigminTakTgnwgsasna...EdlxusBIRbBNICitxag..(kUert1996..5-11)...K)...xwmsarrbs
erOgCaeRcIn. .(RbePTerOgEdlBiess). .manenAkgtMbnsMxan@. .EdlmanRbCaCnniyayPasalav
rsenA. . EtmineXIjmanenAkgtMbndTeToteT.. (kUert..1996.. 9-11). X).kareRCIserIseRbIkMNaB
KYnGan...EdlminmaneXIjeRbIenAkgRbBNIepgeTot ..g)..PaBlemgeTArksacerOgEbbkar
kman.nigesha. .kg kareRbbeFobCamYykarTUna nenAkg sasna.. (kUert.1996..11-24). >. . eyIgRtv
karRsavRCavbEnSmeTot.. edIm,I[ylc,asGBM TI nM akTnM gRbBNIGkrsil,_rbslav.. CamYynwgRbBNI
CitxagenAkgtMbndUcCa. LanNa. mn. Exr. >l>
srubmk.. eyIgseg;teXIjfa.. edaysarEtmankarpasbryagxaMgenAkgsg:mlav. nigenAPaK
sankg stvtTI. 20.. tYnaTIrbsGkrsil,_km ankarpasbr pgEdr..>. .karEfrka.. ngi karerobcMGkr
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_
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EdlBuGM acecosvagrYc. >.. enAeBlEdlCnCatilavkanEtXatqayBItnY aTIrbsGkrsil,_. .Gkrsil,_
buraNEdlmantaMgBIGtItkal.. kanEtcakbseRCAenAkgTRmgGkrsil,_sm&yTMenIb. ^
.(43)
(44).
(45).
CMBUkTI 4
dMeNIrEsVgrkkarRtasdwg..nigGtsBaaNvb,Fm
.RBBuTsasnaenAevotNamshsm&y
eday.an. dU (THIN D)
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa. The Quest for Enlightenment and
Cultural Identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam . .>
GtSbTTaMgendkRsgecjBIesovePA.BuTsasna..nigneyaykgstvtTI. 20
rkasiTi Ks 2002 edayRKwsSaneBum<. xnFInwm. GuInFWNasUNal
CHAPTER 4:
The Quest for Enlightenment and Cultural Identity:
Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam.
THIN D
(Buddhism and Politics in 20th Century)
Copyright 2001 by The Continuum International Publishing Group
bkERbedaykBaa Cr.c&nFIta..
CMBUkTI.4
dMeNIrEsVgrkkarRtasdwg..nigGtsBaaNvb,Fm.
.RBBuTsasnaenAevotNamshsm&y
esckIepIm.....
Cacm,gBuTsasnaenAevotNammanlkNCaBuTsasnamhayan..edaymanlaysmasFatuCMenO
RbCaRbiyepg@EdlrIksayBaseBj...nigxus@KaBItMbnmYyeTAtMbnmYy.>..RBBuTsasnaenman
lkNminxusKaeTAnwgRBBuTs
asnaenAbNaRbeTsGasIxu agekItenaeT.. >. .edayehtufaRbvts
i as
evotNamkgryeBl.RbEhl..100.qaMcugeRkayennditdamedayplvikesaknadkmnsm&y
GaNaniKmEdlBimI nu enaeTotmansg:amsIvu l
i . nigkarBRgIkTwkdIeFI[V BuTs
asnaenARbeTsenBuGac
M
eKcputBI}TiBlnRBwtikarN_FM@TaMgenaeLIy..>.eTabIyagNakedaybnabBIkarFakcuGsCaeRcIn
stvtmkRBBuTs
asnaenAEtRTaMRTnehIyGacsRmbxn nyagl. .>. edaysarEtRBBuTs
asna
TTYlnkarKaMRTyagxaMgBIRbCaCn. .nigmanTMnakTMngCamYyGtsBaaNCati. .GtSbTencgecaTsYr
BIkaryleXIjn. karFakcu . . karricrwl..rbsRBBuTs asnaenARbeTsevotNamenAstvtTI. 19
sm&ymunena.. > .GtSbTenkBiniteLIgvijpgEdrfa.. GVIEdleKGGagfaCakarrYmcMENkrbsBuT
sasnadlkarpasbryagxaMgkgkardasstiCnCatievotNamtaMgBITsvtr_qaM. 1930.EdlCaeBl
manPaBtantwg...esaknadkm..nigPaBcRmgcRmasrvagTMenIbnIykm..nigCatiniymRBmTaMgrvag
neyay. nigvb,Fm. .>.
edayyleXIjfaRbPBksarRbvtisasPaKeRcInhakdUcCabgHajRbeyIgBIneyay
raCvg...nigBYkGPiCnCaCagbBaHaepg@eTot...karbunbgrkTsnvis&ymYyeTot...sIBIRBBuTsasna
enARbeTsevotNamcaMcRtvsikaTsnTakTgnwgkarcudundab.. nigkarrsraneLIgvij. >. CageneTA
eTotkarBiBNnarbsBkY GPiCnbgHaj[eXIjBIsNannGtsBaaNCati. nigGtsBaaNvb,Fm. >
mtienkanEtmanPaBsKsajedaysarEtPaBdUc@KanFatunanarbsam..hav.(Tam Gio sasnabI.
KWBTu sasna
.lTxi gu CW. ngi sasnatav.).EdlnkMNtedayRTwscI ni taMgBIstvtTI. 14..mkdlbcb ,n

en..> Tnmw nwgkarBicarNaBItnY aTIRBBuTs
asna.kg clnaTamTarkraCralRbvtBui Ts
asnaevotNamcaMcRtvykcitTukdakeTAelIbBaHaTaMgLayEdlTakTgyagCitsiT. eTAnwgkarRbtibtiRbcaMf
rbsRbCaCnsamBa...>...xJMsUmelIksMeNIfaeyIgGacemIlelIbBaHaTaMgeneRBabBaHaTaMgenmanPaB
CMBakCMBinCamYynwgCMenO. nigkarRbtibtiGtPavna..>.
CnCatievotNamCaeRcInEdlGGagxnfaCaBuTsasnik.yleXIjfakarRbtibtiCMenOdlbMput
EtgparPabnwgCMenOGrUbeI Tatick.I .eRcInk.I .>..CakarsMxankg karTTYls:alfatamrykareRbbRbdUc
nwgGtPavna..RBBuTs
asnaevotNam. nigsasnaRbCaRbiyepgeTotnTTYllkNcits
assg:
m
(1)
(2)
(3)
94
CMBUkTI 4
Rsedog@Karbsxn tamryTMnakTMngrvagBiPBRBlwg. nigBiPBCIvti . >. enAkg bribTkarbeg;tI . ngi bERm

bRmlkarRbtibtiCM enOmUldan. GtPavnaminRtwmEtpln vU sk;anuBlPaBx<sk g karsRmbxn tamvb,Fm
bueNaeT.EfmTaMgedIrtYCaktaCMrujedIm,I[mankarpasbrsg:mpgEdr..>..karyldwgrbseyIg
cMeBakarvivtBuTsasnanaeBlfI@ennwgGacTajRbeyaCn_neRcInEfmeTot..BITsnvis&yTUlM
TUlayCagmunEfmeTot. .>. .mnu nwgeyIgbneTAmuxeTot.eyIgnwgRkeLkemIleTAelIlkNTUeTAnTRmg
epg@rbsBuTsasnaenAevotNam..>
karcatfak....
eTabIdwgfakarBnledaysRmayRCleBknaM[xuskedaykeKEbgEcknikayepg@KanRBBuT
sasnaCabIRbePTFM@. .>. RbePTTaMgbIenRtvKanwgrUbsMNakbdimamanenAtamTIGasnsMxan@CageK
enAkg vtRBBuTs
asna. .>. karerobcMCaRtImtU ei nehAfa.hVti . amef (Pht Tam Th) .RBBuTb CI nM an man
RBmeRtyenABImxu .(bEu nenAtamvtx EbrCamanraCkumarRBsiTt eS TAvij).RBsakmuneI nAkNal..nig
RBGmitaP enABIeRkay.. .>. enARbePTTI.1.mannikayeCn.(zen). nignikayefrvaTEdlnikayTaMgBIren
epatGarmNCa
_ sMxanelIkardusxatcti x n gtamrykareFVs
I maFi. >. nikayTaMgBIreneKarBRBsak
munCI aFM. >. rIRbePTEdndIbrisTu . vijmanCMenOfavimtu
i nBIkmagM eRkAxn . >..BuTs
asnaRbePTeneKarB
eCOelIRBGmitaP..>. .rIRbePTcugeRkaymannikaytnIkCaGkmanCMenOfazansbnwgmannaeBlxag
mux. .>. .kg RbePTTI. 3. enrYmmannikayhVa. hav (Ha Ho) nignikaykavday (Cao i) .(BIedImehAxn g
fa..BuTsasnaCMnanfIEdleKarBbUCaelIRBBuTmeRtyEdr...EdlRBGg:CaGktMNag[TMenarrkkar
TsTayrbsBYkeK. .>dUceneKGacniyaynfaRbePTTaMgbIenbgHajBIlTPaBbIyagkg karpasbr
mnuselak..>..
eKeXIjmankarerobcMTGI asnmYyEbbeTotEdlmandakbdimaRBBuTG mitaP. . buE nenAEk,rena
manbdimaeTBFItaGvtarBIrGg:RbsUtecjBIRBeBaFistVGvelakietsVr.EdleKs:alfaCaRBnagPhat
BaQuanAmehACaPasacinfaGuanyin..>..enbgHaj[eXIjBITidPaBsIniymnsasnaevotNamEdl
ncakskgTRmgCamatuPaB..emtakruNa.. nigkarbricaK.ehIyTRmgennbreTACaBiFIneTvI. nig
BiFIbg;kMeNItEdlparPabnwgGtItkalEdlmanEtksikm...>..enAtamvttUc@PaKeRcIneKeXIjman
RteTBEdlBik[eyIgcatdakkg RbePTmYyNac,aslasNas. >..nikaykavday. KCW aTahrN_
mYyRsab. .>. kavdayCanikayCabTakTgnwgkarsresrRBlwg.rYmCamYynwgRkmtUc@epgeTot. .Edl
suTEt
TTYlkareRbnRbedABInki aymIjs.U Minh Su.(RBRKRtasdgw ). Edlbeg;tI edayCnnirRbevscin
PaKxagt,g..> karcatfakxagelIminnBiPakaeRcInBIkarvivtBuTsasnaeTACanikayepg@enA
RbeTsevotNamkgrykalCag..100..qaMcugenaeT...buEnyagehacNas...vakbgHajeRKageKal@
RKbRKan[ylBIbMNgeyIgEdr..>.edIm,I[ylBITRmgnkarpasbr..nigsarFatupMrbsBuTsasna
evotNameyIgcaMcRtvRkeLkemIlTidPaBxBIbribTRbvtisas. >.
(4)
95
dMeNIrEsVgrkkarRtasdwg..nigGtsBaaNvb,Fm..RBBuTsasnaenAevotNam..shsm&y
karFakcu
karvivtRBBuTsasnaenAevotNamcabBIcugstvtTI. 19.. mkGacniyayCasegbnfaCakarrsran

eLIgvij.bnabBImankarFakcuGsryeBl..4.stvtCabnbnabmk..>..mUlehtunkarFakcuenaKW..
edaysarEtrdGN
M acngakmkRbtibty
i klTxi gu CWCamenaKmviCa sl .(may..feRbn.(Mai Tho Truyn)
1962; egVn..van.han (Nguyn Vn Huyn) 1944, egVn..ayFW. (Nguyn Ti Thu) 1992; Fic.matef(Thch
Mt Th) 1960;cin. vanhab (Trn Vn Gip) 1968) >.eTabIyagenkI.karbkRsayenplvaytmx<s
elIneyayfaCacMNuceKalnkarrIksayPaysasnananaTaMgen..> tamrykarqbBaaMgBIBuT
sasnaenAevotNamen. .eyIgGacylBeI bobnkareFI[V eTACalkNkg Rsk.(kgRsknIykm) enA
bNaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_TaMgmUl...>. .ehIykareBalCarYmEbbenbgHaj[eXIjBITsnlubelIeK
rbsbBavnRbkanlTixugCWfIkgkar[niymn&yfaGVIeTAEdlehAfakarGPirk (orthodoxy) karRtvtamFatuedIm (authenticity).>.
tamkarseg;tpaleTAelIsSanPaBvt...nigKNsgeXIjmanlkNxusKatictYcNascabBI
Tsvtr_qaM..1920..(Coulet..1929)..dlTsvtr_qaM..1950..(pam..haTan(Pham Gia Tun) 1954).>.buEn
tamkarseg;tyaglti lnelI
smasFatuvtevotNamCY. (Cha)TaMgmUlpanekbj . (Phan K Bnh) sresr
enATsvtr_qaM. 1930..nelIkBIsarsMxanKYr[ktsm:alelIvtevotNamCY PaKxageCIg.edayTaj
GarmN_GkGaneTAelItYnaTIrbssIEdlCaGkbeg;ItsmaKmsIcMNashUy..CW.(hi Ch b) enAkg
tMbnen.. >. sTI aMgenasuTE tCaseI Bjv&y. CaseI mmay. BkY eKsSti enAeRkamkardwknaMrbssmaCik
Edlmanv&ycMNas. .nigKYr[eKarBCageK.. >..BYkeKsuTEtmansTacUlmkbYskgRBBuTsasna. nig
beRmItamGaRsmEdlminsSiteRkamkarRKbRKgrbsRBsg..dUnCINaeLIy..>..panekbjGGagfa
RbB&nenmanPaBsuIemRTIKanwgrcnasm<nykbursCaFMtamEbbxmGktanlTitav-xugCW..(DIj
inh).>
.lkNsIuemRTIKaenminmanenAtMbnPaKxagt,geTeRBaenATIenavtGarammankudisRmab
RBsg,pg. ngi tUbsRmabdnU CIpg..>. edaysarGvtmanrbsPaBsIemRTI
u enAPaKxagt,genehIyeTIb
sPaBsiTsalrbssIenAtamCnbT..nigtamRkgtUc@CamYyvtGaramCY..kgPUmiRskrbsKatkanEt
manxaMgeLIg.>.PaBsiT salenRkdCanRbqaMgnwgrbbbBVCitnasm&yenaCakCaminxan..>
CaTahrN_esovePAENnaMBI..karRbtibtiRBBuTsasna..eBum<payeday.Go Cong.enAqaM..1929
nniyaybenasbgabBI}riyabfq:aqM g: mYycMnnY enAkg vtGaramdUcCakarTMBasa. nignaMekgcUlvtehIy
minRb[varkaPaBesmsatCaedIm.(cin.xVag.van.(Tran Quang Van).1929). >.
cMeBaGkseg;tEdlmanBiesaFn_bribUrdUcCaelak]Bukxat..DIEy.(Cadire 1953)...nylfa
BuTsasnaenAedImstvtTI..20..eday.ncaksyageRCAcUlkgRsTabRbCaCnsamBanlay
bBal
Kangw bNs
M asnacRmKaTaMgLayenARbeTsevotNam..>. .emIleTAhakdcU CafaRBBuTs
asna
enAevotNamswgEtminmankfan.. >. elak]Bukxat..DEI y.eGGagfa.kg cMeNamCnCatievotNam..10
nakman..9..nakehIyEdlrsenA. .nigsabeTAvijTaMgminneKarBRbtibtkii cs asnasMxan@EbbRBBuT
(5)
(6)
(7)
96
CMBUkTI 4
sasnaenaeT..>. ebIenAtMbntgu kwgvijcMnnY GkRbtibtki ci s asnakanEtticCageneTAeTot. .eTaCatMbn

enamanvtTakTajeRcInkeday...>..GkniBnxGGagfacMNucxaMgnRBBuTsasnaKWminBwgEpkTaMgRsgelIkareFIVkicbUCananaenaeT. . buEnEpkelIkarykcitTukdakedaypalBIsMNakGPiCnfakx<s
Edl bri c a K Tan elI s M N g s S a btkm . .. ni g eFI V [ RTw s I Bu T s asnakan E tbri s u T . .. >.. .
tamTsnenpgEdr.eKGacniyaynfaRBBuTsasnaevotNamhakdUcCaFakcu. .>.
eTabICamun.eBlkarbtSmK aMRTBIGN
M ackNaldlvtRBBuTs
asnacabepmI fycukedaykGk
sikaRsavRCavseg;teXIjfaBuTsasnanFakcuteTAehIy.>.enAcugTsvtr_qaM.1200..nigedIm
Tsvtr_qaM..1300.escraCvgTran...KWRBTjin..tug..nig.Gaj..tug..(Nhn Tng & Anh Tng) nTTYl
RBsgmYyGg:manRBnamcEmkhC.I Lwm (Du-chi Ba Lm) [KgenAkg RBraCvaMgGsryeBlBIrqa.M >
RBetCRBKuNpic.ma tef (1960/.66-7) . EdlCasgskmkg kareFVkI EM NTRmg. .nigCaGkniBnmYy
Gg:kgcMeNamGkniBnsm&yTMenIbsIBIRbvtiRBBuTsasnaenAevotNamnsresrerobrabBIsm&y
kalenafaRBsgCaePJvrbsRBraCaena...KWCaCnCatiTIebkannikaytnIkrEbbmhayan (heterodox)..> . bBaHasKsajenmann&yfaeKcatTukRBraCaTaMgBIrGg:. .KWRBTjin. tug CaescsSabnik.
nigRBTGaj.tug CasemcsgTIBIrnnikayRTk.Lwm (Trc Lm) . >.. nikayRTk.LwmenCanikayCab
ExRsLayBInikayeCnEtmYyKtenARbeTsevotNam..>...buEnRBGg:matef riKnral}TiBlEdl
RBsgbreTsenmanmkelIRBmhakRt.ehIyelaknGGagedaysegbfa..
(8)
(9)
niyay[xIeTARBBuTsasnaenAevotNamrhUtmkdlkarrlMeTAnraCvgcin KWfaRBsgTaMgLay
minxacnwgGeBaj
I emdwknaMsasnanikayepg..nigCMenORBlwgnanaedIm,ImkrYmCamYynwgvtRBBuTs
asna
sakmunenaeT.>
I
.CamYynwgkardkfyrbsRBBuTs
asnasasnadTman{kascUlmk.>..etIkarEdl
bBavnCMnaneRkaymanelak.eRTg..hanesov.(Trng Hn Siu) nigelakegVn.RTggam.(Nguyn
Trung Ngan) pBVpayRbqaMgCasaFarNnwgRBBuTsasnamanGVIKYrPJakepJIleTA?.
eKdwgfaTMnakTMngRBmhakRtCamYynwgKNsgKWCaRbPBnkarRbyuTKaMRTBIsMNakbBavn
enAkgraCvaMgenAkgsm&yraCvg.Tran. .>. RBGg:matef.kyleXIjfakarriKnbBavnlTixugCWsm&y
fIEdlkMNtdakeTascMeBaRBsgBuTsasnaenAcugstvtTI14.PaKeRcInriKnBIGVIEdleKylfa
CaGsmtSPaB.rbsBuTsasnik.>.
erOgGVIEdlcEmkCageKbMputekItmanenAqaMTI..5.nqaMesOg..hV..(Xong Ph) kgrCkalRBTep..ed
(Ph 1381).KWRBmhakRtnecjraCbBaa[Piks
asnaeCn...day.fin.(ai Thn) dwknaMRBsg.
nigRbmUlEknGkbYsTaMgLayenAtamPUmi[eTAc,aMgnwgT&BQanBancam.>..eKBitCaGacniyaynfa
enAeBlEdlRbPBFnFanRbeTsenAmankRmitTabKNsgkayCaRkmGtnkarkgEkvEPkrbs
mnIRbkanlTixugCW..ehtudUcenehIy.nCaeKbBan.(RBGg:day.fin)eTAeFIVsg:am>
97
enAstvtTI..15..menaKmviCalTixugCWsm&yfIenAEtelIslubedaysarRBTeL.faytun.(L
Thi Tn) enAbnRbtibtk
i ci s
asnaBIraCvgcin ehIyRBGg:ncat[mankarRblgdlbursNaEdl
cgbYsCasg.. >. eTabIya gNaRBGg:ma tef yleXIjfakarEdlRBmhakRtncakrbU sti RBmata
ekkrbsRBGg:edaymanemdwknaMsasnaeCnmakcUlrYmerobcMBiFIdakRBenRtenAelIrUbbdimaen
Cakicb egHy
I .bBaakfa. RBsgkayCaRkmnGaKmGsehIy..>. elIsBIeneTAeTotenAeBlmaneRKa
raMgst qa.M .1434.. rbU bdimaRBBuTe nAvt.pan. va n. (Phap Van) neprykeTAdakenAkg RBraCvaMgeday
manRBsgeFIBiV Fs
I RU tbYgsYgpg. >.. BFi EI bbennRrBm g eTotenAeRKaraMgst qa.M 1449..enAeBl
eKbBaa[RksYgFmkareFVBI Fi bI gY sYgsuTM kw ePgenAvtRBBuTs
asnamYy.EdlmanmaskRtICaGFibtI. >
karenKWesInwgeFVI[RBBuTkayCaRBlwgexacemtamkarBarenAkgRbB&nCMenORbCaRbiyevotNam
(Fic.ma tef. 1960...166-74).>. magvijeTot.rb
U bdimaenAvtpan. va nmanragCaeTBFItasm,rexAtMNag[
BuTs
asnakg RskEdlmanGMNacrmIRKbRKanedIm,ITakTajkarbtSmK aMRTBIRBmhakRtbEu nerOg
enminmanGVIFMduMcMeBaRBGg:matef eLIy...>.TahrN_TaMgen..nigTsndUcKadTeTotenAstvt
eRkay@mkEdleyIgnwgeXIjenAxageRkamenbgHaj[eXIjfakarbkRsayBnlBIPaBdundabn
BuTsasnamanPaBlemgyagc,aseTArkBYkGPiCnEdlRbkansasnacin...nigPaBsMxanrbslTi
xugCWsm&yfIEdlnkarKaMRTBIRBraCvaMg. >.
enAqaM...1798.enAeBlRTgeFVIkarbRgbbRgmGMNacrbsxnenAtMbncugxagt,gha.Dij (Gao
nh) RBTegVn..Gaj..(Nguyn nh) (eRkaymkCaGFiraCha.Lg.(Gia Long).cgkateTasRbharCIvit
RBsgcasvsamYyGg:EdlRbRBwts
c,abvni y
& . .>.RBGg:km anEpnkar[RBsgraCsasnatav..nig
RKcUlrUbsasnatav[cueQakg bBakMI ENnelIkElgEtRBGg:NamanvsaelIsBI. 50.ecj..>. BYk
mn
I nbgw tvamin[mankarkateTasRbharCIvti ehIyelIkBIkti ni amRBsgfa.. CaGkeFVGI tPavnadBti
Rkd..>. buEnenAcugbBabBYknikayRbqaMgnwgRBBuTsasnaKWlTixugCWsm&yfIenAsm&yRBecA.egVn
.manGMNacelIseKg..> sarB&tmaneQaegVn..h:ahit..(Nguyn Gazette)minnpay[dwgBI
Rkidkm...nigeCaKvasnarbsRBsgGg:enaeTbuEnsresrfa.RBTegVn..Gaj. bncatviFankar
RbqaMgnwgBuTsasnaa..CI. day..eRTg.(T Ch i Truong . 1973.306.).>
RbsinebIehtukarN_xagelIenbgHajBIkareLIgkUdrbsRkmGkmanCMenOlTixugCWsm&yfI.vak
GacbBaakBICeRmAnkareKarBbUCaKNsgBuTsasna.RBmTaMgRbCaRbiyPaBdKYr[ktsm:alrbs
RBBuTsasnanasm&
yenaEdrebImni ncBaseBjRbeTsevotNamknTUTaMgtMbnPaKxagt,gEdl
eTIbekItfEI dr.. >. .CageneTAeTotenAeRkamrCkalNguyenvtRBBuTs
asnaenAEtbnmankarykcit
TukdakBIsMNakBYkGPiCn..nigfakdwknaM. .>. .CaBiessenAstvtTI. 19..CaryeBlEdlRBmhakRt
ykcitTukdakeTAelItMbnvb,FmenAegVn..Gaj.(ng Trong).(KW.tMbnPaKxagt,g).EdlCaPstagBit
bgHajBIPaBrsrevIknsSab&nRBBuTs
asnaEbbefrvaT. KmW ni EmnCakarFakcu nBuTsasna
CaTUeTAenA
kgtMbnenaeT.. >
(10)
(11)
98
CMBUkTI 4
Pam@eBlbnabena.viTasSanRsavRCav.han.NUm..(Hn Nm) enARkghaNUyneBum<pay

esovePAcgRkgmYyk,alEdlniyayGMBIkMNtRta. nigesckIGtSaFib,ayTakTgnwgGkrsas.Rbvti
sas. .nigPUms
i assresrCaBakkaB..nigBakray.EdlmanniyayBITsk;
I arbUCaEbbvb,FmsMxan@
RbmaN...1064..kEngEdlnsageLIgtaMgBIstvtTI..6.rhUtmkdlqaM..1900.en...> CakarBit
NasEdlfakEngEdlmancubBaTaMI genGaccatTku CakEngdmansarsMxansRmabTFI myaRtaEdl
rabnCaTIEdlfakdwknaMGPiCnmkBRgwg}TBi l..nigGMNacrbsxn . >. bEu nebIsni CaeyIgcgTTYln
nUvPaBrwgmaMnRBBuTsasna
enAstvtTI. 19.BB&I tm anEdlmanenAkg esovePAcgRkgxagelIen.etI

eyIgmaneXIjGVIxenAkgena?
kg cMeNamvtRBBuTs asnacMnnY . .377. EdlncubBaehI
I yEdlvtcasCageKenaksageLIg
enAstvtTI. 3..nKs.manyagehacNascMnnY . 228..vtKWesnI gw . 60%. EdlnktRtaenAkg ksar
Capv karnastvtTI. 19..>.kg cMeNamvtTaMg. 288..eneTotman..98..vt. (esnI gw . 25%). nTTYlkar
ykcitTukdakedaypalBIsMNakBYkGPiCnCafakdwknaMrbsraCvgegVn.(1802-1956).nigGkepg
eTot.(TahrN_dUcCaRbCaCntammUldan...nigRBecAGFikarEdlKgenATIena)..>..cMENkBIrPaKbInvtdTeTotnTTYlkarKaMRTBIBYkfakdwknaMGPiCn..>. karykcitTukdakedaypalEdlxJMniyay
BIxagelImann&yfavtTaMgenaneKksagfI CYsCul. .ktbu Etglm. .ksagkud.i .salaEdlBImun
Carbssasnaepg. .kpl C aGMeNayCadIraCkaredIm,IbeM BjcMNlU bEnSm. .plC asakeQafeRKg
I
tubEtg. .nigeRKgsgHarimnanaedIm,ICasBaabBaakfamankarTTYls:alBRB
I mhakRt.. >.enAeBlEdl
minmankarKaMRTeBjTMhwgdlRBBuTsasnaminEmnmann&yfamankarFakcukgCMenO..nigkarRbtibti
RBBuTsasna.dUcEdleKnsresrCaTUeTAnasm&ybcb,nenenaeT. .>..CakarBitNassSab&nBuT
sasnaefrvaT GacfamankarFakcu bnci EmnEtBiFnI ana.. nigviharRKddi F s
M em,ImenAEtbBaakBIkarKaMRT
BIfakdwknaMGPiCn..nigBuTbris&TcMNueCIgvt. .>..dUeceBleKniyayfa. karFakcunRBBuTsasna
KWsMedAdln&yfa..}TiBlGMNacrbsmnIraCvaMgEdlmanCMenOelIlTixugCWsm&yfIenAkgvis&y
menaKmviCanigneyay. .RBmTaMgGtSiPaBnmUldanRKwsasnaeCnrbsBYkeKCaEpkmYynGMNac
yuTsasfakkNalrbsxn.> .PstagenminGacykCasmagRtwmRtvtamc,abedIm,IbdiesFBI
GanuPaBGMNacvb,FmnBuTsasnaEdlCasasnaBhumuxehIyncaksyagmaMCaBiessenAtam
tMbnCnbTTaMgLayneT..>..
naeBlbcb,nenGksikaelIsSanPaBRBBuTsasnanpasbrTsnrbsxnedaysarkar
TTYls:alelIbribTRbvts
i asepgKa.yleXIjfastvtTI. 19..KWCasm&ykalexAggwt. >. karsika
en.pyKaTaMgRsgnwgmtirbsRBGg:.Fic.matef.(1960..215-16)..EdlepatkarsikarbselakCa
BiesselIPaBkEbkrbsvtTaMgLay.. nigkarrIksayrbsKNsgbnabBs
I g:amsm&yegVn..tI.
sWn. (Nguyn Ty Sn) (1771.18-2). > . eRkamrbbegVn KNsgenAEtCakmagM dFmM y
Y . >.RBsg
manrhUtdl. 30..Gg:enAtamvtF@M ehIyRbEhlCa..5. .6.Gg:enAtamvttcU @.>.rdnRKbRKgelIcnM nY
(12)..
(13)
(14)
(15)
99
bBVCti TaMgGstamrykarerobcMRblgRbNaMgCaeTotTat.(emRbeyaKcMnnY . 50.. nakmkBIRksYgFmkar

