TRNG I HC S PHM HU KHOA TON

BI TP LN Mn: NH GI DY HC TON ti:

CC MC NHN THC BLOOM TRONG CH "QUAN H SONG SONG TRONG KHNG GIAN"
Cc thnh vin nhm 2 : Hunh Quang Nht Minh, V c Ton, Trn Lu K, Trn Ngc c Ton Ging vin hng dn : ThS Nguyn ng Minh Phc

M N A B O P

HU - 11/2010

Ch quan h song song trong khng gian bao gm nhng ni dung sau: - Hai ng thng song song. - ng thng song song vi mt phng. - Hai mt phng song song. - Php chiu song song. Hnh biu din ca mt hnh trong khng gian. 1. Nhn bit 1.1. Kin thc v thng tin. Sau khi hc xong chng "Quan h song song" (SGK HH 11 NC), hc sinh phi c kh nng : - Pht biu nh ngha hai ng thng cho nhau, ng phng, song song. - Nh v tr tng i gia 2 ng thng phn bit trong khng gian. - Nhn bit c rng qua 1 im nm ngoi mt ng thng c mt v ch mt ng thng song song vi ng thng . - Nhn bit c rng hai ng thng phn bit cng song song vi mt ng thng th ba th song song vi nhau. - Pht biu v nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng. - Pht biu nh ngha ng thng song song vi mt phng. - Nh cc v tr tng i gia ng thng vi vi mt phng trong khng gian. - Nh nh l v iu kin mt ng thng song song vi mt mt phng ( Nu ng thng a khng nm trn mt phng (P ) v song song vi mt ng thng no nm trn (P ) th a song song vi (P )). - Nhn bit c rng nu mt ng thng a song song vi mt phng (P ) th mi mt phng (Q) cha a m ct (P ) th ct theo giao tuyn song song vi a. - Nhn bit c rng nu mt ng thng song song vi mt mt phng th n song song vi mt ng thng no trong mt phng. - Nhn bit c rng nu hai mt phng ct nhau cng song song vi mt ng thng th giao tuyn ca chng cng song song vi ng thng . - Nhn ra c rng nu a v b l hai ng thng cho nhau th c duy nht mt mt phng cha a v song song vi b.

- Pht biu nh ngha hai mt phng song song. - Nh li cc v tr tng i ca ca hai mt phng phn bit trong khng gian. - Pht biu nh l v iu kin hai mt phng song song ( Nu mt phng (P ) cha hai ng thng a, b ct nhau v cng song song vi mt phng (Q) th (P ) song song vi

(Q)).
- Nhn bit c rng qua mt im nm ngoi mt mt phng, c mt v ch mt mt phng song song vi mt phng . - Nhn bit c rng nu ng thng a song song vi mt phng (Q) th c duy nht mt mt phng (P ) cha a v song song vi (Q). - Nhn bit c rng nu hai mt phng phn bit cng song song vi mt phng th ba th song song vi nhau. - Nhn bit c rng nu hai mt phng (P ) v (Q) song song th mi mt phng (K ) ct (P ) th phi ct (Q) v cc giao tuyn ca chng song song. - Pht biu nh l Thales trong khng gian. - Pht biu nh l Thales o. - Pht biu nh ngha cc hnh lng tr, hnh hp, hnh chp ct.

- Nh li cc khi nim mt bn, mt y, cnh bn, cnh y v cc nh hnh lng tr. - Phn loi cc hnh lng tr v cc hnh chp ct. - Nh cc khi nim y ln, y nh, mt bn, cnh bn ca hnh chp ct. - Nh li cc khi nim hai mt i din, hai nh i din, ng cho v hai cnh i din ca hnh hp. - Nhn ra rng bn ng cho ca hnh hp ct nhau ti trung im mi ng v im ct nhau gi l tm hnh hp. - Nh li cc tnh cht ca hnh chp ct: Hnh chp ct c: + Hai y l hai a gic c cnh tng ng song song v t s cc cnh tng ng bng nhau. + Hai mt bn l nhng hnh thang. + Cc ng thng cha cc cnh bn ng quy ti mt im.

