Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Booker T
Booker T
cvil
j$ }Kv G k DmJ n Sk Jj kjCmjK v Dn. cP cl Dn k
}kj h<b bi} Jj, bi} k=l DC bi} k& }kbmcj c[C n H
j$ }Kv G DmJ. cU }kbv bi} kc kjC jC cU} hnp. hC
mOjChC Dm omv l k mJl: J oKJCkjl j$ }Kk j$vk
iCo< , o< pml , oKJll.l cC SK cnv h< j$ m P} k l
j$vk o< n[kv k{C mnlkbcO DncDnck }il. YiJv
k=<Chmv l }kcv Uk,mJlb$Jj mJjkj,cnlc ibO,Jvy YJ, [@.
jOk=<Cvvd, [@. jpmo, &} n oK} D kj klv m} vnl. Jo
Dh< Dnl k cvJjl Dnl n Jo Dn hC Jo km Jk=lkwl Dnl , YiJld
il k o<kwl Dn n oKJCl kn Jv Dhu J K& kjl Dmll.
vj#j JJk mcv cCml kc cCl Dml DC sh} cpkj Dio Kj Dml
n YJv cvl hkwk Dml cnCv lb cvmLl O nl. knpC lj mhj ykC
Yjlbv }kcvb GonjC oTv mJl: k=l mcL&v kjl Dmll.
ykj m P}} j$ } DhJo vnl. Lc ykj v `c }F&H D@v[ Jk&' n
Dlcj$ 1900 m} }n}. lvblj 1901 cO l ''Dh @c m}Jnj'' n omj
Dlcj$ m P}. ovn Dlcj$b }F&m nj}v v ov Kb[l mc# kv
bi} JY[ k{}. SJ{ vJn lj jcb[ mc@k mnk&v ` o ykj . Jbiv hhm& '
vbJv 13 Kb[ m kv ykj km mJLa nl, iNb }bi}}v kv mJl:
cnlJ km J{J}, h[D[v Dhu lmhO km Il k} Dio JmljhJ&k
JC&v k}. DiO kl&lJy} l} ykj hok hC cU}.
lmnv cU} l c@mm, Jnpav Jij bll ov cnv Ykl D}. ykj mybO
vJn lj SkC v mcpJ< cnl kv Il D} DC lbv k}u il J}
hnl D}. l mJ H}l cnCp n ykj j$ Dn.
mH@v,190Svd -1
y mkwj m[k,
Djib yo 431003
Hv 0240-2486931
01 c& 2009
kjC hn}
Dcj kl o#Ck[ Jnpav vbJ Sk bl Dn. blcO pcmTv vbJ Sk
nj Dn. nj mij kvN} 1619 pv-p} mcjm Sk [ pnp
Tv }i}. pnpJj Dl [bv vk Dm}} 20 v i}c Jkjl Gh}yO
nl. JU Jn|pv bll Fbpb vJv Jmnl m P} nl. Fbpb khm
hkJC n c Obo nl . khm lJj kc kjCkjl cpjb Kh ijp nl.
vck JU [b pnpJj v i}c Dio mJmll cUl nl. Fbpbv n mJ& 20
i}c ly[ly Kjo k}. n Dcj kl} i}cij mjJl nl. Fbp Jmnlojb
i}bc ciC oJmWo Jm J{l nl. Dklv vWv hk[v i}c cnCv JkC
Obo pjl m P}. Dl pnp YjYv v i}c Dcj kl T }i}. L[
oJml v i}c Jkl IC DC JkC Obo Hkwl Jn|pv blhjl c&o l v
jnl mJ& o#C Yil hmj}.
lJj kc kjCN v i}cbv jnCkjl Fbp c}kbv lpJU kn
Ph[ ybOu nl. Ph[ vbJhjl Ph[ nl DC ll kCln
kj mF& vJnl. Lb[l Ph[l Ybkj ij Dm lj Gvnl Dbilv Ic
Oj }il. hJml mJ& Ph[l hC pcl Dm.Jnpav bll} Bk}v njl}
l cJj} D Sk Ph[l 1859 m} ykj pvc P}. ykj cnCl, ` n oK}
c Dbopv mbil hC cP pvc c$ vkwk P} nb .' v kbyl} Dvk v
c}bcC ykj} Dh} J[} kC n cnl vJnl. Dm kClj SKo Fbp cUJ}
DmJ. i}cb DC J<l: i}c m$b k hjmLl nl hn. i}c cnb} k
l} SK pvJjh#n JF& lNn JiCk cUl Dm.
12
kjC 2 j: ykj Jm
ykj DF&v @k}v iJ m[C vC& Ilu nl. ykj mJ$ J[}bv Kh
oJmhJa m Dmlbv hMc Jp&vl mL}blj k} nl. cnCp iuc Dmlvb
HUv iu nl DC Gjk[u Hb mylv cu[v iJl mLjJu nl. Sk
}nv Ph[ ITv jnl nl. Sk c KCJj kc hC cU} nl. ykj DF&v
cu[v} pC jJ}. @k}v hmv cu[v Dblj kn kc vJnl. HM cu nl.
Jm mOv hC vJnl. pJU hjm hm vJnl. ykj DF& Kh Oj yF&. mJ& D[C
Jjl ITv lv cu[v} pC c vM k}. Dhu pNhpNb vjh
Il}. iN c}k} hC Yv lb vjh Il} DC cu[v k[ mLv J}. mJ& Jm
h kjJ nl. I[ i[ kjl hm kCpJU nl?
@k}v l cu[v n Jm mH vJnl. jml yN kC D[JUC nl. yj
Jm pbi}lv kjJ nl. yjyj mOv mc Dhj nl MJ myl lv }nv c}
nl. hC ykj DF& Kj Oj cnCJ }i}. k}n v Iyjl, D[CRJj cl kjl
mJv Jm m k}. mjJl} ykj} Kh cp Jl nl. Jml Fk[l k[
nbo[} cUl nl. DF& mll pJU nl. ihh i kjl Jm m nl. pm pm oJm
G} }i} lm lm Jm C pCJ }i}. }nvi ykj h oK }i}. pJU
KC pVm hC mbhv i}. P[K} Lb[v kk[l Dmlv Ph v l vJnl. kO
kO SKo jkc Ph[ mh[. ci mJ& pC knJU DM Ph[l Djc kjl
Dml. Sko lj iccl P}. DF&} Sk jkc Ph[ om}. c} Dio Lkv i} nl.
