Name . Period . Date .

Science

Cytochrome C Comparison Lab

PURPOSE: To compare the relatedness between organisms by examining the amino acid sequence in the protein, Cytochrome C. BACKGROUND: Genes are made of DNA and are inherited from parent to offspring. Some DNA sequences code for mRNA which, in turn, codes for the amino acid sequence of proteins. Cytochrome C is a protein involved in using energy in the cell. Cytochrome C is found in most, if not all, known eukaryotes. Over time, random mutations in the DNA sequence occur. As a result, the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome C also changes. Cells without usable Cytochrome C are unlikely to survive. METHOD: A. Compare the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome C in various organisms. 1. Mark the amino acids which are different Use the example to show you how.
- - - - - G D V A K G K K T F V Q K C A Q C H T V E N G G K H K V G P N L W G L F G R K T - G V P A G D V E K G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G L F G R K T

2.

Note that some of the amino acids are always the same in all species, these have been shaded blue or light gray. Count and record the total number of differences. Tuna & Fly:

24

3. 4.

Note: Be sure to study the entire molecule. Each protein sequence has 103-112 amino acids; the sequence extends onto two (2) lines. Share your data with the rest of the class and complete Table 1.

B. Make a branching tree, or cladogram using the data in Table 1. 1. The two most closely related species have the fewest differences in amino acid sequence. Place the two most closely related species on the two shortest branches of the tree.

2.

Place the next two closest species on the next shortest branches.

3 s ie sp ec
3. C. Answer the questions.
Cytochrome Clab pt 2 kew 04/02

Place the species which is the next closest on the next longest branch. Continue until all the species have been placed. Page 1 of 4

sp ec

ie

sp ec i sp es ec 1 ie s 2

KEY

AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES

4 S S T A 5 G G G E E E P G 6 V V V A A F F F 7 P P P P P K E S 8 A A A P P A 0 A 9 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 10 0 1 D V D V D V D V D V D V D V D V D V D V D I D I D V D V D V D V D V D V N A N A N P N P S A S A D S 2 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E A E E D D K K K K 3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K N N A A K K K 4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 5 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K A E A A A 6 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K T T N 7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T I I I I I L L L 8 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F 9 I I V V V V V V V V V V V V S V V V V V K K K K K 2 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 3 S S A A A A A A A A S S S A G A A A A A A A E A A 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q O Q Q T Q Q Q Q Q Q Q L E E 5 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 6 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 7 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T G 8 V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V C V V V V V V V I E 9 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E D D E E G 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G A A G G L 3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K G G P P T 4 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Q 5 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 6 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T V V V V V Q Q V V I 7 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 8 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 9 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N A 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 3 L L L L L L L L L I L I L L L L L L F F L L I I L 4 F F F F F F F F F F F F F I F I F F Y F F F F F F 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G S G 6 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Q Q H H K 8 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T S S S S T 9 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 2 P P P P P P P V V P E E E E V A E A P P A P Q Q D 3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 4 Y Y F F F F F F F F F F F F Y F Y F F F Y Y Y Y Y 5 S S T S S S S S S T S S S S S S S A S S S S S S A 20 0 1 M K M K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K Q K M K Q K Q K Q R Q R Q R T K T K T R T R T R 30 0 1 K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G K G E G K G N G A G A G A G A G K G K G A G G N 40 0 1 L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L N L H L H L H L N L H L Y L W L H L H L H L H L N L H L H L H 50 0 1 Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A T T T T Q A Q A S V 6 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T S S S S T T T 8 A A D D D D D D D D D D D E A D D N N N A T D D D 9 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Amino Acid Number ----> Human, Chimpanzee. Rhesus monkey..... Horse ............ Donkey ........... Common zebra ..... Pig, Cow, Sheep... Dog............... Gray whale ....... Rabbit............ Kangaroo.......... Chicken, Turkey... Penguin........... Pekin duck........ Snapping turtle... Rattlesnake....... Bullfrog.......... Tuna.............. Screwworm fly..... Silkworm moth..... Tomato horn worm Wheat ............ Rice ............. Baker's yeast (Fungus) Candida yeast(Fungus) Neurospora (Fungus)