- Pht biu nh ngha php chiu song song . - Nh li cc khi nim mt chiu, phng chiu, hnh chiu song song (nh). - Nhn bit c rng hnh chiu song song ca mt ng thng lm mt ng thng, hnh chiu song song ca mt on thng lm mt on thng, ca mt tia l mt tia. - Nhn bit c rng hnh chiu song song ca hai ng thng song song l hai ng thng song song hoc trng nhau. - Nh li rng tnh cht php chiu song song khng lm thay i t s ca hai on thng nm trn hai ng thng song song (hoc trng nhau). - Pht biu nh ngha hnh biu din ca mt hnh H trong khng gian. - Nh c quy tc v hnh chnh xc hnh biu din. - Nhn bit c cc hnh biu din ca hnh bnh hnh, hnh thang, hnh thoi, hnh ch nht, hnh vung. - Nh cc mnh v hnh biu din ca mt ng trn.

1.2. Nhng k thut v k nng. - Th hin c ni dung cc nh l, tnh cht di dng cc k hiu ton hc. - V c cc hnh khng gian minh ha cho cc gi thit ca bi ton. 1.3. Mt s v d.

V d 1.1. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A B C D . Xc nh v tr tng i gia cc ng thng a)AB v A B ; AC D A D A B B C C b)AB v C D ; c)AB v CC ; d)AB v DB ; e)AB v

V d 1.2. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A B C D . Xc nh v tr tng i gia a) AB v mt phng (A B C D ). b) AB v mt phng (ADD A ). c) AC v mt phng (A B C D ). D A D A B B C C

V d 1.3. Cho t din ABCD. Xc nh cc cp ng thng cho nhau C

V d 1.4. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A B C D Xc nh v tr tng i gia a) Mt phng (ABCD) v mt phng (A B C D ). b) Mt phng (ABCD) v mt phng (ACC A ). D A D A B B C C

V d 1.5. (Nhn bit hai ng thng cho nhau) Cho hnh chp t gic S.ABCD c O = AC CD. ng thng khng cho vi AD l: (A) SB.

(B) BC. (C) SC. (D) SO. S

A i B p n: B O C

- Cc phng n nhiu A, C, D a ra da trn nhng sai lm ca hc sinh khi khng nm chc nh ngha hai ng thng cho nhau. 2. Thng hiu Trong chng ny hc sinh cn thng hiu cc vn sau: - V tr tng i gia hai ng thng, ng thng song song vi mt phng, mt phng song song vi mt phng. - iu kin ng thng song song vi ng thng, ng thng song song vi mt phng, mt phng song song vi mt phng. - Cc tnh cht, cc nh l. - Hnh lng tr, hnh hp, hnh chp ct. - Giao tuyn ca hai mt phng, thit din ca hnh chp v hnh lng tr vi mt mt phng tha mn cc iu kin song song. Cc v d V d 2.1. (Thng hiu v v tr tng i ca hai ng thng) Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no ng? (A) Cho hai ng thng song song, nu ng thng no ct mt trong hai ng thng ny th cng ct ng thng kia.

(B) Hai ng thng khng c im chung th cho nhau. (C) Nu a, b l hai ng thng cho nhau th tn ti mt cp ng thng song song c, d, mi ng u ct c a v b. (D) Hai ng thng phn bit khng c im chung v khng song song th cho nhau p n: D. - Phng n nhiu a ra da trn sai lm ca hc sinh do nhm ln gia hnh hc khng gian v hnh hc phng. Hc sinh khng thng hiu v v tr tng i ca cc ng thng trong khng gian. Phng n nhiu C a ra do hc sinh khng thng hiu v tnh cht ca hai ng thng cho nhau.

V d 2.2. (Thng hiu nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, O l giao im ca AC v BD. Trn cc cnh SA, SB, SC ln lt ly cc im M, N, P . Mt phng (M N P ) ct SD ti Q (hnh v). Mnh no sau y ng? (A) M P, N Q, SO cng thuc mt mt phng. (B) M P, N Q, SO ng quy. (C) M P, N Q, SO i mt ct nhau. (D) M P, N Q, SO i mt song song. S M N A B O C p n: B. - Nu hc sinh thng hiu nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng th s la chn phng n B. P Q D