13
16
kjC 3 ykj #C
cvl bi} Fs Dm} k oJ hC col kjl. ykj yyll Dm P} HC }i}
c$ vn. l} L[ JU pJ }i}. iiv mvlv vJ= P}} Sk m #l v
km kC pC cu[v} D}. l} kn kc Obo vJnl DC hhC bl nl.
mJ& vWv cUv lk[v #C IJ jJ}. kJC youl l v
pJC DC jnC JJmL kjJ nl. jnCkjl Sk }nvm Ph[ cU}.
pJC k kjJ ? mJv cUv jJ} k jp Sk kbyv l v} pJ}
I}J. DM jlv ykj DC Flj vW #C L[ Hj cia }i}. mJ& vWv
kJ} cUl Kh Dvbo nl. Dhu} M#kcU kJ} cUl
mJ& vWv pCJ nl.#k p oJ pJ} Cj Dm l oJ l kby pc} lm
bi} mhk kjl Dm.ykj lj Dhu Ij #k kO pJ} Cj J hnl
Dm. #k pJ} DmucU pJC pj Km Dmv~
Dl kC JMJm ymCj vn hC Sk #k MUl kwkj ioa Dm. 5 J<&
J }nv c}bhmv l 70 J<& J Dpy hC #C Il nl.Dpy DC vl Sk
Ji&l kl nl. Sk hC& pcl #C J[v Ph} nl.ykj} c$ Ul pl
l vJnl. ykj J[ub ykjv Ul pC} JjO nl. ykj MU J[cU
Ijl Sk vJ Jo} lW[ }i}. DF& cl nl k ykjv MUl pJ. pj ykj MUl
i} lj l} c KCJj} vkj m[J }i} Dml. vkj i} k ykjcU Ijl
Cj hm ybo nCj nl. n kn ykj J[}bv hl vJnl. lb cnCv ykj MUl
pJ } JjO nl. Ijl n Jo m Dmlv ykj kn mJmL ym} vJnl. lv
KCl kc kjCN Sk mM #l v} KCl} kc mbh} k mbOkU kJC
17
l H mj k} D} vn.'
ykj U c cpoj nl. Ul 5J<&Hmv l 75 J<&Hl JLa nl.
Dpy DC lb vl Sk Ji&l kl nl. Sk mbHC& pcl pcl kCm
O[H[l nl. U} Sk #k nl. DYm Hmlk HC vJnl. l Sk #k
%v L lL nl.SJ{ Dmv m mJ& v Dio cv }Tv kl nl. D Ul
oK} ykju kn vHC kl D} vn. kn oJmbv ykj you c KCJv
kU KCl P}. c Ym kUm }il Dm. kU KCl kc kv
U kjC kw vJnl. ykj J[}bv ykjv vkj m[C cU KHl vJnl. ykj
cUJl Dm}} Hm kC m[Cj? Hv: ykj U JbO vc&C P}. ykj U ybo
P}. ll Hv: n kU KClu kc Hj Ybkj nl. KCl kc kjlbv DbiJj
kU o Lj yml Dm. OlOl l vIl vm. KCl kc kjlv ykj Dio
Iyjuu Dm. KCl jC yio pJUHm Sk cu uby nl. vblj kUm
KCCkjl JiJiU yio nl. n KC cnCp Sk Y}Y} nl. ykj lj mjJl}
ynj C jml kl Dm. KCl KH DbOj Dm. D DbOjl jml k} k
ykj Iyv ccv j[l Dm. DHC Dl KCl D[kv H[Cj Ylv ykj ci
19
pjpjv Dj[l Dm. l Dj[C DC j[C Skv ci kClj ykj} KClv ynj
vl Dm.
Ul pl l vmucU ykj KH Gom Dm. iJlu iN cubv jp MUl
plv Hnv ykj cnCl Dm, c pj SK cbl iN kbyl pvc Il} Dml lj
k cp P} Dml ~ cml Hk sv sv kH[ Iuv jp Ul pl Du Dml. sv
sv Hmlk Jl D} Dml. ykj} iN c}b KH nJ Jl Dm. n ykj H{
c PuJj cnCl k, ` }nvHC pj c} iN cub nJ J} Dm} lj Dp c$
cP Hkwk K$ P} Dn k c ijy nl, iN ukb v Dio kmHmcv nl
lj l c} H vmv Sk kj Jjov nl Dm Jl. iN c}bcC pj c} mJ& kn
c v kjl cU} Dml lj kol c p mJkl&lJJj , KH cnvl ITv c P} Dn
l kol P} vml. k v c}bv kn nj vml. v cnCp pC k kc
kjCj Sk pvJj n iNb Hkwk mcpl nl. ij c}i k kCln kc mnp
kv oKJ}. k v c}} kO pcCj vn D iNb c mcpl nl.
ykjv DHu GonjCv n mcpl kl K Dn n oKJv o}. HC n miU Jj
vblj. mO lj ykj Dio vjM P} nl. DHu} Dl kO Ul pl
Cj vn D lu Yl J }i}.
KCl kc kjlbv ykj }k k y}ll, km} & kjll n Dio }#HJ&k
Skl Dm. Dm Sko KCl kc kjCN ov lC cCmb y}C l kvJj H[}.
Sk omN} mbil nl , ` Dj pJU n@cHv iJ Dn v~ lL Km v c}bkjl Sk
U GI[} Dn. Ul jnC DC pJC HC m kjll. H Jij kn vn
Hkwl YjHj kc kjJ }il.' n y}C Skv ykjv Hkwl v yk J}. KClv Hjl
Ij DuJj ykjv pnj kv k} k l n@cHv Ul kCm
pCj.kC} kln ji D}, kln D[C GY ku lj l pCj cnCp pCj.
20
vkj
KH
ijp
nl.
k}n
vkj
lbv
}}
Dml.
