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Cyclone.3 1
Cyclone.3 1
Cyclone.3 1
Mukta Girdhar
India has a coastline of about 7516 Km 5,400 km along the mainland 132 km in the Lakshdeep 1900 km andman & Nicobar
The frequency of cyclone in the North Indian Basin is bimodal May-June- Secondary peak October-November-Primary peak
There are thirteen coastal state, union territory in the country, encompassing 84 coastal district which are affected by cyclone, East Coast North Orissa and west Bengal coast Andhra Pradesh coast between ongole and Machilipatnam Tamilnadu coast, south of Nagapatnam West Coast Maharastra coast (Gulf of Bombay) Gujrat Coast (Gulf of Kutch)
Broad Assessment
Vulnerability Atlas of India (1997) Vulnearability to Natural Disaster Population at risk Storm Risk & Poverty
Past Initiatives
Cyclone Distress Mitigation Committee (CDMC) in 1970. Similar committees were also constituted for the state of Orissa (1971) and West Bengal (1974). Committee of Secretaries (CoS) 1978 Cyclone Review Committee (CRC) 1979, submitted report 1984
Past Initiatives
A High Powered Committee (HPC) on Disaster Management (DM) was constituted in 1999, prior to the Orissa super cyclone. Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) has been set up on the recommendation of the IXth Finance Commission
Cyclones are intense low pressure areas The amount of the pressure drop in the centre and the rate at which it increases outwards gives the intensity of the cyclones and the strength of winds.
Hurricanes in Caribbean, Atlantic and North American Regions. Typhoon in Pacific. Severe Cyclonic Storm in Indian Ocean. Baguio in Philippines. Old timers in Australian West Coast call it Willy Willy
Types
There are six main types of cyclones: Polar Lows,
Polar Cyclones, Extra tropical cyclones, Subtropical cyclones, Tropical Cyclones, Meso Cyclones,
Polar Low
A Polar low is a small scale, short lived atmospheric low pressure system that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less then 1,000km and exist less then a couple of a days.
Polar Cyclone
Polar cyclone is a low pressure weather system which spanning 1000 to 2000 km in which the air is circulating counter clockwise (in the northern hemisphere). Polar cyclone can occur at any time during the year
Subtropical
It has the characteristics of tropical and Extra Tropical cyclone. They form near the equator region
Mesocyclone
A mesocyclone is a vortex of air 2km to 4km in diameter. Air rises and rotate around vertical axis
Mesocyclone
Cyclone on Mars
Tropical Cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a warm storm system fuelled by thunderstorm near its centre. It feeds on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapour in its condenses.
Characteristics
Tropical cyclones are characterized by destructive winds, storm surges exceptional levels of rainfall, which may cause flooding. Strong winds during cyclone
Gales
Gales are strong winds associated with Tropical Cyclones. They have the potential to cause immense damage to life and property
Blowing of rooftops (Tin & Asbestos Sheets) Bending of electric and telephone poles Collapse of Microwave towers & high tension
transmission towers Blowing of advertisement hoardings etc.
Storm Surge
Storm surge is a abnormal rise of sea water near the coast, Storm surge depends on Cyclone intensity Bathymetry of the coastline Coastal configuration Angle at which the cyclone strikes the coast Time of landfall
Storm Surge
The worlds highest recorded storm tide was about 12.5 m (about 41 ft) and it was associated with the Backergunj cyclone in 1876 near the Meghna estuary in present-day Bangladesh. A storm tide of closer magnitude (12.1 m) was also observed in West Bengal at the mouth of the Hooghly River in association with a severe cyclone in October 1737
Structure
Horizontal structure Vertical Structure
Horizontal Structure
There are four major components of Horizontal structure
1-Eye- Centre of the mature cyclonic storm Size is 10-50 km in diameter within a central dense overcast region, generally free of clouds and is surrounded by thick wall of clouds 2- Eye Wall- 10-15 km thick wall of connective clouds where maximum winds occur. This is the most dangerous part of the cyclone 3- Rain/Spiral band- Beyond the eye wall region, the major convective clouds in a cyclonic storm responsible for heavy rains, have a spirally bandad structure. These bands are hundreds of km long and few km wide 4-outer storm area- This is the region beyond 250 km from the centre where the wind is cyclonic but wind speed decreases slowly outside
Vertical Structure
There are three layers 1-Inflow layer
The lowest layer from the surface to about 3 km is called the inflow layer where the wind is towards the centre.
