GI TR DINH DNG CA THC PHM

ThS. BS o Th Yn Phi I TNG

Sinh vin Y khoa nm th 4 h tp trung di hn Sinh vin Y khoa nm th 3 h tp trung 4 nm MC TIU

Bit cch phn loi cc nhm thc phm chnh theo gi tr dinh dng Nm vng tnh cht ca cc cht dinh dng trong thc phm v nguyn tc bo tn cc dng cht ny khi bo qun v ch bin thc phm

Gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm khng ch ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht dinh dng c trong thc phm m cn b nh hng bi ti, sch, cch ch bin, bo qun thc phm, v thnh phn cht phn dinh dng trong ba n. Thc phm thng c phn thnh cc nhm ty vo thnh phn cht dinh dng c nhiu nht trong thc phm . Thc t, loi thc phm no cng c cc cht dinh dng trong t nhin, nhng vi t l nhiu t khc nhau m thi. NHM THC PHM GIU M (PROTID) Cht m (Protid) c to nn bi cc acide amine, kt ni vi nhau theo cc cu trc khc nhau to nn nhng loi protid khc nhau c trng cho tng loi. V vy d trong t nhin ch c khong 22 loi acide amine nhng c v s loi protid khc nhau. i vi loi ngi, c 8 acid amin thit yu ( tr em c thm 2 loi) m c th khng th t tng hp, phi em t thc phm vo. Thc phm cung cp cht m c gi tr sinh hc cao l thc phm m trong thnh phn c cc loi acide amine vi mt t l cn i ph hp. Thc n cung cp cht m gm 2 ngun chnh, ng vt (tht, c, tm cua, trng, sa) v thc vt (u h, ng cc, u ht, nm). Cht m t thc n ng vt c gi tr sinh hc cao hn, y cc loi acide amine thit yu hn so vi cht m t thc n thc vt, v vy m ng vt cn chim >50% khu phn hng ngy. Sa v trng c xem l hai loi thc phm cung cp m c gi tr sinh hc cao nht, v cha y cc loi acide amine vi t l ph hp. Tuy nhin, nu n trong ba n hn hp (v d n vi cm) th tht c li tt hn v c tha lysin cn i thnh phn m trong ng cc vn rt thiu lysin. Trong ba n hng ngy, nn c s phi hp a dng gia cc thc phm giu m khc nhau c tt c cc loi acide amine vi thnh phn cn i. Cht m trong thc phm thng t b phn hy bi nhit , v vy vn cn gn nh y trong thc n sau khi ch bin. Cc loi nc hm tht, c khng cha cht m (v cht m khng b phn hy v khng ha tan trong nc). Thc phm giu m thng d b phn gii nu bo qun khng tt, sinh ra cc c cht nh histamin, mycotoxin, mytilotoxin c th gy ng c.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT BO (LIPID) Cht bo (Lipid) trong thc phm gm 3 thnh phn chnh l triglycerid, phosphorlipid v cholesterol. Triglycerid chui di cn c tiu ha thnh glycerol v cc acide bo mi c hp thu, trong khi triglycerid chui trung bnh hoc ngn, phosphorlipid v cholesterol c hp thu m khng cn tiu ha. Cht bo trong thc phm c t hai ngun khc nhau : ng vt v thc vt. Cc cht bo c ngun gc ng vt thng gi l m, cht bo ngun gc thc vt thng c gi l du. Cc loi cht bo ng vt thng cha nhiu acide bo no (acide bo bo ha) d b ng c hn trong khi cc cht bo thc vt c nhiu acide bo khng no (acide bo cha bo ha) thng c nhit ng c thp hn. Acide bo khng no c li cho sc khe hn, nht l i vi h tim mch, nn v mt nguyn tc cc loi cht bo c nhit ng c cng thp th cng tt cho sc khe v ngc li. M c d c ngun gc ng vt, nhng cha nhiu acide bo khng no (omega-3, omega-6, omega-9) nn t ng c v c xem l mt loi cht bo tt. Du thc vt nu c no ha (v d lm margarine, shorterning) hoc du ca cc cy h c (du c, du da) cng c nhit ng c cao hn nn khng c li cho sc khe. Trong bp n gia nh, cn lu lun phi c cng lc 2 loi du. Cc cht bo no chu c nhit cao hn v t sinh ra cc c cht hn trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm nn phi c loi du nng (cooking oil) dng chin nhit cao. Acide bo khng no d tt cho sc khe nhng d b phn hy v sinh ra c t khi dng nhit cao ko di nn cn c loi du nh (salade oil) trn x lch, nu cho cho tr em, tm p thc phm Cht bo khi ch bin nhit cao ko di hoc bo qun khng tt thng b phn hy v sinh cc c cht (acrolein, cc gc oxy ha) c th gy ng c cp hoc tn thng t bo v lu di. V vy cn bo qun cht bo ni ti, mt, kh ro, v khng dng li du m qua s dng.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT BT NG (GLUCID) Cht bt ng (Glucid, Carbohydrat) c cu trc nh nht l Glucose. Cc phn t Glucose kt ni thnh chui di ngn khc nhau to nn cht bt ng khc nhau. Thc phm cung cp cht bt ng ch yu c ngun gc t thc vt. Cht bt ng chim t l cao nht trong khu phn n, c v mc cung cp nng lng ln khi lng thc phm, nht l cc nc ang pht trin. hp thu v chuyn ha cht bt ng, c th cn cc vi cht dinh dng, quan trng nht l vitamin nhm B. Nhng thc phm ch cung cp cht ng m khng lng vi cht dinh dng gip cho s chuyn ha gi l cc thc phm cung cp nng lng rng. tr em, nu ch c nui n bng cht bt, thiu vi cht dinh dng v cht m, s dn n suy dinh dng Kwashiokor, mt th suy dinh dng nng c ph, x gan, suy tim Khi ch bin cc loi ng cc, nn xay xt va phi gi lp v cm bn ngoi ht ng cc, vo ra ht nhanh, trnh ch xt mnh Nn ch bin thc n t cc loi ng cc nguyn v, nguyn ht (u xanh, u ) thay v i b v. Mt s loi khoai sn c cha cc c cht t nhin (v d glucoside to acide cyanhydric trong sn) hoc sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun (v d solanin trong khoai ty sp mc mm, nm mc alfatoxin trong cc ng cc b m mc), cn loi b khi ch bin thc n. NHM THC PHM GIU VITAMIN 2