24
kjC 4: n@cv MU
n@cHv n Hc Jnp&v bllu Sk unvm K[ nl. i}cij ko
Puvblj kU v i}clv ckwl P} HC lb DL&k DC mcpk HjmLl kn
mOj} vn.mJ& v mcp #CHmv Jbl nl. vWv k}n kc kjC
cnl vJnl. SJ{ k HC mJl: vC& mJl: IC kJl vJnl. D n}DH
YiCN vyu mnvYl yUiCj yj ij }k nl. iNb kn mJYJ mbIv
HC vW GVl kjl kc kjl nl. D vWy} mnvYl yUiCj pvj}
Dc&m^ib n Sk nl. mvlv vJ= PuJj kn mcJj }kb colv
vc}bkjl lbv Sk U m k} nl. Ul c}bv } #Cyjyj
Obo #C HC o} pl Dm. c}b jnC DC pJC HC m k} nl. p c}
U DC Flj H oT kl vml} lbv U lm mbH} k U lJj kbJ
Ul kn kc kjJ }il Dm. Ul yj ij }k DC iN yk Dio
JvJlv k HC mJl: Hojc[ kv #k kc kjl Dml. D Ul ykj
J ICkjl ykj cu[vnv vI} nl.
cu[v l n@cv n Dblj kn kc vJnl. Hv: cu[v DC n@cHv n juJv p[}}
vJnl. mjJl kn Jm juJv DC ci kn Jm I[i[v kjJ }il Dm. ykjv
mJb& vjH ITv cu[v mv i}.lk km k{J, kCl mv
k{J n kn ykj} cnl vJnl. ykj Dio Iyv iu nl. lk k{C, [yl
{C ,Skv Jm kjC i lv DO kO ku vJnl. l Dio j[J}
P} nl. mjK DF& DJC l nl.ykjv mjU n@cHv lk cil}. lk
oCj ykjk[ Hnl jn}. SJ{m }nv c}i Sk Flkw }by Jm kjl Dn
l} D& J}. ` k kjl Flkw }by pl Dnm j ? DC yjyj HC kC
oml vn.' ykjv lk oCN} DHC n@cHv} Ul #C ICkjl pl
25
Dn.km
cnl
vn
cnCv
col
kjC
Jvbl
k}.
lk oCj ij cCm mJYJv bi} nl. SJ{m }nv c}i mJl: nclJj
#C D{v Flkw }by pl Dn l} klk J}. n@cHv} pCkjl
ku mv Hl juJv pl F&} DC ci I[i[v Jm kjJ }i} n mcpTv
mbiv i l lk o}.Sko ykj i[l ym}.
K[klv [k ynj k{v DHu iJk[ Hnl nl. mjK Ij,DF& DJC l
nl.
pCJ}. [U GI[v Hnl l biu Gp[} nl . n@} c}k l} }Lv {ml nl.
ykjv IF&IF&v DH} mcv ib[U} n@} c}k cH cil} . pJU Sk
JnjJj pTv nl H lW[ Ol} DC i[Jv J Hnl ym}. i[Jvmk mJ&
Djcl vml Jij kv i[l Tv ym}. ykj jJvi Hv: iJl ibpJj P}.
JU c$ ykj} iJl ibpJj PHlv sv J}. iJl cml Gy }il nl.
ykj Dio i{ PH i}. mOjCl: Jm 3-4 lm P} Dmu l i[Jvv ykj
HJj nll} yk nCu. ykj Skoc K[y[v pi P}. ' Dy D k } G.
mbH} lP Hm.Glj DC } }i. ' i[Jvv yk nC} nl lj ykjv i[Jv
DYj cv} DC DH} Hl HJj kv }Cm mjJl k}.
n@cHv Dpv kl }by Dn n kn cnl vJnl. ykj DH} }l jn}. Hl
Ykv kJU Dj[l nl. j$Yj }Cv DC OJCv Hl iU D} nl. Sk HT}
oKu kJl vJnl lj oK} ykj vO&jv }l jn}. SKo y}i[ om} k
ykj l} n@cHv jml Jj DC i[Jv lk[ pl Dm} lj i[l ym oC
Jvbl kjl Dm. SKo bi} i[Jv ykj} i[l Il Dm HC ynlk mJ& i[Jv
ykj Sk v Dn n Hnv ov j MJ nm[v H{ pl Dml. D J} kjl ykj
mbOkU mcjm jcv[ c iJl Tv Hn}. iJ yNHk nl. cF&
DC KC yj okv jmlJj nl. ykj Dio Ykv njC P} nl. pJU Hm
ykjv cp}. KC v kjC HjJ[Cj vJnl. Sk JnjJj pTv ykj HYj HC
H} mjK Ij DC DF& DJC T ui}. c vO&jv ykjv mJl:}
mJj} DC okv ybo nC J Hnl Fk[l k[ n[
b }i}. Sk okv Hj yj
Gb nl DC Hj K} bi} ckU pi nl. j$ HjK} k{C Mkw nl. okv
ybo Puyjyj ykjv HjK} DH} HLj Hmj}.
28
Ji&k[ ITv iu. klk J<&Hmv pHm}} ykj mJHv Dp HC& P} nl. ykj
KjKj Ul oK} P} nl. bi} kH[ I}v Ji&l ymCj nl. bi} #k
kJCj nl. HmlkbJv DYm kjJ }iCj nl. DYm k} vn lj s[ HC
KJ }iCj nl . mJ& i
b ykj} KH Dvbo nl nl. c@k yFv Ji& #kbv
ykj cnl o}. ykjk[ Hnv #ku yj J}. bi} mc& oml nlv ykj.
ykj Ji&l yj c} nl. DL&l mJ& v nl. kn 10-12 J<& nl lj kn 75
J<& J= HC nl. Skpl mJ& JLa kCkjl Dmm}} oml nl. ykj
Ul} Hn} oJm mbH}. c@kyFv ykj} Hv: D@H mcO y}Jv Il} . ykj}
Ul k k kc kjJ }i} l mcpTv mbil}. mJ& kc v DC JUJj P}
Hnp D lko o}.
mJ& c}b jnC m c c Kul kjCl D} nl. Sk K}l 7-8
c} Dml. PH} Sk H}bi io T DY DC oj Dml. D kj PHC
ykj} kn DvYJ vJnl. ov ojR k kjJ l mcpl vJnl. Hnu oJ
ovn oj HbIv l PH}. Flj c} l Lf k }i}. omN oJ ovn oj
ioJj Iuv PH} lj K}l} cu l} nml nl. ci ykjv cp k} Flj c}
PHC lj} }i} lm l DYmkjl D@H mk[ i}. ykj vn Dm Hnv
ykj Hpl kjCkjl c}bv DH} nblC lj k} . ykj v mJ& Hnl
nl. DYm mbHuJj ykjv Sk oj ioJj nblv DC omj oj HbIC cnCv
Il}. ci kn c}bv ykj Lf kjl D} vn.