RtvnEtgtaMg[TTYlbnk kargaren). .>. vt. .nigviharCaeRcInnCYsCul. .nigsagsgCafCI aBiess
enAPaKxagt,gEdlmanvtfICaeRcInnksageLIgedaycmgmUtk,rk,acBIRbeTsGasuIGaeKy_epg
eTot (mij. CI.(Minh Chi)et al 1993.187-93).>
buEn.KMnityleXIjxusKabnicbncnabcb,nen.elIRBBuTsasnaminGacykmkeFobnwgkar
Fakcu TaMgRsgEdlmanmtiPaKeRcInKaMRTenaeT.>.karpl ksiT[i sasnaEdlEpkCamUldanelIKm<rI
nigkareFVcI N
M atfa kGk bYsTUTaMgRbeTs.CamYynwgkarminykcitT ku dakx@cMeBaPaBepgKatamtMbn.
kbg;[mankareFVkI EM NTRmgtaMgBITsvtqa.M 1920. mkem . .>. .tamBiteTAkaremIleXIjPaBFakcu Gacfa
CaplviknkarbraC&yrbs.egVn..kg karbRgbbRgm. .nigBRgwgnKredIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarrIkdudalrbs
GaNaniKmraMgrhUtdlBakkNalTI. 2. nstvtTI. 19..>. .eTaCaeKBnlbkRsayEbbNakeday
kkarsndi a nEdlEpkelIRBBuTs
asnaEdlcudundabCaeRcInstvtmkehIyenasSti enAEtkg rgVg
Tsnvis&yrbsBYkGPiCnBikpaj. >
kMENTRmg..nigkarrsraneLIgvij
eKGaccatTukkarberdwknaMedayBuTsasniktamRskPUmiRbqaMgnwgkarkankabraMg.faCakarcgl
bgHajBIsarsMxannRBBuTsasnakgkartsURbqaMgrbsRbCaCnTUeTA..>..enAPaKxagt,gkarcabxn
Gkbeg;ItRkmbv. sWn. KI. ehOg(eQaniaysasna.Bu Son K Huong (BSKH)). naqaM. .1849..qbBaaMg
[eXIjBIkarbdiesFrbsRBraCvaMgcMeBaclnaBuTs
asnik.>.eTabIya gNavaenAEtminGacbBabkar
rIklUtlasrbsBuTsasnaenAtamCnbTneLIy.>.enATsvtr_qaM..1860..cin..van..faj..(Trn Vn
Thnh).EdlncUlrYmkg
Rkm.BSKH ndwknaMGkeshaCatimy
Y cMnnY [eFVkI artsRU bdabGavuFRbqaMgnwg
rbbRKbRKgraMgenAqaM. 1847. .nigenATsvtr_qaM. 1890..v. CW. ePOg.(V Tr Phng) neFVIclnaRsedogKaennaPaKxageCIg.> buEnTsnenRtvnEtmYyEpkbueNa.. >. kgkrNIenAPaKxagt,g
kartseU napusecjBITkw cite shaCatipg..nigkartaMgcitrbs
RbCaCncgrsCaBuTs
asnikpg..>. mUl
ehtuTaMgBIrenRtvEtykmkBicarNaenAeBleKKitrkmUlehtuBIkarkateTasdlRkm BSKH enAmun
sm&yraMgQanBanmkem(h..ay.(Ho Tai) 1983.TMB&r.11). >. dUecehIyrUbPaBRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm
RkdCabg;edaysarkartsUrbsRbCaCnRbqaMgnwgkarrwtbnwgBIsMNakRBraCvaMgtaMgBIsm&ymun
GaNaniKmmkem . .>. .bEu nkarenminKYrnaM[eyIgsndi a nfaGkEdlbeBajTsnsklBIsasnasuT
EtCaemjjgberehIykminEmnfard. suTEtRbqaMgBuTsasnaenaeT.>
cMeBaGkrsenAPaKxagt,gevotNamCMenOBuTs
asnamanRCtRCabGtSny
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karerobcMCIvitrsenARbcaMfrbsBYkeK.. >. .karTamTar[manGtPavnanTRmg}riyabfrbsBYkKat
[mankarsRmbxneTAnwgbrisSansg:m...nigvb,Fm..>..kIbgRfacgnkarrsenAedaysbKYrEteK
KitfaCakartERmtRmgxneTArkTisedAnGtPavnaCaCagylfaCakarCMTastvasg:mRbqaMgnwgkar
(16)..
(17)
100
CMBUkTI 4
TamTarGMNackNal. .nigmenaKmviCa nana.. >. bcb ,nen.RkmCasmaCikCaeRcInrbsRkm.BSKH enaKW

RkmTW..Gin..ehov..gak..(T n Hiu Ngha).(sg:hvtSbYnyag karrabGanGkdTCajati...nigkar
RbtibtiFm). Edlnbeg;IteLIgenAqaM.1878.enAEtKitfakardutPUmirbseKCaeRcInelIkCaeRcInsaedayBYkraMgenATsvtr_qa.M 1870.nigTsvtr_qa.M 1880. Ca..viFankardygXg . Edlcgbg;abminRtwmEtTwkcites
haCatirbsBYkKatbeu NaeT..EfmTaMgcgbpM a jCMenOelIRBFmrbsBkY KatEfmeTotpg
(ha..tin. hin(Ha` Tn Dn) 1974). >
lkNKMrUrbsRkm BSKH nGtPavnaEdlRBsgTUeTAmin
nRbtibtienakenAEteXIjmankarRbtibtibntamrysmaKmBuTikEdndIbrisuTnBYkRKhsS.Tij. dU
KW.s.I htiV . hy
U .(Tnh o Cu` Si Pht Hi)eBlbcb ,nenpgEdr..>. karGGagbBaakfaxn minBakBn& nw g
neyaynbgHajtamrysb,rs
i FmCabBaHasMxan.ehtudcU enehIyeTIbRkmnikayTaMgenmantmaPaBmindUcRkmdTeTotEdlxitxMrkviFIeKc[putBIkareKobsg;trbsBYkGaNaniKm..>
karEkERbrbsRbCaCnkgRsknaM[manmUlehtuEdlRtvKaTaMgmenaKmviCadman}TiBlTaMg
CMenOBIbrmburaNmk.>. dUceneyIgTTYls:alfaenAkg cMeNamRkmBuTs
asnikeCOelIzansuxsbxag
muxKWRkmTW..Gin..ehov..gak.mankarTbs;atlTixugCWEdlepatelIsg:hvtSbYnyagrbs]Bukmaynig
RBmhakRt.eRkAEtBIRBrtnRt..(RBBuT...RBFm...nigRBsg).nigkarRByrmBImnuselakTaMg
Gs.. (a..CI..day..eRTg(T Ch i Tru`ng) 1989...347)..> .enAeBlEdlRbCaCnenAtamCnbT
emIleXIjelIkarpasbrelakFatufaCakarkMNtlkxNTukCamuneTArkBiPBKMrUmYymanyutiFmeBareBjeTAedaykIemtadUcEdlmankgKm<Ir.eBlenaGkRkgkRbQmmuxnwgbeckviCaTMenIb..nig
menaKmviCa mYyEpk. .ngi mYyEpkeTotRbQmmuxnwgPaBRcbUkRcblBGI tsBaaNrbsxn . .>. lkNxus
KaenmanPaBcaMcNaseTabICaminRKbRKankg karBnlbgHajBIKmatrvagKNsgrsenAkg Rkg
EdlTTYlnkarGbrM. nigBuTsasnikenAtamCnbTeCOelIzansb. >
edaysarEtnikaynImYy@rbsRBBuTsasnaedIrelIKngpvpBVpayEbk@BIKadMNakkalkar
rsraneLIgvijEdlcabepmI enATsvtr_qa .M 1930. GaccatTku famanFatusxM an@BIr. >.. FatuT.I 1. KkW arvil
cUlTVbI GasIvu ji edaymankarCMrju BITeM nIbniym..nigCatiny
i m.>.karvilcUlTVbI GasIviu jekIteLIgbnabBI
cMNabGarmNdM_ bgU rbsbBavnelakxagliceTAelIsasnahiN. .nigRBBuTsasna
enAedImstvtTI.
19..>..eBlEdlmankarrIksayPayTUTaMgBiPBelakcMNabGarmN_eneFVI[mankareqIytbCakar
eRs[sasnarseLIgvijenAbNaRbeTsGasuIxng.>.RBwtikarN_ennecjCarUbrageLIgenA
eBleKbeg;It(sg:mmhaBuTi Maha Bodhi Society)enARkgkUlMbU. >. rI.(Rkmsg:m.efGUsUhVW. Theosophical Society) vijCasSab&ndcm,gplkm
agM clkrkg karsikasasnaenAbNaRbeTsGasu[rI
I klUtlaselOn.
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sresrBICeM nOmnGaKm..CMenOGrUbdUI cCaGtSbTniyayBIRBlwgniymrbselak.d.W kadik. (de Kardec). Ca
edImnmkdldbBavnGk GanEdlsm&yTMenIbnaedImstvtTI. 19.>. mageTotbeckviCa eBumeFV
< I
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(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
101
TaMgenaRBmTaMgBiPBsasna..nigbBaHasasnananaeTotpg..>.sMeNrCaPasacinsIBIkarEkTRmg
TahrN_dUcCaGtSbTrbsRBetCRBKuNday..sU..(Daixu) knmkdlRbeTsevotNam.ehIyn
beBaj}TBi lyagxagM elIGk sikaRsavRCavxagBuTs
asna..> . FatuT.I 2.nsm&yrsraneLIgvijKW
PaBnaMmuxeKkgclnatsURbqaMgGaNaniKm...>..CalTpl..KeRmagbdivtRbqaMgraMgCMruj[mankarbeg;ItPaBCaGkdwknaMnBuTsasnakRmitCatimYy. >.RbCaCncasburaNenAtamCnbTkdUcCaBYkGPiCnEdlTTYlkarGbrsm&
M yTMenIbyleXIjfaRBBuTs asnaedIrtYya gsMxankg karRbyuTR bqaMgnwgGaNa
niKmenARbeTsevotNam.CaBiessenAeRkayeBllTixugCWbraC&ykgkarplPaBdwknaM[manRbsiT
PaB..>. elak..Xs
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kgkarCMruj[mankarEkTRmgvin&ysikabTRBBuTsasnaeLIgvij.BuTsasnikCaeRcInnak.kerobcM
beg;ItnUvGtsBaaNsasnaCatifImYyrbsxnn..>
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M akRskBIPaKGaeKytaM_ gBIstvt
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GMNac..nigbBavn...>..CaBiesskarRKbdNbnsasnaeCn...mhayaneTAelIsasnadTeTotKWCa
lTplnkmaMgrujRcanrbsbBavnsm&yfI.mann&yfaCaGkRCJEdlTTYlkarGbrMTaMgsm&yTMenIb
TaMgsm&yburaNEdlncatTukkareFVsRbEhselIKm<IrrsasafaCaeraKsBaanPaBRcbUkRcbl.
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U KaedaymanRBBuTsasna
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kRbeTskm<Ca...>...buEn.RKTaMgenaTMngCabeRgneday.RKsmaFiCnCaticinEdlBYkelaknCYbenA
CYrPMextcUvduk...kgTwkdIextkMBtkm<Ca..> ..kgenamanCaGaTi_RKRBnam.egVn..an..h;v (Nguyn
Thun Hu) munTsvtr_qaM. 1950. .nigRKrhsnam..RBsgdUg..enATsvtr_qaM. 1960..>
(22)
(23)
Catiniym..nigkarbRgbbRgmCati
karxVcMeNdwgKm<IrsasnanaM[mankarFakcukgkarsikaEbbburaNenAedImstvtTI. 20..ehIycat
TukCasBaankarFakcu RBBuTs
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Y sgGkRCJmy
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beBajGsRBkayBlpBVpayBIGtSbTBnlsIBITsnviCaRBBuTsasna...nigkarbkERbKm<IrBuT
sasnaEdlenAxNenapgEdrRBGg:@xitxMGMBavnav[mankMENTRmgKNsgTUTaMgRbeTselI
EpkkarGbr.M nigkarbN bNal..>. kEM NTRmgenminmanrebobvarGVcI ,aslaseTbEu nRbEhlCaman
ktaCMrujdxaMgmYyKW.TsnBayambRgbbRgmCatiEdlCMrujedaykMENTRmgcinEdldwknaM
102
CMBUkTI 4
edayRBsgRBnamday..sU..naeBlRslKaena..>..clnaCMhanTI..1..dwknaMedayRBsgRBnam
xaj..h&r (Khnh Ha) KgenAext ebn..Ec.(Bn Tre) enAPaKxagt,genAeBlEdlRBGg:beg;IsmaKm
sm<nsRmabsuxdumrmna. 6.yaghUy. luk. h&r. lan..ehob( Hi Lc Ha Lin Hip) enAqaM. 1923.n
TakTajRBsg..nigGkmanmuxmatkgPUmiCaeRcIn..>..ryeBl..4..qaMeRkaymkeTotRBGg:xaj..h&r
neFVdMI eNIrtamCnbTedIm,IEtEsVgrkRBsgEdlmancitK nM ti dUcKaedIm,Ibeg;tI CasmaKmCati. .bEu n
minneCaKC&yGVITaMgGs. >..CafImgeTotRBGg:knbBansisCMnitrbsRBGg:eTAPaKxageCIgmg
edIm,IerobcMGg:karfakCatimYy. >..buEnsisrbsRBGg:kminneCaKC&yGVIEdr..>
enAqa.M .1930.. edaymankarTTYls:alBGI aCJaFrGaNaniKmsmaKmPaKt,gsRmabkarsikaRBBuT
sasnanbeg;IteLIg...nigdwknaMedayRBGg:.xaj..h&r edaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNakRBsg..nig
BuTsasnikEdlTTYlkarGbrMsm&yTMenIb.>.enAqaM. 1932.smaKmsikaRBBuTsasnaevotNamPaK
kNalnbeg;tI eLIgenARkgev.bnabmkebIksaxaxageCIgenARkghaNUyenAqa.M 1934..>. bEu nsSab&n
BuTs
asnamCkarEbbenmanmUldanRbCaRbiyPaByagxagM edIm,InelceFaCageK.. >. ebIeyIgRtlb
RkeLkeRkayemIlkg ryeBlenEdrDan. Cgu . kn (on Trung Cn)CaGkRCJBTu s asnadKrY ktsm:al
mYyrUb..nigCasSabnikRkmKaMRTdlGvtarrbsRBBuTGmitaPman}riyabfpyKaBITidPaBtamtMbn..>
enAkgsadsresrenAqaM..1930.KatnriKnelIkRmQl..nigtYnaTIpvGaNacRkRBsgbdibti...
bEu nkmni ePcTTYls:alBkI arRCabcUlyageRCAnRBBuTsasna
eTAkg KMnti RbCaCnRKbRsTabvN.

sBVfen.edaysarEtmanGkecdwgmancMny
Y tictYcesrI EtminmannrNamakGacdwgBIPaBxusKarvag
nikaynImYy@.(EdlmanlkNdUcKaeTAnwgnikayenARbeTscin).>.KNsgkmansSanPaBdUcKaen
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nana>.RBsgTaMgenplnUvesvakmRKbEbbyageBlxeRbIy&n..nigmnGaKmKafaehIyeBlx
sURtehARBlwgexackman.(Dan..Cug..kn1950..82-3).>
103
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sm:alxagelIenGac[eyIgyleXIjepgBIen...>..edaybBaasTsnvis&yen.eyIgGaceXIjBI
RbCaRbiyPaBrbsRBBuTs
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845).
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elakcin. cgu . KmI (Trn Trong Kim) CabBavnm a k. .nigCamnCI anxs
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eLIgehIyfa.eyIgKYrEtgakmkcabGarmNe_ lIsa dsMeNreBump< ayenATsvtr_qa .M 1920..nig.30.
EdlxagraMgnGnuBaat[ecjpaykgEpksasna..(.mak.hal.1993..22/ mar.(Marr) 1979..
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karN_RBBuTs
asnaEdndIbrisTu . >.karEsVgrknUvkarRtasdgw edayxn grbsnki ayentRmv[manbeckeTstaMgsmaFidUcGkkansasnatav.eTabICaCMenORbCaRbiyelIRBlwgminnebgecalk
eday. > .karbeg;tI Tij. d.u K.W s.uI (Tnh Cu S) KWCaTahrN_mYyeTotnkarTTYlykRTwsRBBu
I T
sasnaEdndIbrisTu . >. enAcugbBabsasna
kavdaynTakTajsCI aeRcIn[eCOenATsvtqa.M 1930..>

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I shn
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enaeTakg rUbPaBNake day.> .kg ryeBlenaGtPavnaCaRKhsStamRbBNIBuTsasnaEdndI
brisuTpgEdrnbtSmKaMRTedaysITIRkgenAlIvCaeRcIn. >suITaMgenhakdUcCaEsVgrkpvrMedaxn
gecjBIkarekgRbv&Barbsburs..nigecjBIkarKabsg;tedaynwmGaNaniKmniymelIrcnasm<
neynD&rCabCaRbBNImkehIy. .>..eTabICasTaM
I genaBayamrteKcecjBIkargayTTYlrgnUvkarQWcabEdlkMNtedaylkxNesdkicsg:mkeday...kBYkKatxitxMRbwgERbgCaxaMgedIm,ITTYln
samK:IPaB. nigzanfIenAkgsg:m. >.
RBsgCabBavnneBum<TsnavdImYycMnYnFMedayeRbIGkrKYk..gW.(quc ng) mann&yfa
sresreTACaGkrrUm au gM . >..TsnavdTWI . b. Gmw . (T Bi m) (sMeLgnemtaFm).enAPaKxagt,gevon.Gmw
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(24).
(25).
105
xageCIg. KWCaeQaTsnavdInsmaKmRBBuTsasnaeBum<paytamtMbnnImYy@rbsxn. .>.enAkg

TsnavdTI aMgen.eKelIkmkBiPakanUvkMENTRmgkg RBBuTs asna.. >.Gk niBnma kyleXIjfamanehtu
plbIyagkgkareFVIkMENTRmgena...(1).emaTnPaBrbsmnus.(2).karTTUccgntmKtimYyedIm,I
rsenA.nig.(3).vibtiesdkicBiPBelak.> tamBiteTAelak.h.tay. (1983). elIkeLIgBIktabIekItmanenATsvtr_qaM. 1930. EtepgBIktabIxagelIrYmmanTwkCMnn. .PaBeRkmRkMmanTukRBy. .nigkarKMramkMEhgBIsg:am. >. ktaxageRkATaMgenBitCaeFVI[bBaHavibtikanEtFMeLIg. >.
edaysarbeckviCaeBum<sadnbBavnl
,I@npBVpayyagTUlMTUlayehIyvNbBavnk
EbrmkcgeccgdwgBIRBBuTsasna..>. karEdlpan..xUy. (Phan Khi) CaGkkaEstnkarekatsresIreRcInBIKMniteshaCatirbsKatsEmgkarxwgsm,aelIGskmPaBrbsKNsgenakRbEhlCa
KatsgwmcgnelIsBIkEM NTRmgvsi y& GbrEM bbburaNKfa.. KatcgeXIjkarGPivDRBBuTs asna_kg
visy& Edlsg:mTaMgmUlKaMRTxagM CagenelI. .> hj . Fku . xag.(Hunh Thc Khng)CaGkeshaCatil,I
eQamakeTotnCYyevon..Gwm kgkarbMpusbMpulmnsikar.eTIbGacrabcUlkgcMeNamktaTaMgLay
EdlGacBalsRmabCMgRbeTs
W
n..>.ebIsni CarebobvarkMENTRmgmni c,aslaseT.enatRmvkar
Pam@edIm,IkMENTRmgRtvEtc,asEdr. >..TsnavdIenAmenAqaM. .1934.elIkeLiIgehtupl. 4. yagFM@
rbsbBaHaenfa..
(26)
(27)
1.-manPaBcRmgcRmasenAkgtmlTixugCWburaNedayRbkannUvvb,FmburaNenAkgrdEdlrgkar.
bMpicbMpaj.>
2.-RBBuTsasnaGaccakRKwfIsmRsbbMputcMeBaGtsBaaNCatievotNam.>
3.-RBBuTsasnaGacedIrTnwmKanwgviTasasnehIyGactRmgTiseKkMu[ykviTasaseTAeRbIkg
pvxus.>.
4-karbMtBiFIsasnasKsajnana.RBBuTsasnakMENTRmgfInwgbeRmIekgCMnaneRkayEdlcUlcit
EbbbTehtupl..nigRTwsIviTasasEpkcMeNdwg.>(28)
eTabIyagNakeday...kGkpcepImnkicRbwgERbgdBukeBaalen...KWsmaKmenAPaKxagt,g
minGacTTYlneCaKC&yFMduMEdr...>..ehtuplEdlpledayegVn.Lag.(1994)..KWfavabNalmkBI
GnuRbFansmaKmelakRtin..egVn..cin..(Trn Nguyn Chn) CamnIGaNaniKmEdlhakdUcCaeRbIRs
smaKmedIm,IBRgIk}TBi lpalxn .dcU enehIyeTIbmankarbTg:ci CamYysmaCikRbtibtei pg@eTot..>
karEbkbkBYkCaelIkdMbUgenAkgsmaKmRBBuTsasnaPaKxagt,gen.CaplviknviFIRKbRKg
GMNacrbs.Rtin. egVn..cni .naM[mankarbeg;tI smaKmBIreTotKW.elOg..sa n..hVti . hku . hyU . (Lung Xuyn
Pht Hc Hi ) (smaKmsikaRBBuTsasna
TenBIr). enAextRtavijenAqa.M .1934. hUy.hVti .huk.(Hi Pht

Hc) nigeKom..et. (Kim T). .(smaKmsRmabkarsikarYmpMnwgskmsuxm
u alPaB).enArac. ha.(Rch Gi)
(}LvehAfa. eKon..ya g..(Kim Giang) nAqa.M 1937..>
.smaKmsRmabkarsikarYmpMnwgskmsuxmu al
(29)
106
CMBUkTI 4
PaBbeg;tI eLIgedayRBetCRBKuNCI. Fan (Tr Thin). CamitP kRBetCRBKuNeFon..dav (Thin Chiu).>