2-Middle layer
The layer between 3 to 7.6 km up to storm is called the middle layer where the wind flow is mostly tangential with little are no radial component
Development of cycle of tropical cyclones may be divided into three stages:a) Formation and Initial Development. b) Full Maturity. c) Modification or decay.
It is an intense low pressure system that develops over the warm waters of the Oceans It is associated with Gales (strong winds), Heavy rains and Storm surges Wind speeds of the order of 200 kmph Rainfall of the order of 40 50 cms/day Storm surges of 7 metres high
Modification or Decay:
A tropical cyclone begins to weaken in terms of its central low pressure, internal warm core and extremely high winds as soon as its source of warm most air begins to ebb or are abruptly cut off. The weakening of a cyclone does not mean the danger to life and property is over. When the cyclone hits land, especially over mountainous or hilly terrain, riverine and flash flooding may last for weeks.
Times of formation
Worldwide, tropical cyclone actively peak in the late summer when water temperature are warmest. Each basin, has its own seasonal pattern. On a worldwide scale, may is the least active month and september is the most active month.
Secondary Effect
Disease Power outages Damage to infrastructure Water Supply Communication
Other Countries: -
On 3rd May 2008,Cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar killing 134000 people. The massive destruction caused by Nargis was largely because of a combination of factors. It hit the highly populated and low lying Irrawaddy River Delta in a high tide period of the Bay Of Bengal, which is the worlds most notorious cyclone basin. On 15th November 2007,Cyclone hit the Bangladesh coast. It was the strongest cyclone to hit the country. The head of the Red Crescent in Bangladesh had expected the death toll to reach as high as 10,000. Over 3,000 other fishermen were reported missing on over 500 fishing boats. Total damages came close to $450 million. On August 23, 2005, Hurricane Katrina the costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States hit the same. At least 1,836 people lost their lives in Hurricane Katrina and in the subsequent floods.
Orissa SuperCyclone:-1999
Wind speed_ 260-300km/h Storm Surge-30 feet Hit- 90 mile coastal area Impact Loss of human life-9615 Population affacted -12 million Cattle death-4,00,000 Number of village affacted:-7,921 Damaged house-8,00,000 Agriculture area damaged-1.67 million
Radarsat
Radarsat
IRS-1D WiFS
IRS-1D WiFS
IRS-1D WiFS
IRS-1C WiFS
08 Nov,1999
11 Nov,1999
13 Nov,1999
Gujrat Cyclone
Gujrat Cyclone
Coast line-1600km Wind speed-160-170 Storm surge-3m high, heavy rain fall Impact 12 district affacted Loss of human life-1173, missing1774 Population affacted -12 million Damaged house-2.5,00,000 Estimated loss-190 crores
Aila Cyclone-2009
West Bengal, Bangladesh, Formed 23May Hit 26 May Wind speed-110Km/h Death-325, 8000missing Damage-552.6 million doller
NETWORK OF WX RADARS
- 17 Nos.
- 9 Nos.
Space-Based Observations
Ensure the operational service of at least two geostationary satellites over Indian seas at any given point of time, especially during cyclone months.