ykj Ul} ovc m P}. ykj} Hn 4 Jpl GJ }il Dm.
mJl: mJ& DJv mJbHk Ijl} } HJv J Dml. vblj mJ& U Ku
P[v mJs kjJ. mJ& [mk DC yk Hmv J. #k Ka DC y} Hmv
J. vblj c@kyF D@H m P[v Hmv mJs kjJ. HC HC Yv JJ .
33
n mJ& nF&l mkU 8 Jp}} Dml. ci vdl kv lJj kc} pJ. 1-2 lm
lJj kc k} k DbIU kv Ji&l npj. oHj pJC m k Hv: Ji& mbkU 5
Hl Dml. Flj c} L[ JU KUv ci DHDHu Kul j$ pJC JUHl
Djc kjl Dml. ykj} c$ Ji& mbH} k }i kc} }iJ }i. DN}
mbOkU pJC lj kv Dm. }kjl }k[ DCv J Dml.
Yp v J Dml. n mJ& nF&l pJC JU P}} Dm. pJC P} k ykju
DN} DJjDJj kjCm col kjJ }i. } Jij Hmv mH kjJ Dml.
omN oJ vMl lj kv J Dm. n mJ& nF&l j$ 10 Jpl k
PHC Ib nF&. Flk kc Dm} lj ykj} l kn Jl vm. Sk lj l}
k mJ nl DC knn K& v kjl kJu cUl nl. ykj Dio Dvbol
nl. Sk D[C nl. kccU ykj} DYm kjJ} JU cUl vJnl. ykjv n
D[C c@k yFv mbil}. c@kyFv L[ Jj k} DC Hv: ykj Hj# IC
jJ}. l cnCu , ` n yI l kc kjC ky} k} cnCv l} H Jij cH k} Dn.
Dl DYm kO DC k kjJ n lP l jJ. ' njcm} nTv ykj K}k[
vI}. l l l} om} k U JM jpJU Sk oJ }i}} Dml. ykj
HUl HUl K}l i} DC DH} Hmlk ITv l oJK} DYm} ym}. }byv
c@kyF& ykj OJHU Hnl nl . mcOvv lb [l HC D}. ykjv lb
Jm mL& jJ} nl. Dm mkU 4 l j$ pJUHm 12 JpHl ykj oJm pl
Dm. vJbl DYm nl DmucU ykj Ji&l mJ H{ Dm. DNHmv l c@kyF&
Hl mJ& ykjJj Dio K< nl.ykj DCK Sk D[C nl. lu kH[ Sk
p[ nl. l jp j$ OTv Hv: mkU I}J }il Dm. U cK pvj} Dc&m^bi
bv Ul} JL DL&k Hjm L kuHv nl. mOv ij DC kU bv Yv l
U kjl oCi cUJl Dml. l kH[, jp }iCN Jml b HC mcJ Dm.
34
v@L} }@[& yFv DYm Jlj kwl ykj} yy} JJ} kJ}. ykjv H{
D<Yj yy} JC kO m[}vn. SJ{ vn lj }@[& yFv ykj} mYl y}J
km, y}lv yoJj pj km J, LbyJ km i< kJu. ykj DHC bi}
Jkwl P} mj }@[y& Fv ol. ykj} Y<C kjC, JoJJo kjC Flk
DJ[ vc&C P} k lv Sk JoJJo cb[U mLHv k}. jp j$ pJC PuJj
PHC Ib nF&l n i=H vjvj J<bJj JoJJo kjl Dm.ll kc kjlv
ykj Dn l pcvlv bi} Hk km IJ n k}. Kl kO J. HC kl J,
sC k kjJ n mJ& ykj FL k}. bi} [kj k HmJ n FL ykj k}.
ykj H{ kc [kj HUl Dm DC l [kjbv y#m HC cUl Dm. D kj
ykj Ul} omj J<& HC mbHl D}. ml c$ ykjv Ij pC c v k}.
DF& DJCv ykj lUcUl nl. kWJn Sko DF&} Yl Dm l} P} nl. c
YT p@v v kn Hm HJ}. #kbv HC DHCnv col k} . ykj Dl mJ
}[k P} nl v ~ l} kCk[ Hm ciJ }i} vnl. ykj lm Hm ICj vn
n #kbv cnl nl. ci #kbv Sk kwl k}. cc ykj} kn kc mbil}
DC kc cyo} cnCv pj pml Hm o}. ykj cu[v} p lj HC& P}.
pJUHm D[ J<v ykj Ij pl nl. plv Jm yj nl. L cu[v Hl juJ
nl. lkkjl Hm HC nl. ykj} kO Sko Ij Hnl DC DF&} Yl Dm
P} nl. ykj Cj mJv kuHv nl HC l kO Cj n cnl vJnl. Dl
mjK lJU Hv kjC, lj HJC kn mH vJnl. ykj DF& jp ykj J Hnl
ymJ. pj oj Jp} k OJl pTv oj GI[J DC njcm} nTv Hjl
HjJ. p@v DC Dcv[ DF& KH Lf kjJ. KjKj ykj D} lbJn c$ DF&
oj GI[J} iu vn. Dcv[v oj GI[}. ykj} HH DF&} c cjJ}
mbil}. DF& knlj kjl ym} nl. ykjv civ pTv DF& il nl Il}
37
OCkjl n[
b l nl. Dvk l} ykj PH[l mH[}. DF& i} Jj ykj
Jm ymv. mkU l DF& vjH ITv vI} nl. lJU DF& lj bi} nl.
Hv: Hv: ykj p@v} l l Jjl nl. ky p@vv ykj mcpl Il} DC oI
Ij D}. DF&J C Ij Ykm Jl nl. }nvi Dcv[ SJ{m lW[ kv kHNl ym}
nl. ykj DuJj l ykj il H[v ncmnc j[ }i}. pj Hpj pc}
nl. c cCmbv Hjb mcpl I}v DF& DblJO Gjk}. }nvi Dcv[ k[
Hnv ykjv DH} o:K DJj}. p@v c nl HC ykj} mJ& i HnJ }iu.
ykj} DF& i} n kuHv mnv nl vJnl. DF& DmllJ Ijl l} HoHo pCJl
nl. j$ PHuvblj lu Ym Jn k vncmjK DF& [kwJv nl HjJl Dn.
