Nhm thut ng ch Loi ging ht

V c bn ging ht chia lm 4 ging chnh: Bass, Tenor, Contralto v Soprano. y cng chnh l 4 b ca mt dn hp xng. Tuy nhin v sau trong opera do nhu cu a dng ho cc nhn vt vi nhiu tnh cch khc nhau nn trong opera ging ht c phn chia mt cch c th hn, gm c 6 ging: Bass, Baritone, Tenor, Contralto, Mezzo-soprano v Soprano. Trong mi loi ging li chia ra lm nhiu loi tuy theo m sc v m vc.

Loi ging

m vc

Phn loi ging b sung (T nh n nng)

Soprano (N cao)

Coloratura (N cao mu sc) Lyric Soprano (N cao tr tnh)

Lirico Spinto (N cao tr tnh kch tnh) Dramatic Soprano (N cao kch tnh) Wagnerian soprano (N cao siu kch tnh) Coloratura mezzo-soprano (N trung Mezzo Soprano (N trung) mu sc) Dramatic mezzo-soprano (N trung kch tnh)

Castrato (Nam hon)

Alto hay Contralto (N trm)

Countertenor (Phn nam cao) Tenore Di Forza Tenor (Nam cao) Tenore Robusto Heldentenor (Nam cao siu kch tnh) Baritone (Nam trung)

Bass (Nam trm)

Basso Cantante (Nam trm tr tnh) Basso Profundo (Nam trm i)

nhaccodien.info bin son theo Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary

Th loi Bin tu (Variation)

Bin tu (Variation) l mt hnh thc trong cc cch trnh by mt ch c bin i hoc a ra theo cc cch sp xp c s thay i. Trong th k 18 v 19 ch thng c trnh by trc, tip theo l mt s bin tu, do m c cch din t theme and variations (ch v cc bin tu).

Trong th k 16, cc v khc c s dng nhiu lm c cu cho cc bin tu. Ngh thut ny t ti mt thi k pht trin cao Ty Ban Nha th k 16 trong cc tc phm cho vihuela v n phm ca Cabezn v nhng ngi khc. Nhng ngi chi n virginals (mt nhc c c bn phm, hnh vung, khng c chn) nc Anh cui

th k, ng ch l Bull, Farnaby, Gibbons v Byrd, cng ni tri v nh hng n cc nh son nhc lc a, c bit l Sweelinck v Scheidt.

nc th k 17, Frescobaldi, tip tc vit cc variation - khun kh truyn thng chng hn nh romanesca v folia, c xu hng t cc nt c cu vo cc nhp mnh m, thay i c cu theo mt cch sp xp tun hon. Bin tu giai iu v sau (v d nh vi Pasquini) tr nn quan trng hn, mt xu hng tip din trong cc bin tu ca G.B. Martini, Platti, Alberti v trn tt c l J.C. Bach. Vic lng mt bin tu nh vo mt b tc phm ln bt u xut hin khong thi gian ny.

min bc v trung nc c, cc bin tu hp xng c pht trin trong th k 17, u tin bi Sweelinck v Scheidt v sau l Weckmann v Tunder, bin i mi on ca hp xng organ, thng bng nhng motif c lin quan n li ca. Cc bin tu t do tr thnh nt c trng ca cch s dng min bc nc c, dn ti th loi chorale fantasia (khc phng tng hp xng) khi c Buxtehude hon chnh. Ngc li, min nam nc c, cng vi Pachelbel, cc hnh thc nghim ngt c a chung ln v bin tu cui cng (final variation) ca mt b tc phm thng l fugue. J. S. Bach s dng gn nh tt c cc kiu cch: passacaglia v chaconne trong cc tc phm cho organ v solo violin; da vo mt s chng thanh nhc, gm c Crucifixus ca Mass ging si th; chorale partitas cho organ theo kiu ca Bhm v Buxtehude; cc bin tu lun khc (canonic variations) cho organ trn ch Vom
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Himmel hoch. Cc bin tu Goldberg th hin s pht trin cao nht v mt ngh thut trong cc bin tu b trm.

C.P.E. Bach v Haydn tip tc khai thc kiu bin tu b trm trit , nhng t khong nm 1770 cc bin tu giai iu chim u th trong cc tc phm ca h v nhng ngi khc. Haydn vit mt s t b bin tu c lp nhng c cc chng bin tu trong mt s tc phm thnh phng v cho dn nhc, thng bin i hai ch lun phin (chng hn nh chng hai ca cc giao hng s 53 v 63, v cc bin tu ging Pha th cho piano). i khi ng kt hp cc bin tu vi rondo hay hnh thc bc ba. Cc b bin tu cho piano c lp ca Mozart, na n cc ng tc ca ng, rt ph bin trong thi ng sng v c trong th k 19. ng cng s dng hnh thc bin tu trong cc divertimento, serenade v concerto, i khi trong cc t tu v piano sonata, nhng cha bao gi s dng trong mt bn giao hng. Hu nh tt c u l kiu bin tu giai iu vi ha m c nh. Bin tu Adagio p cht (thng mang tnh t im cao), mt bin tu ging th tng phn v mt bin tu cui cng tc nhanh (thng nhp 6/8) l cc nt c trng. Trong cc bin tu thi k u tin ca mnh, ng lp li cch lm ca Bach bng vic nhc li ch cui, nhng thi k sau ng son cc bin tu cui cng c pht trin (expanded final variation).

Mt climactic final variation, thc ra l mt coda pht trin, l mt nt c trng trong hu ht cc b bin tu ca Beethoven. Cc b thi k u ca ng ch yu da trn cc bi ca v giai iu opera ph bin. Gia nhng nm 1800 v 1812 ng thng s dng cc
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bin tu trong khun kh mt hnh thc tc phm ln hn (chng hn nh trong chng cui ca Giao hng Eroica v trong cc chng chm ca giao hng s 5 v s 7, tam tu piano op. 97 v Appassionata Sonata op.57); t nm 1818 cc bin tu tr thnh tm im tinh thn ca mt s tc phm quan trng, gm c cc t tu n dy, cc piano sonata v giao hng s 9. Cc bin tu Diabelli l mt i din thu nh ca kiu cch v k thut bin tu thi k cui ca Beethoven.

Cc bin tu u th k 19 ri vo hai nhm: cc bin tu chnh thc ca kiu C in Vienna v cc bin tu c sc c nh ot bi nhng tng v hnh tng mi m ca trng phi Lng mn. Loi th nht do Hummel, Cramer v Spohr i din, loi th hai do Weber, Schumann v Mendelssohn. Schubert s dng c hai loi, Chopin v Liszt em k thut iu luyn vo cc bin tu c sc ca h. Bc thy v i nht ca cc bin tu cui th k 19 l Brahms. Cc bin tu Handel cho piano ca ng l in hnh ca kiu cch bin tu duy tr nghim ngt theo lut vi fugue cui ; b trm l yu t nng , nh trong cc phn final ca giao hng s 4 v Cc bin tu St. Antony. Cc bin tu Paganini l cc v d ca kiu cch virtuoso vi vai tr l mt lot etude cho piano. Brahms cng kt hp cc bin tu vi cc hnh thc khc.

Vo cui th k 19 v u th k 20, cc bin tu phng tng (fantasia variation), kt hp cc cht liu t do, c u tin. Cc v d l Cc bin tu trn mt ch Rococo cho cello v dn nhc ca Tchaikovsky, Cc bin tu giao hng ca Dvorak v Franck, Don
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Quixote ca R. Strauss. Cc bin tu Enigma ca Elgar, trong khi cha ng cc yu t chng trnh, vn mang tnh thng l hn v hnh thc, song i din quan trng nht cho cc truyn thng lu i hn l Reger. ng v Brahms nh hng ti Schnberg, Berg v Webern. Schnberg tha nhn cc tin l t Brahms trong cc bin tu op. 31 cho dn nhc ca mnh. Cch x l cc bin tu ca Webern xng ng l cc bi luyn c bit v cc nh son nhc tip theo, gm c Dallapiccola v Nono, s dng cc kiu bin tu c trng phi 12 m a ra. Cc nh son nhc khng thuc trng phi 12 m nh Hindemith v Britten to ra cch s dng ng ch cc k thut bin tu.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) dch Th loi Giao hng (Symphony)

I.GII THIU Giao hng l mt th loi tc phm quy m dnh cho dn nhc (hoc dn nhc vi ging ht) v thng c nhiu hn mt chng. Thut ng giao hng bt ngun t ting Hy Lp, c ngha l cng nhau pht ra m thanh. ngha ny ca thut ng giao hng tri qua nhiu s thay i trong lch m nhc. ngha ca n theo cch hiu ca chng ta ngy nay c nh hnh t nn m nhc c v o trong sut u th k 18.

II. NGUN GC Thut ng giao hng xut hin ln u tin vo nm 1597 vi vai tr l tiu cc tc phm ca nh son nhc thnh Venice Giovanni Gabrieli, l nhng tc phm nhc l cho ging ht v nhc c, c tn gi Sacrae symphoniae. Khi y, t symphoniae c dng ch s cng nhau din xng ca cc ging ht v nhc c. Tuy nhin, vic Adriano Banchieri cho ra mt mt bn Giao hng nhc c m khng c ging ht vo nm 1607 vch ra mt xu hng mi quan trng trong lch s giao hng. Nm 1619, nh son nhc v l thuyt m nhc ngi c Michael Praetorius vit trong tp tiu lun ca ng v cc hnh thc m nhc ng thi (Syntagma musicum, Vol. III) rng, mt bn giao hng l mt tc phm ha tu ch ca cc nhc c m khng c b ging ht loi tc phm ny c nhng ngi khi xng. T giao hng cng c p dng cho phn m u bng nhc c hoc phn ngng ngh trung gian (interlude) trong cc hnh thc m nhc nh cantata, opera v oratorio. Mt v d ng ch l Giao hng ng qu trong tc phm Messiah (1742) ca George Frideric Handel.

III. ITALY L mt phn m u bng nhc c, sinfonia (tn ting ca symphony) tr thnh mt phn quan trng ca nn opera th k 17, chng hn nh sinfonia avanti lopera trong cc tc phm ca Alessandro Scarlatti. Vo khong nm 1700, nhng overture opera c gi l cc sinfonia ny c hnh thc cu trc ba phn hoc

ba chng. Chng u nhanh, chng th hai chm v chng th ba c tnh cht nhy ma - thng l mt minuet.

Khng ch c lin h mt cch hu c vi cc opera, cc overture ny cng c trnh din nh cc tc phm ha nhc v cc nh son nhc nh Tomaso Albinoni, Giovanni Battista Sammartini v Antonio Vivaldi bt u vit nhng sinfonia c lp cng theo hnh thc nhanh-chm-nhanh. Cu trc chng th nht ca ca kiu giao hng ny sm s dng hnh thc sonata, v nhng tin thn khc nhau ca hnh thc sonata hon chnh sau ny cng c nh hnh trong s pht trin ca th loi giao hng.

Mt nh hng quan trng khc i vi nn giao hng l intermezzo, mt hnh thc m nhc c pht trin Naples. Cc giai iu trong cc intermezzo bao gm s kt hp ca cc motif ngn gn, r rng, c m bi cc php ha thanh n gin, tri ngc vi nhng giai iu trau chut v php ha thanh phc tp thng thy trong m nhc trc . S pht trin ny em li cho cc nh son nhc nhng cht liu nguyn s nhng ch h c th ti kt hp, ti ha thanh v pht trin chng trong hnh thc sonata.

IV. C V O n nm 1740, giao hng tr thnh th loi trung tm ca m nhc cho dn nhc. Nhng trung tm ln cho th loi ny l cc thnh ph Mannheim v Berlin ca c, cng vi th Vienna ca o. Nh son nhc ngi Bohemia Johann Stamitz mang li danh
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ting quc t cho dn nhc Mannheim khi h trnh din cc giao hng ca ng. Stamitz l ngi u tin thm chng th t vo mt bn giao hng, l mt chng kt nhanh, ni tip chng minuet. Cc ch hai trong cc chng sonata ca ng cng thng bc l tnh cht tng phn r rt.

Berlin, cc nh son nhc Johann Gottlieb Graun v C.P.E. Bach (con trai J.S. Bach) cng vit nhng giao ba chng vi nhng tng phn ch r rt v nhn mnh s pht trin cng nh s biu l cm xc.

Cc giao hng bn chng thng tr thnh Vienna, vi chng u c quan tm mt cch c bit. Cc nh son nhc y s dng nhiu hn cc nhc c hi v quan tm c bit ti s gn kt giai iu; chng hn, phn chuyn tip gia cc ch c th th c cu thnh t cc on ngn ca ch chnh. Trong s cc nh son nhc thnh Vienna khi y c Georg Matthias Monn v Georg Christoph Wagenseil. Mt ngi con trai khc ca J.S. Bach l J.C. Bach cng c tm nh hng ln, ng vn hc l n lm vic London, cc giao hng ca ng mang y s sng sa ca nhng giai iu .