. sSanPaBminnsSitesSreT.sm<nfInrkeXIj. .>.RkmsikaRBBuTsasnaTenBIrBayamrMlaycUl
CamYynwgTij..du..Kw..sIu.kgxNEdlsmaKmsRmabkarsikarYmpMnwgskmsuxumalPaBnEbkk
edaysarkarcabsmaCikemdwknaMdakBnnaKarCabnbnabmk.. >
kareqIytbyWtyaveTAnwgkMENTRmgkbNal[mankareXIscitskmCnmanCaGaTi_RBetC
RBKuNeFon..dav >..edaykaleTstRmvRBetCRBKuNkebgecalRBBuTsasnaehIyrteTA
cUlnwgbkkumynIs.>.dUcEdlnniyayrYcmkehIyfaRBetCRBKuNeFon..dav. KWCaRBsgekg
vsamYyGg:kg cMeNamRBsgTaMgLayEdlmancMeNviCa eRCARC. . nigsVahabEdlnerobcMbeg;tI
CasmaKmdMbgU eK..>. eyagtamRBetCRBKuNFic.ma tef. ehtuplmYyeTotEdlraMgsdldMeNIrkar
GPivD...KWedaysarGtSbTPaKeRcInenAEtsresrCatYGkrhanrbscinebIeTabICaksarpBVpay
mYycMnYnFMsresrCaGkr.KYk..gW keday...>...kargarbkERbenAeBlenamanRTgRTayFMEmnETnCa
BiesseBleKbkERbKm<rI rsURteRBavaTamTarcMeNdwgCMnajEtmg.>. vFi sI askEM NTRmgeneFVeI LIg
enATsvtr_qaM...1930..nig..40..ehIykgcMeNamGtSbTKm<IrrBuTsasnaBI..500..eTA.1000..GtSbTena
PaKeRcInneBum<CaelIkTI..2...eBum<mineBjelj.(mak.hal 1993..22).>.kareBum<pay.
nigkarEckcayGtSbTTaMgenPaKeRcInmanticCag. 50..TMBr& ehIyEckpayeday}tKitf. . edaysar
mankarbtSmBIsIEdlCMenOfaBYkKatnwgnplbuNeRcInBITegVIen..>
kgcMeNamGtSbTTaMgen.xitbNEdndIbrisuTneKeBum<payeRcInCageK..EdlbBaakfa
nikayenmanRbCaRbiyPaBNas. . (mak.hal.1993...24). >..CarYmmksadGtSbTeBume< nATsvtr_
qaM.1920.nig30..KWCasadsm,rEbbedaymankarylRBmRttBinitrbsGaNaniKmrabbBalTaMg
GtSbTsika..nigesckIGFib,ayelIRBBuTsasnarabtaMgBIGtSbTbkERbrhUtdlGtSbTEtgniBn...>
GtSbTRbePTBiessEbbenTakTajcMNaabGarmN_yageRcInenAkgGtPavna. .EdleKyleXIjfa
CakareqyI tbfmYI yeTAelIkarRbQmmuxnwgsmarniymEbbTMenIb. nigvibtei sdkci enATsvtr_
qa.M .1930
>enAxNeBlenaEdr.clna.BSKH.kdM eNIrkareRbnRbedArbsxn rYmmanesovePAlMhatnanasresr
edayd..>..ehIyenARtwmTsvtr_qaM..1960..kneBum<esovePATMnayCaBakkaBsIBIkareTsna
rbsRBBuTCamasnsniPaBelakxaglic. nigGksgRBGg:t@rhUtmkdlhj. PUsU.(Hunh Ph S)
EdlCaGkbeg;ItnikayhVa. hav >
maneKGGagfakareBum<pay.. nigkarbkERbnpasbrkaryleXIjrbsCnCatievotNam
eTAelIGtSbTBuTsasna...>...karsg;tFnenngakecjBIkarniyayt@KaeTACaGtSbTlaylkN_
Gkrmann&yxmw sarc,aslasEdlCakareprBITRmgniyayeTACaGtSbTKm<rI .>. bEu ntamkarGGagrbs
elakmak.hal favaGacCakarbMepIsEdlfa. .karpasbrenCasBaabBaakBIbdivtn_mnsikarsasna
enAevotNam..>.ehtuplmYy..KWfaTRmgniyayenAEtCaTIeBjniymyagxaMgBIsMNakRbCaCntam
CnbT.. >rhUtmkdlqa .M .1975.vtmann..GKarGMNan..rabBanPaKeRcInbMBakedayeRKgeXasn
(30)
(31)
107
sB...nigRbdabbMBgsMeLgenAtamPUmikannikayhVa..hav KWCaPstagbBaakBIkareBjcitrbsRbCa
Cn.>..tamBiteTATMnakTMngKatamBaksmI..nigGtSn&ynTMnakTMngtamsmIenAEtman}TiBlxaMgeTA
elIRbCaCntamCayRkg. .nigenAERscm;ar..>..buEnkarpasbrKMniteTArk..shKmn_kgkIRsm.. n
caksKlkgRkm. nigclnaepg@KaenAtamRkgtUcFM.>
enARtwmBakkNalTsvtr_qaM..1930.RkmTij..duKWsIu..(GkRbtibtiCMenOEdndIbrisuT)nbeg;It
smaKmmYyedaymankarTTYls:alBIsMNakGaCJaFrGaNaniKm.. >.skmPaBeBum<EdlcabepImenA
qa.M .1937.EtgEtq bBaagM BIseM LgGkeqVgniym. sg:mniymdacxat..>.eCaKC&yrbs.Tij. dKu s
W .uI . KW
nmkEtBIesvasuxumalPaBCaBiessmankarplCUnfaMburaNedayminKitfeTAdlRbCaCn
RkIRk.. >. edayecjmkBIRtkUlbBavnRkIRkEbbburaNPaBCaemdwknaMrbsTij. dKu s
W .uI nTakTaj
eKg[cUlCasmaCikCaeRcInkgcMeNamBuTsasnikenAPaKxagt,gminfamkBItamCnbT..mkBI
tMbneRkARkgeT.. >.
BuTsasnaefrvaTevotNam. naMcUl. BIRbeTskm<Ca.eXIjmanvtdMbUgeKksageLIgenAFU. Dwk
(Th c).PaKxageCIgsayh:nenAqaM. .1938..>. RBsgraCkm<Ca[eQavtenaCaPasalIenAeBl
RBetCRBKuNnimnCaGFibtInaeBlbuNqgvtenaenAqa.M 1939..>.mkdlqa .M 1943.RkmefrvaTsMxan
mYyeTotnbeg;tI eLIgedayRBetCRBKuNmij. daMg. xaV g. (Minh ng Quang) enAextmgI FW. >. karnimn
biN
tCadMbgU eKenAeBlenarabfaCalkNBiessxuseKrbsvtena.(cin. hgu . lan.(Trn Hng Lin
1995..102-3).>smaCikrbsRkmenehAxngfah. ag..xit. sIu (Du Tng Kht S) .(KNsgnimn
biN
t) .ehIyBakeRbnRbedAeTsnarbsRBsgCasSabnikkdcU CakarGtSaFib,ayCaBakkaBrbs
RBGg:edayPiknI. hj. lan (Hunh Lin) suTEtCaKm<IrrEdlRtveKsURtlW@yagBIera..>..
bEnSmBIelIRkmFM@TaMgen..manRkm. bBavntamRBMEdn.mYyrYmmanRKfaMbUraN. .RKbeRgnKWBYk
eKTaMgenehIyEdledIrtYnaTIkg karbeg;tI GtsBaaNnRbCaCnenAPaKxagt,g. >.TaMgenAxagkg . nig
eRkAclna.. BSKH Gkrsil,_smIsbBaakyagc,asBIkarrlaycUlKanyaglnRbBNIxus@Ka
enAeRkamTgRBBuTs asnaEtmYy. >. .mak.halnelIkeLIgyagRtwmRtvfanikayEdndIbrisTu e dIrtYya g
sMxanenAkgbERmbRmlxagsartImnsikar...>...tmKtiniymrbsnikayEdndIbrisuTlaybBalCa
mYynwgcrnBTu s
asnikeCOelIzansbe nAstvtTI. 19.npuseLIgenAkg clna BSKH kg n&yeqy
I tb
nwgvibtvi b,FmnaeBlena.>. dUcenGtSny
& .zansYK .layCamYynwgelakFatunzansbn astvtTI.
19..KWCaktanaMmxu enAkg skmPaBrbsclna. BSKH >..RkmhVa. hav kTTYlykkarRbtibts
i asnaBIr
cUlKaEdlmannikayhVa. havenmanlaycRmKarvagsb,rsFmEbblTixugCW. .nigGtPavnaEbbBuT
sasnamanRbPBecjBIsasnaeCn..nigEdndIbrisuT..>..TahrN_mYyeTotKWRkmbeg;IteLIgeday
KNenykr..egVn.KIm. mYn. (Nguyen Kim Muon).mankarGbrMBIraMgEdlnlaybBalsmaFisasna
tavCamYynwgCMenOsTaelIRBGmitaP.>. dUcEdleyIgnbBaakrYcmkehIy.KNenykregVn..KmI .mnY
EdlTTY l kar Gb r M BI raM g k nbeg; I t Rk m mY y Edl laybBa l smaFi s asnatav CamY y nw g
(32)
108
CMBUkTI 4
CMenOsTaelIRBBuTGmi
taP..>.edIm,Ieqy
I tbnwgbBaHaRbQmmuxnwgTMenIbniym..nigGaNaniKmniym.RTwsI
GtPavnamanenAkg BakeRbnRbedAnsasna..3. rYmKamanlTxi gu CW. sasnatav..nigRBBuTs
asnaCa
CeRmIsrYcCaeRsccMeBaGkEdlcgeCos[putBImaKabdivthiga..>..kgn&y[rwtEtviCmaneTAeTot
nikayEdndIbrisTu p lCa dMeNaRsayelIPaBtantwgrvagkarCabCBM akkg PBen. nigkarrYcrMedaecjBI
PBmYyeTot. >.
shKmn_nkIRsm..minEmnekIteLIgtamryEtRbB&neBum<paymYymuxbueNaeT..>.kar
pBVpayCasaFarNepgeToteRkamrUbPaBCakarRrBBFi vI s
i axbUCaBiFdEgH
I k,n. nigkarRbCu.M cabepmI
kekIteLIgBIqaM...1935..enAeBlenaEdrRbB&npBVpaysaFarNdakeXasnsBeRbIcrnGK:isnI
RtvneRbIRsCaelIkTI. 1.. >. B&tm ansBI kI arRbmUlCYbCumM nusrabBannakncupaykg sarB&tm an
dUcCaag..Gan. (Trng An) >..egVn..Lag. (1994..33-5). bBaakfaviFs
I aspBVpaybgHajCasaFarN
sBI GMI NacRbCaCnEbbennykmkGnuvtCaeRcInelIkeRcInsabnbnabedaysmaKmBuTsasna
TaMg
bItMbn.(evotNamPaKxageCIg.PaKkNal. nigPaKxagt,g).>.ehtudUcenehIy.kgbunanTsvtmkeTotnCamankarekIneLIgcMnYnBuTsasnikEdlcUlrYmnwgskmPaBneyayCatiedIm,IeFVI[sasna
rbsxnkanEteqIytbnwgbBaHanasm&ybcb,n. .>. .
rhUtdlqaM. .1945.smaKmnanaminGacGGagfanpasbrTaMgRsgenaeT..>. elakegVn..Lag
ktsm:aleXIjfa. RBsgmYycMnYnnbNbNalEtmincatTukfaCacMnYneRcInenaeT.. >. cMENk
cMnnY dUnCIkanEttic. .KWTTU aMgRbeTsticCag.500.nakeTAeTot.. >. cMeBakareBumpay
< vij.eragBumPaK
<
eRcInmindMeNIrkarnelIsBI. 2.qaeM naeT.. >. karbeBajmtdacNatfaRtvEteFVbI divtns
_ g:mCabnan
enanaM[mankarrwtbngw BIsN
M akGaNaniKm[bBabkareBum.< .>.eTabIya genk.I eKminGacbdiesF
neTnUvkarcUlrYmrbsbBavnBTu s
asnikedIm,Ibr TisedAsRmabRbeTsCatienAkg meFayeBum<
EdlplC aRbeyaCn_dlsRmabkarbeBajmtiepg@sBI kI bI N
M g. nigks
I g,wmrYmFMrbssg:mevotNam
naeBlena.. >..enAkgbribTeneyIgKYrekatsresIrdlnimitrUbdmutRsc. .nigeBareBjedayGMNac
nkarbUCaxngkgRBGK:IrbsFic..xVag..Dwk (Thch Qung c) kg}riyabfGg:ytaMgsmaFienAqaM..
1963..>. tamnimti rU bnkareFVGI tXatdrnten
KMnti . .nigGarmNn_ ananmkrYmKaEtmYyEdlnaM[BuT
sasnikkgRkgCaeRcInebCJayagemamuttsUedIm,IRBBuTsasnaEdlCapvmYy[eKcputBICemaCati.
nigGnrCati. >
karriKndllTimak..nigRBBuTsasna
TnwmnwgkarCECkBiPakaenATsvtr_qaM. 1930. elIsMNYrfa. .etIRtveFVIyagdUcemccMeBa.GaNaniKm

nigPaBTMenIb?.. BuTsasnikmYycMnYnenAbnelIksMNYrBITsnviCasasnaEbbburaNbEnSmeTot.rYm
manbBaHadUcCa...(1)etIBuTsasnikKYrcUlrYmkargarneyaykenAeRkAqakneyay?.(2).etIRBBuT
sasnaCaeTvniym.. CaGeTvniym?.. (3)etImnusmanRBlwgeT?.. (4)etIesckIsbrbsnikayEdn
109
dIbrisuTenANa?.(5).etIGVICaPav?
mageKsresIrRBBuTs
asnanmkCMns
Y lTxi gu CWtamrykarKaMRTBIbBavnEdlneFVBI likm
kg buBeV htuCatimatuPmU .i ( egVn..tayFW. 1992..396-420).>.mageTot.mnusmYycMnnY riKnRBBuTsasna
enATsvtqaM. 1930..fa..eBareBjedayKMnitraMg.. >..dav..hy..Gaj. .(o Duy Anh) CaTahrN_

mYynGkriKnRBBuTsasna.
.KatnTTYlkarGbrTM aMgEbbRbB&nT eM nIb. nigburaN..>.GkdTeTotdUcCa.

GkriKnlTimakdacxateQaegVn..Gan..nij. ( Nguyn An Ninh).emdwknaMmakRbqaMgnwgrbbGaNaniKm
yleXIjfaRBBuTsasnaFakcuedaysarmUlehtuBIr..>..TImYy.saFarNCnedaysarGviCan
br RBBuTsasna
eTACasasnamYyEdleBareBjeTAedayCMenOGrUbEdlCalk
I
Npy
TaMgRsgeTAnwg
BuT{vaT..>..TIBIrRBsgbnabtmRBBuTsasnaedaysuMbiNtb,c&yCafrnwgkarsURtFm..eRKg
rebonExkfaExyn.mnKafaesapCaehtu
M
naM[RBsg@TTYlnlaPsk;areRcIn. > .ceM BaegVn.
.Gannij. Kitfa. niBaV n. nigzansYKsu
TE tbeg;tI eLIgedaykarRsemIRsmrbsmnusbeu Na..>..niBaV n
nigzansYKC aRsemaldcEmkEdlFakmkelIBiPBelakeyIgentamrycitrbs
mnus.(egVn..tay..F.W
1992..426). >.KatbEnSmeTotfa.karrsraneLIgvijnRBBuTs asnaenAsBVfenbeBajGslTPaB
rbsxnedIm,ITbKNsgcaskuM[EbkExJkKa..>
GMNGMNagCaRTwsIRbqaMgnwgRBBuTsasnaelceLIgkgTRmgepgeTot..>..dUcerobrabBIxag
elIrYcmkehIyfaeTabI.Fic..matef kKitfa.karxkcitrbsRBetCRBKuNqan..eCov..(Thien Chieu) KW
bNalmkBIPaByWtyavnbmasbr . >. ehtuplEdlGGagCasaFarNrbsRBetCRBKuN.qan..eCov
KWepgBIhgw .>. KkW arkMNt. .dakkhM ti enAkg RBBuTs
asnaenagEdlbg[M elakcakecjBIkg KN
sg RBetCRBKuNsresrfa. KWCaPaBcaMcxagRbvts
i as. .nigkarGPivDFmCatinkaryldw g
rbselakenagEdlnaM[RBGg:ylkanEtc,asBTI snviCa RBBuTs
asna.. >. RBetCRBKuNeBal
RbqaMgfa. KannrNama kGac.. niglubbMtkei ls..KWkarcgn..nigplRbeyaCn_ehIyQandlniBaV n
neTsUm,Etday.
I
s.U nigRBetCRBKuNCnCatiCbnu v. hag..av..xaV n.(Vo Fang Tau Quan) EdlGGagfa
nnaMRBBuTsasnamuneKeTATVIbGWrubxMRbwgRbEkktvaenARkgrIskminGaceFVInEdr!..>RBetC
RBKuNeCOfaRBBuTsasnaminGacseg:amnuselakBIPaBGtXan..nigTukevTnaneT..>..RTwsI
GntarbsRBBuTsasna. minfamanGMNacxaMgBUEk.. nigRbsiTPaBEbbNaeT.minGaceFVIGMeBIlkgkar
lubbMtGMNacnzansYK_...nigCMenOGrUbIEdlCakMEBgkarBarrbb...(raMgGaNaniKmbcb,n)
.(egVn..tay.F.W 1992..424-5).>. Gk RbkanlTmi akh.Cav. (Hai Trieu) kmaneyablEdrfaBuTs
asnik
eFVIxusxaMgEdlcgrMlaykielsEdlCaktamYyCamUldanRKwrbsCIvitmnusmak@.(Nguyen Tai Thu et
all 1992.422). >..karmineGIeBIng
w CIvti BitCakEsgrbsmnus. .KWeseI scks
I a b. >.CarYmmkGkniBnna
RkghaNUyylRsbfaRBBuTsasnami
nmansmtSPaBkg karedIrtYdkw naMkg clnarMedaCati. .nigsg:m

neT..>. bEu nkarriKnnaTsvtqa.M 1930. .(nigGkniBnnasm&yfeI n).nbkRsayxusnwgbribTRBBuT
sasnaBIeRBakMENTRmgBuTsasnabNal[mankarpasbrenAkgcitKMnitsaFarNCn.EdlnaM[
(33).
(34)
110
CMBUkTI 4
mankarTTYlnmkvijnUvtYnaTIfakCatienATsvtr_eRkay@mkeTot.(mak.hal1993/..XIs_.1977.
198).>
skmniym..nigneyay
eyagtameKalCMhr..eRkAneyay..munen..NyuyenLangTTYls:alTeM narBIryagenAkg RBBuT

sasnaevotNam..>. TMenarTImYysMedAdlGkEdlGGagfaminBakB&nnwgyuTsaskarBarxng.enA
eBlmankarKabsg;trbsGaNaniKm..>.enAxNeBlEdlRkmTaMgencg[sSab&nrbsxnenAecj
qayEtmakgmansuxsniPaB.TaMgBYkeKminRbqaMgnwgbuBVehtuEdldwknaMedayRkmepgeTotpg..>..
TMenarTIBIrKWsMedAdlGkTaMgLayNaEdlmancMNabGarmN_elIsSanPaBBImunEdlRbqaMgnwgkar
BakB&nneyayehIyCaGkbg;beg;ItbkBYkGPirksaMniym...>..RkmenehIyKWEtgEtTTYln
karsIbenasBIkarxVxatvDnPaBnkMENTRmg.(egVn.Lag1994.245).>.
buEnkarGGagfaxnenA..eRkAneyay.manGtSn&yTUlMTUlayNas..>.TahrN_dUcCaRbvti
viTUegVn..van. hUv.(Nguyn Vn Hu) EdlcUlkgnikayhVa. hav (Ha Ho) .GGagfaenATsvtr_qaM. 1960.
nikay. BHSK nignikayhVa. hav.mni EmnCabkneyay.ehIykminEmnCabkbdivtedayyksasna
CaExlenaeT.eTabICanikayTaMgenamanCabTakTgyagc,asnwgskmPaBeyaFa..nigkarTUttaMgBI
Tsvtr_qa.M 1940. keday..>. KatGGagfaGtSny
& nPaBCabKN
u tbsgRbeTsCatirbsxn KanGVeI RkA
BIsIlmYykg cMeNamsIlTaMgLayepgeTot.ehIyfaGkeshaCatikg clnarbs. BSKH nighVa. hav
mantictYcNasebIeRbbeFobnwgGkCMnajCaeRcInnakEdlRbwgEtpBVpayBakeRbnRbedArbs
RBBuT.> .
karyleXIjeqVgniymrbsTij.duKWsIu. nbBaakenAkgTsnavdI.hVab..Gwm.(Php m).(sMeLg
RBFm).Edlbeg;tI eLIgenAqa.M 1937.KmW y
Y qabn
M abBTij.dKu s
W .uI beg;tI TIsa kkarkNalenAvtmy
Y enA
tMbnc.Ln.(Cholon).>.edaysarTsnavdIennkardwknaMedaysmaCikEdlTTYlnkarGbrMsm&y
TMenIbdUcCacin. hjuI (Trn Hunh) CaedImedaycUlrYmsresrkg Tsnavdrbs
I smaKmelOg..sa n(Lung
Xuyn)eQa.Duy.taM.(Duy Tam tmKtiniym)..>.TsnavdIsMeLgRBFmencgeFVI[GkGancabepImeFVI
bdivtn_sg:mtamryRBBuTsasna..>.GkniBnrbsTsnavdIsMeLgRBFmmanPaBGnGEngBIeRBa
kMENTRmgRBBuTsasnarIkceRmInyWtyaveBkCaBiessenAkgkicshRbtibtikarfakCatin
shKmn_TaMgLay..>karGMBavnavrbsRkmTaMgenaCajwkjabeFVI[eTIsTalRtecok. .nigsabeTAdac
xateBkehIykareBumpay
< RtvbiTbnabBI eBume< cjelx.16.mk..>.eTabIya gNasmaKmEtgEt
KMaRTyagmutmaMcMeBakarGGagEdlfaminGnuvtRbkanneyayehIyGacrsranmanCIvti kg eBlpas
brTaMg. 3..rbbkedaysarEtsmaKmTaMgenaedIrtamKngGhiga.>
CamYyKanwgkarrIksussaynkareFVs
I maFinkarCMrju BIkarmkdlneragBumG< kCMnajsasna
fmYI yeTotKWRkmGug. dav. (ng o) (Gkkansasnatav)nTTYlkareKarBrabGantamrykarbeBajn
.(35)..
(36)
111
GMNacBal. nigsmtSPaBBiessepg@eTot.>. Cnl,IeQaTaMgenaRbtibtt amRBBuTs

asnanikay
tavCalkNbuKl: . .niglkNEkERbfehI
I ynkayCaRbFanbTnkarsresrCIvRbvtdi m anRbCaRbiy
CaPasaRbCaCnenAPaKxagt,g.>. deU cehIynCaeKfakarrIkceRmInkg visy
& sasnarbsRbCaCnenA
PaKxagt,gTTYl}TBi lBIvtmanrbssasnatav..nigBIclnaksikrEdlmanCMenOelIzansuxsbE dl
RkmTaMgBIrenmanCabTakTgnwgKm<IrdIka..nigkarRbtibtiGtPavna.>.
enAqa.M 1937.egVn..han.eL.(Nguyn Hin L) CaGkRttBinti emIldIFqI gkatkareronsURtmakna
sm&yenanqgkattbM n.dgu . fab..my
W .(ng Thp Mui) ehIyCYbRbTnUvtuPtU enAPaKxagt,gen..>
vtmanrbssasnatav.. nigbriyakasCMenORBBuTsasnaRbCaRbiyEdlnrIksayPaytMbndIsN
Tene mKg:TnM gCamindUcGVEdlKat
I
Fa bCbY RbTenAPaKxageCIgRbeTsenaeT..>. eTabICaKatTatecal
GVI@CaeRcInEdlKateXIjfaCakarGYtsresIrEtBIxng.KatminGacfamincabGarmN_BIkitisBEdl
bBavntamRBMEdnmanenaeT..>.mankarniyayt@KaBIExCIvti rbshjuI . mji . (Hunh Minh) enAextPaK
xagt,genATsvtr_qaM. 1960.nig1970.> . vtmansasnatavmanbnrhUtdlTsvtr_qaM.1960.enA
eBlEdlhIuk.X(I Hickey 1964).sikaBIPUmimYyenAext.tic.Gan. (Tn An) >.
.GkmanCMenOsasnatavTaMgRKfaM..nigRKbeRgnmanbBalsartIEkERbrbsGktaMglMenAfITaMg
enAkgEbbEpnKMrUCmelIbsK:nanaelIkarsRmbtammnus..nigtambrisSanfI...nigTaMgtamry
}riyabf.. >..CMenOerOgeRBgBIGN
M acGrUbEI dlmanmUlehtupalrbsBkY eKmkBIsmaFiBTu s
asnalay
CamYynwgevTmn. nigGBt ehtunana.rmY pMngw CabTakTgCamYyraCsm,tpi geFV[I GkmanCMenOelIsasna
tavmanCMenOGrUbIedayecosminn.>.enAxNEdlGkmanCMenOelIsasnatavminnGGagedIrtam
karbMPWpvnRBBuTsasnatYnaTIrbsBYkeKenAkgkarpBVpayCaKMrUGtPavnaEdlCYy[mankarrIk
ceRmIndlclnaRBBuTsasnaenAPaKxagt,gevotNamenaneKemIlRsal. >.
enAqa.M 1945..CaqaEdl
M sg:amelakelIkTI. 2. nbBabKW CaqadM s
xM ancMeBaCnCatievotNam.>
BuTsasniknanakdUcCaRkmepg@ncUlrYmnwgbdivtEdldwknaMedaykMumuynIs. >. karecjpaycug
eRkayrbsTsnavdIrbssmaKmRBBuTsasnaPaKxageCIgdYk. tik.(uc Tu) enAfTI. 15. sIhaqaM.
1945.nsresrGMBavnavenATMBr& xagcugEdlmanGtSny& dUcxageRkamenfa.(egVn.Lag 1994..207)
(37)
KaMRTrdaPilRbCaCn.!
Rbjab..niigcUlrYmkgkmaMgrMedarbsevotNam.!
RbqaMgralkarQanBanrbsbreTs.!
evotNamRtvEtkraCeBjTI.!
erobcMedIm,IsaV Kmn_rdaPilbeNaGasn..nigkgkmag
M rMedaEdlnwgRtlbmkvijnaeBlqab@en.!..
KIv..KYk..(Cu Quc) .(RBwtibRtseg:aRbeTs).CaGg:karrNsirevotmij!
kareBump< ayBuTs asnaepgeTotenAPaKkNal. .nigxagt,gedIrtamKngdUcKakbTi CasSaBr.>
112
CMBUkTI 4
karpakBIdMeNIrrsraneLIgvijrbsRBBuTsasnaennBuTsasnikPaKeRcInyleXIjfaCakar
caMcehIyBYkKatseRmccitf akarcUlrYmkg kickarCati
KWCakatBVkci d cm,g..>. clnayuvCnBuTsas

nikrIkceRmIntaMgBIqaM. 1942.}LvcUlrYmnwgkmaMgCamYynwgRBsgv&yekg. nigskCasmaCikkg
karedIrCak,ntampv . .nigerobcMtukmFdM .uM .karRbCumM nus.. nigfakGkrkm. nigkarBRgIkbdivtn._ >.bEu n
Gkbdivtv&yekgTaMgen.bnabBIcUlrYmGsBIrbIqaM.CYbnwgvibtipkg..KWPaBKanemtankartsUdeNIm
GMNacrvagRkmkgsmasPaBenAeBlEdlclnacabepImbTg;:icnwgtmKtiniymrbsxn. >
dUecTsvtr_qaM..1940.eBareBjedayPaBRseBcRsBilkanEtxaMgnRBMEdnrvagneyay
nigsasna...>..vtmanrbsCbunBIqaM...1941..CaExlkarBaremdwknaM.hVa..hav. eQahIuj..PU..sU..(Hunh
Ph S) BIkareFV
I brbsraMg.>.T&BCbnu kmantYnaTIsxM anEdrkg karbMBaksmarswkdlnki ayhVa. hav
Edlna.M S cUlrYmCamYysm<nm ni BakBn& sasnamY
yeQarNsirsSabnaCati.(National Restoration League)