C hai loi vitamin chnh : Vitamin tan trong nc : vitamine nhm B, vitamine C Vitamine tan trong cht bo : vitamine A, D, E, K.

Thc n ng vt nht l gan, trng, sa l ngun cung cp vitamin tan trong bo ch yu. Cc vitamin ny cn phi c cht bo i cng mi c hp thu v chuyn ha. a s vitamin tan trong cht bo kh b hy bi nhit (ngoi tr vitamin E), nhng c th b bin cht vi nh nng mt tri mnh. Cc vitamin nhm B c cung cp ch yu qua cc loi u nguyn v v thc n ng vt. Vitamin trong nhm ny, nht l vitamin B1 d b hy vi nhit v cht kim, d ha tan trong nc nn d bay theo hi nc nu un nu ko di. Rau v tri cy ti l ngun thc n chnh cung cp vitamin C. Vitamin C rt d b hy bi nhit , nh nng, v ha tan nhanh nn d mt qua nc ra. Qu trnh bo qun ko di cng lm mt dn vitamin C trong thc phm.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT KHONG

1. Cht khong a lng C 7 nguyn t khong thuc nhm a lng c bit n : Canxi (Ca), Natri (Na) , Kali (K), Chlor (Cl), Phosphor (P), Sulfur (S), Magne (Mg) Cc cht khong thuc nhm ion dng (cation) nh Na, K, Ca, Mg l cc ngun thc phm cung cp cc yu t kim. Ngun cung cp ch yu l sa, cc ch phm t sa, cc loi rau c. Cc cht khong thuc nhm ion m (anion) nh S, P, Cl cung cp cc yu t toan, c nhiu trong cc thc n ng vt nh tht c v cc loi ng cc. 2. Cht khong vi lng C 7 yu t khong thuc nhm vi lng c khm ph v xc nh chc nng : St (Fe), Km (Zn), ng (Cu), , Fluor (F), Iode (I), Selen (Se), Mangan (Mn). Cc thc phm c ngun gc t bin nh c, tm cua s c, rong to l ngun cung cp cht khong vi lng rt di do cho khu phn. Ngoi ra, cc thc phm dng c cng cha mt lng khong vi lng ng k, mc d kh tiu ha hp thu hn cht khong c trong thc n ng vt nh trng, gan, tht, c THC PHM CUNG CP CHT X Cht x khng c tiu ha v khng hp thu vo mu, nhng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic iu ha tiu ha, chng to bn v iu ha hot ng c hc ca h tiu ha. C 2 loi cht x : o Cht x tan trong nc : gm, oligofructose... o Cht x khng tan trong nc : cellulose Thc phm giu cht x l cc loi rau, c, qu , ng cc nguyn v nguyn ht. 3

DINH DNG HP L GI GN SC KHE c mt ch n hp l, 3 iu cn lu khi thit k mt ba n l an a dng nhiu loi thc phm hng ngy, an chng mc v n thc phm nguyn vn, cng gn vi thin nhin cng tt. 1. n a dng n a dng nhm mc ch gip c th nhn c y cc cht dinh dng thit yu theo nhu cu nh vo s b sung ln nhau ca cc thc n, v theo quan nim ca nhng ngi lm cng tc dinh dng, khng c thc n tt, cng khng c thc n xu, tt hay xu l do cch la chn thc phm cho ba n hng ngy ca chng ta m thi. Mi ngy mi ngi cn c n trn 2030 loi thc phm. Mi ba chnh cn c thc phm t cc nhm thc n giu cht bt ng, giu m, giu lipid, giu sinh t v khong cht, trong mi nhm thc n nh vy nn c nhiu lai thc n khc nhau. Cc mn n nn c ch bin t nhiu lai thc phm (> 3 lai) v nn c nhiu mn n trong mi ba n (> 3 mn) . Trong ngy, nn thay i thc phm (> 3 ba) v nng i mn theo ngy, ma 2. n chng mc n chng mc nhm phn b s cung cp nng lng cho c th mt cch hp l theo nhu cu hng ngy, iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha. Cn phn chia thc n trong ngy thnh nhiu ba. i vi tr tui nh tr mu gio, mi ngy tr n t 5-6 ba bao gm 3 ba chnh v 2-3 ba ph. Cn ch n ba n sng ca tr. Nhu cu nng lng ca tr cao trong h tiu ha li nh, nn cc ba ph rt quan trng cho vic cung cp nng lng theo nhu cu cho tr. n chng mc cn c ngha l khng n qu nhiu mt thc phm no hoc loi b nhm thc phm no. 3. n thc phm nguyn vn Thc phm nguyn vn l nhng thc phm gn vi trng thi ban u nht, gn vi thin nhin nht, ti mi nht, khng thng qua ch bin phc tp hay bo qun lu di. Nhng thc phm nguyn vn thng c thnh phn cht dinh dng di do hn, cn i hn, v c li cho sc khe hn.