V. HAYDN V MOZART: GIAO HNG C IN Vienna l ni m nn giao hng th k 18 vn n nh cao. l thi im cui th k 18, vi cc tuyt tc ca Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart v Ludwig van Beethoven. Haydn, nh giao hng Vienna v i u tin, khng ngng th nghim vi
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nhng k thut v o c mi trong sng tc cho dn nhc. ng sng tc 104 bn giao hng v qu trnh ko di v m rng hnh thc giao hng. Nhng phn m u chm thng i trc trong cc chng mt, cc chng sonata thng trnh s tng phn ch ; cc chng kt, hnh thc sonata hoc rondo, c sc sng v sc nng cha h thy trong cc sng tc ca nhng nh son nhc trc . Haydn thng s dng php i m, gn kt n vo trong phong cch giao hng. Nhng c trng tiu biu ny thm ch vn c mt c trong nhng giao hng khc thng nh Giao hng Tin bit (1772) trong cc nhc cng dn dn di khi sn khu cho n nhng pht cui cng ca tc phm.

Mc d Haydn thng c gi l cha ca giao hng, nhng th loi ny thc ra c s khi u v c. Haydn pht trin th loi ny di dng bn chng, em li cho n ci c gi l hnh thc c in, a n n mt nh cao mi ca m nhc. Haydn v ngi bn thin ti ca ng Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to nh hng ln nhau trong k thut giao hng. Mozart, mt trong nhng bc thy giao hng v i nht ca mi thi i, sng tc 41 bn giao hng vi tnh cht sng to k diu. Trong nhng giao hng ni ting nht ca ng c Giao hng Linz (1783), Prague (1786), Haffner (1782); v ba bn giao hng cui cng: Mi ging trng, Son th v Jupiter (1788), a th loi giao hng vnh vin tr thnh mt th loi ln vi tnh cht biu hin su sc.

VI. BEETHOVEN
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Trong chn bn giao hng ca mnh, Ludwig van Beethoven a ra khi nim v cc mi quan h ch gia cc chng. Trc thi Beethoven, cc ch trong mi chng l c lp vi nhau. Beethoven m rng mt cch ln lao v su sc nhng kh nng biu hin ca th loi giao hng v em li cho n kh nng khc ha nhng cm xc phong ph v mnh lit. Kh nng biu hin ln ny c mt mc ng k trong hai bn giao hng u tin ca ng, v n tr nn c bit ni bt trong Giao hng s 3 ging Mi ging trng (1805), thng c bit n vi ci tn Eroica (Anh hng tng c d nh tng Napoleon). Tuyt tc ny c mt chng u c ng, trn y sc mnh sng to, mt chng hai su sc di dng mt hnh khc tang l, mt chng ba scherzo si ni, v mt chng kt di dng cc bin tu trn mt ch . Nu nh trc , chng ba thng l mt minuet, th trong cc giao hng ca Beethoven, chng ba tr thnh mt khc scherzo sng ng.

Trong Giao hng s 5 ging th (1808) ca mnh, Beethoven a vo mt motif nhp iu v giai iu 4-nt, n c vai tr thng nht cc phn tng phn ca tc phm. Giao hng s 6 ging Fa trng (1808), c bit n vi ci tn ng qu, m t nhng cm xc ny sinh khi nh son nhc hi tng li nhng cnh thn d. N s dng mt s k thut ca m nhc chng trnh, k mt cu chuyn n gin v m phng nhng m thanh nh ting chim v ting sm st. Giao hng s 9 ging R th (1824), c coi nh mt trong nhng tc phm v i nht ca Beethoven, kt thc

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bng mt chng hp xng da trn bi th An die Freude (Hng ti nim vui) ca nh th c Friedrich von Schiller.

VII. TH K 19 S xut hin ch ngha Lng mn trong m nhc mang li hai xu hng i lp nhau trong sng tc giao hng: xu hng th nht l s gn kt vo giao hng nhng yu t ca m nhc chng trnh, v xu hng th hai l s c ng cc tng ca hnh thc c in, vi nhng giai iu v ha m in hnh ca th k 19. Nhng minh ha ni ting cho xu hng th nht l nh son nhc Php Hertor Berlioz v nh son nhc Hungary Franz Liszt. Nhng giao hng ca h da trn nhng tng vn hc (hoc phi m nhc) nht nh, chng c gi l cc th giao hng. Yu t giai iu lp i lp li trong Giao hng o tng (1830) ca Berlioz l mt th d, n din t ngi ph n m nh nhng gic m ca nh son nhc. Ton b bn giao hng din t s say m n cung di ca nh son nhc i vi ngi ph n ny.

Tri li, nh son nhc ngi o Franz Schubert, v c bn s dng li tip cn hnh thc c in trong sng tc giao hng, tuy nhin, cc giai iu v ha m ca ng mang tnh cht lng mn tuyt ho. Nhng giao hng ni ting nht ca ng l Giao hng B d (1822) v Giao hng Ln (1828). Cc giao hng ca nhng nh son nhc c Felix Mendelssohn v Robert Schumann din t c trng ha m phong ph ca ch ngha lng mn. Nhng giao hng ni ting nht ca Mendelssohn l Giao hng Scotland (1842), Giao hng (1833), v Giao hng Ci cch (1841),
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chng hi cha ng cc yu t ca m nhc chng trnh thng qua ngha ca cc tiu . Cc giao hng ni ting ca Schumann, bao gm Ma xun (1841) v Sng Rhein (1850) yu v cu trc nhng li giu giai iu v nhc t lng mn.

Thnh cng nht trong s kt hp hnh thc c in v phong cch lng mn l bn bn giao hng ca Johannes Brahms. Nhng giao hng ny vn gi hnh thc c in trong cu trc rt cht ch ca chng, nhng li mang tnh cht su sc, trit l trong s biu hin cm xc lng mn.

Nh son nhc Nga Peter Tchaikovsky sng tc su bn giao hng, vi tinh thn l m nhc chng trnh, chng gn kt nhng cm xc mnh lit vi nhng cht liu m nhc dn gian Nga, v c bit l trong ba giao hng cui cng c mt s pht trin m nhc su sc.

Cc nh son nhc o Anton Bruckner v Gustav Mahler chu nh hng ln ca nh son nhc kch opera Richard Wagner. Chn giao hng ca Bruckner khai thc nhng hiu qu dn nhc ln v t c tnh thng nht trong s tranh ua gia cc mu hnh nhp iu v giai iu. Mahler m rng mt cch c bit di ca giao hng v thng xuyn thay th nhng hnh thc ca n bng nhng on thanh nhc. Mahler nhn mnh mu sc, hay m sc ca nhng nhc c ring l v ng th nghim kt thc mt bn giao hng bng mt m iu khc vi m iu m u. Trc , vic m u v kt thc mt bn giao hng bng cng mt m iu
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gip n t c s thng nht hon chnh. Mahler mong c rng cc giao hng ca ng cha ng th gii, v ng gn kt cc tng tn gio v trit hc v nhng kht vng ca con ngi v s u tranh ca loi ngi chng li nh mnh. Nh son nhc ngi Czech Antonin Dvorak ni ting vi ti nng s dng cc giai iu dn gian, nh c th hin qua bn giao hng c tiu T Th gii Mi (1893) ca ng.

Cc nh son nhc Php nh Vincent dIndy v Camille SaintSaens, cc nh son nhc Nga nh Alexander Borodin v Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov cng vit nhiu bn giao hng ni ting. Giao hng R th ca nh son nhc Php-B Csar Franck cng l mt v d cho xu hng cu trc hnh tr ca th k 19, l xu hng gn kt cc chng khc nhau bng s lp i lp li cc ch v motif.

VIII. TH K 20 Trong sut th k 20, mt s cc nh son nhc nh Charles Ives (ngi M) v Carl Nielsen (ngi an Mch) bm st hnh thc giao hng nh nhng phng thc sng to mang tnh c nhn cao. C hai ngi u th nghim vi nhng php a m v nhiu kiu sng tc hin i khc. Nh son nhc Phn Lan Jean Sibelius em li sinh kh cho giao hng vi hng i ngc li vi Mahler. Sibelius c ng mt cch cht ch cc cht liu ch v cc qu trnh pht trin. ng tng chuyn t cu trc 4 chng truyn thng sang cu trc ba chng trong Giao hng s 5 (1919) ca mnh, v cui cng l chuyn v mt chng trong Giao
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hng s 7 (1924). Trong chn bn giao hng ca mnh, nh son nhc Anh Ralph Vaughan Williams tip tc truyn thng ca Dvorak trong vic i theo phong cch dn tc c trng, rt ra t m nhc dn gian, c bit l trong Giao hng s 3 c gi l ng qu (1921) v Giao hng s 5 (1943).

Nhng nh son nhc khc, i theo cc tng ca ch ngha tn c in, trnh s biu hin cm xc ca ch ngha lng mn v sa i hnh thc giao hng a vo nhng xu hng ha m, nhp iu v kt cu ca th k 20. Nh son nhc Nga Sergey Prokofiev vit Giao hng s 1 ca ng (1916-1917), c gi l Giao hng C in theo phong cch ca Haydn. Nhng v d khc ca ch ngha tn c in c tm thy trong cc giao hng ca nh son nhc gc Nga Igor Stravinsky v nhng nh son nhc M nh Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Walter Piston v Roger Sessions. Nh son nhc o Anton von Webern, vi k thut ca h 12 m, sng tc mt bn giao hng s lc, c th c trnh din trong 11 pht. Ging nh Kammersymphonie (Giao hng Thnh phng, 1906) ca ngi ng hng Arnold Schoenberg, n din t xu hng c ng ca th k 20 cng nh tnh tit kim trong hnh thc v cht liu.

Cc giao hng ca nh son nhc Nga Sergey Rachmaninov l lng mn v c in v hnh thc. Nhng tc phm c gi tr c bit thuc v mt nh son nhc Nga khc l Dmitri Shostakovich, cc giao hng ca ng thng s v quy m v i khi mang tnh cht chng trnh. H ni tip truyn thng ca Mahler khi em li
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cho giao hng s biu hin ni tm y xo ng ca chnh bn thn nh son nhc.

Trong giai on sau Th Chin II, nhiu nh son nhc tip tc coi giao hng nh mt phng tin cho nhng tuyn ngn quan trng nht ca h. Bn giao hng ca nh son nhc Anh Sir Michael Tippett phn nh tng thi k khc nhau trong s pht trin phong cch ca ng, trong khi , Giao hng Turangalila (1948) ca Olivier Messiaen (Php) l mt t khc ln 10 chng xoay quanh mt vi ch trung tm.

Nhng ngi M vit giao hng vo cui th k 20 v u 21 bao gm Philip Glass, John Coregliano v Eileen Taaffe Zwillich. chu u c Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (Anh); Arvo Prt (Estonia); Einojuhani Rautavaara (Phn Lan); Hans Werner Henze (c); cng cc nh son nhc Ba Lan Henryk Grecki, Witold Lutosawski, v Andrzej Panufnik.

Trn Trung Dng (nhaccodien.info) dch Th loi Th giao hng (Symphonic poem)

Mt bn th giao hng hay mt thi phm bng m thanh t nhc c (tone poem) l mt tc phm vit cho dn nhc, c

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mt chng nhc, trong mt chng trnh (programme) no ngoi m nhc mang li cho tc phm yu t k chuyn hoc minh ha. Chng trnh ny c th bt ngun t mt bi th, mt cun tiu thuyt, mt bc ha hay t mt s ngun khc. Th loi m nhc da trn nhng ngun ngoi m nhc thng c bit ti vi tn gi m nhc chng trnh (programme music), trong khi th loi m nhc khng c nhng lin tng khc c bit ti vi tn gi m nhc thun ty (pure music) hay m nhc tuyt i (absolute music). Mt lot nhng thi phm bng m thanh t nhc c c th kt hp vi nhau trong mt t khc (suite), theo ngha ca thi k Lng mn hn l ngha thi Baroque: "Con thin Nga vng Tuonela" (1895) l mt bn th giao hng rt t t khc Lemminkinen ca Jean Sibelius. Nh son nhc Franz Liszt sng to th loi th giao hng trn quy m ln, trong mt lot nhng tc phm m nhc mt chng c sng tc t nhng nm 1940 v 1950. Liszt vit 13 bn th giao hng, trong ni ting nht c l l bn th giao hng s 3 - Les Prludes (Nhng khc do u) da theo th ca Alphonse de Lamartine. Bn cnh nhng th giao hng da theo nhng thi phm ca cc thi ho nh Lamartine, Hugo (Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne - Ting nghe trn ni, Mazeppa), Byron (Tasso: lamento e trionfo- Tasso: Li than th v chin thng)... Liszt cng sng tc th giao hng da trn kch (Hamlet ca Shakespeare) v da trn ngun ngoi m nhc khc nh hi ha (Du berceau jusqu'au tombeau - T chic ni n nm m). Nhng tin thn gn gi ca nhng th giao hng kiu Liszt l nhng overture ha nhc, nhng chng vit cho dn nhc dnh cho sn khu, nhiu mu sc v gi
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lin tng m c sng tc biu din c lp trong bt c mt v opera hay tc phm sn khu no: v d nh Fingals Cave ca Felix Mendelssohn hay overture Roman Carnival (Ngy hi La M) ca Hector Berlioz. Mt overture c lp thi k u l Der Beherrscher der Geister ("The Ruler of the Spirits" "Ngi cai tr nhng Linh hn, 1811) ca Carl Maria von Weber, mt overture gi khng kh mc cao m khng km mt v opera. Nhng tc phm ha nhc ny n lt mnh xut hin t nhng overture ca Ludvig van Beethoven chng hn nh nhng overture Egmont, Coriolan v Leonore No. 3, m trong ni dung m nhc ca chng tin liu cu chuyn ca tc phm sn khu m chng gii thiu (cc v kch trong trng hp Egmont v Coriolan, v opera Fidelio trong trng hp Leonore). Thm ch nhng tc phm cho dn nhc c minh ha bng nhng khc nhc theo b "cn bo" m l mt th loi c thit lp tr li vi cn bo ma h trong Bn ma ca Antonio Vivaldi v mt vi entr'acte (khc trung gian, chuyn cnh) bun b gia cc cnh ca opera Php thi k Baroque.