(hUtay1983/.125). >.bE
u nKNsgBuTs
asnaefrvaTbdiesFminTakTgCamYynwgKatenAeBlEdl
KatBayambeg;tI smaKmBuTki bRgbbRgmevotNamenAqa.M 1945..>.CaTUeTARBsghakdcU Caminman
plbBalBIkareTAmkrbsT&BCbun.eTabICamanTMnakTMngeTAmkrvagkgT&BCbun. nigRBsgevotNamkeday.(mar 1995/.81).>
eBjmYyryeBlena.raMgminbnrdkgkarbeg;ItkMhwgrvagRkmsasnanananwgBYkevotmij
(mar.1987) .>.KWenAeBlRbCuMCamYynwgemdwknaMevotmij.edIm,IcrcaBIkarbBabkarvayRbyuTKaehIy
Edl S.RtvneKsmab..>.minyUrbunanbnabBImrNPaBrbs S.enAqaM..1947..nikayhVa..hav n
ylRBmTTYlCMnYyBIraMgedIm,IbMBaksBVavuF[kgT&BenAeBlEdlclnanEbkCatMbntamext
EdltMbnnImYy@enaRKbRKgedayemTahanQreCIgenATIena..>.
xNeBlenaEdr.vtf@I CaeRcInnebIkTTYlsRmabkarhVkw hVnW elakennenAkg bItbM nenAext
RtavijqaM..1946..c.Ln ..nighaNUyenAqaM.1949...>..enARtwmqaM..1953..vtGwm.xVag.( n Quang) kayCa
mCmNlRbcaMtMbnPaKxagt,g.rYmCamYynwgvtbIeTotenAPaKxageCIg.>.skKaMRTyagsMxanmak
sRmabkarbeg;tI vtEbben. KWmay..f. RTan (Mai Th Truyn) EdlerobcMbeg;tI eLIgsmaKmkarsikaBuT
sasnaenAPaKxagt,genAedImqa.M 1951.>.enAExmifnu a.qa .M 1951.smaKmenncUlrYmCamYynwgKN
sg sWn..mUn (Son Mn) .Edlnbeg;IteLIgenARkgevqaM..1947.nigKNsgevotNamenAPaKxag
eCIgbeg;IteLIgenARkghaNUyqaM.1949.edIm,Ibeg;ItCaKNsgbRgbbRgmCati.(bkERbmageTotKW
KNsgbRgbbRgmBuTsasna).>KNsgbRgbbRgmCatienrYmmanTaMgnikayeCn.nikayEdndI
brisTu . .nignikayefrvaT.>.Parkicd bM gU KWedIm,IbRgbbRgmsmaKmBuTbri
sT& . EkTRmgKNsg.. RbmUl
cgRkgBiFsI asnanana.. pBVpayBakeRbnRbedA. .nigbeg;tI smaKmyuvCnBuTs asnik (may..f. RTan
1962..88).>.CakarKYr[GssMeNIcmindwgfaedaymUlehtuGVIEdlnaM[may..f. RTan bMEbksmaKmBuTiksikaenAPaKxagt,gEbkecjBIKNsgbRgbbRgmCati.EdlCaehtueFVI[egVn.Lag.
(1994.275).esaksaycMeBa.karEbkkCaelIkdMbUg..EdlekIteLIgkMlugqaM.1964.>.
(38)
113
kartsURbqaMgenAsm&yeRkayGaNaniKm
eBlkantYnaTICaRbmuxrdnevotNamPaKxagt,genAqaM. 1950..GFiraCy.day.. (Bo i) nlay

RBhsSelxaelIRkwtelx..10..sIBIkarRttBinitneyayelInikaysasnaTMagLaydUcnwgGVIEdl
raMgFabeFVBII mnu mk..>.RkwtcuelxTI. 10.deXareXAenncatTuksSab&nsasnaTaMgGselIkElgEt
ebskkmkatUlicnigRbetsg.[sSitenACasmaKmsaFarN...>..maRtaTI.7.rbsRkwtenabBaakfa.
eKGacbdiesFmin[beg;ItsmaKm.nedaymincaMcbBaakehtuplGVIeLIymYy.>.eKGacdakkar
GnuBaat[eTACaemaXvijn.ebIsinCaGaCJaFrseRmcfaeKRtvcatviFankardUcenaedaysmagelI.
ehtuplsnisux..>..eKalbMNgnRkwtenRbqMagevotmijmanPaBc,aslasNas...nigbNal[
BuTsasni
i
kBIedIm@dUcCaRkmkay..day. nighVa. havQWcabceM BardaPilv..dayEdlKaMRTraMg. >
rdaPilBayambgHajrUbPaBfaCYyKaMRTRkmBuTs
i asnikdUcCaeFVn..l.W (Thuyn L )enAevotNamPaK
kNal..nigkU..sWn..mUn.(C Son Mn) enAPaKxagt,g.>buEncMnYnsmaCikkgRkmTaMgenminmankarrIk
lUtlasxaMgkaeTedaysarxVsmtSPaBdwknaM.(egVn..Lag 1994..362-3). >
BuTki snsi BaaCatiqa .M 1951..RrBenAvt.T.W dam.(T m) RkgevcatTku CaRBwtki arN_dsxM anenAkg
karbRgbbRgmCatirbsBuTsasnikTaMgLay.. >..karbeg;ItKNsgrYbrYmCatikTajcMNabGarmN_BI
saFarNCnBItYnaTIelceFarbsecAGFikartamvtFM@. .dUcCaRBetCRBKuNFic. Tij. Xat.(Thch Tnh
Khit) nigRBsg,ekgvsaCaeRcInGg:manCaGaTi_dUcCaRBetCRBKuNFic..CI..xVag. (Thch Tri Quang)
enAevotNamPaKkNal. .nigRBetCRBKuNFin. Fan.hr . ( Thch Thin Hoa) enAPaKxagt,g. >..RBsg
TaMgGsGg:eneRkaymkCabgarRbcaMtamtMbnenATsvtr_qaM..1960..dclacl..>.minyUrbunanbnabBI
smaKmCaticlU rYmRkmmitP aBBiPBelakrbsBuTsasni
k BiFTI TYlGdFi atuRBBuTenAExkBa
a. qa .M 1952
naRkgsayh:nnTakTajRbCaCn.50000.nak..>.karRbCMumnusCasaFarNdeCaKC&ynRkmman
}TiBlenARkgKWCasBaaeCaKC&y..nigCakarCMrujxagCatiniym..nigBuTsasna...>.vakbgHaj[eXIjBI
karGGagrbsBTu s
asnikkg RkgBitCaRtwmRtvEdlfaBYkeKnbnkarRbtibtdUi cBIedIm. nigmankPaBlCag.>. may..f.RTan niyayfakarRbCMena.
u ..dcU CalubelI. .MgelI}TBi lnsasnikBsk,al
BIr.>eRkaymkenAkgGtSbTenaEdrelakmay..f..RTann[niymn&yelI...sasnikBsk,alBIr
faCaCnTaMgLayNaEdlehAxngfaBuTsasnik.buEnEtgEteTAmkrkGaRsmta}sI.(faj.Thnh)
edIm,IRbeKntgVay.. bnbnRsndlexacCIdnU CItaxn EdlCakareKarBcm,grbsGk manCMenOelIlTi
xugCW. (TakTgnwglTCi eM nORbtibtGrU
i b)I . (Mai Tho Truyn, 1962..89).>.edaymineGIeBIngw lMnaMRbvtsas
i
nkarsMeyaKsasnacUlKaenAevotNam.}TBi lRKbdNbrbs
BkY GPiCnsm&yTMenIbnanaeKminGac
bgHaj[kanEtc,asCagenneT..>.
bnabBbI raC&ynkgT&BraMg. nigkarEbgEckRbeTsevotNamenAExRsbTI17edayeyagtam
snisBa
aRkghWENvqa.M 1954..mk.karERskTamTarrYmKarkdMeNaRsayedayGhigaelICemaRbdab
GavuFmansPaBkanEtbnaneLIgedayCYybEnSmkmagM CMrju [mankarrsraneLIgvijnRBBuTs
asna
114
CMBUkTI 4
CaBiessenAPaKxagt,g.>..kgryeBlkanGMNacenAqaM..1955.ehm..(Diem ) enAEtrkaTukRkwt
elx..10.nesckfax
I n TTYlykkarRbqaMgbkkumy
nis
I E dlraMgrtecal.EtnkarKaMRTBIGaemrikeBl}Lvenvij..>.enAqa..M1957.BiFIbuNvisaxbUCa.RtvneKlubecjBIbBaIfsRmakCapvkar.
.Edl en e FV I [ b Bal y a gF n d l B u T s asni k eRBaBY k Kat c at T u k vaCatY n aTI
sasnaeBjsiTri bsBkY Kat. >rdaPilminKitBIlTplnviFankarrbsxn EdlGacbBaldlplRbeyaCn_neyayeLIy. >.edIm,ICakarCmnwgkarhamRmen.buNvisaxbUCaenAqaeM naRrBFMCagqaM
mun@..10.dg..> ..bnabBIen.smaKmBuTsasnaCatintva[rdaPildakBiFIbuNvisaxbUCaCaf
QbsRmakvijedayeCaKC&y. >.
eTabICakarxitxMRbwgERbgrbsBTu s asnikenAPaKxagt,gedIm,IksagGtsBaaNCati.nrdham
RmedayeRbIvFi ankarbg;abEdleBleRkaymkmankarbgHr QamKadlfa ksa bpg..>.eTabIyagNa
kedayegVn..Lag.yleXIjfakartsRbqaM
U gnwgrbbehm.RKanEtbEnSmnUvkarRsgakxkcit. ngi PaB
mineBjcite nAkg cMeNambBavn.BaNiCk r..nigyuvCnkg sg:m. .>. rhUtmkdleBlenaGsmtSPaBmin
ecTajykplRbeyaCn_BIGarmN_saFarNCnbg;[mankgVskmPaB...>.TalEtdlExsPa..qaM
1963. EdlRBwtikarN_dekAKKukpeLIgenAeBlEdleKminGnuBaat[bgHtTgBuTsasnatamvtnana
enAfvisaxbUCa.>
sg:amRtCakbg;[mankarsg&y. nigkarRbqaMgTaMgsgxagkanEtFne TAnwgRkmsasnaenAevotNam..>. bEu nmansgCaemdwknaBUEkbBa bBal BIrbIGg:nelceLIgkg cMeNamRBsgcas@vsa.. >
CaTahrN_sMxanmYyKW.RBetCRBKuNFic. CI. xVag enAqaM.1956nsEmgBIbMNgrbsRBGg:cg[
RbeTsevotNamenAeRkAsg:amRtCak..>.R.BGg:TayfamanEtRbeTsGBaRkwtbueNadUcCaRbeTs
}Na. .nigPUma.EdlRBBuTs
asnaGacdkdegHmI nRsl. .>. karTsTayeXIjBITku esak
rbsRbCaCn
enATsvtqaM.1960.KWBitCaRtwmRtvNas. >. enAeBlenaehIyEdlRBGg:kayCaemdwknaMBuTsasna
delceFamak. >. RBGg:.Fic. an..mjI (Thch Thin Minh) KWCabuKl
: sMxanma keTotEdleCOCakfaRBBuT
sanamansmtSPaBplnUvGtsBaaNvb,Fm...nigPaBdwknaMsRmabRbCaCnevotNamenAsm&yTMenIb.
(Schecter, .1967.).>
evotNamGBaRkwtebIkTUlaydlkarrIklUtlasedayesrInRBBuTsasna..KWminGaceFVIeTA
ekIteT.. >. .karmineBjcitkan
EtxagM eLIg@..manrhUtdleTAkareFVGt
I XatdUcCakarbUCaxn kg ePgI rbs
RBetCRBKuNFic. xaV g..Dkw . (Thch Qung c) enAExkk;da. .qa.M 1963..>. Gyu . n..lan. pay. v. v.i hVti
hav.( Uy Ban Lin Phi Bo V Pht Gio) (KNkmaFikarGnrnikaysRmabkarkarBarRBBuTsasna
) .n
beg;IteLIg..>..Bakfa.tsU.din..Raj.(n Tranh) .RtvneRbICaelIkdMbUgkgPasapvkarKNsg...>.
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asnikTukrhUt
(39)
115
dlRCleBl.. KWRbEhlTukrhUtdleBlEdlRBsg.. nigdUnCICaRcIneFVI tukmF@M RbqaMgnwgrdaPil

nigeFV[I BiPBelakTaMgmUltkst CamYynwgkarbUCaxn CasaFarN.>.RbEhlCamanehtuplmYycMnnY
epgeTotdUcCakaremIlRsalelIkarRCabcUlrbsBkY kumy
nIse TAkg BuTs
asna .bEu nebIGc gw Emn
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rbsRBetCRBKuNFic. jit. haj(Thch Nht Hnh) ehIy. >..RBGg:yleXIjfaqaM. 1963..KWCaqaMrYbrYmkg clnatsn
U RBBuTs
asnanTsvtqa.M 1960..>. karRbqaMgneyayEdlbeg;tI eLIgRbQmnwgkarebotebonBIrdaPiledayKanRtaRbNI.nrYbrYmTaMgBuTsasni
k. .nigminEmnBuTs
asnikdUcKa.
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manEpnkarnigeKalbMNgnAkgcit. >. karennaM[RBetCRBKuNFic. jit. hajktsm:alfa..
(40)
xJMBitCamincgmann&yfaeBlEdleyIgkanEttsUeTAmun.eyIgkanEtFakcuTaMgsartI..nigsIlFm
enaeT..>..bEu nxK
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1963mk.>.eyIgneFVIGVI@CaeRcInedIm,IBayam[kmaMgsartIenekIteLIgvijEteyIgminGaceFVI
neT..>...BitCaGsarEmnETn.>.(Queen and King.1996..328)
karGFib,ayensabemIleTAdUcCaTnexSayEpkneyayNas.bEu neyIgKYrekatsresIrvaeRBa
fakarylBTI snviCa n..TegVKI a nkiels..naM[mankarKitrbsRBetCRBKuN.Fci . jti . haj naeBl
en...>...eyIgKYrEtylBImUldannkarriKnEdldUc@KacMeBaBuTsasniksRmabbraC&yrbsBYkeK
edIm,IbBanGMNacdmhimarbsRbCaCneTACarebobvarc,aslasmYy.(s:It.F&r (Schecter)..1967).>
eTabICabraC&yekItecjBIGsmtSPaBkg karbeg;tI eKalbMNgc,aslasCagmunsRmabclnatsBuU Tki
neyayenAevotNamxagt,g...kminEmnkeday.eyIgKYrBicarNaelI..esckIEfgkarN_bEnSm
cMeBaesckIRbkasnaf..10.sPa..1963.epJIrBIKNkmkarGnrnikaysRmabkarBarRBBuTsasna
eTArdaPilEdlmanesckIdUcxageRkamfa.
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117
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(42)
eBlEdlCnrYmCatiTaMgLayrbsRBGg:.(RBetCRBKuN.Fic.jithaj).nEbgExJkehIyyleXIj
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rbsevotNamfaCavb,FmenAGasIu..nigvb,FmBuTbris&TTUeTA.(.Fic.jithaj 1967..5).>
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EdleKs:altamRBrhsnamfa..RBsgdUg.EdlelakCavisVkrbNbNaledayraMgehIy
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ryeBlxIkeday (faj..xVan..pam..van..Gin(Thanh Quan Phm Vn n)1967; hU..van..EGm..(H Vn
Em)1983). .>. }srCneqm
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M k.. nig
GkuslTaMgLay. .xNeBlEdlBYkKatbeg;ItRTwsIGkseg:asm&yTMenIb. .>.
munedImTsvtr_qaM..1970..bBavn..nignisitmYycMnYnenAkgRkmyuvCnsRmabesvasg:mEdl
beg;IteLIgedayRBetCRBKuNFin..jithaj.nbnsakl,gbkRsayelIdMeNIreRsacRsgstV
elakrbsRBeBaFistVEdlmanRBkVan. yni . (Guanyin) CatMNag.(mann&yfaGvelakietsVr). ehIyn
sresrBnlenAkg RTwsGI ntaenAkg Km<rI vRCsURt. (cin. xug.1993). >..eyagtamkarriKnmYycMnnY dUcCa
.Tran Van Giau..EdlCaGtItemdwknaMevotmij...nigbBavnelceFa..RkmRBetCKuNFin.jithajn
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eRkayqaksg:amnkarpasbr esdkci neyay.
. karRbkasmenaKmviCa EbbenGacvaytmkg bribT

nkanEtgayRsl.>
(43)
(44).
(45)
esckIsnidan
eyagtamkarbRgbbRgmRbeTseLIgvijeRkamRbB&nsg:mniymenAqaM..1975..manPstagsIBIkar
Kabsg;trbsrdelInikayhVa..hav..nigkavday..RKisbris&TmYycMnYn...nigBuTsasnikxEdrEdlkg
119
enaEdrmanrykarN_sIBImrNPaBrbsRBsg..nigdUnCIenAkgCMrMGbrM.(bUyl.nig.sIun.(Boyle and
Sheen).1997..252)..>..edayeXIjeKecjdIkacabxn..nigXuMXaMgsasnikCabnbnabrYmmanRBsg
nigdUnCIBuTsasnikenARkg.GacylTsnrbsxnRtwmRtvEdrfataMgBIrbbehm. mkKar..tKab
sg;trbsrdmankarpasbrtictYcNas. >..TMnakTMngrvagKRBsg.. nigrdGMNacsBVfKYrEtemIl
kgbribTRbvtisasEdlminEmnepatelIEtrbbbcb,nbueNaeT...EtKYrEtemIleRkay[nEvg
qayyagehacNaskEpkneyaynTsvtqa.M 1940..pgEdr.. >. bBaHaenmanlkNsK sajeday
sarCeRmIspalrbsRBsg..nigdUnCImYyGg:@.faKYrenAPaKImag...PaKIEbgEckneyaymageTot
EdlekIteLIgrabTsvtr_kngmkehIy..>..CeRmIsenknTTYl}TiBlBIsMNak}riyabfEdl
rdaPilkanGMNacnKUsRBMEdnneyaysasna...>..kgbribTEbben..mUlehtuEdlTij..duKWsIu
(RkmRKhsSEdndIbrisuT.Amidist) mansRmabkarcrcaedIm,IcUlrYmnwgKNsgCatievotNam.(hav
. hUchVit. havevotNam. (Gio Hi Pht Gio Viet Name). EdlmankarbtSmBIrd. KWminxusBImUlehtu
EdlGtItGkCabBakB&nnwgsmaKmsikaBuTsasnaxagt,g..KNsgbRgbbRgmCatimanenA
eBlxnQrenAeRkARkm. >.
ebIsni Cavaminnpasbr plviknsg:ameT.CaBiesstaMgBIqa .M 1975..mk.RBBuTs
asnan
kayCakarbnr mYysRmldlkarlMkEpksmarEdlnmkCamYynwgsnPi aB..>. karpasbr yagxagM
kgsSanPaBesdkicrvagqaM..1975..dl..1990..npl{kas[BuTsasnabgHajxngfaenAEtGac
mansmtSPaBrsraneLIgvijn..>. karrsraneLIgvijennnaM[bnr nUvPaBtantwgkngeTArvagrbb
sg:mniym...nigKNsgminEmnedaysarEtkarRKbRKgtwgEtgrbsrbbsg:mniymelIsSab&nTaMg
GsenaeT.(mar 1987). >. karekIteLIgvijnUvGtPavnaenAeRkATIvtGaramGacCalTplnkarRKbRKg
sSab&ndtwgrwgu rbsrdGN
M ac..>. bEu neTabICaEbbenkeday.edayehtufaGVEdlf
I cI eM BasasnaevotNamTMenIblkxNneyayEbbenrwtEtbeg;nI BRgwgelI. kareFVtbtamRK
I
sarCaBumKM< rvU b,Fmn
yUrGEgVg. >
CamYynwgeKalneyaykMENTRmgdUy. my
U .(i Mi)esdkci C atifEdl
I cabepmI enAqa.M .1986
. PaBbnr bnSydBti RkdmYynkarRKbRKgrd. ekIteLIgbnabBbI nu a nqaeM Rkaymk.. rmY manTaMgBiFbuI N
RbCaRbiy. .nigEbbbTRbBNInkareKarBbUCa.>.BiFbI N
u nana. .nigkarsURtFmrbsRBsg..nigdUnCI
manevaharsB. nigecdwgeRCARCneTAdldBuTbris&TenAtamp. .tamRsk. .tamPUmiCamYynwgkarcracrkaEstmaej..nigkaEstvIedGUedayRsl. >..taMgBIedImTsvtr_qa.M 1900.kareFVdI eNI
M rnRsl
nCMruj[manFmyaRtarvagextPaKxagt,g. nigRkghaNUy.edaydMeNIreTscrtamrfynRkg. >.
tamrykarrIksaynskmPaBsasnaen.esdkci T pI ar..nigsasnabcb ,nennQmmuxdakKa. .>
karsnMsMcsmehtusmplRbqaMgnwgkarekIneLIgnUvkarcayxxayelIesdkicBImun. xusBIen. .
mandUcCa.pasukPaBkarsb,ay. .nigBiFIGFikGFm.. >. kgerOgenEdrevaharsBxagkarrwtt,it[dwgBI
sasnaeCnRtvEteCos[put. nigkarrIksayPayminsmehtuplGtsBaaNsasnaRbCaRbiyepg@
kMNtcMNaM
CMBUkTI.1
rravatsnu GNaya. KWCasasacarkg edtmW g G asInsaklvi

u
Tal&yhavenA Manoa. .>. Gas&y
danERbsnIyrbs
_ elakRsIKW. .Department of Asian Studies, Universty of Hawaii, 2444 Dole St. Honolulu HI 96822
USA GIuEmlrbselaRsIKW. bandaya@hawaii.edu>
esckEI fgGMNrKuN. . GtSbTenepmI ecjBIKnM ti mYypuseLIgenAkg kicR bCMmu yY eFVeI LIgCakityi s
dlsasacar O.W. Wolters. enAsaklviTal&yCatiGUsalI. (Australain National University)enAExmina
qa.M 1999.. >.ehIyGtSbTenekItecjCarUbrageLIgeRkamkarelIkTwkcitr bselak..> Jan Nattier, Nancy
Dowling, Michael Aung Thwin, Donald Searer, Penny Van Esterik, Elizabeth Guthrie, Alan Cole, Leonard Andaya, Chai
nGanGtSbTRBag
mun@. .nigCYyEktRmvRBmTaMgeGayeyabldmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn. > H.Leedom LoffertsnpldMbUnan
karelIkTwkcit. nigksarBieRKaCaeRcIndlnagxJ.M >./.nagxJsM mU EfgGMNrKuNdlsasacarTaMgGsen
(rYmCamYyGkGanBIrbInakeTotsUmminbeBajeQa)...Edlns&RKcitCYynagxJM..>..rIkMhus..nigkar
xVxatTaMgLayvij. .KWnagxJMsUmTTYlxusEtmakg..>
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280, 329; eBum<CaPasaGgeKseRkamcMNgeCIgfaThe Indianized States of Southeast Asia, ed. Water P. Vella,
Podhista, Liz Wilson, Ashley Thompson, Edwin Zehner, Bruce Lockhart nig Hiroko Kawanami
trans. Susan Brown Cowing (Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1968), pp. 218, 253.
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J.G. de Casparis and I.W. Mabbett, Religion and Popular Beliefs of Southeast Asia before 1500, in The Cambridge
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Press, 1992), p. 294.
3-Richard F. Gombrich, Theravda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Columbo (London and
New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 151.
4-ksarsMeNrsIBIBuTsasnaenAGasIuGaeKy_. .nigkarRKgraCmaneRcInNas. .>. cMeBakarBieRKa

CaTUeTAsUmGanDonald K. Swearer, The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia (Albany: State University of New York
Press, 1995), ch. 2.
5-Marshall Sahlins, Other Times, Other Places: The Anthropology of History, American Anthropologist, 85, 3 (September 1983): 517-20.
6-Juliane Schober eFVGI tSaFib,ayelIkareFVsRbehsnCMenOsasnaRbCaRbiyenAkg Gkrsil,_nsg:m
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GasIuGaeKy_bUraNkanRBBuTsasna. .>. sUmGanGtSbTrbsKatEdlmancMNgeCIgfa.. The Theravada