V d 2.3. (Thng hiu v quan h song song gia ng thng vi mt phng, mt phng vi mt phng). Cho ng thng a song song vi mt phng (P ). Cho bit mnh no sau y ng? (A) Tn ti duy nht mt mt phng cha a v song song vi (P ). (B) Mi ng thng nm trong mt phng (P ) u song song vi a. (C) Nu B l ng thng song song vi a th b cng song song vi (P ). (D) Nu b l ng thng ct mt phng (P ) th cng ct ng thng a. p n : A. - Phng n nhiu B a ra da trn sai lm ca hc sinh khi ng nhn rng ng thng a song song vi ng thng a th mi ng thng nm trong mt phng (P ) u song song vi a m khng ngh ti trng hp chng cho nhau. Phng n nhiu C a ra da trn sai lm cua hc sinh l khng ngh ti trng hp mt phng (P ) cha ng thng b. Phng n nhiu D a ra do hc sinh d hiu nhm trng hp ang xt vi trng hp hai mt phng song song. V d 2.4. (Thng hiu v cc tnh cht ca php chiu song song) Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no ng? (A) Hnh chiu song song ca hai ng thng cho nhau l hai ng thng ct nhau. (B) Hnh chiu song song ca hai ng thng cho nhau c th l hai ng thng song song vi nhau. (C) Hnh chiu song song ca hai ng thng cho nhau c th l hai ng thng trng nhau. (D) Hnh chiu song song ca hai ng thng cho nhau c th l hai ng thng cho nhau. p n: B. - Nu hc sinh thng hiu v tnh cht ca cc php chiu song song th s khng chn cc p n A, C, D. V d 2.5. ( Thng hiu v hai ng thng cho nhau trong t din) Cho t din ABCD. Gi G l trng tm tam gic BCD cp ng thng no sau y ct nhau?

(A) AC v BD. (B) AB v CD. (C) BG v CD. (D) AG v BC. A

B G E D

p n: C. - Nu hc sinh thng hiu v v tr tng i ca hai ng thng trong khng gian s la chn c phng n ng l C. V d 2.6. ( Thng hiu hnh biu din ca mt hnh khng gian trn mt phng) Cc mnh sau, mnh no sai? (A) Mt tam gic bt k u c th xem l hnh biu din ca mt tam gic cn, mt tam gic vung hay mt tam gic u. (B) Mt hnh bnh hnh bt k c th xem l hnh biu din ca mt hnh vung, mt hnh bnh hnh, mt hnh thoi, hay mt hnh ch nht. (C) Mt ng elip c th xem l hnh biu din ca mt ng trn ty . (D) Mt hnh thang bt k c th xem l hnh biu din ca mt hnh thang ty . p n: D. - Nu hc sinh thng hiu hnh biu din ca mt hnh khng gian trn mt phng s la chn phng n D 3. Vn dng 3.1. Kin thc v thng tin. : + p dng cc nh l v quan h song song chng minh hai ng thng song song

Nu ng thng a song song vi mt phng () th mi mt phng ( ) cha a ct

() theo giao tuyn b th a v b song song vi nhau.

Nu hai mt phng () v ( ) ct nhau v cng song song vi ng thng d th giao tuyn d ca () v ( ) cng song song vi d. : + p dng iu kin hai mt phng () v ( ) song song vi nhau mt phng () cha hai ng thng a v b ct nhau v hai ng thng a, b ny cng song song vi mt phng ( ) vo cc hnh c th nh hnh lng tr, hnh hp, hnh chp, hnh chp ct gii ton. : + p dng cc kin thc v quan h song song hai ng thng song song, ng thng song song vi mt phng, hai mt phng song song xc nh giao tuyn ca mt mt phng vi cc mt ca hnh chp, hnh t din, hnh lng tr v hnh hp. 3.2. K nng. V d 3.1. Cho hai mt phng (P ) v (Q) song song vi nhau. ng thng a nm trong mt phng (P ) v ng thng b nm trong mt phng (Q). Hy cho bit v tr tng i ca hai ng thng a v b. Phn tch: Do hai mt phng (P ) v (Q) song song vi nhau, a (P ), b (Q) nn nhiu hc sinh s nhm ngay l a//b. Tuy nhin khi ch n nh ngha hai mt phng song song, hai ng thng song song v iu kin xc nh mt phng ta c V (P )//(Q) nn a v b khng c im chung. Do xy ra mt trong hai kh nng Hoc a v b ng phng, khi a//b. Hoc a v b khng ng phng, lc a v b cho nhau. V d 3.2. (Vn dng nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng) Cho t din ABCD. M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB, CD. Mt phng (P ) qua M N ct BC, AD ln lt ti E, F . Tnh cht no sau y ng (A) M E, N F, AC ng quy.