Nhng nh son nhc tip tc th loi th giao hng: Sergei Rachmaninov - The Isle of the Dead (Hn o ca Thn Cht) Camille Saint-Sans - Danse macabre (V iu ma qu) Claude Debussy - Prlude l'aprs-midi d'un faune (Khc do u bui chiu ca thn in d) Jean Sibelius - Finlandia (Phn Lan) Bedich Smetana - M Vlast (T quc ti)

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Dvork - The Golden Spinning Wheel (Quay si vng) v The Wood Dove (Con b cu rng) trong s nhng tc phm khc. Modest Mussorgsky - Night on Bald Mountain (m trn ni trc) Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Sadko Pyotr Tchaikovsky - Fatum, Romeo and Juliet (c lit vo loi "fantasy-overture"), 1812 Overture Csar Franck - Le Chasseur Maudit (Ngi th sn xu s) Alexander Borodin - In the Steppes of Central Asia (Trong tho nguyn Trung ) Paul Dukas - L'apprenti-sorcier (Ngi hc tr ph thu) Sergei Taneyev - Oresteia (c lit vo "overture", song thc s l mt th giao hng da trn nhng ch t v opera cng tn ca chnh tc gi) Ottorino Respighi - b ba th giao hng La M (Nhng cy thng La M, Nhng ngn ni La M v Nhng l hi La M) v Brazilian Impressions (Nhng n tng Brazil) George Gershwin - An American in Paris (Mt ngi M Paris) Geirr Tveitt - Nykken Arnold Bax Tintagel v The Garden of Fand (Khu vn ca Fand) Nigel Keay - Ritual Dance of the Unappeasable Shadow Nick Peros - Northern Lights Theo danh sch trn ta c th hiu rng tnh t do ca th loi th giao hng cho php nhng tn gi khc, chng hn nh "tranh m nhc" (musical picture), "overture", "fantasy" ...

Richard Strauss (ngi thch thut ng "thi phm bng m thanh t nhc c" (tone poem) hn l "th giao hng" (symphonic poem) l
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mt trong nhng nh son nhc cui thi k Lng mn sng tc nhiu th loi ny, vi nhng tc phm bao gm Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, Also sprach Zarathustra (Zarathustra ni nh th), Don Quichote v Ein Heldenleben. Strauss t tiu ph cho Don Quichote l Introduction, Theme with Variations, and Finale (Gii thiu, Ch vi nhng Bin tu, v Phn kt) v Fantastic Variations for Large Orchestra on a Theme of Knightly Character (Nhng bin tu phng tng cho Dn nhc ln trn Ch Nhn vt hip s). Tc phm c th d dng c gi l mt rhapsody vi vai tr mt thi phm bng m thanh t nhc c.

William Lloyd Webber, cha ca nh son nhc kim nh t chc biu din Andrew Lloyd Webber, sng tc bn th giao hng Aurona, tc phm tri qua kinh nghim hi sinh tnh i chng trong nhng nm gn y. Tuy nhin mt s trong mi quan tm ny c th b quy cho s lin i ca ng vi tnh i chng ca nhng tc phm ca con trai ng.

Frank Sinatra t hng v ch o album Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color nm 1956. Album cao nhng thi phm bng m thanh t nhc c c sng tc bi tm nh son nhc ng i gm Andr Previn, Billy May, Nelson Riddle, Gordon Jenkins, Victor Young, Jeff Alexander, Alec Wilder v Elmer Bernstein.

Cng c mt s nhng tc phm mt chng khng vit cho dn nhc m cho ha tu thnh phng hoc nhc c c tu, da trn
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mt vi ngun ngoi m nhc. Do tnh cht phi dn nhc ca chng, nhng tc phm khng c coi l "th giao hng", mc d v mi kha cnh khc ngoi phi kh, chng tng ng nhau. Mt trong nhng tc phm ni ting nht nh vy l Verklrte Nacht (m rng r) ca Arnold Schoenberg, da trn mt bi th, vn c vit cho lc tu n dy (mc d v sau c chuyn son cho ha tu quy m ln hn).

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Th loi T khc (Suite)

T khc (Suite) l mt b cc tc phm kh nhc c sp xp theo th t nhm biu din ring mt mch. Trong thi k Baroque, t khc l mt th loi kh nhc bao gm mt s chng c cng iu thc, mt vi hay tt c da trn cc hnh thc v phong cch v khc (cc thut ng khc dnh cho nhm cc v khc thi Baroque gm c Partita, Overture, Ordre v Sonata da camera).

Vic ghp i cc v khc t nht cng c t th k 14 nhng cc nhm tc phm c gi l t khc c bit n sm nht l suyttes de bransles ca Estienne du Tertre (1557). Tuy nhin chng ch to thnh cht liu th cho mt chui cc v khc hn l mt
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chui thc s c chi trn thc t. Phn ln cc nhm v khc t nhng nm 1840 ti cui th k u l nhng cp tc phm, mt iu pavan hay passamezzo i cng mt iu galliard hay saltarello. S thi thc ghp nhm kiu t khc c v nh bt ngun t nc Anh ti thi im bc ngot th k, vi William Brade v Giovanni Coprario, nhng xut bn phm u tin ca nhm cc tc phm kiu t khc vi t cch l cc tc phm c ghp li mt cch ng b l Newe Padouan, Intrada, Dntz und Galliarda (1611) ca Peuerl m bn v khc trn tiu tr i tr li trong mi suite c thng nht bng iu thc v cht liu ch . Banchetto musicale (1617) ca Schein bao gm 20 chui paduana, gagliarda, courente, allmande v tripla c thng nht mt cch tng t.

S pht trin ca t khc c in, gm c allemande, courante, sarabande v gigue theo trnh t (A-C-S-G), din ra trong hai giai on. Giai on u i vi nhm A-C-S c l c thc hin bi nhng ngi chi n lute Paris hay nhng bc thy nhc v khc triu nh Php, nhng nhm u tin m c th xc nh ngy thng mt cch chc chn kiu nh th xut hin trong Tablature de mandore de la composition du Sieur Chancy (1629). V khc gigue ch c chp nhn mt cch tha tht khi n bt u xut hin trong nhng cch sp xp t khc sau nm 1650 v ban u n him khi c c v tr cui cng c in. Froberger ch li duy nht mt t khc A-C-S-G tht s; cu trc A-G-C-S thng thng ca ng c cc nh xut bn u tin ca ng thay i trong cc nm 1697 -98 cng thi gian m quy tc c Buxtehude, Bhm v Kuhnau xy dng cho cc nh son nhc c. nc Anh, t khc vi v
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khc gigue rt him (chng hn nh v khc gigue khng xut hin trong cc t khc ca Purcell) v nc Php trong thi tr v ca Louis XIV, thng th cc t khc cho n viol v harpsichord i theo nhm A-C-S-G cng cc v khc khc. Cc c trng trong t khc cho n harpsichord ca L. Couperin, D'Angelbert v cc nh son nhc khc bao gm Prlude khng nhp v xu hng xp cc tc phm c vi nhau (i khi do cc nh son nhc khc nhau vit). Ch c nm t khc c in hoc t hn th trong s 27 ordres ca Franois Couperin trong mi ordre s 1, 2, 3, 5 v 8 bao gm nm hoc mi khc nhc. Cc ordre khc gm cc nhm lin kt theo chng trnh v pha tp.

Ngi Php cng s dng t khc cho ha tu v dn nhc. T khc cho dn nhc thng c to bi mt nhm tc phm t cc ngun th loi khc (c bit l cc opera v ballet ca Lully). Nhiu t khc bt u bng mt overture v overture-suite (t khc overture) c cc nh son nhc c nh J.S. Kusser, J.C.F. Fischer v Georg Muffat tip qun mt cch hng hi. Telemann khng nh sng tc khng t hn 200 t khc, nhng bn t khc cho dn nhc ca Bach v cc tc phm Nhc nc v m nhc dnh cho cc l hi pho hoa hong gia ca Handel t ra l minh chng hay nht ca th loi ny.

Trong cc t khc khc ca mnh, c Bach v Handel thng theo m hnh Prelude-A-C-S-X-G (trong X l mt hay nhiu v khc hoc cp v khc thm vo). Cc t khc cho n phm ca Handel, ln ti khong 22 t khc, phn ln c son t cc tc phm
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c. Bach t ra quan tm nhiu hn n th loi ny, vi 6 t khc cho cello, 3 partita cho violin solo v cc b 6 t khc Anh, t khc Php v partita cho harpsichord. Bach s dng t khc nh mt khi kin trc theo mt tng th ln hn, sp xp tng t khc to ra khc bit no - hoc to ra cng loi t khc nhng theo mt cch khc - v th b tc phm l mt kiu lit k t khc dnh cho phng tin din t c th .

Sau nm 1750, cc th loi sonata, giao hng v concerto bt u lt t cc chc nng ca t khc. Vic vit mt t khc tr thnh mt bi luyn tp c xa, nh cc t khc K399/385i ca Mozart v cc t khc l'antique mi v sau ca Ravel, Debussy, Strauss, Hindemith v Schnberg. Trong th k 19 tiu t khc ngy cng c s dng nhiu hoc l i vi mt b tuyn chn cho dn nhc t mt tc phm ln (c bit l ballet v opera) hoc l i vi mt chui cc khc nhc kt ni vi nhau mt cch lng lo bng mt chng trnh mang tnh m t (v d nh t khc Nhng hnh tinh ca Holst) hay bng mt chng trnh ngoi lai hoc mang tnh dn tc ch ngha (nh trong mt s t khc ca Grieg, Sibelius, Tchaikovsky v Rimsky-Korsakov).

S c lp i vi cc hnh thc v khc c ngha l th loi ny c th c cho l bao gm cc tc phm khng c gn tiu t khc, k c cc b lin khc cho piano ca Schumann, Nm tc phm cho dn nhc ca Schnberg v Momente ca Stockhausen.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) dch

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Th loi T tu n dy (String quartet)

T tu n dy l mt th loi sng tc cho bn nhc c dy solo, thng l hai violin, mt viola v mt cello. Th loi ny khng c nh hnh mt cch vng chc cho mi n thi k ca Haydn mc d khi nguyn ca n c th c xc nh trong cc tc phm ring l cui thi k Baroque. Bng T tu n dy Op. 9 (1769-70) ca Haydn, mu hnh bn chng c thit lp cng vi kt cu bn b c phn b r rng. Trong cc T tu n dy Op. 33 (1781) m Haydn a phn skezzo vo th loi, ng t ti mt s r rng v kt cu v s cn bng ca cc b (mc d cch vit ni bt cho cy violin th nht vn lun l mt phn trong phong cch ca Haydn). Trong Op. 76 mt phong cch thc nghim mi xut hin vi nhng c trng c trc thi Beethoven.

Khng mt nh son nhc cng thi no vi Haydn ngoi Mozart t ti mc m Haydn duy tr c trong cch thc din t ny nhng nhiu nh son nhc khc, trong s c Vanhal, Boccherini (khong 100 t tu mi ngi) v Ordonez (hn 30 t tu), khin vic vit t tu tr thnh mt mi bn tm ln. Cc t tu ca Mozart chu nh hng t phong cch Milan ca cc t tu do G.B. Sammartini vit vi cc phn allegro mang tnh ca xng m violin th nht chim u th v khng phi ch n khi ng vit b t
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tu tng Haydn (1782-85), Mozart mi t ti mt phong cch t tu hi ha hon ton. Cc nh son nhc , gm Cambini v Boccherini, pht trin mt phong cch tr tnh hn, thng dnh cho violin th nht k thut iu luyn. Phong cch ny c Gossec, Viotti v cc nh son nhc khc Php, Spohr c tip tc. Khng c nhm ln gia th loi t tu (quartet) v th loi Concertant bn n (Quatuor concertant) m trong c 4 nhc c c cng tm quan trng.