DF& ~DF& kjl ykj okv pi Jn. Dcv[ DC p@v HC Gv ymJ. ykj
il H[v Dcv[ j[J} }i. ykjv n@cHv} Hjl pC Jj m[v o}.
FL jnv kn lj kc OJ DC Ij }JJ n Jj yUT }i}. Dm Jjl
kjl ym} Dmlv ykj} DF& Dio mcj GY Dmu Ym P}. ` ykj km}
Jj kjl Dnm? n@cHv} Ul v pC lj Jj kjl vnm v l H{ k}
vnm lj c} KH JF& J}. cP lPHmv c DH# Dnl. cP K$ nl k l
cP yo c[Cj vnm. Dj n mJ& llHla HjmLl Dn. mJ& oJm kn mjK vmll.
l Sko kv c P}m k Dcv[ DC p@v k HC mJ& v pcl Jj F&}. Dcn
mJ& lPk[ [U }Tv ym} Dnl. Dc vj k vkm. c} o}} Jv c[
vkm. c kn k i} vn . mll lPyjyj DmCj Dn. l c P}} c}
HnJ Dn. G km} Jj k vkm. miU kn v nF&}. knn D[C Cj
vn. ' ykj Skoc K[y[v Gv ym}. ynj ykj} kC lj y}Jl nl. Hmcv ykj
kjl lj ITv D} nl. c@kyF lj nl. Dl }Jkj U m nCj nl.
U mHmHF&, jbijbi kjJ nl cnCv ykj} lbv }Jkj y}J} nl. myl
39
yy}
Jl
D}
#C
HC&
vc&lJUo#Ck[}
ij
i}cij
yj
bl
lj
iucU
vkmv
DC
Oo
o#Ck[}
P}
nl.
P}
nl.
iNb
DHml}
Il
nl.
Sk
GcoJj}
Jj},
kUl nl. i}c Dmlbv v lJj kc kjl nl. c}k kWy[,[kj HUl
nl. n l, pvJj HUC kc vWv pcCmjK nl. Hjk SJ{ k Dl c}k
kjl l kc kjCj vmv mJl: kjl kjCj nl DC mJl: jp j mJl:
cUJCj nl. ykj kjl iJiJ n[
b l nl. pL pF&} lL vWv mJs
jnCkjl kJl nl. kn kc Obo k cnCv mbil nl. cu[v cO Dl j$
Sk U 3-4 U Pu nl. oJm U HC m Pu nl. Kpi kJC
nl. ykj k[ Dl L[ Hm Muuk H[ }i}. ykjv p@v} HC n@cHv Ul
kCm HJ}. Ij kc} ijy Dmlv oK} ykj DF&v pcm vbJ Sk
ijy
c}}
o}
nl.
lu
ok
Il}
nl
cnC
v.
mJ& Sk$l lvcU u&mv jpOv P}. yjm ykjk[ pl. iNbv
oK} n pCJ}. mJyUJj, kj Hjcv v Dl DHu yjyjv jn kll. l
bi} kc k kll. lJj pyyoj kc mHJl ll iNbv pCJ P}.
v cnCp cU i}c l k kc k kCj n YJv iNb cvlv Gljl }}
DC yj k}u vbv DOkj pi cUJu. kn mvm& HC P} . DHu
kl&yijv lbv iN cvl Doj vc&C k}. kn iN }kbv c$ k vW n
il KHl nl. vWv iNb yjyjv jpkjCl J, pcvpc} KjoJ mJ&
i lbv pl nl. SkkU Dc i}c Dc yjyj kjll cnCp k?
YJvlv k kwukwm kwu@v onlJo mbIv mLHv kjCl D}. n HC&HC Dll
iNb mbIv nl. j$ DbOjl HIU Hb{j Pi I}v n ij Dljk pcl DC
kCl k vW IjbJj nu} kj, kC okv pUv k, kC
lJ[ v kj DKC kjl. kUl o#Ck[} v pcl Iyv i}.
HJa HC lbv i}cl Dmlbv kj DvYJ Il} nl. lkU lC iN c}b
nUC HLk Dml. kC i}c HjJvi v Il DH} cU, l m[v omN cl,
ll i} k n HLk l i}cu Yvk cjnC kjl. k vW unv oK}
mY Dm} lj l} Sk lj ij cCm npj DmC DJMk nl. n HLk D lNnv
k vWv kyl Jl Dm. Dl n kc n vJv mbIv kjl nl. Dl k
vWv kyl JC n G vJnl lj k vW p il nl nl l mnv nl
vmucU JF& J= iNbv }J}} Dljk UJU nl. UJU} mJ& iN
}kb cU
Hby vJnl. kn ij lj D mbIv nuu JU vW
mbj#Ckjl kb ypv u{l. D Sk Ocl jHvj yF pcv cjC HJ}.
jHvj yFv ykj} cvHmv col k} nl. l #C} nlYj }J} nl.
ykj} pvju jHvj b c=lv Okwk ym}. jHvj yFv Yv lv lb mblJv
46
}v
D}
pcU
ykj
H{
Dpjcj
U cbpj k} DC J<&k 2000 [@}j Dvov HC cbpj k}. ykj n@cHv} Dmlbv
D}yc mjkjv pvj} Dc&m^bi bv H$ HJv vJv Ukjl SKo bi} ij
#k HJC Jvbl k}. pvj} mnybv kUJ} k lbk[} ij #k kn l
oT kCj vn HC l yjyj ykj n kU v #k HJ kl}. mjkj
ykj vbJ} cvl oF&} D kC DH# vJnl. ykj vbJ} cvl oCj
D}yc mjkj lj pvj} mnybv D} DC mJv D& mKo Okwk ymu.
mJv ykj cvHmv DYvbov ku. Dl Hl ykjv pm lk kcl cUJ}
lm HC kcl ykj} } cU D L&v k} DC ykj} vjH o}.
ykj Dl mJl: pyyojJj vJv U m kjCj nl. vJv }U
l mJxmJ& DmCj nl. l} DHu vJv vJv kuHv jyJC HC& ckUk nl.
51
59
c Yb[J} Dn. kOn DH} Hl I}J vkm. ' ykjv GHo Dio kmv
H}v k}. kOn lv o}} Jo kJ} vn.