Generation of high spatial resolution data sets of land-surface parameters on weekly/ bi-weekly basis utilising IRS and other global satellites
This process is co-ordinated in the office of Dy Director General of Meterology Weather Forecasting Pune Dy Director General (Cyclone Warning) at NHAC (Northern Hemiesphere Analysis Centre) Delhi
RSMC
Regional Specialised Meteorology Centres
As an international commitment through the WMO/ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific) Panel on TCs, TC advisories are issued by RSMC, New Delhi, to ESCAP panel member countries during TCs in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The three hourly advisory messages are issued eight times a day. The ESCAP Panel countries are Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Doordarshan and All India Radio (AIR) stations at New Delhi are provided cyclone warning information by RSMCNew Delhi for inclusion in the national broadcast/telecast. Information on cyclone warnings is furnished on a real time basis to the Control Room in the MHA, Government of India and NDMA, besides other ministries and departments of the Government and to the cyclone prone state governments. User specific warnings are issued to commercial shipping lines, the merchant navy, ports, Fisheries Departments and fishermen, government agencies, all transportation services (land, ocean and air), farmers, others specially registered with IMD, AIR, Doordharshan and other TV channels, print media and the general public.
Cyclone Alert
Issued at least 48 hours before commencement of bad weather Cyclone warning Issued at least 24 hours before commencement of bad weather Post-landfall outlook Issued 12 hours before cyclone landfall
Assessment of effects and needs may be difficult due to bad weather Widespread destruction or loss of counter disaster resources (transport, emergency food, medical supplies etc.) Difficulty of access and movement in carrying out urgent relief operations Search & Rescue
Rehabilitation of agriculture (tree crops, salinity).
Hazard Mapping
Meteorological records of the wind speed and direction give the probability of the wind in this region. Past records and paths can give the pattern of particular wind speeds. A hazard map will illustrate the areas vulnerable to the cyclone. It will be useful to estimate the severity of the cyclone and damage intensity of the region.
Engineered Structures
Houses can be strengthen to resist wind and flood damage. A row of plant row will act as a shield. It reduce the energy Building should be wind and water resistant Building storing food supplies must be protected against the wind and water Communication line should be installed underground Provide strong hall for community shelter in vulnearable locations.
Cyclone Shelters:
One of the most successful means of reducing loss of human lives during cyclones, is the provision of cyclone shelters. In densely populated area, where large scale evacuation is not usually possible community buildings, buildings used for large gatherings like schools, dharmshalas, hospitals, prayer halls, temples, churches, etc can be used as cyclone shelters. They should be so designed so as to provide a blank faade with minimum apertures in the direction of prevailing winds. Shorter side of building should face the storm
Sea Wall
A seawall is a coastal defense constructed usually of reinforced concrete on the inland part of a coast to prevent the ingress of storm surges arising out of cyclones. Sometimes the sea wall is constructed with a multiple purpose of reclaiming low lying land or preventing coastal erosion. The height of sea walls is determined according to the maximum observed height of storm surges which may be as high as 10 meters. Sea walls can be vertical, sloping or curved. Modern concrete sea walls tend to be curved to deflect the wave energy back out to sea, reducing the force. There are instances of many sea walls which were constructed after devastating cyclones and which successfully
prevented such disasters.
Local Issues
Cattle Breeders Gujrat cyclone:-50,000 cattles Orissa Cyclone:-370,000 Loss:-US$ 26 million
Many cattle breeding communities live nomadic lives. This makes tracking and warning difficult when cyclone approach. Evacuating cattle within short time period is difficult Difficulties arises in processing loss claims as it is possible to identify and associated carcasses with owners Cattle catch diseases after cyclones. Treatment may costly and may result in fatalities Disposal of carcasses is very difficult Partially decomposed carcasses make it difficult for human to excavate pits and burry them after the first few days
Casual Laborers
Informal association with the employers These worker cannot claim any damage entitlement from the employers Documented evidence of their existence is missing because of that it is difficult to come with actual human loss;
Specific Preparedness Measures Specific preparedness measures to counter the impact of tropical cyclones may be classified into two categories, namely Long Term and Short Term:
Training and Community Participation Systematic methods must be employed to inform people about the threat of a disaster. There are several methods of promoting public information and education: Public dissemination of information through mass media like radio, television, newspapers including vernacular, poster campaigns, town councils and village meetings. Education programmes Separate designs for different age levels may be offered in schools, universities and to locals as part of curriculum. Training programmes should be offered for local officials who will play a part in disaster mitigation, preparedness and post disaster assistance. Community based training that emphasies post disaster activities to be given at village and taluk level.