Vienna vn l mt trung tm quan trng i vi th loi t tu trong mt phn t u tin ca th k 19 v nui dng cho nhng pht trin quan trng ca th loi din t ny. Cc t tu Op. 18 ca Beethoven c vit mt cch phng khong trong khun kh mt thng l c thit lp nhng t tu s 1 ging Pha c nhng du hiu m rng quy m m nh du bng cc t tu Razumovsky Op. 59 thuc thi k sng tc hu Eroica. Vi Op. 59 s i m c c mt hiu qu kch tnh v cc chng chm ca cc t tu thi k gia c vit c th nghe r nhng thanh m phong ph v kt cu trau chut. Nhng t tu cui cng vn th hin s quan tm ln hn v i m v a dng v kt cu ; mc sng to ca Beethoven vt xa cc nh son nhc cng thi mi kha cnh v cc t tu ring l c th bao gm c tnh cht nghim trang su sc ln s vui v th thi m khng c g phi l c.

Nhng nh Lng mn thi k u, trong c Schubert v Mendelssohn l cc tc gi t tu ni bt, ly cc t tu thi k gia hn l cc t tu thi k cui ca Beethoven lm xut pht im. H
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cng mn nhng c trng (bao gm c k thut tremolo c s dng nhiu trong ba kit tc Schubert sng tc khong nm 1824 26) t cch vit cho dn nhc v piano. Cc hnh mu kiu piano ng mt vai tr thm ch cn ln hn trong cc t tu ca Schumann. Nhiu nh son nhc t tn tui hn c chn cch i theo hnh mu ca Spohr, vit bin tu trn cc giai iu ph bin, cc khc on v cc quatuor brillant. Php ch mt s t nh son nhc thot khi s thng tr ca th loi quatuor brillant mc d cc t tu ca M.A. Gunin v Cherubini tin ln trn mc trung bnh; Berlioz (ging nh cc nh son nhc chng trnh khc nh Liszt v Wagner) khng vit t tu no. Thi k ny nc c rt t t tu trc khi Verdi sng tc t tu ging Mi th nm 1873.

T tu n dy dng nh t ra t trin vng i vi cc nh son nhc th k 19 vn bn tm vi cc quy m ln nh giao hng v th giao hng ; T tu ging Mi th ca Smetana From my Life (1876) l mt v d him hoi ca t tu mang tnh chng trnh. Th loi ny tm thy nhng ngi trung thnh mnh m hn trong s nhng nh son nhc nh Brahms v Reger, nhng ngi vn tip tc truyn thng C in. Tuy nhin n cng thu ht c s ch ca Dvorak v cc nh son nhc thuc trng phi dn tc Nga. C Borodin v Tchaikovky u a cc giai iu dn gian vo trong cc t tu ca mnh.

S phc hng m nhc thnh phng Php nh mt phn ln nh son nhc Csar Franck, ngi c t tu ging R trng (1889) s dng th thc chu k. N c tip ni bng cc t tu
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ca Debussy v Ravel (cng vi cc yu t mang tnh chu k), Faur, Milhaud v cc nh son nhc khc. Th loi ny hp thu cc cch din t ca cc trng phi tn c in, v iu thc, m nhc theo chui, dn tc ch ngha v cc trng phi khc ca th k 20, tri qua v s cu trc th nghim nhng rt t nh son nhc ln ly th loi ny lm trng tm sng tc. C l Bartk l mt ngoi l, ng vit su t tu c ghi nhn rng ri l cc k v thc s ca cc t tu thi k cui ca Beethoven theo ngha rng chng m rng phm vi din t ca th loi v c tm nh hng v cng ln. 15 t tu ca Shostakovich cng em li ng gp quan trng cho th loi. Hu ht cc nh son nhc danh ting quc t u bng lng vi vic vit rt t hoc thm ch vit mt tc phm ring l thuc th loi ny. Trong s c th k n cc t tu ca cc tn tui nh Bloch, Ives, Hindemith, Schnberg, Webern, Berg, Britten, Tippett, Lutoslawski v Carter.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) dch

Th loi Serenade

Trong m nhc, mt serenade (hay i khi l serenata) vi ngha ph bin nht ca n l mt tc phm m nhc hoc l mt bui biu din m nhc th hin s knh trng, tn vinh ai . C ba loi serenade trong lch s m nhc.
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1/ Trong cch dng c nht, tn ti hnh thc khng chnh thc, mt serenade l mt tc phm c biu din cho mt ngi c yu chung, ngi bn hay mt ngi no y c tn vinh, vi thi gian c trng l vo chiu ti v thng di ca s nh ngi . Phong tc chi serenade theo kiu ny bt u t thi Trung c hoc Phc hng v t "serenade" vi cch dng thng thng nht trong ngn ng hin hnh lin quan n phong tc ny. m nhc c biu din khng theo mt hnh thc c bit no, ngoi tr n c mt ngi ht t m n bng nhc c c th mang theo c, chng hn nh flute hoc guitar. Nhng tc phm thuc dng ny cng xut hin nhng thi i v sau, nhng thng l trong tnh hung c lin quan mt cch c bit n thi trc, chng hn nh mt aria trong mt v opera (mt v d ni ting l trong opera Don Giovanni ca Mozart).

2/ Trong thi Baroque, v thng c gi l mt serenata (t ting ca serenade - v hnh thc ny xut hin thng xuyn nht ), mt serenade l mt loi cantatac biu din ngoi tri, vo chiu ti vi nhng nhm nhc kh v ging ht. Mt vi nh son nhc ca loi serenade ny l Alessandro Stradella, Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Joseph Fux, Johann Mattheson v Antonio Caldara. Thng th c nhng tc phm quy m ln c biu din vi s dn dng ti thiu, chen gia mt cantata v mt v opera. Theo mt s nh ch gii, s khc nhau ch yu gia mt cantata v mt serenata, vo khong nm 1700, l serenata c biu din ngoi tri v v

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vy c th s dng nhng nhc c to m thanh qu to nu trong mt khn phng nh - v d nh trumpet, horn v trng.

3/ Loi serenade quan trng nht v thnh hnh nht trong lch s m nhc l mt tc phm vit cho ha tu kh nhc quy m ln nhiu chng, c lin quan n divertimento v ch yu c son nhng thi k C in v Lng mn, mc d mt t hnh mu tn ti t th k 20. Thng thng th tnh cht ca tc phm nh nhng thanh thot hn cc tc phm nhiu chng khc vit cho ha tu ln (v d nh giao hng), vi tnh cht du dng quan trng hn vic pht trin ch hay sc mnh kch tnh. Phn ln cc tc phm ny xut x t , c, o v Bohemia. Nhng v d ni ting nht ca th loi serenade t th k 18 chc chn l nhng serenade ca Mozart, l nhng tc phm c hn 4 chng nhc v i khi ln n 10 chng. Ha tu in hnh nht cho mt serenade l mt ha tu nhc c hi cng vi bass v viola: cc nhc cng c th ng, bi v tc phm thng biu din ngoi tri. Nhng serenade thng bt u v kt thc bng nhng chng nhc mang tnh cht hnh khc v cc nhc cng thng phi diu hnh n v ri khi ni biu din. Nhng serenade ni ting ca Mozart bao gm Haffner Serenade (m v sau ng son li thnh Haffner Symphony No. 35) v mt trong nhng tc phm ni ting nht ca ng, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, m ch vit cho nhng nhc c dy mt cch khng theo thng l.

n th k 19, serenade chuyn thnh tc phm ha nhc, t lin quan n vic biu din ngoi tri trong nhng dp l lt tn vinh, v
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cc nh son nhc bt u vit nhng serenade cho ha tu khc. Hai serenade ca Brahms kh ging nhng bn giao hng nh, tr vic chng s dng mt dng ha tu m Mozart tha nhn: mt dn nhc nh khng c violin. Dvok, Tchaikovsky, Josef Suk v nhng nh son nhc khc vit serenade ch cho n dy, Hugo Wolf cng vy, ng vit mt t tu n dy (Italian Serenade). Nhng nh son nhc khc vit serenade theo phong cch Lng mn bao gm Richard Strauss, Max Reger, Edward Elgar v Jean Sibelius.

Mt s v d v serenade th k 20 bao gm Serenade cho Tenor, Horn v n dy ca Benjamin Britten, Serenade cho piano ca Stravinsky, Serenade cho baritone v by nhc c Op. 24 ca Arnold Schoenberg v chng nhc c tiu "Serenade" trong t tu dy cui cng No. 15 (1974) ca Shostakovich. Mt v d v serenade th k 21 l Serenade cho n dy c Nigel Keay sng tc vo nm 2002.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

Romance

Thut ng romance (ting Ty Ban Nha: romance/romanza, ting : romanza, ting c Romanze, ting

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Php: romance, ting Nga: ) c mt lch s di hng th k. Bt u l nhng ballad mang tnh k chuyn Ty Ban Nha, n th k 18 n c p dng i vi nhng tc phm tr tnh khng ch vit cho ging ht m cn cho nhc c. Romance, vi hm lng mn, th mng (theo t in Grove Music), c th l mt tc phm vit cho ging ht v phn m kh nhc, i khi p dng cho nhng tc phm kh nhc, thm ch cho mt chng ca mt tc phm ln (v d nh chng hai violin concerto ca Ludvig van Beethoven, chng hai piano concerto No. 20 ging R th (K.466) ca Wolgang Amadeus Mozart...)

Romance cho ging ht solo v phn m kh nhc l mt th loi th-nhc c khun kh va phi. Xut hin vo gia th k 18 c bit l Php v , n thng cp n cc ch tnh yu bng m nhc hnh thc n gin, thng l hai hay ba on n. Tuy nhin, cng c khi cn gp nhng romance c cu trc phc tp hn nh hnh thc rondo chng hn.

Vai tr phn m ca nhc kh trong romance rt quan trng. N gp phn din t r hn hnh tng ca giai iu, to mu sc cho giai iu, v d nh romance "Chim sn ca" ca Mikhail Glinka c phn m ho li ting chim ht. Romance "Ngi th xay v dng sui" v "Con c hi" ca Franz Schubert c phn m nh ho li ting rc rch ca nc chy. Nhc c m c a vo romance thng l clavecin, harp v nht l piano. Tuy nhin cc cu trc khc c th l ging ht vi phn m ca mt tam tu hay t tu n dy, mt dn nhc thnh phng thm ch c mt dn nhc y
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. Trong nhng trng hp khc, mt nhc c khc (bt buc) c d nh to ra mt mu sc c bit cho tc phm (n c th cn n flute, violin, horn...)

Th loi romance cho ging ht solo v phn m kh nhc t n thi k hong kim ca mnh trong thi Cch mng Php v ch Napoleon, ri dn suy tn di thi Trung hng. Tuy nhin n cng t ti thnh cng tm c nht l trong cc salon v c trong cc bui ha nhc. Romance cng xut hin trong cc phng tc ca th loi trong cc tc phm khc, c bit l trong opera nhng cng c trong m nhc tn gio na. Ta c th thy mt romance cnh 4 mn II v hi kch Mariage de Figaro ou la Folle journe (Ngy in r hay m ci Figaro) ca Beaumarchais. N c ly cm hng t phong cch thi Trung c. Bn romance l mt bi th di hnh thc bi ca, ton b da trn giai iu ca Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre (mt bi ca c ca Php m phn li li c cho l ca Madame de Svign) c d tnh quyn r b b tc. Aria "Je crois entendre encore" trch trong opera Les pcheurs de perles (Nhng ngi m ngc trai) ca Georges Bizet cng c lit vo th loi romance trong tng ph.

Th loi romance cho ging ht solo v phn m kh nhc sau nhng ch cho th loi mlodie Php nhng c bit l c thay th bng th loi lied c ngun gc c. Trong th k 18 v 19 cc nh son nhc Nga pht trin nhiu loi romance Php thnh th loi romance tnh cm ca Nga.

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Romance kh nhc thng c vit cho mt nhc c chnh (violin, flute...) km theo vi phn m piano hay dn nhc. Chng hn nh hai romance cho violin v dn nhc (no. 1 G-dur, Op. 40 v no. 2 in F-dur, Op. 50) ca Beethoven; Romance ging Pha th, Op. 11, cho violin v piano ca Antonin Dvorak; Drei Romanze cho violin v piano ca Clara Schumann... Ngoi ra cng c cc romance cho cc nhc c solo nh piano, guitar... Robert Schumann c bit a chung tiu romance cho cc tc phm piano ca mnh song ng cng c romance cho nhc c khc nh 3 Romance cho oboe v piano bn tay Op. 94 nm 1849.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

m nhc chng trnh (Program Music)

I. Gii thiu m nhc chng trnh l m nhc m t mt ch ngoi m nhc, chng hn mt cu chuyn, mt i tng hay mt quang cnh, bng cch s dng nhng hiu qu ca m nhc. Nhng n lc s dng m nhc vo mc ch m t c l cng xa nh chnh m nhc vy. Cu hi liu rng ch ring m nhc c kh nng m t bt c ch no hay khng l mt cu hi c v tht s cha bao gi c cu tr li. Ngi ta nghi ng rng liu thnh gi c nhn ra ci g ang c
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miu t bng m nhc khng nu khng c s tr gip ca cc tiu , cc phn tm lc hay cc ch thch chng trnh, cc trch dn vn hc hay cc trch dn t nhng giai iu ni ting c mi lin h c bit, chng hn nh nhng hnh khc qun i, thnh ca, tnh ca truyn thng, bi ht i sn hay bi ca i quc...