Fcjl kc m kjCFlk Hm pc P} nl. H Kokc HC& P} nl
Dl Ybl GYjC kc m kj nl. Dl ijp nl Jb DC iJb[b.
ijplv mkil} Obo #C m P} FL Hv: l D}. J Ul}
c}bk[v kv IC DC ybOkc HC c}bk[v kv IC ykjv jJ}.
vcv c} J kjCm DC iJb[kc kjCm kl} n l ci cU G
nl. yN pCbv n Jj nmmHo J}. ykj DHu vJj Hkwk nl. Jb
Yd lv JU Hm}. LJU ykjv DHu nll} I[U Jk} DC Ydkjl
mcv DC}. Dl JU c$ Yd sv pc} . ykj I[U i} HC JLv J
kjC ku D}. J Dl Flkw biu lj nT }iu k mki U
Jbv Flj$ ciC T }i}. U} Hm cUJC DCK Sk ci& cU} DC
Ulv ynj H[CN JLv Sk bi} Obo cU}. mki U JLa pL pL
i} DC J lj kjC Gi m k} lL lL lbv kUv k} k l mcp
knlj ciC Hj kjl Dnl. mJ& kU DC ij c}bJj }nv i<kjl k
nF&v DJ}byv nl. kU DC ij bl yjyj vlv JJnj nl nl DC n
mcbpm J{} H<k nl.
J lj kjC kc pc} lm iJb[kc HC pc }i}. JLv ybO}u
Hnu Fcjl kc Dio km}u iJb[ l[ vm} lj sv nl. c}bv n HC
Sk vJv DvYJ cU}. lbv iJb[ kc T }i}. c l< DC cnlJ bv
kU}. Ul} c} iJb[ kcl Flk ljyp P} k U mJ& cnCp 5 Fcjl
c}bv ybOu. Fcjl c}bv mJl: nlv ybOu nl. l lbv DHu Jl
nl. l biu DC mJs JCkjl lbv kC mbiJ }i} vn. kC kj
61
66
l}
y}J}.
D}. ykj kc cnl Huvblj ymvcO} ov cbl cn}bv DH} vbJ iHl
JC DJj ykj} vnc col k}. miU DvYJ kn bi} vJnl. Dm Sko l
Sk cbl yF Ij i}. ykj} yj JU vml J Hnl ymJv JCl D}. J
Sko yF& Yu. ykj y}C blHC Sk} DC knn col v kjl l} Hjl HJ}.
vblj pj Ijl ykj i}. l cbl cCmv ykj cnCC v Skv ly[ly
YjIm col o} DC Jj cnC}, ` ykj lPcU c} Sk biu kcl mnYi
nC mbO cU} cnCv Kjlj c lP DYj Dn.' D kj ymv cO} yN
cbl cCmb J= nl. mki Ukjl ykj} col civ ykj pC k lbJj
GHkj kjl Dn D lb YJv nl.
nl nC mbi ykjJj D} vnl Dm vn. Sko Dio k[kw Lb[l
ykj bi} ov cu }l pTv Sk cbl cCm} Y}, lv ykj cnCC blHC
Skv Il} HC knn col k} vn. ykj} D& J} HC Kj D& lj vblj nl.
Dio DvH# l Iv I[}. ykj D[Cl Dmlbv l cCmk[v bi} on npj
[@}j Ovo D} DC Jj ykj DYj HC cv}. Sk jkc cU}} n mJ&l c
col nl.
mki U Dl bi} vbJH} D} nl. D}yc mjkj} HC ykj
kc cnlJ H} DC U} mjJl} o}} 2 [@}j col J{Jv 3 [@}j
k}. kc D}yc mvl} mYmo Hjmj mny bv col k}. m m}j
Hb[lv col cU }i}. mjJl} H 100 [@}j cUl HC k}bljv n col
11000 [@}j Flk P}. cC Hy@[ Hb[lv oK} col cU }i}. mjJl}
H 100 [@}j Flk col nl lHC vblj 1500 [@}j P}.
Ukjl Sk biu ibL} KH ijp nl. ykjv pJUHm U
mjJl kUl ibL} cnlJ DUKv m GiHl DC ovj cnCv DUK}
70
71
yjyj pJC I Dm Din m P}. ykj} omj kn H& Gj} vn. pJC
Puyjyj knlj kjC mbiv ykj kv mk} .
ykj Jm KH nl Dm. }byv }byv l} Y<Ckjl y}JC l Dml DC
ykj mki U cnl }kbHl HnJC SkoK} mbO m[} lj vm.
ykj KH Lkv pl Dm. l} JjbiU Dm vJnl. l cv kUp ICj yk
HC m[v i} nl. ykj} Hj Sk Sk Jl nl. ykj n cvmLl Ul} Sk
#k cm pcm cj b }#l D}. cjy F& mJYJv KH biu nl. l Hmk
JJJ}l ku nl. mki c}R U l cK nl DC vi
mcp ilkjl PCN nl. cj yF& vi m$b cUJ Il Dml. lbv mJsl
O[ ol Dml. lbv Hjmyi }JC, JCkc kjC, kWy[, [kj HUC DC kj
mbmj} nlYj }JC i< kJl Dml. ykj} Hj GHi nl Dm. ykj}
l DJ[l Dml. lbv ykj} Oj o}, l} mcpTv Il} DC H&Jmv l
oIb }ivl P}. }iv Puvblj ykj Hv: DHu kcl ik& P}.ykj} n }iv c$
l} bi} }Y} , k} DC mJ HC j}.
D}yc bll} D}b njl Dbljj<= kHm GlHokb DOJv 18
mHWyj 1896 } Dpl k} nl. DOJv} kW mjkjv HC col kjJ cnCv
Sk <cb[U HJC pp&l} cK vijkbv jJ}. l mnYi nC
ykj} Dcb$C D}. cb[Ul pJUHm 25 mYmo nl . mJ& GHomL J, mk
GOkj nl. l H lv vi nl, yH i@v, yH ivm DC ykj. mv mcj
mJ Y<C P}. ykj Y<C mJ&l J nl. ykjv DO kW jpOvl DC
mvmcj kO Y<C k} vJnl. kWv pj DOJv} col k} lj l
o#Ck[} jpl Dpv Dm}} Jbk Yo mbHJCm col nF&} n c DHu Y<Cl
Dio mv cb[}. ykj Y<C Hj YJ P}. mv} HC ykj Jj H} DC
72
kWmjkjv YjIm col oT k}. <cb[U mYmobv oK} ykj cnlJ mcp} .
o#Ck[} jpb ilcO} viW mnYi kl cnlJ Dn n HC lb }#l D}.