Buddhist Engagement with Modernity in Southeast Asia: Whither the Social Paradigm of the Galactic Polity?Journal of
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8-David K. Wyatt, Relics, Oaths and Politics in Thirteenth-Century Siam, JSEAS , 32, 1 (February 2001): 49-50, 62-3.
9- Shelly Errington, Introduction, in Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia, ed. Jan Monnig Atkinson
and Shelly Errington (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 3; Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Petez, Introduction,
in Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Petetz
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 9-10.
10-Nancy Auer Falk and Rita M.Gross, Introduction, in Unspoken Worlds: Womens Religious Livesin New-Western
Cultures, ed. Nancy Auer Falk and Rita M. Gross (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1979), p. xii.
11-O.W. Wolters, History: Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives (Ithaca, NY & Singapore Cornell University Southeast Asia Program/ Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999), p. 229.
12-BakfanikaytamBitsMedAdlRkumedayELk@.. smucy
& nKm<rI RBRtbidk. .Km<rI sURt.. >. eTa
bICakgPasaGgeKseyIgeRbIBakdUcCa School(sala).. Sect..(nikay).edIm,IbkERbBaknikayenk
edaykeyIgKYrylfaBakenmann&yTUlayCageneTAeTotKWseM dAdlKNsgNaEdlsikabk
RsayBI{vaTTaMgLayrbsRBBuTGg:..>..nikayFM@dUcCamhayan..nigefrvaTmanEckCanikaytUc@Ca
eRcIneTot.. >. CaTahrN_enARKiss
tvtTI. 11..RBBuTs
asnaefrvaTenARbeTsRsIlg;amannikayrg
bIeTotEdlRbqaMgKaehIyEdlmanTMnakTMngCamYyvtFM@...KWnikayGP&yKiriviharnikayeCtv&nvihar..
nignikaymhavihar..>. .kgcMeNamnikayTaMgbInikaymhaviharCanikayFMCageK..>
13- Jonathan S. Walters, A Voice from the Silence: The Buddhas Mothers Story (History of Religions, 33, 4 [19934] : 360-4) plnUvesckIbRgm[gayylBIkarBiPakaelIsSanPaBrbssI. >..sUmGanpgEdrnUvGtSbT
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in Mahyna Tradition (Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1985), pp. xix, 5, 6; C.J. Reynolds, A Nineteenth-Century Thai Buddhist Defense of Polygamy and some Remarks on the Social History of Women in Thailand, in Proceedings of the Seventh IAHA Conference (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 1979), p. 929.
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and London: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 146; S. J. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand
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asnaeXIjman
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Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 115-17; Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, Thai Women in Buddhism (Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press, 1991), pp. 22-35; Thanh-Dam Troung, Sex, Money and Morality: Prostitution and
Tourism in South-East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1990), pp. 131-57; and Gross, Buddhism after Patriarchy.
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nikaysvasvi aTinnEbkecjBInki ayefrvaTkalBIBakkNalstvtTI. 3.mnu RKiss

kraC
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end and Cult of Upagupta: Snskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1992).
17-CaTahrN_RBnag Rajnapatni EdlneLIgCaGK:CayannKrCVa Majapahit naqaM..1329..neFVI

smaFiEbbRBBuTsasnabYsCadUnCIPiknI...nignekarRBeksa...>..Mpu Prapanca, Deawarnana (Ngarakrtgama (by Mpy Prapaca, trans. Stuart Robson (Leiden: KILTV Press, 1995), pp. 26, 47; Cuong Tu Nguyen, Zen
in Medieval Vietnam, A Study and Translation of the Thien Uyen Tap Anh (Honolulu: Kuroda Institute/ University of
Hawaii Press, 1997) pp. 197-8, 254; A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago
(A.D. 671-695) by I Tsing, trans. Takakasu Junjiro (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896), p. 79Laurence Palmer Briggs, The
Ancient Khmer Empire (Philadephia: Transactions of the American Philisophical Societ, 1951), p. 50.
cMeBaGMN
GMNagsBI tI nY aTIsasnarbsseI nARbeTskm<C asm&ymunGg:rsUmGan Michael Vickery, Society, Economics

and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia: The 7th-8th Centuries (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO,
neFVesck
I GtS
I aFib,ayelItYnaTIpy
KandUnCIenARbeTs}Na
nigdUnCIenARbeTscineTaCazanndUnCIcinnFakcuenAstvteRkay@mkeTot..(TMB&r. 80).>.cMeBa
erOgEdldUnCICbunGacman. GMNackgkRmitNamYy. enasUmGan Bernard Faure, Visions of Power: Imag1998), pp. 17-20. Paul, Women in Buddhism,
ining Medieval Japanese Buddhism, trans. Phyllis Brooks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 41.
18-dUnCIenARbeTsRsIlg;aBIedImeLIynTTYlraCUbtSmyageRcInehIyKNdUnCIknkarbeg;It
eLIg. >. enAkgnikayvtmhaviharelakyayCITTYlbnkeFVIBiFIdaMedImeBaFiRBwkEdlCaRBtMNagn
RBBuTG g:kg BiFs
I asna.. >.karbBabnUvraCUbtSmRbEhlCamkBI
karRbqaMgmin[mansmI kbYsCaPikn I
layLMCamYyRBsg. .>.. R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, Subtle Silk of Ferrous Firmness: Buddhist Nuns in Ancient and
Medieval Sri Lanka and Their Role in the Propagation of Buddhism, The Sri Lnaka Journal of the Humanities, 14, 1-2
124
kMNtcMNaM
(1998): 32 -8, and Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka (Tucson: University of Arizona Press for the Association of Asian Studies, 1979), pp. 37 -9.
19-Chou Ta Kuna, Notes on the Customs of Cambodia, translated from the French of Paul Pelliot by I. Gilman DArcy
Paul (Bangkok: Social Science Association Press, 1967), p. 24.
20-Simon de la Loubre, The Kingdom of Siam, ed. David K. Wyatt (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969), p.
113; Nicolas Gervaise, The Natural and Political Hisotry of the Kingdom of Siam, ed. And tran. John Villiers ( Bangkok:
White Lotus, 1989), p. 163.
21-Pe Maung Tin, Women in the Inscription of Pagan, JBRS, 25, 3 (1935): 151; Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. C.O. Blagden (Rangoon: Government Printing Press, 1934), vol. IV, part I, pp. 58 -9.
22-Michael Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in the Year 1795 (Edinburg: Constable and Co,
1827), vol. 1, p. 249.
23-Richard Cushman, The Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya, ed. David K. Wyatt (Bangkok: The Siam Society, 2000), pp.
305, 424...enAqaM...1791..kyRsIrbsRBTramTI..1..nbYsCadUnCIenATavoy; . The Dynastic Chronicles
Bangkok Era, The First Reign, ed. And trans. Thadeus and Chadin Flood, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural
Studies, 1978), pp. 178-82.
24-enARbeTsPUmasBVfekgRsIenAEtbYsCasameNrInCaFmta..>..cMeBaPiknIenARbeTsPUmavij
sUmGan..Hiroko Kawanami, The Religious Standing of Burmese Buddhist Nuns (thil-shin), The Ten Precepts and
Religious Respect words, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 13, 1 (1990): 17 -39; Tessa
Barthomeusz, Women under the B Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),
pp. 37, 46, 80 -1.
cMeBakarBiPakaelIsikaenAbNaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_sm&ybcb,nvijsUmGan In-
grid Jordt, Bhikkuni, Thilashin, Mae-Chii: Women who Renounce the World in Myanmar, Thailand and the Classical
Pali Buddhist Texts, Crossroads, 4, 1 (Fall 1988): 31 -9; Swearer, The Buddhist World, pp. 152-6; Tomomi Ito, Buddhist
Women in Dhamma Practice in Comtemporary Thailand: Movements Regarding their Status as World Renunciates, The
Journal of Sophia Asian Studies, 17 (1999): 147 -81.
25-Kamala Tiyavanich, Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth- Century Thailand (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), pp. 280-6.
26-mandkRsgmkniyaykg Aung Thwin, Pagan, pp. 34,41.

27-A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, The Aokrma inscription of 1399 A.D.: Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 2, Journal of the Siam Society (GMNwteTAsresrkatfa. JSS) , 57, 1, (1969): 55.
28- Judith M. Jacob, The Deliberate Use of Foreign Vocabulary by the Khmer: Changing Fashion, Methods and
Sources, in Context, Meaning and Power in Southeast Asia, ed. Mark Hobart abd Robert Taylor (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
Southeast Asia Program, 1986), p. 118.
29-Liz Wilson, Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature
125
kMNtcMNaM
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); B.J. Terwiel, Rice Legends in Mainland Southeast Asia, in Contributions
to Southeast Asian Ethnographies, 10 (1994): 20-1.
30-Frank Reynolds and Mani Reynolds, Three Worlds According to King Ruang (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press,
1982), p. 132.Km<r
I RtPUmki faenCasadrbsRBTlUtEdlnniBnenAqa.M 1345..bEu nelakMichael
VickerytvafasadennRbmUlcgRkgenAsm&yeRkaymkeT...KWenAsm&yGyuFa..>.sUmGanGtSbT
rbselak.. Note on the Date of the Traibhmikath, JSS, 52, 3 (1974): 275-84 and On Traibhmikath, JSS, 79,
2 (1991): 24-36.rIKm<Irelakb,Bat(i EdlmanerobrabkgKm<IrRtPUmikfa)RtveKeCOfanniBnedaysT
meXasenAThatonedayEpkelIGtSbTedImCaPasasMs;wt..>..elak.. John StrongesIfaKm<Irena
niBnenAstvtTI. 11..nigTI. 12..rIelak.. Steven Collins vijfaenAstvtTI. 14..>.sUmGan Strong, The
Legend and Cult of Upagupta, p. 12; Steven Collins, Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities: Utopias of the Pali Imaginaire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 321; and Reynolds, A Nineteenth-Century Thai Buddhist Defense, p. 930.
31-esckIsegbnsadCaeRcIneTotmanenAkg Swearer , The Buddhist World, pp. 152- 4.

32-Charles Keyes, Mother or Mistress but Never a Monk: Buddhist Notions of Female Gender in Rural Thailand,
American Ethnologist, 11, 2 (1984): 228-9; A. Thomas Kirsch, Text and Context: Buddhist Sex Roles/ Culture of Gender Revisited, American Ethnologist, 12, 2, (1985): 305, 309; Niels Mulder, Inside That Society (Bangkok: Duang Kamol,
1992), p. 25; Jane R. Hanks, Maturity and its Rituals in Bang Chan (Ithca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1963)
and Reflections on the Ontology of Rice, in Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, ed. Stanley Diamond
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), pp. 298-301; H. Leedom Lefferts, Womens Power and Theravada Buddhism: A Paradox from Xieng Khouang, in Laos: Culture and Society, ed. Grant Evans (Chiangmai: Silkworm Books,
1999), pp. 214-25
33-Hanks, Maternity and its Rituals, p. 43. cMeBakarsagpsedIm,IsgfTwkedasUmGan. Penny Van Esterik,
The Cultural Context of Breast-Feeding in Rural Thailand, in Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, ed. V.
Hull and M. Simpson (London: Croom Helms, 1985), p. 143, and idem., Nurturance and Reciprocity in Thai Studies, in
State Power and Culture in Thailand, ed. E. Paul Durrenberger (New Haven: Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monograph,
enARbeTsfbNakarEdleKeGayeTa]BukmayxagkUnRkmMeu nAfmg:lkarkehAfasMNgfTkw edaEdrSusan Con1996), p. 27; Paul Lvy, Buddhism : a Mystery Religion? (London: Athlone Press, 1957), p. 4.
way, Thai Textiles (London: British Museum Press, 1992), p. 46.
34-Melford Spiro, Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitude (New York and London: Harper
and Row, 1972), p. 234.
35-Gehan Wijeyewardene, Place and Emotion in Northern Thai Behaviour (Bangkok: Pandora, 1986), p. 115.
36-Lvy, Buddhism: a Mystery Religion?, p. 14.
37-Ibid., p. 101; Franoise Bizot, La grotte de la naissance, Belletin de lEcole Franaise dExtrme-Orient
126
kMNtcMNaM
GMNwteTAsresrkatfa.. BEFEO), 67 (1980): 222-73, especially p. 246 and idem., Le Chemin de Laka. Textes
Bouddhiques du Cambodge (Paris: Ecole Franaise dExtrme-Orient, 1992).mancMNc
u mYyeyIgKYktsm:alpgEdr
KWfaBuTs
asnaenARbeTskm<C aminsUvTTYl}TBi lxagM BIkarRbtibtei nARbeTsRsIlg;adUcenARbeTs
PUma. nigRbeTsfeT. >
38-CaTahrN_sUmGan. W. M. Sirisena, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Rela(
tions from A.D. c. 1000 to c. 1500 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), especially chapters 3-4; Catherine Raymond, Etude des
relations religieuses entre le Sri Lanka et lArakan du xii au xviii sicles: documentation historique et vidences
archologiques, Journal Asiatique, 292, 2 (1995): 469 -501; De Casparis and Mabbett, Religion and Popular Beliefs,
p. 295; Wyatt, Relics, Oaths and Politics, pp. 48-9.
39-cMeBakarsikatamvtGaramsUmGan.. H.B.M. Ilangasinha, Buddhism in Medieval Sri Lanka (Delhi: Sri

Satguru Publications, 1992), pp. 133 -61.
40-Wolters, History, Culture and Religion, p. 46; Wyatt, Relics, Oaths and Politics, pp. 13, 47, 49.
41-R.A.L.H. Gunawardena, People of the Lion: Sinhala Consciousness in History and Historiography, in Ethnicity
and Social Change in Sri Lanka: Papers Presented at a Seminar organized by the Social Scientists Association, December
1979 (Colombo: Social Scientists Association, 1984), p. 29.
42- Sheldon PollocknsntfaenAkg rykalen. cRkPB..cMNas@enAGasIxu agt,g. nigGasIGu aeKy_

kMBugERbkayeTACa..Gg:kartamtMbn..EdlmanTMenarcgsRmbPasa...nigvb,FmkgtMbn.. (The Cosmopolitan Vernacular, Journal of Asian Studies, 57, 1 [February 1998]: 31).
43-Gunawardena, People of the Lion, pp. 25-7.

44-Charles Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature of Medieval Sri Lanka (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago,
1988), vol. 1, pp. 192-9. Tambiah nKUsbBaakehIyfaplbuNEdlnBIkareFVT
I anKWtci tYcNasebIemIl
tamKm<IrlI (Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, p. 93).
45-Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature, vol. 1, pp. 192, 199.
46-G.H. Luce, Old Burma-Early Pagan, (Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Augustine, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 125-7.
47-Sirisena, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, pp. 74, 94; A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, The Epigraphy of Mahdharmarj 1 of Sukhodaya. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 11. Part II, JSS, 61, 2 (1973): 93-4.
48-Bonnie Pacala Brereton, Thai Tellings of Phra Malai: Texts and Rituals Concerning a Popular Buddhist Saint (Temple, AZ: Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies, 1995), pp. 25-45, especially pp.38-9.
RBmaLnnimneTATtzannrk. .ehIyERbtTaMgLayenATIenaGgVrsM[u jatkarbsxn Ts
i plbuN
dlBYkeKpg.. >..RBmaLknnimneTAzantavtwgeTot..>..enATIenaRBGg:nylnUvBBYkeTvtan
zanenafaCamnuselakFmta..buEnnsagkuslplbuNedaykareFVITan..>
49-C.E. GodakumburaniTanerOgx@enAstvtTI. 12. sBI bI ru ssEI dlneFVkI s
u lkmEdlnaM[BYkeK
kMNtcMNaM
127
nesckIceRmInRTB..nigykkMeNItlCagmun..>..sUmGanGtSbTmYyrbselakeRkamcMNgeCIgfa
Sdhucaritodaya: An Unnoticed Pli Poem, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Centenary Volume 1845-1945, new series, 1, (1950): 95-103.
50-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p.131.KMnitEdlfakarBreBaKWCaxatvasCMenObrisuTrbssI

manlkNc,asNasenAkgCMenOEdlfasINaEdlsagbuNminRKbnwgQWcabxaMgenAeBlsRmal(Hanks, Maturity and Its Rituals, p. 61).
51-Aung Thwin, Pagan, p. 41.
52-Griswold and Prasert , The Aokrma Inscription, p. 37.
53-C.E. Godakumbura, Visuddhajanavilsin nma Apadnahakath (London: Pali Text Society, 1954), p. xviii.
54-Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 205-7.
55-Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, p. 64; Gervaise, Natural and Political History, pp. 136-7. esckI BnlBI
cgHan manenAkg Wijeyewardene, Place and Emotion, p. 36.
56-A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 22; An Inscription from Vat Hin Tn,
Sukhodaya, JSS, 67, 1 (1979): 71 -2.
57-Walters, Voice from the Silence, p. 370; cMeBaRbFanbTenEdrsUmGan. Penny Van Esterik , Feeding their
Faith: Recipe Knowledge among Thai Buddhist Women, Food and Foodways, 1 (1986): 199.
58-Van Esterik, Feeding their Faith, p. 120; Zimmer, The Art of Indian Asia: Its Mythology and Transformations
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1960), p. 139.
59- Walters, A Voice from the Silence, p. 370.

60-A.G.B. Kempers, Ancient Indonesian Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), Plate 85; H.L. Shorto,
A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 198;
BNnaBIBiFIbuNrM\kBIerOgnagsuCataenARbeTsfsm&ybcb ,n. >. .cMeBaBiFdI EdlenARbeTsPUmacugstvtTI

. 19..sUmGan.. Shway Yoe (James George Scott), The Burma. His Life and Notions (reprint: New York: W.W. Norton,
Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. 4, part 1, pp. 11 -13; Swearer, Buddhist World, pp. 29-30,
1963), pp. 334-7.
61-Patricia M. Herbert, The Life of the Buddha (London: The British Library, 1992), pp.34-5.sadenniBneLIg
enAedImstvtTI. 19>
62-Khing Mya Tchou, Les femmes de letters birmanes (Paris: LHarmattan, 1994), p. 47. See further Van Esterik, Nurturance and Receprocity, p. 24, and Feeding their Faith, pp. 197-215.
63-CaTahrN_kareFVITanCaexIyekIy..400..nigs,gcIvr..400..maneronrabkgsilacarwkmYyrbs
RBTlUt (Griswold and Prasert, The Epigraphy of Mahdharmarj 1, p.158). enAtamx<gr abkUra tenAPaK
sanRbeTsfsIenAEtbnkareFVITanCaexIy...ekIyEdleFVIedaydxngpal..dlGkmuxGkkar
128
kMNtcMNaM
FM@. >. ehtueneTIbeKEsneRbnCaexIyekIydlRBlwgGarkGktaehIykareFVITanen..KWCakicsMxan

Naskg karsnMplbuN..>..(Gittinger and Lefferts, Textiles and the Tai Experience, pp. 19, 51, 96, 103-4) >RbFan
bTenkKrY sikapgEdrenAbNaRbeTsgasIGu aeKyeBlni
_ yaydlRtrbsknU naK. .BIeRBaebIeyag
tamvin&yRtKYrEteFVIBIdI}d. >. kareFVIkmqaMgeRcInEtCakickarsIehIyeKdwgeTotfasICamay. sI
CajatirabTku dUcmayneFV
I RtRbeKnelakkUn. >..enARbeTsPUmannacugstvtTI. 19..GkGeg;tmak
nktRtafaeKeGaykUnnaKrkemIleRKgbMbYsdUcCas,gRtNaEdlCarbsRBGg:..>..kareFVIdUc
ennaM[BRgwgcMNgTakTgCamYyejamRsIrbsRBGg:. >. (Lvy, Buddhism: a Mystery Religion?, p. 19)
64-A.B.Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, The nscription of Vat Khem. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 15,
JSS, 63, 1 (1975): 138.
65-S ee Barbara Watson Andaya, Statecraft in the Reign of Lu Tai of Sukhothai (ca. 1347-1374), in Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand , Laos and Burmam, ed. Bardwell L. Smith (Chambersburg, PA: Anima Books, 1978), p. 14.
66-A. Raquez, Pages Laotiennes (Hanoi: F-H Schneider, 1902), p. 392 (cited in Lvy, Buddhism: a Mystery Religion?,
p. 36).
67-Isaline Blew Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism: The Position of Laywomen and Almswomen in Early Buddhist Times (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975; reprint of 1930 edition) pp.350-1.Bakfakzinmann&yfa
Cas,gsRmabRbeKnRBsgedayt,ajEtryeBlmYyybmYyf. (M.B. Ariyapala, Society in Medieval
Ceylon [Columbo and Kandy: de Silva, 1956], pp. 248-9).
68-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p. 237; Sommai Premchit and Amphay Dor, The Lan Na twelve-month traditions (Chieng Mai: So Sap Kan Phim, 1992), p. 171; Michael Aung Thwin, personal communication (4 February 1999);
Sila charuk Phokhun Ramkhamhaeng Maharat/ The Inscription of King Ramakamhaeng the Great (Bangkok: Chula-
.nagxJMKitfakarExVgKMnitKasIBIkareFVIkalbriecTnsilacarwken
minbBaldlkarBiPakadTUlMTUlayrbsnagxJMeT..>
69- Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism, p. 374, n.1.erOgCatkTaMgLayBiBNnaBIGtItCatirbsRBBuT. >
70-Ibid. p. 351: Nancy Auer Falk, Exemplary Donors of the Pli Tradition, in Ethics, Wealth and Salvation, ed. Ruslongkorn University, 1984), p. 41
sell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), pp. 131-3.
71-vtenksagkg rCkalRBramTI. 1..(1782-1809). (K. I. Matics, Introductio to the Thai Mural [Bangkok:
White Lotus, 1992], p. 50) kg
Km<rI mYydkRsgedayelak. Bizot erobrabfaKWnagvisaxaminEmnnagsuCata
eTEdleKniymKUrrUbRbeKncgHandlRBBuTe RkamedImeBaFiRBwkena. .>. Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge, etudes thmatiques, ed. Franois Bizot, vol. 1(Paris: Ecole Franaise dExtrme-Orient, 1994), p. 110.
72-S. J. Tambiah, The Ideology of Merit and the Social Correlates of Buddhism in a Thai Village, in Dialectic in Practical Religion, ed. E.R. Leach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 75; King Mya Tchou, Les femmes de letters birmanes, p. 110.
kMNtcMNaM
129
73- Sylvia Fraser-Lu, Burmese Crafts, Past and Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p.260.tamkar
niTant@KaPaKeRcIn. .KWfaRBnagmayanesayTIvg:tbunanfbnabBIRbsURtRBBuTGg:ehIy. >.TMnak
TMngrvagmatuPaBs,gcIvr. .nigBuTsasnamanGMNGMNageRcInNasenAkgKm<IrPasalImancMNg
eCIgfabMsu ku lU anisgMEdlkayCaKm<rI l,Il,ajmYyenAbNaRbeTsenAGasIGu aeKy._ .nigCasadBiess
mYykg kRmgKm<rI RBRtbidksBI GI nisM. (plbuNEdlekItBIks
u lkm). .>..Km<rI EdlBIedImeLIyniTan
BIKNbMsu ku lU ki . (Pasuklika).EdlCaKNsgtadug. (smaFi). tamRBdeqmI nRbeTsRsIlg;aenAcena
stvtTI. 8..nigTI. 10..manniTanBIerOgmYynbuRtIrbsQj makEdlnsabeBmRbsURtbuRt..>. .bMsu ku lU
TImYy...s,gcIvrnRBBuTGg:smaFiEdlekdakhalst...nigRClkBNrYcehIyenatamBiteTA..
KWCaCayRkNatbEnSmEdleKykeTArMsBTarkena
u
. .>..Km<rI enaEcgfas,gbs
uM ku lU a..KWCas,glelIs
eK..>..enAeBlRKgs,gcvI renEtmgEdlRBBuTG g:nCYycmgstVelakeGayrYcputBIvalvdsgar..>
KNbMusukUlikenehIyEdlnkareKarBbUCaBIsMNakfakdwknaM. .nigGkmuxGkkarRsIlg;aCaeRcInrUb
edayeFVCI aGMeNaydlejamRsIrbsRBGg:RKbGg:nvU semkbMBakepg@..>..sUmGan Wilhelm Geiger, Culture of Ceylon in Medieval Times (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960), p. 202; Strong, The Legend and Cult, pp. 71-2;
G. Martini, Brapauklnisasa BEFEO, 60 (1973): 61, 71; and Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, pp. 41-4, 168.
74-Geiger, Culture of Ceylon, p.196.

75-Kenneth Wells, Thai Buddhism. Its Rites and Activities (Bangkok: Suriyabun Publishers, 1975; first printed 1939),
p. 108.
76-Apocryphal Birth-Stories (Paasa-Jtaka), trans. I.B. Horner and Padmanabh S. Jaini (London: The Pali Text Society, 1985), pp. 170-80, 200-7; Sommai and Dore, Lan Na Twelve-Month, p. 171; Fraser-Lu, Burmese Craft, p. 260; Git-
-3.GtSbTEdlniyayBIBFi buI NRsedogKaenKWBFI I

sMbuksURtmasEdleKseg;teXIjRrBenAqaM. 1941..kgcMenamCnCati. Pai-i CaCnCatirsenAtam
RBMEdnRbeTsPUma..nigtMbnynNanRbeTscinBNnaBIkarRrBGbGrrbsGk RskdlCMnajtm,aj
rbssIGacCYy[nbuNeBjmYyRsukPUmi. >.(Tien Ju-Kang, Religion Cults of the Pai-I along the BurmaYunan Border [Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1986], pp. 48-52) cMeBakarBiBNnaBIBF
i buI NkzinenA
PaKsanRbeTsfsUmGanTambiah, The Ideology of Merit, pp. 75-7 rISwearer, Buddhist World, p. 23 manerob
rabBIBFi bI N
u kzinEdlelakneXIjpalEPkenAvtmYytamCnbTenAPaKxageCIgRbeTsfkalBI
eBlfI@en. >
77-A.B. Griswold and Prasert naNagara, Epigraphic and Historical Sources No. 19. An Inscription from Keng Tung
tinger and Lefferts, Textiles and the Thai Experience, pp. 102
(1451 A.D.), JSS, 66, 1 (1978): 79.
78- Susan Murcott, The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha (Berkeley: Parallax
Press, 1991), pp. 76-7; Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism, pp. 1-18. cMeBakarBNnaBI}riyabTnmataenA
kgkRmgkMNaBCaPasatamIlsm&ybUraNfaCakicRbesIrsRmabTaMgbursTaMgsIsUmGanPaula Richman, Gender and Persuasion: The Portrayal of Beauty, Anguish and Nurturance in an Account of a Tamil Nun, in Cabezon
130
kMNtcMNaM
ed., Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, pp. 126-31.
79-Tessa Bartholomeusz, The Female Mendicant in Buddhist Sri Lanka, in Cabezon Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, pp. 126-31.
80-Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature of Medieval Sri Lanka, vol. 1, p. 117.
81-Richard Gombach, Feminine Elements in Sinhalese Buddhism, Wiener Zeitschrift fu die Kunde Sudasiens, 16
(1972): 68, 78-9, 91-3.
82-Briggs, Ancient Khmer Empire, p. 222; Nandana Chutivongs, The Iconography of Avalokitevara in Mainland
South East Asia (Ph.D. diss. Leiden University, 1984), pp. 332-3.
83-CaTahrN_enArvagRKiss tvtTI. 7. ngi TI. 13..RbFanbTCaTUeTAmYynkarniBnKm<rI RBBuTs asna

CaPasacinsBI TMI nakTnM grvagsmaCikkg RKsar..KWCaktBat aFmrbsknU RbscMeBamataxn BIeRBaKat
nplkMeNIt. nigbMeedaeGayFMFat. >. .rUbcmakbgHajBIkarlbgsUm,IEtCIvitnmatamYyrUb. .nig
ktBat aFmrbsknU cMeBaKuNelakeFVeI nAstvtTI. 17..RtvRKiss asnTUtykmkeRbIedIm,IBnlBkI atBV
kicEdlRKissasnikRtveFVI..>..CMenOEdlfakareFVIbuNsnMkuslGacCYyjatisnaneGayrYcBIzan
nrkEdlmanerobrabkg erOgniTanRBmaLkmanelIkmkniyayeLIgpgEdrenAkg erOgmelon
U CaPasa
cin. >.kbuEnmanPaBxusKadFMmYy. .KWfaenAkgKMnitCnCaticinmatuPaBminGacEjkdacecjBIkaresB
emfun. nigPaBGesacehIyfakUnRbsRtvEtCYyrMedaRBlwgviBaaNmataecjbIzannrk.BIeRBaKatn
lukgkielseBlKatenArs. > Victor H. Mair, Tun-Huang Popular Narratives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 89-121: compare Alan Cole, Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 133, 176 and 232, with writings by Alexandre de Rhodes cited in Peter C.Phan, Mission and
Cathechras: Alexanderof Rhodes and Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam (Mayknoll, NY: Orvis Books, 1998),
p.220.
84-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p. 115.

85-Donald K. Swearer and Sommai Premchit, The Legend of Queen Cma: Bodhisrasis Cmadevvasa,a Translation and Commentary (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), pp. 25, 79.x
86-Mabel Haynes Bode, The Pali Literature of Burma (London: Royal Asiatic Society: 1909), pp. 16-19; C.E. Godakumbara, Catalogue of Cambodian and Burmese Pli Manuscripts (Copenhagen: The Royal Library, 1983), p. 89;
David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 51, 58; Gunawardana, Robe
and Plough, pp. 271-7.
87-Pollock, Cosmopolitan Vernacular, pp. 6, 9.