Nhng m phng m thanh thc t hin nhin, chng hn nh hiu ng ting sm trn trng nh m hay m thanh gn ging ting chim t flute, c th thc hin c v c cc nh son nhc s dng t nhiu th k. Ngi nghe c th nhn ra m khng cn phi c ct ngha i vi tc phm cho n phm La poule (Con g mi, 1706) ca nh son nhc Php Jean Philippe Rameau. Ngh s violin bc thy Nicolo Paganini c th ti to trn cy n ca mnh nhng m thanh m ngi nghe ngay lp tc nhn ra l m thanh ca mt sn nui g vt hay ting chung nh th. Tuy vy, ngoi nhng kh nng thuc v ch ngha hay mang tnh biu din thu ht s ch ca vic m t bng m nhc, yu t tng tng l cn thit i vi thnh gi cho d nh son nhc a ra thm nhng ging gii bn cnh m nhc. Trong mt vi trng hp, chng hn nh ch c gi l nh mnh m u bn giao hng s 5 ca nh son nhc ngi c Ludwig van Beethoven, cng chng c cung cp ngha ca m nhc m nh son nhc khng thng bo, t nht l bng t ng.

II. Nhng tc phm trc thi k Lng mn Nhng nh son nhc vit cho n phm v n dy thi k u thng sng tc nhng tc phm mang tnh miu t, chng hn nh
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 th k 16 nh son nhc ngi Anh William Byrd miu t li mt trn nh trong tc phm Mr. Byrd's Battell vit cho n phm. Nhng miu t nh vy c tip tc sng tc trong th k 17 v 18. Mt s tc phm tiu biu l Musical Representations of Various Biblical Stories, mt b 6 sonata cho harpsichord ca nh son nhc kim ngh s organ c Johann Kuhnau v The Four Seasons, mt b 4 concerto grosso ca nh son nhc Antonio Vivaldi.

Trong thi k C in (khong 1750 1820) mc tiu thm m ca m nhc khng khuyn khch vic miu t nhng ch ngoi m nhc; thay vo l tp trung vo vic phi hp nhng yu t m nhc theo quy lut m nhc thun ty. Nu cc tc phm kh nhc ca thi k ny cha ng s miu t th cc yu t ngoi m nhc thng c lm cho ph hp trong phm vi mt s phi hp cc mi lin h bng m nhc thun ty. Mt v d cho cch tip cn ny l bn Giao hng ng qu (1808) ca Beethoven. m nhc chng trnh thc s c tip tc vo cui th k 19, khi nhng nh son nhc cho chng trnh quyt nh hnh thc ton th ca mt tc phm cng nh nhng mi lin h ni ti ca n.

III. Th k 19 u th k 19, nn m nhc chu nh hng ln lao t mt tro lu vn hc c bit n di ci tn Ch ngha lng mn. Nh son nhc Php Hector Berlioz v nh son nhc c Franz Liszt l nhng ngi dn u trong vic pht trin m nhc chng trnh, v khi n bt u c bit n. H sng tc nhng tc phm m nhc da trn hoc ly cm hng t nhng ti vn hc, hi ha
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v nhng ti khc. Chng hn nh trong Symphonie fantastique (Giao hng o tng, 1830), Berlioz lp li mt giai iu din t s hin din ca mt ngi ph n m nh trong gic m ca ngi ngh s. Trong nhng tc phm hay nht ca Berlioz, mt s c ly ti t tc phm ca William Shakespeare v Virgil. S ngng m nhn vt lng mn ph bin trong thi k ny to cm hng cho cc tc phm giao hng mang y bu khng kh. Nh Berlioz vi bn giao hng Harold in Italy (1834) c da trn anh hng ca ca nh th ngi Anh George Gordon, Lord Byron; Franz Liszt vi Faust Symphony (1857) v Dante Symphony (1857) cng da trn nhng tc phm vn chng ln. Trong nhng bn giao hng trn cng nh trong cc tc phm nh Les prludes (1854) m Liszt ngh ra thut ng th giao hng (symphonic poem), Liszt s dng ch qun xuyn, cc tit nhc dng giai iu c bit nh dng nhng nhn vt, nhng hnh ng hay biu tng, mt s cch tn c con r ng l nh son nhc Richard Wagner pht trin trong cc tc phm nhc kch ca mnh.

Trong hnh trnh th k 19, s ni ln ca ch ngha dn tc c phn nh trong cc tc phm nh M vlast (T quc ti, 1874-1879), mt lin khc th giao hng miu t cc kha cnh ca t nc qu hng tc gi - Bedich Smetana v Finlandia (1900), mt bn th giao hng tha thit ca Jean Sibelius ngi ca t nc Phn Lan ca ng. m nhc chng trnh c l t ti hnh thc phc tp nht trong nhng tc phm th giao hng ca nh son nhc ngi c Richard Strauss, ngi dng mi ti nguyn ca dn nhc hin i thi by gi din t nhng nhn vt v s kin lng
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mn, nh trong tc phm Don Quixote (1898) da theo tiu thuyt cng tn ca nh vn Ty Ban Nha Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Trong tc phm ny, ng dng cello solo miu t nhn vt Don Quixote v viola solo miu t ngi hu cn trung thnh ca Don Quixote, trong khi ton b dn nhc c dng bnh lun, minh ha cho nhng cuc phiu lu ca h.

IV. Nhng hng pht trin khc Nhng kiu m nhc chng trnh khc c th k n nh La danse macabre (1874) (V iu ma qu) - mt bi tp k cc ca nh son nhc Php Camille Saint-Sans; Nhng bin tu Enigma (1899) nhng bc chn dung bng m nhc m t mt nhm bn ca nh son nhc Anh Edward Elgar; Prlude l'aprs-midi d'un faune (Prelude Bui chiu ca thn in d, 1894) - mt gi t bng m nhc ca Claude Debussy theo thi phm cng tn ca nh th Php Stphane Mallarm v Music for a Great City (1964) - mt tc phm cho dn nhc miu t cuc sng thnh ph New York ca nh son nhc M Aaron Copland.

m nhc chng trnh cng c s dng tuyn truyn chnh tr, chng hn nh trong bn giao hng s 3 (May Day, 1931)canh son nhc Nga Dmitri Shostakovich, mt tc phm biu dng ngy quc t lao ng.

Mt s nh son nhc gn y hn, c bit l nhng ngi s dng h thng 12 m, c xu hng nhn mnh tnh tru tng ca m nhc. V nu h s dng cc tiu th u chn tiu v
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nhng ngha chung chung hn l v nhng ngha c th, nh trong tc phm Differences (1959) ca nh son nhc Luciano Berio v Moments (1965) ca nh son nhc c Karlheinz Stockhausen. m nhc c to ra t nhc c in t hay thit b in t c th c coi l i ngc li vi nhng nguyn tc truyn thng trong vic m t bng m nhc, v n hot ng bng nhng m thanh t nhiu ngun ngoi m nhc c th nhn ra c v bng cch ha ln, pha trn hay bp mo m ly ra ci c th trong lnh vc ca ci tru tng. Nhiu tc phm m nhc kiu ny c dng m t nhng kha cnh k l v khi hi ca cuc sng, nh trong tc phm Silver Apples of the Moon (1967) ca Morton Subotnick. Nh son nhc M John Adams a nhng yu t chng trnh vo tc phm ca mnh nh tc phm vit cho dn nhc My Father Knew Charles Ives (2003) m ng m t nh mt tc phm t truyn bng m nhc.

Nguyn V Lm dch

Th loi Prelude

1/ Gii thiu chung: Prelude (khc do u) l mt khc nhc ngn, thng khng c hnh thc ni ti c bit, c th ng vai tr l

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mt s gii thiu cho nhng chng nhc tip theo ca mt tc phm m thng di v phc tp hn. Nhiu prelude c mt ostinato (mt motif hay mt cu nhc c lp i lp li nhiu ln vi cng mt ging) tip din sut t u n cui, thng l nhiu nhp v giai iu khc nhau. Chng cng c tnh ngu hng mt mc no trong phong cch. Prelude c th lin quan n overture, c bit l nhng prelude trong mt v opera hay mt oratorio.

2/ Lch s: Nhng prelude sm nht l nhng sng tc cho n lute ca thi Phc hng. Chng l nhng khc ng tc t do v c dng nh nhng on gii thiu ngn cho mt on nhc ln hn; nhng ngi chi n lute cng dng chng kim tra nhc c hoc vang m ca cn phng trc bui biu din. Nhng prelude cho n phm bt u xut hin vo th k 17 Php: Nhng prelude khng nhp, m trong di ca mi nt ty thuc vo ngi biu din, c s dng nh l nhng chng m u trong nhng t khc cho n harpsichord. Louis Couperin (1626 - 1661) l nh son nhc u tin i theo th loi ny. Nhng prelude cho n harpsichord c ng o cc nh son nhc s dng cho n tn na u ca th k 18 trong c Jean-Henri d'Anglebert (1629 1691), lisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre (1665 - 1729), Franois Couperin (1668 - 1733) v Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683 - 1764), ngi m nhng khc nhc u tin c xut bn (1706) l th loi ny. Nhng prelude khng nhp cho harpsichord cui cng li thi t nhng nm 1710.

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S pht trin ca prelude c vo th k 17 dn n mt hnh thc cu thnh tng t nh i vi cc toccata cho n phm do Johann Jakob Froberger hay Girolamo Frescobaldi sng tc. Nhng prelude do cc nh son nhc c min Bc nh Dieterich Buxtehude (1637 - 1707) v Nikolaus Bruhns (1665 - 1697) bao gm nhng on ng tc t do cng nhng phn c vit theo li i m nghim ngt (thng l nhng fugue ngn). Ngoi nc c, Abraham van den Kerckhoven (1618 - 1701), mt trong nhng nh son nhc H Lan quan trng nht ca thi k ny, s dng mu hnh ny cho mt s prelude ca ng. Nhng nh son nhc min Nam v Trung nc c khng theo hnh mu cu thnh ny v cc prelude ca h vn mang tnh ng tc v tnh cht vi rt t hoc khng c i m nghim ngt.

Trong na cui th k 17, nhng nh son nhc c bt u ghp cp nhng prelude (i khi l nhng toccata) vi nhng fugue theo cng mt iu thc. Johann Pachelbel (1653 - 1706) l mt trong nhng ngi u tin lm nh vy (nhng prelude ca ng khng t th nhiu tng t nh cc toccata ca ng), mc d cc khc "prelude v fugue" ca Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750) nhiu hn v ngy nay ni ting hn. Nhng prelude cho organ ca Bach hon ton thay i, dn ti nhng nh hng c min Nam v min Bc nc c.

Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer (mt nm 1746) l mt trong nhng nh son nhc c u tin mang phong cch Php cui th k 17 ti m nhc cho n harpsichord, thay th overture tiu chun
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Php bng mt prelude khng nhp. Ariadne musica ca Fischer l mt tp nhc cho n phm bao gm nhng cp prelude v fugue; nhng prelude hon ton a dng v khng thch ng vi bt k hnh mu c bit no. Ariadne musica ng vai tr nh mt tin thn ca Well-Tempered Clavier ca Bach, hai tp gm 24 prelude v fugue theo tng cp i. Nhng prelude ca Bach cng a dng, mt s na n nhng v khc thi Baroque, mt s khc l nhng tc phm i m hai-v-ba b, khng ging nh tp tc phm Inventions and Sinfonias (BWV 772 - 801) ca ng.

Well-Tempered Clavier ca Bach nh hng n hu ht nhng nh son nhc ln ca nhng th k tip theo v nhiu ngi thng vit nhng prelude thnh b gm 12 hay 24 bn, i khi vi d nh s dng c 24 iu trng v th nh Bach lm. Frdric Chopin (1810 - 1849) vit mt b 24 prelude, Op. 28, gii phng prelude ra khi mc ch mang tnh gii thiu ban u ca n. Nhiu nh son nhc sau ng vit nhng prelude ng vai tr nh nhng tc phm c lp: c bit quan trng trong s l hai tp prelude cho piano trng phi n tng ca Claude Debussy (1862 - 1918), tc phm nh hng n nhiu nh son nhc v sau.

