Cng ngh x l cht thi rn cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi X l cht thi rn l mt bi ton hc ba i vi cc nh nghin cu...

S thiu ng b trong qun l cng vi s gia tng nhanh chng ca cht thi rn cng nghip (CTRCN) v cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) vng kinh t trng im pha Nam (VKTTPN) v ang gy nn nhng nh hng xu ti mi trng. Bi vit di y gii thiu mt s gii php cng ngh x l cht thi cc a phng tham kho. V CTRCN v CTNH VKTTPN Vng KTTPN bao gm thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ng Nai, B Ra - Vng Tu, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh, Bnh Phc, Long An. Vng v ang hnh thnh cc trung tm th, thng mi dch v, cng nghip ln vo bc nht nc ta. Tuy nhin, qu trnh pht trin vi tc cao trn ton vng v ang lm pht sinh mt khi lng ln CTRCN v CTNH, nh hng khng nh n mi trng. Ta c th thy iu ny qua mt s thng k. Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, lng pht thi CTRCN v CTNH t cc c s cng nghip trn thnh ph khong 1.502 tn/ngy, trong CTNH khong 300 tn/ngy. S liu tng t ti ng Nai l 300 tn v 60 tn. Ti Bnh Dng, theo s lng thng k nm 2003, lng CTRCN v CTNH pht sinh t cc khu cng nghip c tnh khong 100 tn/ngy. Trn a bn tnh B Ra - Vng Tu, khi lng CTRCN (k c cht thi du kh) pht sinh l 30-35 tn/ngy... Theo Cng trnh kho st cht thi ton cu ca T chc Hng hi Quc t, c to ra tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) 1 t USD s lm pht sinh khong 4.500 tn cht thi cng nghip, trong 20% l CTNH. Nh vy, nu ly tc tng trng GDP c nc bnh qun hng nm l 10% ta c kt qu d bo tng i tng ti lng CTRCN v CTNH ti mt s tnh trong vng n nm 2010 v 2020 nh bng 1.

Cc gii php cng ngh xut

Hin nay c nhiu loi cng ngh khc nhau x l CTRCN v CTNH. Mc d vy, mi cng ngh ch c kh nng ng dng tt trong mt phm vi nht nh. nhiu nc tin tin, ngi ta thng x l tp trung 2 loi cht thi ny bng cch kt hp nhiu quy trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Theo Chin lc qun l cht thi quc gia, CTRCN v CTNH, khng ch VKTTPN m ton min Nam, phi c x l tp trung theo quy trnh khp kn. Tuy nhin, do iu kin cha cho php nn hin ti mi a phng u phi t vn ng theo cch ring ca mnh, dn n vic mt cn i, gy nh hng tng h xu. V vy, mt s nh khoa hc c nhng hng nghin cu khc nhm tm ra nhng m hnh qun l ph hp hn, c th l phn nh hp

l theo tng cm mt hoc hai tnh p ng nhu cu qun l thc t. Tuy nhin, d qun l theo cch no i na th ti cc cm x l CTRCN v CTNH vn phi p dng cc bin php cng ngh di y:

Phn loi v x l c hc
y l khu ban u khng th thiu trong quy trnh x l cht thi. Bin php ny s lm tng hiu qu ti ch v x l cc bc tip theo. Cc cng ngh dng phn loi, x l c hc cht thi bao gm: ct, nghin, sng, tuyn t, tuyn kh nn V d, cc loi cht thi c kch thc ln v thnh phn khc nhau phi c phn loi ngay khi tip nhn. Cc cht thi rn cha cc cht c hi (nh mui cyanua rn) cn phi c p thnh nhng ht nh trc khi c ha tan x l ha hc. Cc cht thi hu c dng rn c kch thc ln phi c bm v nghin nh n kch thc nht nh, ri trn vi cc cht thi hu c khc t

Cng ngh thiu t

t l qu trnh oxy ha cht thi nhit cao. Cng ngh ny rt ph hp x l CTRCN v CTNH hu c nh cao su, nha, giy, da, cn du, dung mi, thuc bo v thc vt v c bit l cht thi y t trong nhng l t chuyn dng hoc cng nghip nh l nung xi mng. Hin ti, vng KTTPN ang quan tm n vic lin kt vi cc nh my xi mng x l mt s loi CTNH ( c d n t th nghim ti Nh my ximng Holcim Kin Giang). Tuy nhin, trin khai c theo hng ny, cn c thi gian chun b nhiu mt, c v php l, ngun lc thu gom vn chuyn, s ng thun ca cng ng v doanh nghip. Theo cc ti liu k thut th khi thit k l t cht thi phi m bo 4 yu cu c bn: cung cp oxy cho qu trnh nhit phn bng cch a vo bung t mt lng khng kh d; kh d sinh ra trong qu trnh chy phi c duy tr lu trong l t t chy hon ton (thng thng t nht l 4 giy); nhit phi cao (thng thng cao hn 1.0000C); yu cu trn ln tt cc kh chy xoy. Cng ngh thiu t c nhiu u im nh kh nng tn dng nhit, x l trit khi lng, sch s, khng tn t chn lp nhng cng c mt s hn ch nh chi ph u t, vn hnh, x l kh thi ln, d to ra cc sn phm ph nguy him.