<cb[Uv ci Skclv jJ} k viW iov lk cnCv Sk mboj Fcjl
o&vl GYjJ. Fcjl mJ& ybOkc H vikW [v kv I DC
pyyoj ykjJj mHJ. LJk Sk mboj Fcjl ybOv P}. n Fcjl Dl mboj
P} nl. ci <cb[Uv o&vl vikW jl Sk mJlb$ JYi DmJ Dm jJ} DC
HC pyyoj ykjJj mHJ}. ykj mki U kcl KH Jml nl cnCv
lv n pyyoj c. ij}b[ Hv bk[ oC Jvbl k}. cb[Uv ykj Hjm
mJkj}. viW JYil n@cHv DC mki Ul} #C Hl o&JCj
lk nl. viW il HL D{J ICj oKJ nl DC n mJ& Hj YJ nl.
DOJv GodIv oJm pJU Tv H}. DOJv mbpk GodIv
k&c jJCl civ nl. GodIv Y<C kjCNb ol Sk vi vbJ DmJ Dm
mbpkbv Jl nl DC kjl ykjJ omj kCn lb vpjmcj vJnl.
ykj} jlmj Y<C kjCkjl Dcb$C o} i}.
ykjJj Hj c pyyoj H[} nl. Y<Cv Gjk[} J o#Ck[}
iNb mnvYl cUJv viW ill} mJ& D[LU oj k k} Dml. HC pj l
i Y<C k k} vn lj c$ mJ& vi mcp il ojJp kc ybo nC
kwl nl. KjKj ykj pyyoj Hj c nl. ykj DHu kcJj DC Y
HbyJj i{ JJm nl. lv n DJnv mJkj} . KH cnvl ITv ykjv Y<C lj
k}. Y<C Hn} l DC kkj l Hlv nl. lbk[v ykj Y<C Hm
P}. mkil} mJ& }k DOJv} pT kCj vJnl. ykj DOJvl k y}Cj
c$ lbv KH Glmkl nl. ykjv ci DH} Y<C lb mcj Jv oKJ}. mJv
Y<C DJ[}. ij Sk yovn oKJ} pCj vnl DC l JU iNb kJU
73
}bi}}v nCj vn ykjv kUp Il} nl. Y<Cl iNbv k}u col
k=l%HJ&k Gu}K nl l yjyj kU viW il ijJHJ&k D{J Il} nl.
iNb mn<C J=cU kU vi km o#C il} nl Yj }Jl Dnl n Dio
bi} mbil} nl.
17 mHWyj 1895 u ykj, m. ykj DC lb lv }nv c} D}b} pCm
vI}. ykj cnCl k c} lj pC k JOmlbYk[ vu pCN yU yk[mjK
Jl nl. DHuJj} pyyojcU l Iyj} nl. mki iJlv plv Sk cnlj
vi iclv ykj} cnC}, ` ykj!DlHl l Gjk[} iNbmcj, o#Ck[}
iNbmcj, o#Ck[} mJ&mcv iN DC kU }kbmcj Y<C k} Dnl HC
l} JU Gjk[}, o#Ck[} DC mJ& iN DC kU }kbH{ Sk JU Y<C
kjJ Dn. lP Dio i P} Dn. KjKj c} lP o l .' l y}Cv
ykj DCKv i[y[v i}. Jml lk mvJj }k ykjk[ y oKJv Skckbl
kpypl nl, ` n l ykj yj k ! G DOJv GodIv k&cl Y<C kjCj
Dn.' Jl&cv H$lv oK} ykj Y<C Glmkl oml nl. D}b mvJj
GljuJj Sk vi cCmv ykj k[ y oKJv DHu c$} mbil}, `Dj, n
DH} plYF&, G Y<C kjCj Dn. kn P} lj c Y<C} pCj.'
DOJv vcv D}b njl KH ioa P} nl. l Hjo lv O, GHomL
DOkj, kW DC jpmjkj DOkj DC mvj nl. mvJj DOJv
DOkNbv ykj mJil k} DC mJv lb n@}k[ c Flccv v}. DHu
Y<C ykj Dio kmv lj kjl Dm DC Dp lj l pC Hj# nl. ykjv
i[I kv Y L&v k} DC DOJv pi pCm lj P}. DOJvl Yi
ICN cK HnCb Y$Hmv DOJv mjJl nCj nl. Y $ pLv
m nCj nl lL ykj} vCl D}. mpkbv kU vikW jl oK} cv pi
74
77
78
DC H$H$lJj ykjv Sk DnJ} moj kjJ Dm ucv mnybv mJ} nl. ykjv
cv}Tv DnJ} lj k}. n DnJ} Dio Jmlv < nl. kCn Y[cJ&l J}
vJnl. DHu DnJ}l ykjv Oc&ib H$lJj, lb Jl&vJj Dio kj[ D{} nl.
n DnJ} m PuJj Sk c JoU G}. mJ& vi Jl&cvH$blv ykjJj k nT
}i}. ykj mJ&$ v<O nT }i}. ykj c$ cU [ici} vJnl. lv pm Dn
lm }n} nl. }kb DC Jl&cvH$b kJj lv kCln Y< kjJ
vkj}. kn viW xmv vivW DH} c} ykj mki Ul HJ v Dm HlJ
HC k{}. n HlJ k{Cl p c mnYi nl l c}i c$ mki Ul
l nl. lv DHu c}} kn Ulv k{} vn. nU nU }kbv DC Jl&cvH$bv
ykj DnJ} mll H }i}. ykjJjO YJv cJU }i}. &m cKbv ci
kjC cnc nl Il}. DH$ Oc&ib nkuHd P}. viW xm kcl
KH mOjC P} DC mJ& ckUcvv mJ& }kbv DC Jl&cvH$bv ykj}
o}.