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(B) M E, N F, AC song song. (C) M E, N F, AC hoc song song hoc ng quy. (D) M E, N F, AC ng phng. C

N A M B

D p n: C. - Nu hc sinh hiu ni dung nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng th s la chn phng n C. V d 3.3. (Vn dng h qu ca nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng) Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.A B C , Gi G, G ln lt l trng tm ca tam gic ABC v A B C . Thit din ca lng tr ct bi mt phng (AGG ) l: (A) Mt tam gic. (B) Mt hnh bnh hnh. (C) Mt hnh thang. (D) Mt hnh vung. A G B C

G B

p n: B. - p n nhiu l A, C, D da trn sai lm thng gp ca hc sinh do khng nm chc c tnh cht.

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V d 3.4. (Vn dng tnh cht ng thng v mt phng song song tm thit din) Cho t din u ABCD, G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Mt phng qua G v song song vi BC v AD ct t din theo thit din l: (A) Mt hnh thoi. (B) Mt hnh bnh hnh. (C) Mt hnh thang. (D) Mt tam gic. A

C F

B G E D

p n: B.

- Nu hc sinh thng hiu tnh cht ng thng v mt phng song song v bit vn dng tm thit din th s la chn p n B.

V d 3.5. (Vn dng quan h song song vo hnh lp phng tm thit din) Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A B C D . Xt im M thuc AB. Thit din ca hnh lp phng ct bi mt phng (A M C ) l hnh no trong cc hnh di y: (A) Hnh ch nht. (B) Hnh thoi. (C) Hnh bnh hnh. (D) Hnh vung.

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D A D A M B B

p n: C. - Hc sinh thng hiu v hnh lp phng v lu rng im M l im bt k thuc AB th s la chn phng n C. 4. Nhng kh nng bc cao Trong phn ny ta s phn tch mt s v d nhm pht trin nhng kh nng bc cao cho hc sinh khi hc v phn quan h song song trong khng gian.

V d 4.1. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l mt t gic li. Gi M, I, J ln lt l trung im ca SD, AB, CD. a) Chng minh rng nu G1 , G2 ln lt l trng tm ca tam gic SAB v ABC th G1 G2 song song vi M J. b) Chng minh rng 8 ng thng m mi ng thng i qua trung im ca 1 cnh ca hnh chp v trng tm ca tam gic to bi 3 nh ca hnh chp khng nm trn cnh ni trn ng quy ti im G. Phn tch bi ton: Gi thit: M: trung im SD. I: trung im AB J: trung im CD G1 : trng tm G2 :trng tm SAB ABC

- Hnh v cn r rng, v G1 , G2 sao cho bi ton khng ri.

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1 G1 nm trn SI, G1 I = G1 S 2 1 G2 nm trn CI, G2 I = G2 C 2 - Gi thit c th chng minh cu a: M: trung im SD, J: trung im CD, G1 : trng tm
G2 :trng tm ABC.

SAB,

- Gi thit c th chng minh cu b: M J//G1 G2 Tng hp T cch v G1 v G2 = G1 G2 //SC (1).

M: trung im SD, J: trung im CD = M J//SC quad (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra G1 G2 //M J = M, J, G1 , G2 ng phng, M G2 ct JG1 ti G. chng minh cu b th ta cn chng minh cc ng thng cn li phi i qua G. Theo cch chng minh trn th bt k 2 ng thng no trong 8 ng thng trn u ct nhau. Ni cch khc, 8 ng thng ny ct nhau tng i mt. Ta khng cn gi thit no chng minh 8 ng thng ny ng quy. iu ny ny sinh bi ton mi: Chng minh 8 ng thng ct nhau i mt th 8 ng thng ng quy. Phn tch: nu 3 trong 8 ng thng ng quy ti G th cc ng thng cn li i qua G. Nu khng tn ti 3 trong 8 ng thng ng quy th 3 ng thng bt k ct nhau theo 3 im A, B, C phn bit. Suy ra 8 ng thng u thuc mt phng (ABC) (v l). Vy 8 ng thng cho ng quy. nh gi: cu a ta nh gi mi quan h gia M J v G1 , G2 vi SC (M J//SC), G1 G2 //SC). cu b ta nh gi mi quan h gia 8 ng thng khng ng phng ln lt ct nhau tng i mt. Trong trng hp tng qut, n ng thng khng ng phng nu chng ct nhau tng i mt th chng ng quy. nh gi v tr ca im G: G nm trn SO. nh gi v tr ca G trn SO: GS = 4GO. nh gi v kt qu ca bi ton: V tr im G gn ging vi v tr trng tm t din.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Vn Nh Cng (CB), Hnh hc 11, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2008. [2] Vn Nh Cng (CB), Bi tp hnh hc 11 nng cao, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2008 [3] diendantoanhoc.net [4] math.vn