Prelude cng c mt s nh son nhc th k 20 s dng khi vit nhng t khc ly cm hng Baroque. Nhng tc phm nh vy gm c Le Tombeau de Couperin (Ngi m ca Couperin (1914/17) ca Ravel v T khc cho piano, Op. 25 (1921/23) ca Schoenberg, c hai tc phm u bt u bng mt prelude mang tnh gii thiu.

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3/ Nhng tp prelude tr danh: - Ariadne musica (1702), ca J.C.F. Fischer, bao gm 20 prelude v fugue 19 iu thc khc nhau. - Johann Sebastian Bach vit hai tp Well-Tempered Clavier (1722). Mi tp bao gm 24 prelude, tng bn trong mi tp ln lt nhng iu thc trng v iu thc th, vi mi prelude c tip theo bng mt fugue cng iu thc. Nhng prelude c nh s l l nhng iu thc trng, bt u bng trng v mi bn c tip theo bng mt prelude iu thc th tng ng. Nhng prelude c nh s l tin ln tng na cung (v d : No.1 trng, No.2 th, No.3 thng trng...) - Ludwig van Beethoven vit hai prelude, Op. 39; mi mt bn quay vng qua tt c nhng iu thc trng ca n piano. - Frdric Chopin vit 24 Prelude, Op. 28 quay vng qua tt c nhng iu thc trng v iu thc th. Nhng prelude c nh s l l nhng iu thc trng, bt u bng trng v mi bn c tip theo bng mt prelude iu thc th tng ng. Nhng prelude tin ln qua du thng tng dn v du ging gim dn (v d: No.1 trng, No.2 La th, No.3 Son trng) - Claude Debussy vit hai tp 12 prelude. Tp 1 (1910) v tp 2 (1913), tng cng l 24 prelude. Tn ca prelude c cui mi khc, trong khi s La M ng vai tr nh tiu . - Sergei Rachmaninov vit 1 prelude, Op. 3 No. 2; 10 Prelude, Op. 23 v 13 Prelude, Op. 32, tng cng l 24 Prelude. - Alexander Scriabin vit 24 Prelude, Op. 11, v nhiu b prelude ngn hn. ng theo m hnh nh nhng prelude ca Chopin ( trng, La th, Son trng, Mi th, R trng...)
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- Paul Hindemith vit Ludus Tonalis (Tr chi ca cc nt nhc, 1940), 1 prelude, 11 interlude v mt postlude, tt c tch bit thnh 12 fugue. - Alberto Ginastera vit mt b gm 12 prelude M ((Doce Preludios Americanos) (1946) - Dmitri Shostakovich vit mt b gm 24 Prelude v Fugue vo nm 1951, cng nh l mt b 24 Prelude cho piano thi k trc .

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp Th loi Overture

Overture (ting Php: ouverture; ting c: Ouvertre; ting : sinfonia) l mt khc nhc c di trung bnh, hoc gii thiu mt tc phm mang tnh kch hoc c d tnh cho biu din ha nhc. 1.Cc nh ngha T overture, bt ngun t ouverture trong ting Php, c ngha l tc phm gm hai hoc nhiu on to thnh mt s gii thiu gy n tng cho mt v ballet, opera hay oratorio th k 17. (i khi n c p dng, nht l Bach, cho mt t khc gm mt nhm chng v khc.) Theo cch s dng th k 18, n c m rng ti cc tc phm kiu giao hng, cho d n c phi l cc khc m mn cho cc tc phm nhc kch hay khng; cc thut ng thng
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c s dng c th hon i cho nhau. Do trong nhng nm 1790, cc bn giao hng Lun n ca Haydn i khi li c l overtures.

Trong cch s dng hin i, th nht, t ny c ngha l mt khc nhc quan trng vit cho dn nhc c d tnh trnh din trc mt tc phm mang tnh kch (v th n gm c overture m thc t c th c gi l sinfonia). N c th c vit thnh mt hay nhiu on v c th kt thc hon ton hoc khng trc khi chuyn kch bt u (overture cho Die Entfhrung aus dem Serail ca Mozart l v d cho trng hp khng kt thc hon ton). Thng thng th n kt thc vi mt on nhc nhanh c phn chi sng. Nu khng th nhiu kh nng n c gi l mt prelude (Wagner thng gi l Vorspiel), nh trng hp v Tristan und Isolde hay mt introduction nh trng hp v Swan Lake.

T ny cng c m rng ti tc phm c quy m tng ng c d tnh dnh cho biu din c lp trong mt bui ha nhc. Mt overture ha nhc (concert overture) thng, ch khng phi lun lun, c mt tiu hoc l gi ra mt ni dung mang tnh vn chng hay hnh tng (nh The Hebrides ca Mendelssohn) hoc l ng nht vi s kin m v n tc phm c vit ra (nh Die Weihe des Hauses ca Beethoven hay Akademische Festouvertre ca Brahms). N gn nh tng ng vi chng th nht ca mt bn giao hng v b hn ch hn so vi mt bn th giao hng.

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2. Overture mang tnh kch

Nhng bui biu din ca triu nh thi Phc hng thng bt u bng mt hi kn trumpet theo phong cch vn tn ti n ngy nay nh Orfeo (1607) ca Monteverdi. Mt sinfonia thi i ban u ny l bt c chng nhc no trong tin trnh ca mt v opera; thng th chng c chi trc mi hi hoc phn ca tc phm ln. Sinfonia u Il Sant'Alessio (1631 hoc 1632) ca Landi din ra theo ba on, nhanh - chm - nhanh, nhng cch sp t ny c t lu trc bt c p dng c h thng no kiu nh vy. Cc opera Venetian ca nhng nm 1640 v 1650 ni chung bt u bng mt chng nhc cng ch iu vit cho cc n dy solo v chy lin (continuo), ba tit nhc ngn, chm. Trong mt vi trng hp n ng vai tr nh on ip khc (ritornello) ca phn thanh nhc u tin. Trong La Dori (1657) ca Cesti n c s dng hai ln: ging R trc prologue (phn m u) v ging trc hi th nht. V sau sinfonia ny c m rng ti hai hay nhiu chng vi cc nhp v tit tu khc nhau v ti khi trong m hnh thng dng nht tr thnh nhp i chm c tip theo bng nhp ba nhanh khng ging nh mt cp v khc (Scipione affricano ca Cavalli chng hn).

Mt hnh thc tng t c s dng trong ballet de cour (ballet triu nh) Php c gi l overture t ra l t nm 1640 (trong Ballet de Mademoiselle, xut bn Prunires). Lully m rng n v bt u pht trin s tng phn c trng gia hai on. on u tr nn ging hnh khc vi cc nhp im vo mt cch khoa
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trng mang v uy nghim qun ch chuyn ch. V c trng, n s kt thc bng mt half-cadence v s c lp li. on th hai thng nhp ba hoc nhp phc v ging canzona trong cch s dng m phng; ni chung th c n cng s c lp li. Thng c mt on ngn quay li nhp v tit tu ca on u phn kt. Overture c trng hon chnh u tin l overture trong ballet Alcidiane (1658) ca Lully. Trong tragdie lyrique (bi kch tr tnh) t Lully ti Rameau, n thng gm mt cp overture, mt trc prologue v mt gii thiu chnh v opera. Tng ph ch yu l vit cho oboe, dn dy nm b v chy lin (continuo). Overture kiu Php c m phng theo c, Anh v i khi ngay c . Handel a s dng n mt cch t do hn v thng vi mt s a dng cc chng thm vo v i khi c kt ni vi din bin tip theo ca chuyn kch. nc Anh overture kiu Php c th c s dng nh prelude cho mt v kch ni, nh trong The Beggar's Opera v cng tr nn ph bin mt phin bn n phm (Pont).

Overture (sinfonia avanti l'opera), xut pht t nhng khi nguyn m phng tng t, bt u pht trin mt m hnh chun mc Naples cui th k 17. V c trng n c ba on ngn, n gin c sp xp theo trnh t nhanh - chm - nhanh. Alessandro Scarlatti s dng loi hnh ny trong Tutto il mal non vien per nuocere (1681) v vi mt s quy tc sau nm 1965. Trong tng ph ca ng thng c mt hoc hai trumpet tham gia vo hai chng vng ngoi, chi cc on chi sng c violin (cng c th l ha m flute v oboe trong Eraclea, 1700) lp li. Thc t th overture t giai on ny i khi khng th phn bit c vi mt trumpet
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concerto, ng nhin l ging R trng (mt v d hay l sinfonia trong serenata Il giardino di amore, c170005, ca Scarlatti). on gia chm ch c cc n dy thng mau chng chuyn sang cc ging th tng ng v on cui cng l mt chng v khc nhp i phc. Cc oratorio kiu trong thi k ny c th tng t cc sonata nh th hoc theo hnh thc overture kiu Php hoc kiu .

Trong cc opera u th k 18, overture dn dn lan truyn n bc Alps. Croesus (1711) ca Keiser ban u c mt overture Php nhng khi ng chnh sa n vo nm 1730 ng thay bng mt overture mi theo phong cch . Php, overture phn no gy ra nhng cuc tranh ci cng khai ko di trong ti cc phong cch chng li cc phong cch Php. Hn na cc chng vng ngoi bt u ging vi cc cng hnh thc sonata m khng c nhng phn pht trin. C hai phn nhnh : overture ip khc trong on th ba dng cht liu y ht on m u (c th thy ngay t Don Chisciotte ca Caldara nm 1727) v loi overture hai chng trong tit mc xng m m u ng vai tr nh phn kt ca overture (Fux, Elisa, 1719).

C ba loi hnh u cn tn li sau nm 1760, n lc overture tr thnh tiu chun cho cc v opera khp chu u. Tuy nhin hnh thc vn ang pht trin theo nhng li song song gn gi vi s ci bin ca aria da capo (aria c ti hin) v khin n dn dn tch ra khi giao hng ch thc. Loi hnh ba chng dn bin mt : overture cui cng ca Mozart nm 1775, ca Haydn
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nm 1779. Overture ip khc tn ti t nht cho n Socrate immaginario (1775) ca Paisiello v Die Entfhrung (1782) ca Mozart, trong n dn vo mt aria c da trn on chm. Loi hnh hai chng cng tip tc hng thnh trong mt thi gian, nh trong Philemon und Baucis (1773) ca Haydn. Nhng n nm 1790, hnh thc c thit lp ch c mt chng c lp, thng vi mt introduction chm. N rt ging vi chng m u ca giao hng ng thi ngoi tr s vng bng ca mt phn pht trin trng yu.

Mt phn quan trng trong ci cch opera seria l n lc kt ni overture mt cch xc cm v kch tnh vi v opera sp din : iu ny c tuyn b r rng trong li ta cho Alceste (1767) ca Gluck, v opera m overture th hin tm trng bi thng l c trng ca hi th nht. Cc v opera c tnh thi s khng phi mi hon ton : bi cnh bo t c th thy t L'albero del ramo d'oro (1681) ca Draghi v chnh Gluck cng th vit mt overture Trung Hoa cho v Le cinesi (1754) v mt overture Th Nh K cho opera La rencontre imprvue (1764). Idomeneo, Die Entfhrung vLe nozze di Figaro ca Mozart bt u gii thiu vi khn gi din bin kch sp xy ra theo cc cch khc nhau. Trong Don Giovanni, Cos fan tutte, Die Zauberflte th overture trch cc m nhc quan trng t v opera, mt cch lm c Rameau thit lp trong cc tc phm thi k cui ca ng v thc t l c Pepusch tin hnh trong The Beggar's Opera. Overture hn hp trit hn, ghp chui mt s giai iu c s dng trong v opera, hnh nh l mt sng kin ca ngi Anh, c th tm thy v
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d trong The Touchstone (1779) ca Dibdin. Tp ch The Times, ph bnh The Lad of the Hills vo ngy 11/4/1796, trch c rng khc overture rt chi l l l la, gm nhng giai iu tnh l c k c c rp vi nhau mt cch ti t, nhng giai iu m v sau c ht ln theo nhng li ca c vit mi trong tin trnh ca v opera.