D}b DOJvl} Y<C DC &mOjCl} ykj mnYi cU ykj Oc&i
DC Jl&cvH$b mbHok b c$ mybO mLHl P}. mki U} oK}
DIDIv Ho P}. col Sk c DI m P}.
ykj vbJ Dcj k DO#bHl Hn} nl. mvl} GHomLb
ykj m}K mybO nl. vi ilkjl Ho IC ykjv jJ}.
ykjk[ Dl L[Hj Hm pc} nl. nUnU lv SkSk vi Jl&cvH$Jj DH}
Hk[ cUJCm mjJl k}. kWl} cnlJ JR Dm}u DUK Ho kn
cnlJ Ho i D vivW cUJCkjl k }i}.o#Cl oK} v}l J<
Dm}u kjCl vjHjO DjHR yJkjl Dl#HC col k }i}. kJU
vi Dn cnCv nCN Dv Hmv vivW mbj#C cU }i}. D kj o#Cl} jp
81
F&dJj vc&l HC
mvv j@y& iu[ @ mcjCL& GYj}u mcjk DvJjC mbi Y<C oCkjl
ykj} Dcb$l kjCl D}. @ n kocb[Ul} Sk mYmo mH$ nl. JC&J
l }{l Dmlv kU viW Hn} H}v lbv GYj} nl. n mcjbY
ymvcO} cP k n@} cO P}. mYi=n Dio l[by Yj} nl. ykj Y<C YJ P}.
mJ& Jl&cvH$bv ykjJj klk J<&J k}. mH@v Dcj kv vkl mbH} nl. mJ&
Dcj kYj DvbolmJ m nl. 16 D@kwyj} ki L} mYl Y<C oCkjl
ykj} HjC kjCl D}. pJUHm mU npj l mY} npj nl. ykj nn Y<C
vnccC KH ip}. Dcj k DO# Juc c@kkv} DC lb cb$cb[U cbJj npj
nl. ykj Y<Cv DO# YjTv i}. ykj Y<C mbHl vnc jljJp c[v
DO# DH} DmvJv Gv GY jn} DC U JpJv lbv ykj DYvbov k}.
ykj mll kcl Ji Dm. mll }by }y Jm kjl Dm. mll Y<C ol Dm.
l PHC, pJC JU Dvcl Dml lj HC ykj DH} k=l Dio Gc
Jv nl. mcpk k& kjJ Dmu lj k&kl&v Lc DH} jjmJmL mbYU}
Hnp n ykj cl nl. DC l cC l Jil Dm. }nvmnv oKCk[oK} l
o}&# kjl vm. mJ& oJm JUH$k DKJ Dm. oJmYj jJ}} kc l oJ
mbH} Hnp Jj l k# nl. lcU nl k k omN oJm mjJl Glmnv
nl DC vJv DJnv mJkjJ} pc l. ykj} KU Jij Hjm DJ[l vml.
JjbiU cnCv l DHu Kpi yil DOv cOv yikc kjl Dm. kO kO DHu
kbymn JvYpv} pl Dm. l} kWy[, [kj HUC vo nl. [kwkj n l
DJ[l C nl. l mjK cCm} GH C omj vn Dm l cl nl. lv
[kj Dio Gc kj Hom k} nl. kOkO l Sk }byJj Hj} pl Dm.
HjClv DHC vmi& DC Y DOk pJU pl Dm l} Jl Dm.
kobyN Jij JC H# l} cnv JR j$ JC DJ[ nl. Dync }bkv
84
oJm DJl nl. ykj Dio l=Hl nl. l cvl kCJ< k[JHC vJnl. ykj
Y<C cv} k }JCj P}. }kbv JUJU k}u col lv DYj cv}.
kC}n o< o} vn. ykj cv n cHC Hnv GHmLl l YjTv i}. Flk
K[lj D< Yiv, Dvbl lv mmv oK} ykj cvl kCy} }nv oK} D{
88
vJnl n Hnv lbv klk J}. ykj Y<CcU o#Ck[} iNb DC kUb
cvc }vJj pC kwkcy&l P}. ykj Dio l=Hl nl.
}&mv nv HjluJj ykjv Hv: DH} mki kc m k}. HC Dpv Sk
D& I[J nl. SkoJm ykj DHu kbymn JNnb[l iHH cjl ym} Dmlv
nJ[& JH k}ib H$ nll H[}. nJ[& JJJ} ykj} [@kwj
mvcvv HoJ ov kjCj nl. ykjv HoJ mJkjCkjl 24 pv 1896 } n@J[&}
C Jvbl k} nl. ykj} kO mJHvl oK} J} vJnl k nJ[& mjK Dlbl
< DC { JJJ} l} D mvcvv HoJ oF&}. n HoJ cnCp l kjl
Dm}u kc DC vi mcp il Sk HJl nl. mbHC& vi mcpv k=lL&
JnJ DC cd DYcvv mN pi} Dj[v mbiJ k Hn Dcn Dc k<v, cv
k cUJ} Dn l. Dp Dclu Sk HJ&c i}c} nJ[& mjK JH
[@kwj HoJ mvcvHJ&k ov kjl Dn. Dcn i}c nl. vblj mJlb$ P}. HC
Dcn} kn #C vJnl. kn kmy, nVj, k}ku Dcn} DJil vJnl. mJl:
mbmj oK} }JC Dc }k vJnl. HC Hn Dcl} Sk kU v Sk
kU i}c Dp n c HoJ cUJl Dn. HoJov mcjbYl ykj Y<C mJ&
o} pTv Y[}. ykj KH K nl. l Kl Yj I}Ckjl k k
l DJ[l pvj} Dc&m=bi ykjk[ Tv jn}. pJUHm mn cnv l ykjk[ nl.
DOiJv l nly} P} nl. ykjv cd DH}kv lb mJ k}. lb mJ
kjCl ykj} Ovl Jl nl. lb kJC DjCl DCv ykj Ho}
Hn} nl.
1898 mcjm ykj} mcp} k Dcj k DO# kv} D}b, pp&
jpbv Y oCj Dnl DC D}b njl Sk bll cUJ} npj jnCj Dnl.
ykj }i} Jbiv} DO#b k&}l Hn}.lv Hn} k Dvk }k
89
93
mboY& ibL
Booker T. Washington: The making of a Black Leader by Louis R.
Harlan New York Oxford University Press 1972
2. Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskgee by Louis R. Harlan
New york, Oxford University Press 1983
3. Up From Slavery by Booker T. Washington New York Airmont
Publishing Co. 1967
4. Booker T. Washington : Essays by Louis R. Harlan Oxford
University Press
5. The negro in the United States: by E. Franklin Frazier Ph.D.
published by The Macmillan Com.
6. The South Since the W ar by Sidney Andrews published by
Boston Houghton Mi fflin Co. Boston 1971
Originally the American Negros of 1866
94