88-N.A. Jayawickrama, The Sheaf of Garlands of the Epochs of the Conqueror, being a translation of the Jinaklamlpakaraam of Rataa Thera of Thailand (London: Pali Text Society, 1978), pp. xix, 2-3; Gombric, Feminine Elements, p. 80; Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 32, 103; Jean Mulholland, Herbal Medicine in Paediatrics: Translation
131
kMNtcMNaM
sadTakTgRbFanbT
dUcKaenniBnenAkgRsksUmGanerOgTI..3..TI..19..nigTI..23..esovePAbBasCatkEdlniBneLIgkg
RskeBum<eday.Horner and Jaini trans., Apocryphal Birth-Stories.
89-Cds, Histoire ancienne, p. 329; Indianised States, p. 253.
90-Wyatt, Relics, Oaths and Politics, p.13; Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 195-214.
91-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen Cma, p. 44; Brereton, Thai Tellings, p. xxi.
92- Alain Forest, Les missionaries franais au Tonkin et au Siam (XVII-XVIII sicles) (Paris: L Harmattan. 1998),
of a Thai Book of Genesis (Camberra: ANU Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, 1989), p.18.
vol. 3, p. 285.
93-U Lu Pe WinbgHajBI}TBi lCabmni dacnerOgCatkenAkg sadrbselakeRkamcMNgeCIgfa The

Jtakas in Burma in Essays Offered to G.H.Luce by his Colleagues and Friends in Honour of his Seventy-fifth Birthday,
94-108.enA
eBlEdl]BukrbsGkniBnrUbenneFVImrNkaleTAeKRbelakeGayeronerOgmhaCnkCatk
EdlmanerobrabBIkarEfrkabIcnRBBuTkgGtItCaticMeBaRBmataRBGg:. > The Jataka Stories and
ed. Ba Shin, Jean Boisselier and A.B. Griswold (Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae, 1966), vol. II, pp.
Laopuan Worldview, in Thai Lolklore: Insights into Thai Culture, ed. Siraporn Nathalang (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press, 2000), pp. 47-62.
94-K.R. Norman, Pli Literature (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983, pp. 177-8; Horner and Jaini trans. Apocryphal Birth-Stories erOg..
eXIjniBneLIgCadMbUgenAexteQogmEdleRkaymkeXIj
cMNgeTARbeTsPUma. .>. cMENksmucy
& CaPasaExrvijmanlMdab. .nigGtSny
& xusBIerOgCaPasaf.. nig
PasaPUma..>
95-CaTahrN_bTraykarN_BRI beTslavmYykalBIqa .M 1930..BNnaBIkarsURtevsnrCatkEdl
eFVIeLIgkgrcnasm<nbeNaGasnmYyEdleKykeTAKUrlmelIKMnUrRkNatedayniTanerOgtam
Qutqak..> (S. Karpeles, Chronique: Laos, BEFEO, p.31 [1931]: 332).
96-Wyatt, Relics, Oaths and Politics, p. 35; Margaret Cone and Richard F. Gombrich, The Perfect Generosity of Prince
bBaasCatk..
Vessantara: A Buddhist Epic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 415-18.
97-enAqa.M 1865..RBTmukdu BnlfaRBsgf..KYrsURterOgRBevsnrCatktamEbbepg@. .dUc

CaEbblavEbbmnEbbPUma. .nigEbbExr(manelIkmkniyaykgTerry E. Miller, Traditional Lao Music: Kaen
Playing and Mawlum Singing in Northeast Thailand [Westport, CT/ London: Greenwood Press, 1985], p. 38).
98-A.B. Griswold and Prasert naNagar, King Lodaiya of Sukhodaya and his Contemporaries, Epigraphic and Historical Studies No. 10, JSS, 60, I (1972): 118.
99-Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p. xxi; G.H. Luce, The Jtaka at Pagan, JBRS, 58, 2(1975): 231-3.eKg
naMKa eCOfanrCnNaEdlsaberOgRBevsnrCatknwgekItTanRBBuTe mety. .KWRBBuTGg:
eRkay.. >.
elakCollinskn[tmesIKarvagKuNsm,tinkarsagpskarRtasdwgCaRBBuTkarmanRTBsm,ti
132
kMNtcMNaM
hUrehor...nigkarcabkMeNItfIeTotEdlplbribTsRmabkarsURtGanerOgRBevsnrCatksUmGan
(Nirvana and Other Other Buddhist Felicities, pp. 43, 376).
100-Griwold and Prasert, Inscription from Vat Hin Tan, p. 72, and Inscription of Vat Khem, p.138.
101-Roxanna M. Brown, The Ceramics of South-East Asia: Their Dating and Identification (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press, 1977), p. 53, 260-1.
102-PollockRbEkkfaenARbeTs}NaBiFIbuNRBramGaceGayeKTajrk[RBwtikarN_Caklak
xenAstvtTI..12..enAeBlEdlRBraCasasnahiNnRbdUccMMgrvagRBram...nigRkgraBN_eTA
nwgCMemapalxn RBGg:CamYyBYkbcamiRtTYKI (Sheldon Pollock, Rmyana and Political Imagination in India,
Journal of Asian Studies, 52, 3 [May 1993]: 263).
103-Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. Taw Sein Co and Charles Duroisell (Rangoon: Governement Printing Office, 1921) vol.
II, part I, pp. 130-2; vol. II, plates 351-60, 377; Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p. xxi. QutqakEdlerobrabBIkarTYjesakrbsRBnagemRTIGacfaCaQutmYyedayELktaMgEtBIedImerogmkem..>..
GkGeg;telIRbeTsPUmaenAstvtTI. 19..nGtSaFib,ayfa. eKGaceFV[I mnuselakRskTwkEPkn..
ebIsEmgQutRtgen[Bieral. >.. (C.J.F.S. Forbes, British Burma and its People, Being Sketches of Native Manners Customs and Religion [London: John Murray, 1878], p. 150).
104-Burmese Classical Poems, ed. and trans. Friedrich V. Lustig (Rangoon: U Khin Pe Gyi, 1966), p. 29.
105-Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. C.O. Blagden (Rangoon: Gevernment Printing Press, 1928), vol. III, part 2, p. 278.
106-Cole, Mothers and Sons, p. vii.
107- Mulholland, Herbal Medicine, p. 18.
108-Women in Thai Literature (Bangkok: Office of the Prime Minister, 1992), p. 70. eyIgBitCaminEdleXIjman
nimitrUbnmrNkalrbsmataNaeT..>..buEneyIgKYrdwgpgEdrfaenAeBlBreBamg@sIEtgRbQm
muxnwgesckIsab...>..enARbeTsGgeKsRbEhlqaM..1600..eKRbmaNeXIjfakgcMeNamkarqgTen
100. makmansImakehIyEdlsab.(Dr. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, personal communication, 3 May 2000).
109-Khing Mya Tchou, Les Femmes de letters birmanes, p. 42.
110-Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature, vol. I, p. 122; Strong, Legend and Cult, p. 241
111-Brereton, Thai Tellings, p. 58.enAkgerOgeRBgExrmYymanRBGg:masmYyGg:EdlnrYmesBemfun
CamYyRBmatabeg;tI rbsRTgedayminndwgfaRBnagCaRBmataknksagsb ectiymYyedIm,Ilag
bkmrbsRTg..>..sUmGan... Ashley Thompson, Intoductory Remarks Between the Lines: Writing Histories of
Middle Cambodia, in Other Pasts: Women, Gender and History in Early Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Barbara Watson
Andaya (Honolulu: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of HawaiI, 2000), pp. 47-68.
112-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen Cma, p. 161.

113-edaynaMcUlBIRbeTs}NaEdlmantwktagc,askgsm&yKubGupta..(BIstvtTI.4..dlTI..6)..rUb
kMNtcMNaM
133
cmakRBnagKgHgI EdlCasakInkarRtasdgw rbsRBBuTG g:neKykmkqakkg RsukPUm.i .>. enAkg erOg

enaRBnagnbg;abT&Bmaredaybeg;tI CaTwkCMnnecjBIRBeksaRBnag. (EdlCanimti r bU nPaBsm,r
CICati). KWCak,acEdleKminFabeXIjmanenARbeTs}Na. .>. cmakExrmancukalbriecTkg sm&yeRkay
Gg:r. .bEu nkarqakdMbgU EdleKeXIjmanenAtMbnGasIGu aeKyKW_ cmakeFVBI s
I rM Ti nnKrha; n enAstvt
TI. 11..TI. 12..>. Donald M. Stadner, Pagan Bronzes. Fresh Observations, in The Art of Burma, ed. Donald M. Stadner (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 1999), p.63.cMeBaRbvti}NasUmGan.. Janice Leoshko, The Case of the Two Witnesses to the Buddhas Enligntenment, in A Pot- Pourri of Indian Art, ed. Pratapaditya Pal (Mumbai: Marga Publications,
1988), pp. 39-52; and John P. Ferguson, The Great Goddess Today in Myanmar and Thailand: An Exploration of her
Symbolic Relevance to Monastic and Female Roles, in Mother Worship: Theme and Variations, ed. James J. Preston
nagxJMsUmEfgGMNrKuNdl. Elizabeth Guthrine.

EdlCaGksikaRsavRCavBIRBnagKgHgI EdlnplB& tm annigksarBieRKadmanRbeyaCn_dlnagxJ.M >
114-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, pp. 118-19; Mulholland, Herbal Medicine, p. 18.
115-enAkgmenaKtiEbbBuTsasnakareedamayminsUvCabTakTgCamYymayeT..>..enAkgelak
FatuvTi akg Km<rI RtPUmki faPaBl}texansIlFmnRbCanurasnTVbI trKWtrkur.u .KWfaTarkGace
TwkedaedayRKanEtCBakRmamdGkNakedayEdledIrkatenaminfaRbsRsIeT. .>.. cMENkenAkg
GtSbTniBnCaPasaGkRsukxdUcCa The Sheaf of Garlands nigCaPasaPUma.. Glass Palace Chronicle,
munI}sIGacciBawmkUnecArbselakedaybMeTwkedatamRmamdelak. .>. . Reynolds and Reynolds, Three
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 286.
Worlds, p. 132; Collins, Nirvana and other Buddhist Fecilities, p. 322; Jayawickrama, Sheaf of Gralands, p. 98; Pe Maung
Tin and G.H. Luce, The Glass Palace Chronicle (Rangoon: Rangoon University Press, 1960), p. 5; Van Esterik, Nurturance and Reciprocity, p. 40.
116-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three World, p. 122.

117-Watlers, A Voice from the Silence, pp. 370, 376; Wilson, Charming Cadavers, p. 31. elakWilson yleXIj
fakareRbbeFobentamBiteTACakarbnabtmnmatuPaB. .nigkarciBawmkUnkgpvGaNacRk..>
118-Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature, vol. II, p. 251; Gambrich, Feminine Elements, pp. 69-70.
119-Gombrich, Feminine Elements, pp. 74-7.eyIgKYrcgcaMpgEdrfastvtTI..18..KWCaeBlEdl
TMnakTMngf. .nigRsIlg;anbnsarCafI. >
120-cMNucenmaneKRbnagxJMenAeBlnagxJMTsna Mrauk-U enAExF. .qaM. 2000..>
121-Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p.90.karTYjesakrbsRBnagBim<a..(yesaFraCamehsIn
RBBuT) . enAeBlEdlRBGg:ecjbYsenakCaqakmanRbCaRbiyPaBNasEdr.. >. enAkg Km<rI CaPasaf
PaKxageCIgmYyEdlncmgeLIgenAcugstvtTI. 18..bBaakkanEtc,asBIesckIRsLajrbsnag
cMeBaRBraCbuRtrahul. .nigkarGGagrbsnagfaeRkayBIeBlEdlRBsVamIRBnagecjsagRBps eTA
RBmatadRsLajbRu tyagxagM ennwgKaMBarbuRteGaydUcCabitamakEdr..>. mann&yfa. menaseBatna
134
kMNtcMNaM
rbsnagcMeBabuRtnag...KWRCaleRCANasdUcenbuRtnagnwgylfanagCamatapg...nigCabitapg..>
Donald K. Swearer, Bimbs Lament, in Buddhism in Practice, ed. Donald S. Lopez (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 541-2.
122-Sachchidanand Sahai, The Rama Jataka Tale in Laos: A Study in the Phra Lak Phra Lam (Delhi: B.R. Publishing
House, 1996), vol. I, p. 23, n. 28; vol. II, p. 25.
123-Searer and Sommai, Legend of Queen Cma, pp. 12, 69. xxxx (xx Emmanuel Guillon, The Mons: A Civilisation
of Southeast Asia, trans. James V. Di Crocco [Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1999], p. 39.
124-Mulholland , Herbal Medicine, pp. 56-7; Taw Sein Co and Duroiselle, ed. Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. II, part I, p.
101.
125-Pe Maung Tin, Women in the Inscription, pp. 149-59.

126- Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature, vol. II, pp. 256, 300.
127-Ibid. vol. I, p. 256; Gombrich, Feminine Elements, pp. 69-70.
128-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen Cma, p. 127; Adrien Launey, Histoire de la Mission de Siam 1662-1811
(Paris: Charles Douniol and Retaux, 1920), p. 304. xxxxxx (A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, The Inscription of
Vat J Lom. Epigraphic and Historical Studies No.8, JSS, 59, 1 [1971]: 206).xxxx (Cushman and Wyatt, Royal Chronicles, p. 305).
129-Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 104-5.

130-Cazanx<sC ageKehIyCazanneTvtaEdlmanbuNeRcIn. .bEu nmni TannRtasdgw eBjbribrU eT..>
131-nagxJMsUmEfgGMNrKuNdlelak Dr. Swearer xxx Donald K. Swearer, Becoming the Buddha: Image Consecration in Northern Thailand (Forthcoming).
132-Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, p. 175.emIlCaTahrN_silacarwkelx..1141.CE careLIgeday

Alaungsithu enA. Pagan (1112-47)EdlRTgsgwmfaeFVx
I n RBGg:CaKMrdU cU RBBuTe KatmnigRtasCaRBBuT
edayRBGg:g(G.H. Luce and Pe Maung Tin, the Shwegyugi Pagoda Inscription, Pagan, 1141 AD, JBRS, 10 [1920],
67-49).
133-Taw Sein Co and Duroiselle, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. II, Part 2, p. 117; Pe Maung Tin and Luce, Glass Palace
Chronicle, pp. 20-4.
134-Victor B. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycle, Anarchy and Conquest c. 1580-1760 (Princeton, Princeton
University Press, 1984(. pp. 230-1, Gayatri Sen Majumdar, Status and Positionof Women as Depicted in the Aguttara
Nikya (zannigtYnaTIrbs;RsI) in Buudhism in Comparative Light, ed. Sanghasen Singh (Delhi/ Vanarasi: Indo-Asian
2.
135-Faure, Visions of Power (TsnGMNac), p. 35.
136-Jayawichrama, Sheaf of Garlands, pp. 349
Publishing House, 1999), p. 18
135
kMNtcMNaM
137-Reydolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, pp. 46.349.

138-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen Cma (erOg
), p.104.
139-Griwold and Prasert, Inscription from Keng Tung, p. 84.
140-Betty Gosling, Sukhothai: Its History, Culture and Art (Singapore Oxford University Press), pp.40.91.
141-Rita Ringis, Thai Temples and Temple Murals (Singapore Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 121.
142-Guillon, The Mons, pp.160, 170-20.
143-Ibid.pp. 171-2, Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica; vol. IV, part 1. p. 42.
144-Royal Orders ofBurma, Ad 1598-1885, ed. Than Tun (Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, 1983(, vol. III. p. 64
145-Kennon Breaseale, personal communication (20 February 2001)EdlmancitlanplnUvGtSbTbkERbCa
PasafGMBIRbvtisavtarExrsegb>
146-Wolters, Khmer King at Basan, pp. 74 -5.elakGarvaiseniyaypgEdrfaRBraCaExrmYyGg:. (eCdaTI. 2
qaM. 1618-27). anTuk[mehsIrbsRBGg:. .(GkGg:masCatiyYn)dwknaMkmaMgT&ByYnEdlanbBan[
mkCYyRBGg:RbqaMgnwgGyuFa(Natural and Political History, p. 195).
147-Trevor Ling, Introduction, in Buddhism Trends in Southeast Asia, ed. Trevor Ling (Singapore Institute of SouthtMNalGMBImhakRtIcam
east Asian Studies, 1993), pp. 4-5.
148-Wyatt, Rlics, Oaths and Politics, p. 47.

149-emIlkarcUlrYmbdiPaKcMeBa.. Spirit Cults and the Position of Women in Northern Thailand, ed. Paul Cohen
and Gehan Wiieyardene, Special Issue of Mankind (14, 4 [1984] ; Richar Davis, Muang Metaphysics: A Study of Northern Thai Myth and Ritual (Bangkok, Pandora, 1984). p.20. and Rosalind C. Morris, In the Place of Origins: Modernity
and its Mediums in Northern Thailand (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 2000).
150-Wyatt, Relics, Oath and Politics, pp. 39-4.

151-A.B Griswold and Prasurt na Nagara, A Declaration of independence and Its Consequence. Epigraphic and Historical Inscriptions No. I, JSS. 56.2 [1968]: 26. n 39.
152-Ibid, p. 26 n. 39, Andaya, Statecraft in the Region of Lu Tai, p. 17, n 37.

153-The Chiang Maichronicle, ed. and trans. David K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienko (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Book,
1995), pp. 80- 1.
154-Ibid, p. 41.
155-dkRsgecjBIGtSbTB&tmanGFib,ayenAkgsarmnI. Nan..Ex.vicika..2000.
156-Penth. Historical Notes on the Region West of chiang Mai JSS. 65. 2 (1977): 181.
157-sUm,IenAkgqaM. 1863..enAeBlEdlGkRKbRKgnKreQogExgTTYlmrNPam..>.bnRbsrbs
KatRtvaneKEtgtaMg[eLIgRKbRKgCMnYsPamEdrbnabBIBYkGPiCnCaeRcInanfVayjtiesIsuMeTA
RBraCmata. Pierre- Bernard Lafont, Le Royaume de Jy Khe: Chronique dun royaume tay l 2 du haut Mkong (XVe
136
kMNtcMNaM
-XXe sicles) (Paris: LHarmattan, 1998), pp. 199-20, see also pp.xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvii, 106, 116, 165.
158-Wyatt and Aroonrut, Chiang Mai Chronicle, p. 68.

159-Wyatt Relics Oath and Politics, p. 49.
160-TahrN_. J.C. Eade, The Mangrai Buddha Image of Chiang Mai: A Computer Assisted Reading, JSS, 81, 1
(1993): 39; Penth, Historical Notes erobrabGB
M RI BmhakRtPhra Yo nnKreQogr(1487-95)nigRBmata
rbsRBGg:...kRtTaMgBIrGg:EdlCaBuTsasnikdmansTamutmaMenCajwkjabRtvaneKBiBNna
faBuTsasnUbtSmk.(p.181).silacarwkCaeRcInsSitenAkgsarmnIrnanaenAeQogEsndUcEdlman
kalbriecT. 1496..BIvtRasaT.. kanktRtanUvRBraCTanCaeRcIncMeBavtnanaGMBRI BraCmataCaeRcIn
nigRBraCbuRtTaMgLay...PstagsilacarwkGMBIkarbMeBjbuNkusledaysIGkmanRTBsm,tienA
kg suexaT&yRtvanBinti dkRsgedayB.J. Terwiel The Urgency of Making Merit in Early Thai History, forthcoming.
161-TahrN_Rbtibtti amFmEdlsEmgeRasBIsN
M akRBBuTC amasPikG g:l mi alkanERbkayeTA
CaGkkarBarsImanpeBaEdlCYy[sIsRmalkUnanedaygayRslehIykarsURtalImYyKa
faEdlniyayGMBIelakenaRtvaneKylRBmKay:agCakEsgfanwgCYydlkarsRmalkUnEdlman
karlMak..rUbbdimarbselakenAectiy. ShwezigonnnKrh;anbgHajnUvRbkasKafarbsPikGg:limal(Strong, Legend and Cult, p. 241).
162-Judith Jacob, The Traditional Literature of Cambodia: A Preliminary Guide (Oxford University Press, 1996), p.
29.manRbBNIExr-mndyUryarmkehIyEdlsresIrGMBIKuNrbsmay (Saveros Pou and Philip N. Jenner, Les Cppou Code de Conduites Khmer Cpp Kram, BEFEO, 66 [1979]: 156).
163-Hallisey, Devotion in the Buddhist Literature vol. II, p. 300, n 126.

164-Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, Trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1988). pp. 1 -15; Shaw, Passionate Enlightenment, p. 13.
165-Joan Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis American Historical Review, 91.5 (December 1986):
1075.
CMBUkTI.2
1-.. enAtMbnGasIGu aeKy._ .manBiFCI aeRcInTakTgnwgBiFqI g v&y. .TahrN_. .BFi eI karCuk. BiFbI s
Y naK. .BFi I
erobkar. >l>
2-..van. ehnenb.. taMgBIdbM gU esfI a. BiFbI bM s
Y .. .KCW a..BiFqI g v&y.eRBaBiFeI nRrBeLIgkg n&ypas
br BIv&ykumarPaBeTACav&yCMTg. >.. smU Gan..Garnuld_. vane hnenb.
. bkERbeday. mnU kI a
b. vIehdum. ngi h:aRbE yl. EGl. kahVh.VI (1908. eBume< LIgvij. skuI aeh:a..saklviTal&ysIku aeh:a
eRbss_. 1960). >..eyablrbs.van. ehnenb..Rtvnerobrablmti enAkg esovePArbs. FUrnWr. cMeBa
BiFb
I N
u
qgv&y
137
kMNtcMNaM
GVEI dlKatehAfa.dMeNIrkarnBiFbI N
u . >..CaBiesssUmGan.. vkI fUr. FrU nWr. .
.(GIs
u aka.
saklviTal&yxUrENll_. .eRbss_. 1967). ngi sUmGan..vkI fUr. FrU nWr. ngi eGdIs. FUrnWr. rbU PaB..nigFmya
Rta. enAkgvb,FmRKwssasna..(jvyk..saklviTal&yxULmebo. eRbss_. 1978)>
3-..van. ehnenb.
. TM. 66..>.
4-.. viCaEdlsikaGMBIerOgravTUeTAEdlTakTgnwgmnus..BiessGMBIvb,Fm. .nigkarvivtrbsmnus..>
5-..sWrrI..bI..GUrtnWr..nig..harIEyt..vayEhd..karbgHaj...karBicarNaGMBIniymn&ynePT..enAkg
..bNaFikarGUrtnWr..nig..vayEhd..(ExmRbd.
saklviTal&yExmRbdERbss_. 1981). TM. 13>
6-..mIreso..GIulIyad
bkERbeday..vl
I lad..Ga..Rtask._ (jvyk..harpWr. xLU p nU . 1975). TM . eGc..>. c,abedImnesov
ePAenmancMNgeCIgfa.kMeNIt. nigkarcabkMeNIteLIgvijeBum<kgqaM. 1958..>
7-.. dEdl. TM. 132>
8-..enAkg CMBkU mYykg esovePAenEdr.. bl
U La..rCI Emn..Kti fa..karlbgecalpv elakiyrbss.I man
BNnaenAkg Km<rI BuTs
asnatamilburaN..>..smU ,IenAkg Km<rI en.Pikn .I (mNIemkl&y). mni manxusEbk
BIGVEdlxJ
I
M nsntnUvcritlkNrbsseI nAkg sg:mBuTs
asna. KkW arciBamw mata.. >. .eRkayBICmn
enAkg kardkxn ecjBIcN
M gtNHaelakiy. .mNIemkl&yTTYlnRtTiBmV y
Y . >. py
BIRtrbsPik
EdleRbIsRmabEtbiN
tcgHanEdlRKhsSRbeKnRtrbsmNIemkl&yGacCbmbH Gahar..Edlnag
ykeTAciBawmstVelakTaMgmUl..>..enARbeTsfsBVf..kdUcCaRbeTsRsIlg;aEdr..manelceLIgnUv
karTieToncMeBakarbdiesFmin[scI l
U bYsCasg.. >..mankicx .M RbwgERbgmYycMnnY neFVeI LIgenAkg
RbeTsTaMgBIren..edIm,Ibeg;tI RkmPikn .I (sgePTRsI). >..bEu nkarxMRbwgERbgen..TTYlneCaKC&ytic
tYcbMptu kg cMeNams.I RBmTaMgmankarTTYls:altci tYcBIBkY burs..>. RbsinebI. .karpasbr dsMxanen
man}TBi leTAkg vb,FmnePTPav..dcU CaelsI TaMgRsgnwgRBBuTs asna. .vaRbEhlCanaMeTArklTpl
nkarFakcunUvsarsMxannPaBxusKarvagsg..nigRKhsS..>..enAkgTMnakTMngenxJMsUmbgHajkar
Bitfa..RKsmaFienARbeTsfsBVfenmincaMcEtCasmaCiksgeT.. ya gehacNas. RKsmaFidman
zanx<gx<smYyrUbKWCasIEdr..>
9-..vni DI. dnU hI Wr. GpU a hWrFI.
. (GuksVd..saklviTl&y. GuksVdeRbss_. 1981)
TM. 38..>. esovePAeneBum<elIkTI. 1. kgqaM. 1973..mancMNgeCIgfa.PaBCatabs.. nigkamarmN_.
enAkgeTvkfaRBsiv..>
10-.x
MJ nerobrabrcY mkehIyenAkg GtSbTmYyepgeTotGMBTI snkg RBBuTs
asna..EdleQVgyl
edays.I enAkg sg:mCnbTdacRsyalnRbeTsf. .>..smU Ganqal..eGhV. eXy_. .mata..seI mp. Et
minFabEdlbYsCasg...TsnRBBuTsasnacMeBasIePT..enAtMbnCnbTnRbeTsf..
..112.(1984)..223-41..>..enARbeTsPUma.BiFIbuNecaRtecok..(NatVIn)..RrBeLIg
RBnnimt
i r
b
U .
BiFIbuNqgv&y
niymn&ynePT..karksagvb,FmneynD&r..nigePT
.BiFIepg@..nignimitrUbnBiFIbMbYs..GafkMMgnkMeNIt..nigkarcabkMeNIteLIg
vij..
RBsiv...tabselaPkam
RBwtibRt
nrviTUGaemrik
138
kMNtcMNaM
sRmabekgRsI. manlkNdUcCaBiFIbuNbMbYssI. .EttUctacCagBiFIbuNbMbYsburs..(suInB). Edl