Post Disaster Assistance The initial response by local authorities should (Municipality/Taluk/Village) include: Evacuation Emergency shelter Search and rescue Medical assistance Provision of short term food and water Water purification Epidemiological surveillance Provision of temporary lodging Reopening of roads Reestablishment of communication networks and contact with remote areas Debris clearance Disaster assessment Provision of seeds for replanting
T he Cyclone season Check the house: secure loose tiles. Carry out repair works for doors and windows; Remove dead woods or dying tress close to the house; anchor movable objects like loose tin sheds, loose bricks garbage cans sign boards etc. which can fly in strong winds; Keep some wooden boards ready so that glass windows can be hoarded, if needed; Keep a first aid box handy; Demolish condemned buildings: Keep some extra batteries for transistor radio: Keep some dry non-perishable food ready for emergency use: and Keep essential medicines for yourself and your family members.
When Cyclone Alerts and Warnings are on Listen to radio and TV; When you have heard about a cyclone keep monitoring the warnings. This will help you for preparing yourself for cyclone emergency: Pass on information to others: Dont pay any heed to rumours: Believe in official information: Do not spread rumours: When a cyclone alert is on for your area, continue normal working listen to the radio warnings and act accordingly: Remember that a cyclone alert means that the danger is with 24 hours. Keep alert: When your area is under cyclone warning get away from lowlying beaches or other low lying areas close to the coast: Leave early before your way to high ground or shelter gets flooded: Do not delay and run the risk of being marooned; If your house is well built on high ground, take shelter in the safer part of the house. However if asked to evacuate, do not hesitate to leave the place: Board up glass windows;
When Evacuation Is Instructed Head for the proper shelter or evacuation points indicated for your area; Do not worry about your left over property. At the shelter or relief camp, follow instructions of incharge Remain in shelter or relief camp, until informed to leave.
Post-Cyclone Measures One should remain in shelter until informed to return home; Get inoculated against infectious diseases immediately; Strictly avoid any loose and dangling wire from the lamp post; If you are to drive, drive carefully Clear debris from your premises immediately.
After Disaster: Time period of Debris clearance usually 48-72 hrs is sufficient in case of moderate volume of Debris. Priority of Debris clearance is given to clear Debris from emergency evacuation routes, access roads to critical facilities. Message to be conveyed to the local residents for co-operation and help when clearance work is going on. For life saving measures, emergency removal of Debris is utmost important. Conducting daily briefing with Debris Manager and other officials, regarding daily progress of work and other issues.
continued
Traffic police control plan for rapid and safe disposal of Cyclone Debris at disposal site. Co-ordination with other Municipal/ District agencies regarding priorities, responsibilities, additional contractor resources and processes for emergency procurement. Always ask for State/Centers assistance for Cyclone Debris removal if needed.
Beyond Disaster: Regular monitoring of Debris removal activity and Documentation. Regular meeting with key Debris operation staffs for estimated time line and completion date. After completion of Debris operations, Debris management sites are properly closed and restored in accordance with technical requirements.
Labour and acceptable time requirement: Labour: Temporary, permanent employees from Municipality/District/ State authorities. Volunteers, Workers from different NGOs and disaster affected community volunteers. As for as time requirement is concerned, for cyclone Debris clearance, it should start as early as possible.
Availability of heavy equipments and other resources: Heavy equipments required-Bulldozers, Dumpers, Cranes Trucks with trained and skilled drivers, labours and mechanics for repair work. Fully equipped Cutters and welders with their assistants & helpers. The equipments used for Debris clearance will be procured from Government Authorities, private companies donated from National and International agencies. Equipments owned by individuals will also be used.
Role of Municipalities, District governments,State government and Central government: Role of Municipality: site selection for debris dumping,
providing trucks, dumpers, bulldozers, cranes and trained, efficient workers. Role of District Government:-the district administration is the focal point for implementation of all governmental plans and activities. The District collector administer the day to day function of relief work which includes debris clearance in all departments at the district level. Role of State Government:- providing authentic plans and guidelines for Debris management and funding.
Sandy Cyclone