V th, mi cht liu chnh ca overture nhc kch th k 19 c mt v tr thch ng trc nm 1800. Trong khi nhng tc phm thi k u ca Rossini s dng kiu mu mt chng rp khun chng nhc hnh thc sonata thiu phn pht trin, nhng bng mt introduction chm c lp, Spontini, Mhul v nhng nh Lng mn c thi k u li c xu hng pht trin vit overture cho opera theo tm trng v ch . Beethoven s dng cc motif tnh kch mnh m trong ba overture Leonore ca mnh, trong khi Weber trong Der Freischtz v Euryanthe li m rng phng php nhm ti mt im ni m hu ht mi ch , c trong nhng on nhanh v chm, u ti xut hin ti mt im quan trng trong truyn kch. Nhng cu trc chnh thc t thay i. Cc tc gi grand opra Php t v Guillaume Tell tr i c xu hng m rng overture truyn thng bng mt on tr tnh chm i trc phn kt lun nhanh v kch kit. H thng em vo cc ch quan trng v mang tnh biu tng t v opera, v d nh phn chorale Ein feste Burg trong Les Huguenots ca Meyerbeer. Wagner trong nhng v opera thi k u ca mnh m phng phong cch ny, nhng trong b 4 opera Der Ring des Nibelungen ng li a thch mt prelude c hon ton ha nhp trong nhc kch. Tannhuser (1845) l mt trong nhng opera seria quan trng cui cng c dn u bng
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mt overture c lp, quan trng trong . Vi Bellini, Donizetti v Verdi th prelude lun l kh nng la chn v n tr nn thng dng trong opera t gia th k, mc d La forza del destino (1862) c mt overture c m rng. Vi Verdi, prelude cho hi th nht c th khng di hn prelude cho cc hi khc. v Aida (1871), ng th nghim bng mt overture quy m trn vn nhng li chn mt prelude ban u c d tnh nh mt entracte. Otello khng c c overture ln prelude. Mt s opera dn tc ch ngha, chng hn nh Prince Igor, c mt chng hnh thc sonata trn vn vi phn introduction chm.

Trong cc opera comic v operetta, overture c lp ko di hn v y cu trc c da trn nhng ch t truyn kch ch tr thnh mt hn hp cc giai iu c th vi mt on ngn cui cng hnh thc sonata nh l mt kt ni vi hnh thc truyn thng. Overture kiu chp nht ny l m hnh thng c Auber, Gounod, Thomas, Offenbach, Johann Strauss II v Sullivan la chn; n c th vn cn du vt trong cc overture nhc kch hi (musical comedy) thi hin ti.

Cc overture ca oratorio c xu hng bo th. Mt ngoi l l Representation of Chaos (Cnh hn lon) gii thiu cho The Creation (ng Sng th, 1798) ca Haydn, mt thng li hnh dung duy nht trong prelude kh nhc c em lm tit on th nht ca chnh truyn kch. Trong kha cnh ny n i trc cc phng php ca Wagner n hn 50 nm. Overture Php cha bao gi bin mt hon ton trong oratorio v trong th k 19 n nhn c
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mt s thc y lch s ch ngha. Nghin cu ca Smither a ra cc danh sch khong 40 oratorio c v Php m u bng overture Php, ch yu l theo hnh mu ca Handel. Cc nh son nhc thng cm thy min cng khi vit cc fugue quan trng trong nh Spohr lm trong Des Heilands letzte Stunden v Mendelssohn trong Elijah. Nhng Liszt, cho mi oratorio trong 2 tc phm th loi ny ca mnh, vit mt overture l mt rhapsody t do trn mt giai iu thnh ca c.

2. Overture ha nhc

Khng h c thi k no m overture ha nhc li hon ton khc bit vi overture nhc kch c. Ch nh mt s giao hng thi k u ca Haydn v Mozart c s dng gii thiu cc tc phm sn khu, nn nhng overture v sau ca h i khi tch khi cc opera v c chi nh cc tc phm ha nhc. Mt s phn kt c thm vo overture Don Giovanni mang li cho n mt kt thc trn vn khi s dng lm ha nhc, version phn kt u tin l ca chnh nh son nhc. Ging nh mt s overture ca Handel, nhiu overture ca Mozart, Cherubini v Beethoven nm trong danh mc ha nhc mt thi gian di sau khi cc tc phm sn khu m chng vn thuc v b qun lng. iu ny c bit ging chuyn xy ra vi cc overture cho cc v kch, nhng khc nhc m cn xa mi quan trng hn bt c khc nhc no c s dng trong v kch. Overture ca Beethoven cho v kch Coriolan ca Collin c chi trong ha nhc thm ch t trc bui cng din ln u tc phm sn khu.
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T y ch cn mt bc nh tin n vic sng tc mt oveture nh mt tc phm c lp. Mt overture c th c a vo phn u ca tc phm sn khu hoc dnh cho k nim quc l: mt s overture ca Beethoven c vit cho nhng mc ch nh vy v ri mau chng tr thanh cc tc phm ha nhc chun mc. Gia nm 1805 v 1820 nhiu nh son nhc c vit cc overture hnh thc mt chng nhc theo m hnh kiu Mozart m khng c tiu hay bng mt tiu ch ni nn dp m chng c biu din. Trong s c Hoffmann, A.J. Romberg, Weber v Winter. Schubert sng tc mt vi overture, mt trong s , bn Theo phong cch , v sau c sa cha v s dng trong overture cho Rosamunde. Die Weihe des Hauses ca Beethoven l mt overture ha nhc tru tng theo truyn thng ny. N c mt cu trc khng bnh thng, bao gm mt s on khng th on trc c ni tip bng mt fugue di v no nhit. Cc overture ha nhc khng c tiu v sau c Spohr, Wagner, Bruckner v nhng ngi khc sng tc; Kalliwoda vit n 15 bn.

Nhng overture ha nhc Lng mn in hnh, mc d vn cn c th nhn din theo hnh thc c in, c mt tiu mang tnh lch s, th ca hay hnh nh m nh son nhc t cho gii thch m nhc ca mnh, theo cch ph bin. C l v d thc s u tin l Der Beherrscher der Geister (1811) ca Weber. Mc du n ch l mt phin bn c sa cha t overture cho mt v opera cha hon thnh, Rbezahl (18045), tiu ca n n thun mang tnh din t, khng c lin quan g n bt c tc phm mang
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tnh kch no. N c vit theo hnh thc chng nhc th sonata m khng c introduction. Tuy nhin Botstiber xem Mendelssohn nh mt nh son nhc ch thc ca cc overture ha nhc. Overture cho v A Midsummer Nights Dream (Gic mng m h) c vit nh mt piano duet (1826) v c cng din ln u nh mt tc phm ha nhc : m nhc b tr cho v kch khng c thm vo mi cho n nhiu nm sau . Meeresstille und glckliche Fahrt ca ng c ly cm hng khi ng c cun sch cng tn ca Goethe, trong khi The Hebrides, ban u c gi l Die einsame Insel v v sau l The Isles of Fingal, c gi t chuyn ti thm nhng hn o Scotland. Trong trng hp Melusine, tc nhn kch thch li l mt ln nghe v opera b bc b ca Kreutzer: Mendelssohn khng thch bn overture n ni ng quyt nh vit mt bn khc, th hin iu ng cm thy l ngha thc s ca cu chuyn thn tin ca Schiller.

Trong nhng tc phm , Mendenlshohn s dng mt hnh thc ni ting v c hiu nh mt phng tin thit lp khng kh ca mt v opera v bin i n i m khng thay i mt cch trit , hin thn cho s p li ca c nhn i vi mt tc phm ngh thut hay tc phm thin nhin c th. Mt chng trnh chi tit gn nh l khng th nu hnh thc c duy tr : kt qu l mt tc phm mang tnh tm trng, khng phi l tng thut bng m nhc. Cc overture ha nhc ca Mendelssohn c l l nhng v d hon ho nht ca th loi ny. D nhin l khng c mt nh son nhc ln no khc m cc overture li gp mt phn quan trng n th trong danh ting ca mnh.
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Nhiu nh son nhc i theo s dn dt ca ng. Gn nh ng thi, Berlioz bt u vit cc overture trn cc ch vn hc, nh King Lear v The Corsair. Mc du c dnh du trong ch , chng cn kh gn vi kiu mu c truyn v hnh thc. Sterndale Bennett hn mt ln thnh cng trong vic nm bt tnh hp dn thi ca ca hnh thc Mendelsshohn. Phn ln overture ca Schumann ban u c lin h vi tc phm kch hay tc phm m nhc khc, nhng mt s tr thnh tc phm ha nhc tch ring ra. Trong overture Rheinweinlied (1853) rt th v v mt cch tn : s dng hnh thc rondo. Overture, Scherzo v Finale op.52 (1841 5) ca ng kt hp mt overture hnh thc chun mc vi hai chng nhc khc, khng hon ton thm vo thnh mt giao hng.

Nhng nh son nhc dn tc ch ngha thng thy overture ha nhc ph hp vi nhu cu ca h: Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glazunov, Smetana, Dvok, Grieg v Elgar u ng gp nhng tc phm quan trng. Overture hn hp ca opera comic c bn tng t cho overture ha nhc da trn mt hay nhiu giai iu dn tc ni ting, nh overture trong Rule Britannia ca Wagner, overture trong Quc ca an Mch ca Tchaikovsky, overture trn cc ch t lEglise russe ca Rimsky-Korsakov v overture Akademische Festouvertre da trn nhng bi ca sinh vin ca Brahms. Mt v d mun l Childrens Overture ca Quilter da trn nhng vn iu tr em. Mt th nghim th v ca Dvok kt ni ba overture c lp li, Nature, Life v Love trong mt tc phm lin hon mang tn
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Carnaval (1891): mt motif thin nhin c c ba overture. Mt loi hnh khc, c dng ln nhm t hiu qu dn nhc ngon mc c in hnh l Overture 1812 ca Tchaikovsky. N tip tc truyn thng xa ca cc tc phm chin trn xut hin trong ci v nhng th loi m nhc.

S suy thoi ca overture ha nhc bt u vo nhng nm 1850 vi vic sng to ra th loi th giao hng ca Liszt. Mt s tc phm ng gi bng ci tn ny ban u ch l cc overture mang tnh kch. Trong Prometheus (1850, sa cha nm 1855) v Hamlet (1858), c im chnh ca hnh thc c vn c th c nhn thy. Theo Raff, Liszt gn nh quyt nh gi chng l cc overture ha nhc. Tuy nhin nhng overture khc c cu trc chng trnh mt cch t do, trong m nhc i theo cng ca mt cu chuyn (Mazeppa) hay c gng m t ch ca mt bc tranh (Hunnenschlacht) hoc phc ha tnh cch mt nhn vt (Tasso). Vic t do c nn mt hnh thc m nhc theo nhng i hi bn ngoi m nhc, mc du iu tng rt vin vng, li l nt khc bit chnh gia hai th loi m nhc v n cho php mt chng trnh chi tit hn nhiu so vi th loi nghim ngt hn c th cho php. Th giao hng ng nhin l hp dn nh tin phong, trong khi nhng nh son nhc bo th hn vn trung thnh vi overture v gi gn t ra l tinh thn hnh thc truyn thng ca n. V th c nhng th giao hng ca Franck, Richard Strauss, Scriabin v Schoenberg; nhng overture ca Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky, Brahms v Sullivan. Tragic Overture (1880) ca Brahms l mt trong nhng v d quan trng cui cng. N thiu mt s lin h vi bn ngoi
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nhng khng bao gi xa ri tm trng m tiu ca n vch ra; n l mt chng nhc hnh thc sonata nghim ngt, vi phn pht trin ch trit vn tiu biu cc giao hng hn l cc overture. Loi hnh overture giao hng ny c Karl Goldmark tip tc, ng m rng hnh thc rt nhiu m khng vt qua ranh gii tin vo th loi th giao hng t do.

Ni chung, sau nm 1900, overture him khi lin quan n nhng g ang din ra trong m nhc u chu. Tiu vn l mt trong s nhng la chn miu t kiu tc phm cho dn nhc c mt chng vi di trung bnh; n thng c chn cho m nhc c vit cho nhng dp hi h. Mt trong nhng tc phm cui cng vn th hin mt s kt ni vi truyn thng l Overture op.96 (1954) ca Shostakovich, tc phm c hai on kt hp vi nhau: Allegretto v Presto.

Ngc Anh & L Thanh Huyn (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

Th loi Oratorio (Thanh xng kch)

Oratorio l mt th loi m nhc c in quy m ln vit cho dn nhc giao hng, ca s solo v dn hp xng. Oratorio thng dng miu t mt cu chuyn kch nhng khc vi mt v opera l n khng c cc hnh ng kch, khng dng phc trang
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biu din v trang tr sn khu. Oratorio l kch bng m nhc, dng ht c nhc m k li nhng cu chuyn. Oratorio hu nh xut hin cng mt lc vi cantata v opera vo th k XVI, XVII. Cu trc gia cc th loi ny c nhiu im tng ng, cng s dng aria, ht ni, dn nhc... So vi cantata, khun kh ca oratorio ln hn, tnh kch v ch c pht trin rng hn. So vi opera, ngoi ni dung tn gio, oratorio c li ca mang tnh suy t v tng thut hn v c bit l c s nhn mnh vo cc hp xng.

Oratorio c pht trin t lauda (Lauda-ting v Laudo-ting Ty Ban Nha, l nhng chnh ca tr tnh, nhng li khuyn rn, gio dc pht trin trn giai iu ph bin. Lauda mt ging v nhiu ging c pht trin rng ri vo th k XVIII, XIX, dng ht trong sinh hot hng ngy, trong nhng bui hi hp) ca nhng ngi biu din kch Rome th k XVI trong cc oratorio ("Oratorio" ngha l "nh nguyn" trong ting Latin, l ngi nh, cn phng c bit trong nh th, ni y tp trung cc tn nghe c v ging gii kinh thnh, nhng cuc to m "cu th tm hn"... t m "Oratorio" tr thnh tn gi cho th loi ny.