1 A A -

2 S S -

3 F F P -

[CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Human, Chimpanzee. N K Rhesus monkey..... N K Horse ............ N K Donkey ........... N K Common zebra ..... N K Pig, Cow, Sheep... N K Dog............... N K Gray whale........ N K Rabbit............ N K Kangaroo.......... N K Chicken, Turkey... N K Penguin........... N K Pekin duck........ N K Snapping turtle... N K Rattlesnake....... N K Bullfrog.......... N K Tuna.............. N K Screwworm fly..... N K Silkworm moth..... N K Tomato horn worm N K Wheat............. N K Rice ............. N K Baker's yeast..... N I Candida yeast..... N K Neurospora (Fungus) N K 5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V I 6 I T T T T T T T T I T T T T I T V T T T E I L E T 7 W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W 8 G G K K K G G G G G G G G G G G N Q G Q E E D A D 9 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E D E N D D D E E E E E 70 0 1 D T D T E T E T E T E T E T E T D T D T D T D T D T E T D T D T D T D T D T D T N T N T N N P T N T 2 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L M M L 3 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F Y Y S S F 4 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E D D E D E 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L 7 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E L L T E E 8 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 9 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 3 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 5 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 6 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 8 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 9 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I V V V V A A A 2 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 3 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L I I L L L L L L L L 80 0 1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 90 0 1 F V F V F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F T F A F A F A F A F A F P F P F G F G F G

2 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N S A A A N N K R Q

3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K M K A K

4 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G A A N G G

4 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

5 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K S K K K K K K K K K K

6 K K K K K K T K K K K K K K K K K P A A P P E A D

7 E E T T T G G G D G S S S A K G G N N N Q Q K K K

8 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E D E D D D

9 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

100 0 1 A D A D E D E D E D E D A D A D A D A D V D A D A D A D T D Q D Q D G D A D A D A D A D N D N D N D

2 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L I

3 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I V I

4 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A S T T T

5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y F

6 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L M M

7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K L K

8 K K K K K K K K K K D D D D E S S S E Q K E K E E

9 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A S A A A A A A

110 0 1 T N T N T N T N T N T N T K T N T N T N T S T S T A T S T A C S T S T K T K T K T S T S C E S K T A

2 E E E E E E E E E E K K K K K K S -

F G H I K L M N P Q R S T V W Y

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Phenylalanine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Methionine Asparagine Proline Glutamine Arginine Serine Threonine Valine Tryptophan Tyrosine

Symbols in light blue or gray represent amino acids which show NO differences in any organism on the list, so you can ignore them. (Adapted from Strahler, Arthur, Science & Earth History, 1987, p. 348)
Cytochrome Clab pt 2 kew 04/02

Page 2 of 4

Name Table 1: Differences between amino acid sequences in Cytochrome C protein for nine species. silk horse donkey whale chicken penguin snake yeast wheat moth horse donkey whale chicken penguin snake moth yeast wheat

1 0

4 4 0

11 10 9 0

13 12 10 3 0

20 21 18 18 17 0

29 28 27 29 27 29 0

45 46 45 46 45 46 48 0

46 45 44 46 46 46 43 47 0

Cladogram, or Branching Tree, Based on Cytochrome C Amino Acid Sequence

Cytochrome Clab pt 2 kew 04/02

Page 3 of 4

QUESTIONS: 1. How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkeys? 2. Make a branching tree, or cladogram for chickens, penguins, and turkeys.

Name

3.

a.

Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between i. horse and zebra ii. donkey and zebra What other information did you use to make this prediction?

b.

4.

Use this Cytochrome C sequence difference data to add a branch to the tree on page 3. silkworm horse penguin snake tuna yeast moth tomato hornworm 26 18 24 28 5 42 moth List three other things used to determine how organisms are related to each other.

wheat

38

5.

6.

Explain why more closely related organisms have more similar Cytochrome C.

7.

Other data, including other genes, suggests that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants. What are some reasons that the Cytochrome C data suggests that fungi, plants, and animals are equally distantly related?

Page 4 of 4

Cytochrome Clab pt 2 kew 04/02

ClassroomManagement
Eachstudentreceivesacopyofpages14. Aclassof36studentswillneed36copiesofpages14. Eachstudentreceivesacopyofoneofthepages6to14. Aclassof36studentswillneed5copiesofpages614.(You willhaveafewextras.) Studentscombinetheirworktocompletethetableonpage3.

Name _________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Donkey ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Donkey ............ N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Gray whale ....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Gray whale........ N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Penguin........... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Penguin........... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Chicken, Turkey... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Chicken, Turkey... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Horse & Donkey:

Cytochrome Clab pt 1 kew 04/02

Horse & Whale:

Horse & Penguin:

Horse & Chicken: Page 1 of 9

Name _________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Rattlesnake....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Rattlesnake....... N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Silkworm moth..... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Amino Acid Number ----> Horse ............ Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Horse ............ N K Wheat............. N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F T Y T D A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Horse & Snake: Horse & Moth: Horse & Yeast: Horse & Wheat: Page 2 of 9

Name _________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Gray whale ....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Gray whale........ N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E

Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Chicken, Turkey... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Chicken, Turkey... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Penguin........... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Penguin........... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Rattlesnake....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Rattlesnake....... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Donkey & Whale:

Cytochrome Clab pt 1 kew 04/02

Donkey & Chicken:

Donkey & Penguin:

Donkey & Snake: Page 3 of 9

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AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Silkworm moth..... N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Amino Acid Number ----> Donkey ............ Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Donkey ............ N K Wheat............. N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A P G F S Y T D A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W K E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K T E R E D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Chicken, Turkey... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Chicken, Turkey... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Donkey & Moth: Donkey & Yeast: Donkey & Wheat: Whale & Chicken: Page 4 of 9

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AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Penguin........... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Penguin........... N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Rattlesnake....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Rattlesnake....... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K

Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Silkworm moth..... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Whale & Penguin:

Cytochrome Clab pt 1 kew 04/02

Whale & Snake:

Whale & Moth:

Whale & Yeast: Page 5 of 9

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AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Gray whale ....... Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Gray whale........ N K Wheat............. N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F V Q K C A Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G F S Y T D A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E E T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K G E R A D L I A Y L K K A T N E N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Chicken, Turkey... Penguin........... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Chicken, Turkey... N K Penguin........... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K

Amino Acid Number ----> Chicken, Turkey... Rattlesnake....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Chicken, Turkey... N K Rattlesnake....... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K

Amino Acid Number ----> Chicken, Turkey... Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Chicken, Turkey... N K Silkworm moth..... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Whale & Wheat: Chicken & Penguin: Chicken & Snake: Chicken & Moth: Page 6 of 9

Name _________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Chicken, Turkey... Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Chicken, Turkey... N K Baker's yeast..... N I 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Amino Acid Number ----> Chicken, Turkey... Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Chicken, Turkey... N K Wheat............. N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S Q C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R V D L I A Y L K D A T S K N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Penguin........... Rattlesnake....... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Penguin........... N K Rattlesnake....... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K

Amino Acid Number ----> Penguin........... Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Penguin........... N K Silkworm moth..... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Chicken & Yeast:

Cytochrome Clab pt 1 kew 04/02

Chicken & Wheat:

Penguin & Snake:

Penguin & Moth: Page 7 of 9

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AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Penguin........... Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Penguin........... N K Baker's yeast..... N I 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Amino Acid Number ----> Penguin........... Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Penguin........... N K Wheat............. N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D I E K G K K I F V Q K C S O C H T V E K G G K H K T G P N L H G I F G R K T G Q A E G F S Y T D A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I T W G E D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M I F A G I K K K S E R A D L I A Y L K D A T S K N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Rattlesnake....... Silkworm moth..... [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Rattlesnake....... N K Silkworm moth..... N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K -

Amino Acid Number ----> Rattlesnake....... Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Rattlesnake....... N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Penguin & Yeast: Penguin & Wheat: Snake & Moth: Snake & Yeast: Page 8 of 9

Name _________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES Formatted for easy comparisons
Amino Acid Number ----> Rattlesnake....... Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Rattlesnake....... N K Wheat............. N K 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - G D V E K G K K I F S M K C G T C H T V E E G G K H K T G P N L H G L F G R K T G Q A V G Y S Y T A A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K G I I W G D D T L M E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F T G L K K K K E R T D L I A Y L K E A T A K N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Silkworm moth..... Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Silkworm moth..... N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Amino Acid Number ----> Silkworm moth..... Wheat ............ [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Silkworm moth..... N K Wheat............. N K

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - - G V P A G N A E N G K K I F V Q R C A Q C H T V E A G G K H K V G P N L H G F Y G R K T G Q A P G F S Y S N A A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 A K G I T W G D D T L F E Y L E N P K K Y I P G T K M V F A G L K K A N E R A D L I A Y L K E S T K N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S

Amino Acid Number ----> Wheat ............ Baker's yeast (Fungus) [CONTINUED FROM ABOVE] 60 Amino Acid Number-> 0 1 Wheat............. N K Baker's yeast..... N I

10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A S F S E A P P G N P D A G A K I F K T K C A Q C H T V D A G A G H K Q G P N L H G L F G R Q S G T T A G Y S Y S A A - - - T E F K A G S A K K G A T L F K T R C E L C H T V E K G G P H K V G P N L H G I F G R H S G Q A Q G Y S Y T D A 70 80 90 100 110 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 N K A V E W E E N T L Y D Y L L N P K K Y I P G T K M V F P G L K K P Q D R A D L I A Y L K K A T S S K K N V L W D E N N M S E Y L T N P K K Y I P G T K M A F G G L K K E K D R N D L I T Y L K K A C E -

Number of differences in cytochrome-C between: Snake & Wheat:

Cytochrome Clab pt 1 kew 04/02

Moth & Yeast:

Moth & Wheat:

Wheat & Yeast: Page 9 of 9