Canick almanCabTakTgKa. >..smU Gan..EmlhVd. G.uI .srI< .U
. .(bkW X.I saklviTal&y
kalIhVrnaeRbss_.1970). TM. 234-47..>
11-.. marEsl..mUs.
. bkERbeday..Gan. KunnI
sun. (1925. eBum<eLIgvij. jvyk..diEblyU. diEblyU. n&rtun. 1967).TM. 1.nig.76-79..>.. .
12-.eG...EGl..ebkXWr.karBRgwgsmtSPaB..(tamkargarnsasa)..RTwsIncMeNdwg..nigesaPNPaB
.enAkg elanEs,kCVaenAkg .
. bNaFikareG..EGl..ebkXWr. ngi Garam..Eygeh:ayan.
(n&rvUd. EGneC..eGbik. pabPIsIug1979). TM. 211-43..>
13-..karbkRsayrbsxJM..KWEpksMxaneTAelIkarRsavRCavEbbnrviTa..EdlneFVIenAkgqaM.19671968.enAEmsaerog..CaTIrYmRsksSitenACitRBMEdnRbeTsPUma.kgtMbnPaKBayBRbeTsf...>..kar
sikaRsavRCavbEnSmeTot.. eFVIenAkgqaM. 1973-1974. enAeBlEdlxJMenAeFVICasasacar..EpkhVl
Ry. enAsaklviTal&y. eQogm. kg exteQogm. EdlCaRkgdsxM anenAfPaKxageCIg. >. xkMJ
n
eRbIRspgEdrnUvlTplnkarsika.. EdlxJ
M nRsavRCavGsCaeRcInqaeM TAelIKm<rI .ngi sasanBiFI
buNenAfPaKxageCIg. >. BeI RBaEtcMnnY TMBr& sRmabGtSbTmankMNt. .enATIenxJmM ni Gacerobrablmti
nUvkicT aMgLayEdlmanCabTakTgnwgBiFbI N
u .EdleKnRrBsRmabshKmn_enAfPaKxageCIg.>
14-.. smU Gan. .qal. .eXy_. .RBBuTs
asnaenAraCFanIRKhsS. ..esckGI eg;tGMBRI kgeQogm.enAkg
. .(gkk..karpayRbcaMqaMrbssmaKmRBBuTsasnaRbeTsf. 1975)TM. .
62-72. >
15-...sUmGan..rIqad..davIs....emOg.(Rkg)..nGaTiPaBExRsLayxagmay..
..61
. (1972)..53-62>..Gann_. hal.karvaytmeLIgvijeTAelIExRsLayxagmayenAfPaKxageCIg
.i 12..(1979)..138-50..>. .macUr.I meU GKI. sm<nP aBsVamI. nigPriyaf..nigRTwsrbs
I
h..
..(ecjpayenAeBlqab@)..>...EGnRD..FYrtun...shKmn_EdlRbkanykEx
RsLayxagmay..ngi CMenOGkta.nGMbrU f-yYn. enAfPaKxageCIg..RBwtbi Rtsg:mesom. 602. (1972).
.217-56..>. FrY tun. .lMhnsSabtkm. ngi neyayenARbeTsf..enAkg .
bNaFikar..C.I b. mlI nWr. (Lgdug..salabUBa. ngi . ski aGaRhVki . 1978).TM . 113-32.. >.ehhan.
vieCeyvadin. Rkmmataniym..kareKarBbUCasI. bBaHakgkarsikaBICatiBn. enAfPaKxageCIg.
.i 11.(1977)..19-25>..dEdl..kardussmatGEg:. rbU Gark..ngi eTvta..enAeQogm
.
.i . 13..(1981)..1-14. >. enAkg niekbbTfakbNti rbs. qayan. vadanaBUF.i RbEhl
CamanerobrabyaglbMput. EdlmkTlsBVfenenAEtmanRbeyaCn_. GMBI}TiBlnExRsLayxag
may.TakTgnwgRKsarenAfPaKxageCIg. >
16-..ceM BaPaBRsedogKanTMnakTnM grvagtm,aj..ngi GtsBaaNs.I smU GankaRdIn. b. ma c. tm,aj
karEtgniBn. .nigePTPav..GtSbTeRtmsRmabclU rYmkg sns
i TI .sGI BM .I semkbMBak. ngi karcatEcg
RBBuTs
asna..nigsg:m
tgVay.karerobcM..nigtYnaTIpasbr..enAkgsg:mburaN
kRI smGMBk
I arBit
visaxbUCa.Bs.2518
RBwtibRtsg:mesom
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nm
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GaeKy..
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RBwtbRt
i
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139
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enAkgbTBiesaFrbsmnus..btSmeday..mUlniFi. evnnWr-eh:n. sRmabkarRsavRCavCatiBn. RB

enA..RTtebkk_..Gaemna..jvyk..1983..>..sUmGanpgEdr..eGk..lIDum..eLhVhVWrt..CIGa....kMNat..RB
BuTsasna. nigsg:menAfPaKsan..GtSbTeRtmsRmabcUlrYmsnsITdUcKaenEdr. .CaRbFanbT
EdlTakTgnwgfPaKxageCIg. >
17-.. BFi bI bM s
Y RrBeLIgminEmnRKanEtCaBiFqI g v&y. sRmabbKu l: EdlnwgcMNaymYyryeBlrsenA
kg KNsg.. sRmabkarcabepmI edIrbiN
tGaharGsmy
Y CIvti enaeT..>..ekgRbsx. (ehIyCYnkal
yuvCn). RtveKbMbYsenAkgBiFIbuNsB.bYsmuxsB..(bYsmuxePIg). (bYtNasb). edIm,ITiskusl
dlGksab. >.. vaCakarsKsajNaskgkarBicarNaenATIen. .cMeBakarbYsRbePTenEdr.. EtxJMeCO
fakarviPaKennwg. bgHajfa..karbYsenplnUvTsnEbbBuTsasnadUcKa. sIGMBIbursePT..>
18-..BakCaPasalI..(bgHajedayGkr..P.)..eRbIenAkgGtSbTenKWsresrCaGkrrUmuaMg..EdleRbI
eday...smaKmEfrkaKm<IrlI..(Pali Text Society).>..enAkgkarbkERbBakfPaKxageCIg..(NT)...xJMsr
esasamsMeLgRs.minEmntamsMeLgGaneT..>...xJMeFVIdUcKaenEdrcMeBaPasasgdarbsf..(ST).
ehIyebIsni BakEdlmann&yesKI a . xJpM l
B akfPaKxageCIgx. .>.. enAkg karbkERbBakfPaKxag
eCIg..nigBaksgdarrbsf...kdUcCakarbkERbPasaepg@enAtMbnGasIuGaeKy_...EdlGkrmanedIm
kMeNItmkBIGkr}Na. eKRtveRCIsykmkbgHajtamGkravirTu . .kbgHajBakEdlniyay..>. PasaTaMg
BIrxIBakCaeRcInmkBIPasalI...nigsMs;wt...dUecehIynrkakarRbkbenAdUcedIm...eTabIbeBaj
sMeLgepgKakeday..>. .enATIen.. xbMJ kERbeTAtamPasaniyay..edayplB akkg PasalINaEdl
mann&yesIKa. enAeBlmanBakNaEdlTakTgKa. >. .sRmabBakfxageCIg. nigBaksgdarbsf
xJMeRbInimitsBaa. () nig() . .cMeBasMeLg..//. nig /i/ >
19-.. ceM Baxmw sarEdlTakTgnwgkarTs
i buNkuslrbsknU Rbs. .ceM Ba]Bukmayxn .kg kMlgu eBl
bYsen. .smU Gan.. qal..eGhV. eXy_. .karTs
i kuslplbuNtam..RTwskI m.I nRBBuTsasnaefrvaT
enAkg . ( )
.bNaFikar.. qal.. eGhV. eXy_. ngi . G.uI vaelnFIn. danIEjl. (brW
XI. nig. Ls. GinCWels.. saklviTal&ykalIhV&rnaeRbss_. 1983). TM. 261-86..>
20-..sg:n . eQatUskU a rat. .
(
). .(gkk.GUDn
I . sr .1969).
TM..295-96..>..enAtMbnepgeTotnRbeTsf..nigkgRbeTslavsamIxnEdlRtvbYseKehAfa
nak..(naK). CaBakEdlsm:alelIGaTieTBBs. EdlTakTgCamYyTwKNigePaKpl.(nburs). >. Bak
eneBlxeRbIenAfPaKxageCIgpgEdr..sRmabCnM s
Y [Bak..lkU Ekv..>. karykBakensRmabsm:al
samIxnEdlbYs.manEcgenAkgeTvkfakgKm<IrpalEtmg..(mhavK:..163.1-4)>..tamebo...nesIfa
cMNcu sMxannerOg. KWfamnuselakcUleTArkzanCaelakFutg:edaylakgM . ngi ebgecallkN
sm,tCanaK.
i . KPW aBCabursePT..ePT..ehIymanlkNRsedognwgCIvti kg sg:melakiy. .edIm,Idak[
dacBIKa rvagnaK. .nigsg. .KCW aPavpy
KaehIytamryBiFbI bM s
Y eFV[I bursqgBIzanmYy. .eTAkanzan
mYyeTot.. >.. smU GanEsnlIy. eC..tamebo. .
. (exmRbc .
km. km .esckG
I eg;telICatiBn
RbPnI..f..pak..enO.. RbBNIfPaKxageCIg
RBBuTs
asna..nigCMenOGkta..enAfPaKsan
140
kMNtcMNaM
saklviTal&yexmRbc eRbss_. 1970). TM . 107. >..ceM BaxJvM ahakdcU Ca..karkMNtGtsBaaNsamIxn

EdlbYs...faCanaK...KWbgHajBIlkNsm,tibursEdlmanBIkMeNIt..KWPaBCabursEdlnwgbrtamry
BiFIbMbYs. minfabursenaenACaelakFutg:GsmYyCIvitGtenaeT..>
21-..tamebo.
. TM. 104..>
22-...GIu..Ga..lIc..enAkgGtSbTrbsKatsIGMBI..skevTmn.
..88..
(1958). . 147-64..nEvkEjkfa.. karekarskenKYrEtbkRsayfaCa.Canimt
i rU bnkareRkv..>kar
bkRsayenhakdcU Caq:gnwgbBatki g RbBNIRBBuTs
asna.. TakTgeTAnwgePTrbssg..>. manbT
bBatiEcgyagc,asCMTasmin[mnusEdleRkvcUlbYsCasg..>..sUmGan.RBGg:mas. vCirNanverars
. PaKTI. 1. (gkk.. mhamkutraCviTl&y.1969). >..elIsBIeneTAeTot
. .eKcatTku faCaerOgsMxanceM BabuKl
: EdlbgHajnUvkarRbtibtFi mvni y
& . .manlTPaBRKbRKankg erOg
pvePTtamlkNCIvsas. EtGacRKbRKgcMNgennTaMgRsg. >
23-.. GIulIyad..
.TM. 26..>
24-..kci B Fi TI aMgLayenAfcl
U erag..Gacniyaynfa..Ca.dMNakkalpacecj.enebIeyaleTAtam
KMnUsviPaKrbs..van..ehnenb...CaGkEdlnEckdMeNIrkarnBiFIbuNCabIdMNakkaldacBIKa...KW
Gnrkal. .ngi karbBal
. karpMp.M: >.. bEu n. KYrktsm:alfa.. samIxn KWkanEtkayCa. mnusEdldwgxn
g. .(enAkg KMnti rbs. FrU nWr. RsgBeI sovePA.RBnnimti r bU ). .enAkg BiFeI nAfclU erag.. CagenAkg BiFI
kg feFVBiI FbI sY EmnETn. >. .xyMJ lRsbtamKMnti rbs. FrU nWr. ngi vane hnenb..kg karviPaKeTAelIdMeNIr
karnBiFbI N
u .. EtxJmM ni eCOBIkarviPaKelIdeM NIrkarnBiFbI N
u yaglti . ln. edayeRbIKnM s
U viPaKrbs.
van.ehnenb.. nig.FUrnWrEdlCaviFIsasTMenIbenaeT..>
25-.. dkRsgecjBIsmeI Bal.. EdlnftenAfT.I 5..Exkk;da..qa .M 1968..enAEmsaerog..>. GtSbTen
bkERbedayelaksascar..summ. eRbmqit. enAsaklviTal&y. eQogm. nigxnxJMpal. >
26-...vaGaceTArYcEdr...(EtkRmeFVIenAkgRbeTsf).kgkarRrBBiFIbuNenAelITwkCakEngEdlmin
neFVIBiFIRbsiTICamun. >
27-.. cabBeI BleneTA.. kg kicB Fi KI RW tvsURtCaPasalI. .EdlnaMRBBuTs
asnaburaNtaMgBIGtItkal
mkkanbcb,nkal..ehIyeFVI[BiFIbMbYsEdlRrBenAf..PaKxageCIgen...manlkNdUcKanwgBiFI
bMbs
Y enAsg:mBuTs
asnaefrvaTdTeTotTaMgenAGtItkal. nigbcb ,nkal..>..PasaEdlsURtenman
EbbbTdUcKanwgRbPB. edImnKm<Irvinybidk..EdlCakeBaI.(bidk)nKm<IrFm. .TakTgeTAnwgerOgravn
karvivtnUvvin&y..EdlbBateTAelIGkTaMgLayNa...EdltaMgcitxngeFVICa..sav&krbsRBBuT..>
cMeBaBiFbI N
u bMbs
Y RrBenAfPaKxageCIg. .CaPasaGgeKs. smU GansemcRBsgraC.. vCirNanverars..
..(gkk....mhamkutraCviTal&y..1973)..nigeKNents_.GIu..
Evls_..
.(gkk..suriyabun.pabbIsWr
1975). TM. 136-52..>.
RBBuTsasna..nigCMenOGkta
RBwtibRt..RBraCviTasSannrviTa
pv
eTArkviny
& ..viny
& mux
BiFIbuN..nignimitrUb.
BiFIbuNbMbYs..bsm,TaviFI
RBBuTsasnaenARbeTsf..BiFIbuN..nigkicepg@kgBiFI.
141
kMNtcMNaM
28-. .ExrehAfa..GanisgbYs..>
29-...cMeBaesckIerobrablmitnerOgen..sUmGan..eXy_...karTiskuslplbuN..nig.mata.
emp..>
30-...BakrsenAkgkm.keRbIcMeBaBiFIbuNCaRbBNI.EdlRrBeLIgenArdUvrgakgkMlugeBl
EdlsmaCiksgcUleTAkanTIQabndaneFVIsmaFi. .edIm,ICRmecal[GsGMeBIRscaksIlFmTaMg
LayBIkg xn . >..karKYr[cabGarmNe_ lIsBIeneTAeTotena.. .cMeBakarBicarNaeTAelIePTPav.. Bak
enCYnkaleKeRbIcMeBaRbBNI. bnabBIqgTenrYcPam@..EdlRbtibtiedaysI. >. .enARKbkrNIEdl
eKeRbIBaken..KWmann&yfa..buK:lenasSitenAmatRckmYy..EdlGacCacMNucpasbrdsMxanenAkg
vasnakmrbsbuK:lena. >
31-..cn..s.uI .hlU t_. .
. (edlI. mTU lI alNarsIdu ass_
1981). TM. 65..>
32-.enAkg esovePArbs.RBGg:ma s. vCirNanverars..sBI .I .pv eTArkviny
& ..npl. nUvkarbkRsay
GMBIvin&yEdlRtvhateronedIm,IkayeTACasgkRmitsgdaenARbeTsf..>
33-ExrkehAfa..Gabti. tamlIEdr..>
34-.. dEdl..TM. 12..>
35-.. dEdl..TM. 27..>
36-.. enKWCakrNIceM Baviny
& sRmabRbNibt& . 4. dMbgU eK.. cEM NkenAsl. 223..eTotminEmnekItecj
mkBIbTbBatRi bqaMgnwgGMeBIGymuxTaMg. 4. enaeT..>.. PaKeRcInnviny
& TaMg223..en.. ny
i ayGMBkar
I
RbRBwt[smrmcMeBasmaCiksg..>
37-.. dEdl..TM. 55..>
38-..dEdl..TM. 57>
39-..mxl..mGU rW Emn. vtenAnPIg.. mNlnsg:mEdlmanrcnasm<nF rU rlug. enAkg .
...bNaFikar...Emn...nigNash_...nig.CaeRcInrUbeTot.rykarN_
sIBIvb,FmCaesrI. .13..(jv. ehvin. ..saklviTal&y. EylsikaGasIuGaeKy_. 1966). .TM. .156..>
40-..kURnad..XIgsIull_...
..(gkk..mhaviTal&yRKissasnagkk..1965)
TM. 124..>
41-.. paya. Gnuma nracafn..
. bkERbedayvielm..eC..ehdnIy
(jv. ehvin..eGkGaeGeGhV. eRbss_. 1961). TM . 83. >..sm
U GanpgEdr.. EsnlIy. eC..tamebo.karGbrM
enAPUmki anRBBuTs asnamYy. enAPaKsanRbeTsf.. enAkg .
. .bNaFikar
eCkk_. h:DI. (exmRbc.saklviTal&yexmRbceRbss_. 1968). TM. 86-131..>
42-..ma c..tm,aj. karniBn. ngi ePTPav.rykarN_GBM .I TnM akTnM gRsedogKarvagbursePT. ngi kar
GbrkM g cMeNamBuTs
asnikmhayan..enAtamag..RbeTsenl. >..bursPaKeRcInenAfPaKxageCIg. .k
vn
i y
& ...Km<r
I RBBuTs
asnaeQafa..vinybidk
karsika
BICatiBn..enAkgBuTsasnaefrvaT
KuDg-.prBNRkhm
Cv
I t
i ..nigBiFb
I N
u
enAsm&yesomburaN
karGbrenAk
M
g
sg:mburaN
142
kMNtcMNaM
dUcCabursenAtamag...Edl..mac..nsika..eKeRbIRscMeNdwgEdlxnman...sRmabsURtKm<Ir[caM
mat...CaCagGanedIm,Iyldwg...>..PiktictYcbueNaenAfPaKxageCIg..nigsUm,IEtenAtamvtenACnbT
sikaKm<rI k,nc,abepg@edaykargarnen.. edIm,ITTYlkaryldgw eRCARC..ylF eTAkg sg:melakiy
CagPikCaeRcI
neTotEdlbYsCasgneronsURt..>..sUm,IsBVfen..bru s.CMBkU eneKehAfa.. X
U Gacan(RKGacar). RKEdlmancMeNviCaeRCARC..>
43-..rhUtdlcugTsvtr_qaM. 1970..ekgeronenAbzmsikaRtwmfakTI. 4..tRmv[cUlbYsdUcen..ekg
RbsRtveKple srIPaBkg karcUlbYsCaenn..ryeBlbIEx..yUrCagenbnabBmI anGayu. 7. qa .M eRcIn
Cagen..>
44-.. stiS Ki NnaedayEpkelITni n y
& bgHajeday..C.I eG.. .nlI s_. mlU dWr. enAkg .
EksRmlelIkTI. 2. bNaFikarviTasaSnsika
GasIuGaeKy_. rykarN_Biess..1.. (edkalb_. saklviTal&ynsDWrnGIulINy..1973).TM. 10..>
45-...FWrvIl..rkeXIjfa..kgPUmimYyenAextraCburI.tMbnTMnabkNalCakEngEdlFWrvIlRsavRCav
enAkgqaM.1968..cMnYn..768.%..nekgRbsCMTgFabbYs..nigcUlbYsCaPik..>..sUmGan..b..eC..FWrvIl
..viTasSansikaGasIu
Es;nDINaevon..GtSbTesr.I 24.(Lindin.. xrU hin. eRbss_. ngi .lnu d_. .sE dnlIFeW rtqW. 1975). TM. 99..>
enAPUmi.nNgtin. enAPaKsanRbeTsf..CakEngEdlxJMnRsavRCavGsryeBlCag..20..qaM. xJM
rkeXIjfa..kgqaM..1963..cMnYn..699%..nekgRbsCMTgFabbYs..nigbYsCaPik...ehIycMnYn.386%.n
cMnYnRbCaCnEdlmandUcKa...FabbYsCaenn...>...enAkgkarsabsgmYyeFVIenAqaM..1980...xJMrkeXIjfa
cMnnY .703%.nekgRbsCMTgFa b. bYsCaPik. ehIycMnnY . 245%.ncMnnY RbCaCnEdlmandUcKa. .FabbsY
Caenn..>
46-.. sUmGan..GUrtnWr. nig. vayEhd..
. BiessTM. 19>
47-.. sUmGan..eXy_. mata..nigemp..>
48-..fak..qalWmFaraNa...
..(gkk..smaKmviTasas
sg:mnRbeTsf..nigviTasSanburaNviTaf.saklviTal&y. Fmsas. 1979). TM. .339.>
49-..xJMmincg[mancMNabGarmN_fa..sgKantYnaTIenAkgsg:meT...>..RkdNas...sgmantYnaTI.
ehIyyagehacNasmantaMgBIeBlEdlesc. Gesak..enAstvtTI. 3. munRKisskraC
. .eFVCI aGkbtSm
dlsg.. >. . tYnaTIkgsg:mrbssgRtvkMNtedaylkNsasnaEdlCaeKalkarN_sMxan. >
50-.. enAkg GtSbTepgeTot..x
MJ nEvkEjkfa..bTBiesaFenACaPikm y
Y ryeBlen..(xusBIbTBiesaF
enACaennmYyryeBl)..RtvTTYlrabrgeFVIedayyuvCnPaKeRcInenAkgPUmienAPaKsanRbeTs
f...EdlBwgEpkelIRbPBneKalkarN_esdkic...EdlenAkgyuTviFIxGaceRbbeFobCamYyeKal
karN_rbsBUrItan.>
RBsg..plbuN..nig
ehtupl..RBBuTs
asna..nigkarGPivDCatienARbeTsf
RBsg..nigevTmn..karBicarNaelIBiFIbuNEbbsasnaenAfPaKKNal
niymn&ynePT
RbeTsf..neyaynrbbdwKNaMpackar
143
kMNtcMNaM
CMBUkTI..3
enAkgkarsikaen...xJMeRbIRsRbB&nxusBImunbnickgkarsresrPasalav..nigPasafCatYGkrLa
taMgeBalKW. . k).enAkgPasalavGkr....RtvtMNagedayGkr. ch rIenAkgPasafGkr c .Rtv
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uI an.. (kMNbRTBrbssan). .nBi neday.. carubtu . erOgsuva n. .(1977). ngi
.(Gkrsil,_kg tMbn. krNIPaKsan-Lan.qag). .nBi n
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146
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17-..sRmabCvI Rbvtis
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namCatMNagrasRkg. evogcnenAqaM.1954>.
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sresrfa...karniBnkMNaB. .enAsm&yburaNRbEhlCaminmankarelIkdaksMeLgc,aslas
enaeT.. EtRbEhlCaepatelIcgu CYnvij. >. bEu neRkaymkeTot...karbeBajsMeLgkg PasafcUlcit
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kMNtcMNaM
mansMeLgTabsMeLgx<sk e day..(KWsBaasm:alkarelIkdakseM Lg). karbeBajsMeLg..(rbsPasa

edImTaMgena). .hakdcU CamansMeLgTab. ngi sMeLgx<s. >.. enAeBlEdleKbegIt; sBaasm:alseM Lg
ehIyena. karelIkdaksMeLgenAkg kMNaB.. . RtveKeRbICabrhUtmk.(RBexag. 1987.. .230)>..
ebIdUcCakarbkRsayrbsKat. .etIvaGaceTArYceTEdlPasaburaNRtvbeBajsMeLg. hakdcU Ca. va
mansMeLgTab. nigsMeLgx<s. ?.etIkarelIkdakseM LgenAkg Pasaniyay. .vakayeTACaTmabBitRkd
eRkayeBl. EdleKktRtavaTuk. .kkarBit. .karelIkdaksMeLgenRtvnktRtaTuktamkarbeBaj
sMeLg?...ebIsinCaeyIgniyayfak,nkgkarelIkdaksMeLgRtvnbegI;teLIgeRkayeBlEdlmankarbegIt; nimti s BaaCaGkrtMNag[sMeLgena.. KmW ann&yfakarelIkdakseM Lg..KWBti CaerOgmYyEbk.EdlekIteLIgedaysarEtnemIleXIjsBaasMeLg.. ehIykabeBajsMeLgRKanEtCaerOgbna b
bnMbueNa..>.
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keday. . .kesovePAeRkay@mkeTotGMBIkarniBnkaB.. KWpkelIkarsikaen. >.
31-. sRmabTahrN_. smU Gan..
. (lav). ehA..samut. Ehg..sat.(1970...21-24). ngi Bayam
ylva..>
32-.ksareBumr< bskN
M aBlav.. hakdcU CamanTMenaryagxagM eTAtamk,nGMBkI arelIkdaksMeLg
nigrYmmanvK:EdlmanbYnrbEdlxusBIksarcas@ktRtaenAelIswkrwt..>...karseg;ten...Epk
elIkareRbbeFobkgEpkCaeRcInnsaderOg.
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33-...sSanPaBdUcKaen...kekItmanenARbeTsfPaKsanpgEdr..>..enAeBlbcb,n...Gkrsil,_
san. eKykeTAbeRgnenAmhaviTal&y. >.
34-.. TahrN_. . kN
M aBEdlef;aleTascMeBakarlUkdrbsshrdGaemrikkg kick arpkg rbslav
nigtmsmarniymrbsBkY GPiCnlavenARkgevogcn. >.kMNaBkRtvneRbIedIm,IelIktem;gI sSanPaB
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35-..sRmabTahrN_. .smU Gan.. eEsg..xaM. vgdaLa.. (1987.. 1/. 6-7). ngi . .kasYg. faELg. xav..el
vtSnfaM. .(1992.. 46). >.
36-..BaklavsRmabExFKW. .fanva.. EdlndkRsgmkBIBak..F. >..
37-. TahrN_. eKGaceXIjbBaHaenenAkg karBiBNnaGMBGI krsil,_eday.. kysUn. PmU vihan..Edl
enAeBlenaCaGK:elxaFikarrbsbkbdivtRbCaCnlav.. >.. Kat. sresrfa. .tamrykarRbwgERbgd
ekvka. nigQasv.... RbCaCnlavmansmtSPaBbegIt; ...Gkrsil,_my
Y ...Edlmanxmw sarRbkbeday
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150
kMNtcMNaM
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rbssilamaneQafa..
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rbsKatenAqa.M .1942. enAeBlkMBgu eFVkI arenAbNal&yCatirbsf.. (GYsni . ngi GkepgeTot. .1990.
.234).>
39-..karbkRsayGMBI...san..elIb..pasun...GacemIlenAkgesovePAeQa...
..sresr
edayGkRCJfeQa...carubut..erOgsuvan...(1977..136-7).>....kaEstftsMeLgmYyrbs..
EdlmancMNgeCIgfa..
(sMeLgRbCaCn..san..elIb. hay..
sun).RtvnniBneday..PmU ma. .esamsuF.i nigpliteday..sns
i xu esrIPaB..enAsaRkamgt .U .rdkalIhrV
nIja. >..
40-..sRmabTahrN_...sUmGan...
...(RbeTslavCarbsCnCatilav).
niBneday.. can. kanya . .eBump< ayenA.. rsU eqesrI . .Rkgjvyk. .ngi
. .12. fanva.
1975-1985/..
.(kvIlavEbkBITwkdIrbsxn...fTI..12.ExF...qaM..19751985. dbqaMnCIvit). .niBnedayxugxaM. RvugevogxaM. (1985). .eBum<enARkgrIs. >.
41-..CnM y
Y hirBavtSs
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Y EdlRbeTsepg@
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nUvTMnakTMngCamYyrdaPillav..>.
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payBtmanrbslav..>...eKalbMNgsMxan@rYmman..k)...eFVIkarRsavRCavelIsasaenAtamvtGaram
TUTaMgRbeTslav.. x). .GbrRM bCaCnlav[s:alBtI mrbssasaburaN.. nigviFsI asyagmanRbsiTP aB
bMptu EdlGacEfrkasasaTaMgena..K). .beg;tI mNlEfrkasasaRbcaMext. enAtamvtGaram.. kg nam
CamNlksar...nigGPirkCabneTot..eRkayeBlEdlKeRmagenRtvbBab...X)..ftcmgcUlkg
mIRkhVIlcMeBaksarsMxan@enATUTaMgRbeTs..nig. g). ktRtacmg. nigeBum<sadsMxan@. >
43-..RbBNIGkrsil,_rbs. tXYn/. elI/. Lav..KWTTYlrg}TiBlxaMgBIGkrsil,_LanNa..>
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LanNa..>
45-. bEu n.
. .KCW aTRmgmyY rbskaB.. .EdlmanPaBRsedogKa.ngw kaB. . .rbs.LanNa
(CaBiesssadEdleKs:aldMbUgbMput). >
paneyat..xg..vNxaDI... lav .
xg..DI..GIusan
emALaM.
esog..cak..pasa..san..elIb..haysun.
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xn
Gan
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kMNtcMNaM
151
sntEdlmanelak.Geoffrey Benjamin..(1990)...bgHajrYcehIy.EdlfamUldanRKwrbssasna..KWCa
skmPaBnTMnakTnM gpal. .nigsIs
u gVakKa rvagGt. .ngi RBEdleKEtgehAedayeRbIbru s
i TIBrI KWelak
masf...elakCaGmas..>.dUcen..CMenIOGrUbI..nigCMenOcUlrUb.GacrYmbBalkgRbePT...karRbtibti
sasna. kanEtFMCagmun. >.ehtuenkarEjkRBBuTs
asnaBwgEpkelIKm<rI . nigKNsgecjBIRBBuT
sasnaRbCaRbiyminmaneT. .>. .rIBakfa..RbCaRbiy. Gac[eKrabfaCaEpkmYyrbsRTwsIGnutrPaB
vb,FmrbsvNGPiCn..>..dUecehIy...RBBuTsasnasMedAelIkarbUkbBalKanktaCaeRcIn....dUcCa
GtsBaaNrbsGk eCOCabCamYynwgCMenOsbr bseK. KWRBrtnRt&yBiFbI N
u nana.. rbU tMNagnemdwk
naM.rUbbdimaKm<Irnana.. >. .buEnmincaMcmanRKblkNTaMgGsdUcnerobrabxagelIenaeT..>
2-Leopold Cadire. (1953). CaGkseg;tdbnui Rbsbma kBIvb,Fm. nigRbBNIevotNam.RbkanCMhrTsn
GksuTniymfaCnCatievotNamminEmnCaBuTsasnikeT.. >. BYkeKPaKeRcIneCOelIGbiyCMenO..>
3-CaTahrN_.dav..h y..Gaj.(o Duy Anh) (1938), evotNam.van. hr& . s.W eKOg (Vn Ha S Cuong)
(xVan. hay.Tug. FW/.Quan Hi Tng Thu repub. TP Ho Chi Minh, 1992, pp.261-3.eyIgdwgehIyfaGkcUlvtRB
BuTsasna.
. CaRsIeRcInCagRbs. >. elIsBIeneTot.BTu s

