INTRODUCTION

Early operational amplifiers (op-amps) were used primarily to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation-thus the term operational. These early devices were constructed with vacuum tubes and worked with high voltages. Today's op-amps are linear integrated circuits (ICs) that use relatively low dc supply voltages and are reliable and inexpensive.

IDEAL OP AMP X-TICS

Infinite open loop voltage gain Zero noise contribution Infinite input impedance Zero dc output offset Zero output impedance Infinite Bandwidth

TERMINAL CONNECTION

IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER EQUATION

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS EXAMPLE

OP AMP APPLICATION:
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER, INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER, DIFFERENCIAOR, INTEGRATOR, COMPARATOR, SUMMING AMPLIFIER, CONVERTORS AMPLIFIER

INVERTING CONFIGRATION

NON INVERTING CONFIGURATION

DIFFERENTIATOR

INTEGRATOR

PRACTICAL OP-AMP
The ideal device can never be made. Op-amps have both voltage and current limitations. Characteristics of a practical op-amp are very high voltage gain, very high input impedance, very low output impedance, and wide bandwidth

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OP-AMP

A typical op-amp is made up of three type of amplifier circuit a differential amplifier, voltage amplifier and a push-pull amplifier

A differential amplifier is the input stage for the op-amp, It provides amplification of the
difference voltage between the two inputs.

The second stage is usually a class A amplifier that provides additional gain. Some op-amps
may have more than one voltage amplifier stage.

A push-pull class B amplifier is typically used for the output stage.

So students first we will discuss one by one all these three amplifier circuit then we will discuss the feedback phenomena, biasing circuitry, and observe the behavior of performance parameters in different operational amplifier application. We will also discuss few examples related to practical implementation of amplifier. In the end we will discuss in detail very widely used op-amp 741-C and correlating our previous studied knowledge.