Cng ngh x l ha - l
Cng ngh x l ha - l l s dng cc qu trnh bin i vt l, ha hc lm thay i tnh cht ca cht thi nhm mc ch chnh l gim thiu kh nng nguy hi ca cht thi i vi mi trng. Cng ngh ny rt ph bin thu hi, ti ch cht thi, c bit l mt s loi CTNH nh du, m, kim loi nng, dung mi. Bin php ti ch, thu hi cht thi bng cng ngh ha - l ch thc s mang li hiu qu kinh t v mi trng i vi nhng nh my x l cht thi quy m ln, u t cng ngh hin i c th thu hi sn phm t cht thi. Mt s bin php ha - l thng dng trong x l cht thi nh sau:

Trch ly: l qu trnh tch cc cu t ra khi hn hp nh mt dung mi c kh nng ha tan chn lc mt s cht trong hn hp . Trong x l cht thi, qu trnh trch ly thng c ng dng tch hoc thu hi cc cht hu c c ln trong cht thi du m, dung mi, ha cht bo v thc vt Sau khi trch ly, ngi ta thng thu hi li dung mi bng cch chng ct hn hp. Sn phm trch ly cn li c th c ti s dng hoc x l bng cch khc. Chng ct: l qu trnh tch hn hp cht lng bay hi thnh nhng cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau, nhng nhit si khc nhau ca mi cu t cha trong hn hp , bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln bay hi v ngng t. Qu trnh chng ct da trn c s l cc cu t ca hn hp lng c p sut hi khc nhau, khi un nng, nhng cht c nhit si thp hn s bay hi trc v c tch ring ra khi hn hp. Trong thc t x l cht thi, qu trnh chng ct thng gn vi trch ly tng cng kh nng tch sn phm. Kt ta, trung ha: da trn phn ng to sn phm kt ta lng gia cht bn v ha cht tch kt ta ra khi dung dch. Qu trnh ny thng c ng dng tch cc kim loi nng trong cht thi lng dng hydroxyt kt ta hoc mui khng tan. V d nh vic tch Cr, Ni trong nc thi m in nh phn ng gia Ca(OH)2 vi cc Cr3+ (kh t Cr6+) v Ni2+ to ra kt ta Cr(OH)3, Ni(OH)2 lng xung, lc tch ra em x l tip tr thnh Cr2O3 v NiSO4 c s dng lm bt mu, m Ni. Oxy ha - kh: l qu trnh s dng cc tc nhn oxy ha - kh tin hnh phn ng oxy ha kh, chuyn cht thi c hi thnh khng c hi hoc t c hi hn. Cc cht oxy ha - kh thng c s dng nh Na2S2O4, NaHSO3, H2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2. Trong thc t x l cht thi, qu trnh oxy ha vi cc tc nhn kh nh Na2S2O4, NaHSO3, H2 thng c ng dng x l cc kim loi a ha tr nh Cr, Mn, bin chng t mc oxy ha cao, d ha tan nh Cr6+, Mn7+ tr v dng oxyt bn vng, khng ha tan Cr3+, Mn4+. Ngc li qu trnh kh, vi cc tc nhn oxy ha nh KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2 cho php phn hy cc cht hu c nguy hi nh phenol, mercaptan, thuc bo v thc vt v c cyanua thnh nhng sn phm t c hi hn.

Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh

Chn lp hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht thi c p dng rt rng ri trn th gii. Trc y, nhiu quc gia tin tin nh Anh, Nht cng dng bin php chn lp, k c mt s loi cht thi ht nhn, ly nhim hoc c hi, nhng trc khi chn lp phi c cch ly an ton bng cc vt liu ph hp nh ch, btng nhiu lp chng phng x. Theo cng ngh ny, CTRCN v CTNH dng rn hoc sau khi c nh dng vin c a vo cc h chn lp c t nht 2 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c ging khoan gim st kh nng nh hng n nc ngm. a im xy dng bi chn lp CTRCN v CTNH phi cch xa khu dn c ln hn 5 km; giao thng thun li, nn t phi n nh, chng thm tt, mc nc ngm thp Vic xy dng h chn lp CTRCN v CTNH phi theo ng cc quy chun thit k v kch thc, dc, cc lp

chng thm y v vch, x l nc r r, kh gas tng cng hiu qu s dng h chn, vic chn lp CTRCN v CTNH thng kt hp vi c nh v ha rn cht thi trc khi chn thng qua vic a thm nhng cht liu khc vo cht thi lm thay i tnh cht vt l, tng sc bn, gim ha tan, gim lan truyn cht thi c hi ra mi trng. Bin php ny cng thng c p dng trong trng hp khng th s dng cc bin php ci to sinh hc hay t cht thi. Vt liu ng rn ph bin l ximng, hoc c th trn thm vo mt vi cht v c khc tng n nh v kt cu. T l ximng phi trn nhiu hay t ty thuc vo tng loi CTNH c th. Thng thng sau khi ng rn hon ton, ngi ta s tin hnh kim tra kh nng ha tan ca cc thnh phn c hi trong mu bng cch phn tch nc dch lc xc nh mt s ch tiu c trng ri so snh vi tiu chun, nu t tiu chun s c php chn bi rc cng nghip, nu khng t th phi tng thm t l ximng trong cho n khi t tiu chun. Vit Nam hin nay cha c tiu chun ny. Chng ta c th tham kho tiu chun chn lp ca Nht Bn. Theo tiu chun ny, cht thi rn ch cn ngm v khuy trn lin tc 6 gi trong nc ct, sau lc v phn tch nc dch lc xc nh mt s ch tiu c trng cho loi cht thi , ri so snh vi bng tiu chun c a ra trong bng 2. Trn y l cc gii php cng ngh c tnh chn lc nhm mc ch h tr cc hot ng x l cht thi ngay ti ngun, p ng nhu cu thc tin, hoc cng c th p dng nhng quy m ln hn trong vng khi iu kin cho php.