asna. . nigsasnatavRtvndak[enAeday
ELkBIeK. BIeRBasasnaTaMgBIr. enmanBiFbuI NsB..ngi BiFBal
I
nana..>.sasnaTaMgBIrennTTYl
karKaMRTBIRBmhakRtExNguyenCaeRcInnigRBmehsI. .nigRBmataRBGg:. >..bEu nebIsmgw emIlRCg
neyayvij.lTixugCWenAEtman}TiBlRKbdNbeBjmYyrykalena..>.sUmGan.Cooke.(1997).>
4- Minh Su CaeQarbsRkmmYyedImkMeNItdMbUgdwknaMedayRKCnCaticinedaymankEngEckcay
.vihar.enAtamvtnImYy@..>.dUcenRkmenkmaneQabBabedayBakng(vihar)...>..eKeRcIn
ehAnikayenfaFit. eDOg.(Pht ung)>..GkedIrtam. Minh Su hatsresrRBlwgdUcCaskmPaBRbcaMf
rbsBYkeK. >. sUmGan Ho Tai (1983). .>
5-.tamBit.GtmankarktRtaraCvg. .nigRBmhakRtBitRkdeT.. >. .ralGVEI dlnktRtasuTbgH
aj
tamryBiFIbuNRBBuTsasna.. >
6-Bak Orthodoxy.mann&yfaEdlRbkanvin&ycas. .>..kgbribTRBBuTsasnaBakensMedAdlnikay
efrvaT..>
7-.sUmGaneL..van. h&r. (Le Vn Ha), (1964..54-5)
8- Thch Mat Th KWCaRBsgEdlmancMeNdwgx<gx<smkBI.tMbn.eFO..an..(ehV). Tha Thin (Hu). >
.RBGg:ncUlrYmCapvkarCamYynwgrdaPilkumynIsenAqaM...1946..bnabBIeKneRCIserIsCaGk
tMNagRbcaMext.Thua Thin. >. sUmGan..Nguyen Lang. (1964.209-14).>
9-Bak..Heterodox mann&yfaEdlenAeRkAsasna.. >. kgbribTRBBuTsasnaBakensMedAdlnikay
mhayan..>
10-gU..tug..cUv.(Ng Tng Chu) CamnICanx<smak...nigCaRKrbsRBGg:masaj..(Canh) nsresr
lixti bTdaneTARBecAha..Lg .(Gia Long).RbqaMgnwgBuTs asnik. >. tamrysarBtmanKatTUleTARBGg:
152
kMNtcMNaM
masfa. .vaCakarlNasEdlRBmhakRteyIgnRbkassg:amBIRBBuTs
asna.. >. xJman
M karPJak
epl
I CaxagM .EdleXIjmanmnusCaeRcInminylRsbnwgskmP aBrbsRBGg:ehIyEfmTaMgRbqaMgnwg
RBGg:eTot..>..xn xJpMJ alminsbRBsgena
eT.EtdwgfakareFVxuI skg RBBuTs

asna. .nigkg sasnatav
KWGaRkkCagGkEdlRbkanlTimak.. Duong eTAeTot...>..ehtudUcenehIynCaxJMminGacenAesm
n..>..yuTanakarTong Chau.eFVI[sKsajnwgkarRbyuTtsUGMNacRbqaMgnwgelak]Bukxagsasna
katUlikeQa..Pigneau de Behaine..EdlRtvCaRKCnCatiraMgrbsRBGg:mas...nigTIRbwkarbsRBecA
Nguyen Anh. >. BuTsasnikRbEhlCaeKaledATI. 2.rbseK..>
11-.Keith Taylor ncglbgHajeRbbeKkanbBaa...nigelIktem;Igc,ab...nigGaCJaFrtamryneyay
vb,FmnBiFIbuNRBlwgnana.edayviPaKelIRTwsIBakkNalpvkarenAstvtTI..14..nkarsresIr
RBlwg Vit in U LInh Tp .(GtSbTcgRkgBI.raCvaMgggwtrbsRbeTsevot). >.smU Gan.Taylor, K,enAkg GasIu
GaeKy_BIstvtTI. 9..dlTI. 14.. D.G. Marr and A Milner (eds), Singapore & Ganberra: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies.
12- gU..Dwk..fk(Ng c Th) (1973..10)..TIsk;arTaMgenGacEckCa..4..RbePTKW...vihar..(edn..n )

.vihar..sala(mar..Miu) ..xmGkta.(Dij..ih) ..nig.vtRBBuTsasna.(Chua).>.cUrcgcaMfa.manxmGktamYyeRcIn.ya gehacNasmanvtRBBuTs
asnamYytamPUmnIi my
Y @.Edlmankg bBa.I >.tamGkeFVbBa
I I
n[dwgfakareRCIserIsvtcueQaenminGacykCaTYelxnvt. .vihar. . nigxmGktaTUTaMgtMbnCnbT
enaeT.. >. CageneTAeTotTinn&yEdlktRtacUlenmanEtB&tmanlmittictYcbueNa..>. RkmTaMgbYnenEckdUcxageRkam..584..vihar/...377...vtRBBuTsasna(CY..Gam/.(Cha Am))...nigGaRsm..( Chua,
am) /93.xmGkta/. 10. .vtsasnatav..( dav..xVan..ao Qun)
eTabIGkeFVIbBaITaMgenminnbBaakc,aslasBIehtuplEbbNaEdleKykTIsk;arRbePT
epg@KaCaeRcInmkeFVcI N
M atfa kRtwmEtbYnRbePTdUec. >..bEu neKdwgfakarcatfa ken..KWBti CamanvN
GPiCnCaGkdwkmux....>..eQatamtMbnrbsTIsk;arTaMgenaeFVI[eKsg&yelIkareFVIcMNatfak...>..Ca
TahrN_enAtMbndIsNTenemKg:. viharx. GkPUmiehAfaxmGkta. ehIyeKkeKarBbUCaeTAtamena
Edr..>..enAkEngepgeTotvij.vtRBBuTsasnaCaeRcIneRbICakEngCYbCMuRbCuMKa.tamRbBNIburaN
rbs.xmGkta.eTAvij. >.eBlxeKeRbICamUldaneyaFasRmabkarbertamtMbn.tamkaleTstRmv.
(sUmGanTahrN_..ak..CI..day..eRTg.(Ta Chi ai Trung). 1989.170-1)..>.cMNuclrbsbBaIenaKW
RKbTIsk;arTaMgGssuTEt
manBnlBRI bvt.i PmU s
i as. .kMNaBniBnedaybBavn. .nigesckGFi
I b,ayBI
eTsPaBrUbragvt. >karbriyaybgHajBIsamK:IPaBnGMNacneyay. nigkarelIktMekIgc,absRmab
fakdkw naMGPiCn. >..vaKanGVPJI akepl
I eTebIsni CaeKrkeXIjkarbriyayeneFVeI LIgedIm,IRbqaMgedIm,I[
xusKanwgCMenORbCaCnkg Rsk. nigeTvviTa.. >. kN
M tRtakg RskTMngCaminsuKI a nwgkarEtgsresrkg
raCvaMgBIvtvihar.. >. ehIybMNgGPiCnfakdwknaMktRtaTukeTvkfa. nigerOgeRBgniTanminEmnRKanEt
beRmIRbeyaCn_nkartm;lksar. nigkarsikaRsavRCavenaeT..>
kMNtcMNaM
153
13-RkeLkmIlmYyEPteTAelIEpksMNgGKardmanRbeyaCn_xagvb,FmEdlncubBaIbBaakRb
eyIgfa.. kg cMeNambYnRbePTenaKWvihar mancMnnY eRcInCageK..>.enbBaak[eXIjfaGPiCnfakd kw naM
naGtItkalbnRsn[RBlwgCYyxn.>.cMnYnvtRBBuTsasnamanCit.36%. .eRcInCagmYyPaKbIebIeRbbeFobnwgviharGksasnatavsuTEdlmanEtmYyPaKryena...>.eRkABIenasuTEtTisdlRBlwg
.enAkgRbeTsmYyEdl...dMbUnanbIyagnelIkeLIgedIm,IlaybBalKaeTACaRbB&nCMenOEtmYy.min
xusBICMenOenARbeTscinmunsm&yTMenIbeT..>
14-.Gk lemgeTAelICeM nOtwgEtgrbssasnaeCnkg cMeNamBYkGPiCnkg karsresrRbvtBui Tsasna
.manCaGaTiNguyen
_
Cung Tu .(1995)nseg;tkgGtSbTviPaKrbsxnelIExRsLay..nigksarRbvti
sasnana. . EdlBakBnenAkgena.minnKaMRT. elIkarbnnExRsLayBInikayeCncinenaeT.>
15-. GkniBnenAviTasSanRsavRCavhan..NmU . (Hn Nm) (Ng Dc Tho et al.,1993). EdlncgRkgbBaI
vtv hi arenARbeTsevotNamdUcnerobrabxagelIEdlnktRtakg ksarCapv kar.. nigBakkNal
pv karcMnnY . .150..KWsTu E tCakrNIKrY [cabGarmN._ .>. tamkarBinti sabsge n.nktbgHajPst ag
nkarrsraneLIgvijnBuTs
asnaenAstvtTI. 17.ngi . 18..>.tamkarvinci y
& BuTs
asnaedayELkenA
c,abRkmhuk. Dwk.(Hng c) kgrCkal.L nastvtTI. 15.. nigc,ab.Gia Long enAstvtTI. 19.elak.
Coulet.ksnd
i a nfaBuTs asnarIklUtlasenAkg raCaNacRkenaBIstvtTI. 15. dlstvtTI. 19..(Coulet,
1929.28).>..mUlehtuEdl..Coulet nelIkeLIg...KWWfaenAeBlEdlc,abRkm.Tang.nig Qingncmg
eLIgvijeKeXIjmanc,absBI nI ki ayepg@nBuTs
asnaminnlubecalenaeT.. >. .Gk niBnepgeTot
dUcCa Minh Chi et al(1993.25)GGagfaedayehtufac,abRkm Hng Dc takEtgeLIg.KanBakB&nfa
BuTsasnaCasasnaeT...enaeTIbviFankarbg;abenAstvtTI..15..RkdCaBakB&nnwgrdlCaCag
neyay...nigmenaKmviCa...>...buEnviFankarrdlenbgMRBT&yRBsgEdlminnRblgCab
pv Fmskw GseTAvij. .>. .Gk niBndEdlnsresrfaBIstvtTI. .16..dlstvtTI. 18..karrsraneLIg
vijekIteLIgenAkgrCkal MaceRBavtviharcas@nCYsCulfIEfmTaMgmansgvtfIxeTotpg..>.
bnabBIrCkal.Le .negIbeLIgvij.RBsgRtkUl.TrinhkCs
u Cul. .ngi ksagvtviharfpI gEdr..>.nikay
sasnaeCnrbsRTk. Lmi .av..dgu . (Trc Lm To ng). .nig.Lmi . et.(Lm T) nrsraneLIgvij. .nigkar
rYbrYmCamYynwglTxi gu CWkelI
kCaRbFanbTsRmabkarBiPakakg cMeNambBavn. >.stvtTI. 19. Rtvn
GkniBnTaMgennsresreLIgfa.. CarykalnkarFakcu edaymankMNt. >. .GkniBnTaMgenaGGagkg
rykalena.RBBuTsasna
enAEtmantYnaTIEdlxn manBYrmunCayUrmkehIyenAkg sg:mevotNam.. >.

eKalneyay.. rwtbngw . .nigkarriKnBIraCvaMgGackatbnSyekreQ
_ arbsBTu s asnaxkBti Emn.. .bEu n
minGacbBabkarrIkceRmIncabmindacrbsvaneT.>.
16-.bv . snW . K.I ehOg(Bu Son K Huong )(mann&yfaKnBei darcEmknPmM antmeRkaymkkayCa..BSKH)
KWCaRkmBuTsasni
kEdleCOfa.. xn nwgndlzansuxedaymanGkbeg;tI dQasveQafa.pat.f.t

Gan. (Phat Thay Tay An).(RBBuTC amasnsnPi aBelakxaglic). .EdlekIteLIgenAtMbnxagt,gRbEhl
154
kMNtcMNaM
CaenABakkNalstvtTI. 19.>.sUmGanhU. tay.(Ho Tai 1983).>

17-..Ileto. GGagBIsaS nPaBRsedogKamanenARbeTshVl
I BI ni .EfmTaMgelIkykclnamanRTgRTayFM@
ekItmanenAGasIuGaeKy_mkGGageTotpg..>.sUmGan Ileto.(1992. .198-9).>
18-..sg:hvtSbYnyagKW
-..Tan. .KWkar[nUvvtSxndlGkdTKYr[..>
-..biyvaca. KWkareBalBakEpmBIera..>
-..Gtcriya. .KWkarRbRBwtCaRbeyaCn_. >
-..smantta. KWPaBCaGkmanxnesIminRbkanxn. >
19-..Tuk.sMedAeTAelIeRKakm. Dharmic perils (pab. Nan..Php Nn).
20-.bEnSmBIelIsa drbs. Tinh Do Cu Si sUm Gan .Do, M.T., Charity and Charisma, the Dual Path of the Tinh D
Cu Si, a Popular Buddhist Group in Southern Vietnam, Social and Cultural Issues No. 2 (98) , ISEAS Working Papers.
21-.elak Woodside (1969).ktsm:alfa.karlaylMKa nBuTs

asna..niglTxi gu CWennRCabcUldl
BYkGPiCnevotNamkgTsvtr_qaM. .1800..>
22-.etV. hak.(Tu Gic) .CaRbvtiviTUshsm&y.GGagfakMENTRmgBuTsasnaevotNamsm&yTMenIb
nKMnti mkBIRbeTscin.>. bKu l
: dsxM anenaKW.Daixu.(1889-1947).EdlsresresovePACaeRcInPaK
sBII kMENTRmgRBBuTsasna
enARbeTscin.ehIybeg;tI smaKm. Chinese Buddhist Soiety enAqa.M 1929.. >

an..Cav.(Thin Chiu) nbkERbesovePAxrbsxn...nigTsnavdI. hay..av..yin..(Hai Chao Yin)
(sMeLgTwkrlk).>. sUmGan.. Woodside (1969.12).nigecI. eGn.(Ch en). (1964/. 455-7).>
23-..GkRCJlTixugCW.eQadU. Tan. hUv ( Thun Hu ) minnCYbRKrbsKatrhUtdlKatGayu. 50.
bnabBIenamkCIvitKatpasbryagxaMg. >..KatrkeXIjmnGaKm.. nigmhiTiTipvggwttamrykarhat
smaFi. >. ceM BaCIvRbvtyi agxen
I sUmGandU. Tan. hvU (1994).ePb..stY . hnU . (Php Xut Hn) [viFeI FVdI eNI
M r
nRBlwg]. >.cMeBaerOgRBsgdUg.sUmGan.infra, n.36.
24-.GtItKNenykreFVIkar[FnaKar}NcinegVn..KIm. mYn.(Nguyn Kim Mun) npasbrCIvitrbs
xn eTACaGkEsVgrkGtPavnaeBjTMhgw . >. ehIycugeRkaymkKatnbeg;tI vtvhi armYycMnnY BItbM n.Gia
Dinh (1933)rhUtdlekaPU. KYk.(Ph Quc) (Tsvtr_qaM. 1940). >..enAcenaqaM. 1928..dl. 1935..Kat
neBum<esovePACaeRcInsIBIkarbkERbKm<IrsURt..tRmak,n. .nigsadepg@GMBIerOgGtPavnaEdl
mYuyk,al@.. mankRmas.100.TMB&rena..>
25- GkniBnGnamik/. Din. . Rtg. hVg. Rav (n B Trong Phong Tro) Phu Nu Tan Van, no 248.
26-..GkniBnrbsGtSbTen.cuhtSelxa H.T enA.kaEst Trang An enAqaM..1935..minRtvneKs:al
GtsBaaNeT.. >. egVn..Lag. Viet Nam Phat Giao, 1994, v.3.23
27-..egVn..Lag(199424)
28-.egVn..Lag (199427-8)
kMNtcMNaM
155
29-..TenBIrsMedAdl...eRtIyxaglic.(eTog..yag.Tin Giang)...nig.eRtIyxagekIt...(hUv..yag.Hu
Giang). nTenemKg:enAevotNamxagt,g. >. Bakfa.. T enAkg am..et.Kim T KWmanTMnakTMngnwg.
KIj. g..et..ef..Kinh Bang T Th. (mhictaesdkic) . >
30-..RBetCRBKuN.C.I an (Tr Thin) nigbkBYkrbselakRtvcabxn edaykgblU s
i EdleKrkGavuF
eXIjenAvtEdlCasakkarkNalrbssmaKmenAqaM...1939..>.eKnbBanRBetCRBKuNCI..an
cUlKukenAeka..Cong Lon.ehIynsabenATIena.eyagtamGkEdlnRtlbmkvij.enAqaM..1945.
(egVn..Lag/..1994..73-4).
31-..Katl,IfansresresovePA.. 6.elx..>.elxnImyY @manBI. 600..eTA..900. rbCaBakkaB.>RbEhl
CamYyelx@..neBum<Ca. 800000c,ab. >.egVn..van. hUv. Nguyn Vu Hu (1969.42-8).>
32-..sUmGan. Do, M.T., Charity and Charisma.
33-.. mak.hal..McHale(1993)dkRsgecjBI.Nguyen An Ninh, 1938, ehV. bj. hVat. havPh Binh Phat
Giao [karriKnBuTsasna], My Tho: Dong Phu ong ThuX. 6, 44.
34-..Fan..Cav.(Thin Chiu) cUlrYmclna.Nam Ky Khoi Nghia. enAtMbn.huk. mnU .Ehm..Hc Mn B Diem
PaKxageCIgRBnKrenAqaM1940.>.KatneTAenAevotNamxageCIgbnabBIsnisBaaRkgsWENv..
1954.ehIysabenATIRkghaNUyenAqaM. .1976.( egVn..Lag, .1994..80-1).
35-..Nguyen Van Hau, a, b. (1969249).
36-..skmPaBsuxumalPaBrbsRkm.Tinh Do nCYyerobcMcMNgsg:mdMbUgCamYynwgGkRk.CasmiT
pldKYr[ktsm:alEdlcUlrYmcMENk[mankarrsran. . nigkarrIkceRmIn. .>. .sUmGan.Do, M.T., (1998)
Charity and Charisma.
37-.sUmGanh. Huynh Minh, (1965a; 1966a.& b; 1968; 1971; 1972).
38-.Nguyen LangelIkeLIgBIsadmYyEdlbgHajBICemaTaMgen...nigkarQWcabEdlBuTsasnikv&y
ekgEdlcUlrYmbdivtnCYbRbT. Nhung Cap Kinh Mau (The Colored Glasses)1965a,1965b.nsresr
enAqaM. 1947..buEnrhUtdlqaM. 1965..eTIbneBum<pay..>.
39-.. Nguyen Lang, (1994.385).
40-.karemIlRsalrbs.Ehm(Diem). .nigTsnGaCJaFrmGaemrikEdlmanmUldanenARBnKreday
sarkarraykarN_xusBIskmPaBGuCGaledayBYkkumynIsRbEhlCaCYybEnSmKaeTAvijeTAmk.>..
sUmGanTahrN_Blais, A.(1995..26-30). >
41-.Chn Khng(1993.15).
42-.sUmGan.Tran Hong Lien(1996.93-4)
43-..edayGGagfa.cti s be sm.CalkxNdbM gU sRmabsnPi aBBiPBelakKatks
g;tF n elI
tulPaB
TaMgkRI slaj. .nigRCJasartI.enAkg emtakruNaEbbRBBuTs
asna.. >.. magvijeTot.karniyayeday
emRtIPaB. ( hy xa).RtvEtenACabngw emtakruNa.ebIsni Cakargarsuxmu alPaBBuTs
asna. .KWRtveFV[I xus
156
kMNtcMNaM
BIsmaKmsb,rsFm.eTot..>
44-..tamBitRBGg:faj. Nam.(Thnh Nam).bBabk arsikaCaCagCYsCulesnI gw . viskV rCMny
Y ..ebIKti tamRbB&nGg
eKs. . >. .kg cMeNamsaddKrY [ktsm:alrbsRBGg:KWfaelakrsedaysarEtEpeQI
...nigTwkdUgBIqaM.1943..dUcenehIyeTIbmanRBrhsnamfa.RBsgdUg..>..smiTplepgeTot...KW
vtSmansBaa..8 (Bt Qui) ..dUcbeg:alkm<s..14.EmRtEdlcinehAfa.pakua..(eight trigrams ).Edl
elakbnRsnedIm,IkraCCati. .nigsnPi aBrYmTaMg. TUkRCJa. .manbICan.Canimti r bU BuTs asnankarsmaFis:alFatuxagkgxn..>..}LvenTUkenenAmanenAeLIyehIykayCaTIeTscrN_enA.ext.Ben Tr.
sUmGan Huynh Minh.(1965b).
45-..sUmGancin. hug. elOn(Trn Hng Lin) (1996..69).
157
kMNtcMNaM
Table of Contents
Preface
07
Chapter 1: Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of early Theravada Buddhism
09
Introduction
11
The position of women in Southeast Asian Buddhism

Women and Dana in early Theravada Buddhism
The maternal metaphor in early Buddhism
The power of mothers milk
17
22
27
Buddhism, motherhood and royal exemplars

Conclusion
13
30
35
Chapter 2: Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society

Introduction
39
41
The Monkly Ideal
42
The male Child in Buddhist Northern Thailand
44
Gender Ambiguity during Candidacy for Ordination

Maleness Transformed through Ordination
World Renounced, World Restored
46
50
54
The Buddhist Problem of Male Gender
57
Chapter 3: Books of Search: The invention of traditional Lao Literature as a subject of study
Traditional Lao Literature and its role in Lao society
63
66
Knowledge of Lao versification prior to the mid-twentieth century
67
The modernization of Laos and Northeast Thailand and the transformation and decline of
Traditional literature
68
Printing technology and its effect on traditional Lao literature
69
The invention of traditional Lao literature as a subject of study: The work of Sila Viravong
The study of traditional Lao literature and Lao-Thai cultural politics
The life and career of Sila Viravong
Silas study of Lao versification
73
73
74
76
The political use of traditional literature in the revolutionary movement of the Lao patriotic front
84
158
kMNtcMNaM
The official role of traditional literature in the Lao Peoples democratic republic from 1975 to the present 85
Books of search: in conclusion
87
Chapter 4: The quest for enlightenment and cultural identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam
Introduction
Typology
Decline
93
94
95
Reform and Revitalization
99
Patriotism and National Consolidation

Marxist and Buddhist Critiques
Activism and Politics
Post-colonial resistance
Schisms
91
101
108
110
112
116
Conclusion
118
Note
121
Chapter 1
121
Chapter 2
136
Chapter 3
142
Chapter 4
150

សាសនា​និង​ការ​ប្រតិបត្តិ​នៅ​ក្នុង​តំបន់​អាស៊ី​អាគ្នេយ៍

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សាសនា​និង​ការ​ប្រតិបត្តិ​នៅ​ក្នុង​តំបន់​អាស៊ី​អាគ្នេយ៍

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សាសនានិងការប្រតិបត្តិនៅក្នុងតំបន់អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍

សាសនានិងការប្រតិបត្តិនៅក្នុងតំបន់អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