Ngi ta ch ra rng hnh thc oratorio c s dng ln u tin mt tc phm m nhc c ngy thng sng tc trong nm 1640, khi Pietro Della Valle, ngi La M vit rng ng sng tc mt Oratorio della Purificatione cho Nh nguyn La M Congregazione dellOratorio. Tc phm ngn ny (thi lng khong 12 pht) gm c vai Poeta, i thoi vi ba nhn vt v mt kt thc bng hp xng. Tuy nhin hai mi nm trc c nhng tc
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phm tng t tc phm ca Della Valle v li ca, m nhc v chc nng x hi nh Teatro armonico spirituale di madrigal (Rome, 1619) ca G. F. Anerio. Cng c sng tc cho Nh nguyn La M, tc phm Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo (S trnh din ca tm hn v th xc) ca Emilio de Cavalieri trnh din nm 1600 Rome, hnh nh ln u tin c Charles Burney (1726-1814,nh m nhc hc ngi Anh) gi l mt oratorio trong cun General History ca mnh, c l bi v n c li kinh thnh mang tnh kch v l m nhc dnh cho mt nh nguyn.

n gia th k XVII hai kiu oratorio pht trin. Kiu oratorio th nht ht bng ting , oratorio volgare, nh trong cc tc phm Daniele ca Carissimi, S Tomaso ca Marazzoli v cc tc phm tng t c cho l ca Foggia v Luigi Rossi. Ko di khong 30 n 60 pht, chng c trnh din lm hai phn, ngn cch bng mt bi thuyt php; m nhc ca chng tng t vi m nhc ca nhng v opera v cantata thnh phng cng thi. Kiu oratorio th hai ht bng ting Latin, oratorio latino, ban u c pht trin ti Nh nguyn Oratorio del Ss Crocifisso, c lin kt vi nh th San Marcello Rome. Carissimi l nh son nhc quan trng nht ca kiu oratorio ny. ng l ngi vit tc phm Jephte c xem l kit tc u tin ca th loi. Ging nh hu ht nhng oratorio ting Latin ca thi k ny, Jephte ch c mt phn.

n nhng nm 1660 th loi oratorio c chnh thc ha trong nh th v n khong nm 1720 th cc oratorio tn gio hng thnh cng cc kiu oratorio th tc xung quanh. La resurrezione (1708)
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ca Handel c trnh din ti dinh th Ruspoli Rome v cc oratorio ca Alessandro Scarlatti, Caldara v nhiu ngi khc c trnh din cc ni tng t. Cc trung tm khc l Bologna, Modena, Florence v Venice; nhng nh son nhc vit oratorio gm c F. Gasparini, Vivaldi cng nhiu nh son nhc sng tc opera hng u. Cc oratorio ca h phn ln c hai phn, ko di khong 90 n 120 pht vi cc libretto ch yu da trn kinh thnh, tiu s cc thnh v ng ngn o c. Phong cch m nhc na n m nhc ca opera vi nhng hp xng v nhiu aria da capo (mt loi aria c ti hin).

Bn ngoi nc , oratorio ting ch yu l mt thay th chay tnh cho mt v opera ti cc triu nh theo C c gio La M trung tm chu u, ng ch nht l Vienna, ni m cc oratorio c trnh din ti mt nh nguyn trong sut cc nghi l. Mt th loi c lin quan l sepolcro mt phn, trong cu chuyn kh hnh ca Cha Jesus c thut li trong mt nh nguyn vo l Phc sinh vi cnh tr, phc trang v hnh ng kch. Nh son nhc hng u sng tc cc oratorio v sepolcri Vienna l Antonio Draghi; mt ngi khc l Caldara, ngi vit cc oratorio m phn li do cc nh th ca triu nh l Zeno v Metastasio vit.

Ch n u th k th 18, th loi 'Oratorium' vi li bng ting c mi c nh hnh r rng, c chp nhn trong i sng ha nhc c v cc nghi l gio hi Luther. Mt ci r ca n l th loi historia, chng hn nh nhng sng tc ca Schulz thut chuyn Ging sinh, Kh hnh, Phc sinh. T gia th k th XVII, cc nh
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son nhc mi bt u kt hp m nhc vi nhng li ca phi kinh thnh ; iu ny dn n s ra i ca th loi 'oratorio Passion', mt th loi ln n cc thnh trong cc Passions ca Bach. Nhng tin thn khc ca oratorio c l i thoi kch tn gio, m i khi uc dng nh mt motet (bi thnh ca ngn) ca gio hi Luther, v cc tc phm kiu oratorio nh Abendmusik c trnh din Lbeck di quyn Buxtehude. Hamburg l trung tm ln ca oratorio c trong th k 18 mc d i th tc phm ca Keiser l Der blutige und sterbende Jesus (1704) ca Hunold. Mt k v trc tip l oratorio Passion ca Brockes, c Handel, Keiser, Telemann, Mattheson v nhng ngi khc vit. Nhng nh son nhc khin vic s dng hp xng tr nn ni bt hn l nhng nh son nhc lm v h cng a vo cc hp xng thnh ca. Cc tc phm m Bach gi l 'Oratorium' ng bn ngoi truyn thng oratorio ch thc.

Mc d c tin l trong tc phm i thoi tn gio, oratorio Anh v c bn l sng to ca Handel - mt s tng hp ca cc yu t t masque (ca v nhc kch) v thnh ca, kch c in Php, opera seria v oratorio volgare cng oratorio Tin Lnh c. Vi Handel, "oratorio" thng c ngha l tc phm ba hi trn mt ch kinh thnh, vi vic s dng hp xng ni bt, c trnh din nh mt bui ha nhc nh ht. N khi ngun mt cch ngu nhin, khi vo nm 1732 d nh ca Handel l cho trnh din mt phin bn sn khu sa cha ca Esther c vit trc b lnh cm ca gim mc Lun n ngng tr. Thnh cng trong phin bn ha nhc ca n thc y Handel vit thm hai v na vo nm 1733
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v nhng oratorio ting Anh khc ca ng c tip ni ra i vo cc nm 1738-52. Trong s Messiah (1742) l ni ting nht, mc d l mt sng tc t li kinh thnh thun ty, khng c tnh kch nhng n khng phi l in hnh ca oratorio kiu Handel. Khng c nhiu ngi Anh c gng cnh tranh vi s thnh tho v oratorio ca Handel, mc d cng c cc tc phm ca Greene, Arne v Stanley.

Charpentier, ngi hc vi Carissimi Rome, hin ra nh l nh son nhc Php u tin ca th loi oratorio; ng thch dng cc thut ng 'historia', 'canticum', 'dialogue' hay 'motet' cho cc tc phm kiu oratorio b ngoi c trnh din nh cc thnh ca ko di trong sut cc m l hi, ti cc bui ha nhc nh th v cc cuc hi hp tun chay ring t. Hp xng l b phn quan trng nh ngi k chuyn, m ng, ngi bnh lun. Rt t oratorio c sng tc Php trong sut nm mi nm sau ci cht ca Charpentier vo nm 1704.

v Vienna, oratorio volgare chim chim u th vo cui th k 18, vi s nhn mnh vo li ht c xng. Triu nh Dresden ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic cng c oratorio Tin c in v C in. Oratorio gio hi Luther tip tc thc hin theo nghi l v trong cc bui ha nhc cng cng ti Hamburg (di quyn ca Telemann v Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach), Berlin (ni Der Tod Jesu ca Graun c biu din hu nh hng nm) v Lbeck. m nhc ca cc oratorio thi k cui ca Haydn, The Creation (ng sng

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th) v The Seasons (Cc ma) phn nh kinh nghim ca ng i vi th loi oratorio kiu Handel Lun n.

Sau nm 1800 cng c t hn cc nh son nhc dnh tim nng ln cho oratorio nhng th loi ny tip tc chim mt v tr trung tm, c bit l Anh v c, vi s nhn mnh vo biu din quy m ln ti cc lin hoan m nhc. Cc oratorio ca Spohr and Mendelssohn gi v tr ca mnh bn cnh cc oratorio ca Handel v Haydn trong vn tit mc ca nhng on hp xng ln nhng sau Mendelssohn, lch s m nhc ca th loi oratorio ngy cng tr thnh mt bn k cc kit tc c nhn, trong s L'enfance du Christ (1854) ca Berlioz, Christus (1853-66) ca Liszt, The Dream of Gerontius (1900) ca Elgar, Die Jakobsleiter (1917-22) ca Schnberg, Le roi David (1923) ca Honegger v Belshazzar's Feast(1931) ca Walton l c bit quan trng. Opera-oratorio Oedipus rex (1926-7) ca Stravinsky l tc phm thnh cng nht trong nhng n lc p dng nhng c trng nht nh ca th loi oratorio mng th tc thi hin i.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) dch

Th loi Operetta

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Operetta (ting Php : oprette; c : operette; Ty Ban Nha : opereta) l t gim nh ca t opera trong ting . Operetta l mt dng opera nh vi nhng on thoi ni, nhng ca khc v nhng v iu. Nhn mnh vo m nhc giu tnh giai iu v da vo cc phong cch opera th k 19, th loi ny n r sut na cui th k 19 v na u th k 20. Trong sut th k 20, operetta pht trin v phn ln dn b th loi Musical th ch. Thut ng operetta cng c p dng chung ch nhng tc phm ngn, hay ni cch khc l t tham vng hn, nhng pht sinh t th loi opera.

1. Bn cht v s pht trin

L mt loi hnh ngh thut c th, nhng g m by gi chng ta gi l operetta pht trin Paris nh mt phng thuc cu nguy cho cng chng trc nhng k vng ngy cng nghim tc v y tham vng ca th loi opra comique v vaudeville (kch vui). lp y khong cch ny, nhiu n lc c thc hin nhm tm kim mt khng gian cho cc tc phm ngn, vui, mang phong cch opera. Jacques Offenbach v on kch ca ng ti nh ht Thtre des Bouffes-Parisiens vi vic a ra cc chng trnh din 2 hoc 3 v ca kch chm bim mt mn ginh c thnh cng ln. Chnh iu ny m u cho vic nhn rng vic dn dng cc v din ko di sut bui ti v thit lp th loi opra bouffe opera chm bim, vi vai tr mt th loi hon ton c th phn bit c vi cc hnh thc gii tr thi lng di khc.

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Cc tc phm ca Offenbach khng ch thnh cng trong phm vi nc Php m trn thc t cn c a chung nhiu nc khc v t m ng cho s pht trin ca cc phong cch dn tc. Theo cc t liu lch s, thut ng oprette ch c Offenbach s dng gi cc tc phm 1 mn ca mnh, cn cc v di th theo thng l l opra bouffe. Chnh cng s pht trin ca oprette ti Vienna vo nhng nm 70 ca th k 19 m thut ng ny ln u tin c dng gi cc v di. Khi cc tc phm vit bng ting Anh xut hin, cc thut ng thng c s dng l comic opera hay comedy opera tm dch l opera hi ; vic thut ng operetta c p dng cho mi trng phi dn tc ch cn l mt iu trong qu kh.

Ti o, vic a ng vua nhc waltz Johann Strauss t phng khiu v vo nh ht em n cho th loi operetta ca Vienna mt nh son nhc cnh tranh vi Offenbach. Strauss cng gy dng mt phong cch o ring bit lng mn nhiu hn l tro phng v mang m m hng cc iu nhy, c bit l iu waltz. Trong khi ti Ty Ban Nha mt phin bn tng t xut hin vi s phc hng ca th loi Zarzuela, ban u vi nhiu nh hng t nhng c im truyn thng ca th loi Opera ti nc ny, nhng sau th pht trin mt phong cch Ty Ban Nha rt ring. Phin bn bng ting Anh, ng ch nht l nhng v opera hi ca Gilbert v Sullivan, mang m c im truyn thng ca ngh thut sn khu Anh, c bit l th loi opera ballad v hi kch bnh dn (burlesque), thm ch cn chu mt cht nh hng ca truyn thng hp xng thi N hong Victoria.
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L mt loi hnh gii tr bnh dn, operetta phn nh th hiu ng thi th hin trong ct truyn, quan im o c cng nh cc s kin c nhiu ngi quan tm. Gi v tr thng tr trn sn khu ca kch bnh dn vo thi , operetta thu ht nhiu nh son nhc, librettist, din vin, qun l, o din cng nh cc nh thit k. Ch trng nhiu vo li thoi, loi hnh ca kch ny thm ch ph thuc nhiu hn opera vo mt bn li (libretto) c sc ht. Mt vi thnh cng ln ca n phi k n nhng nh vit kch tn tui nh Henri Meilhac v Ludovic Halvy ti Php, W. S. Gilbert Anh. Rt nhiu operetta Vienna thnh cng nht v c biu din lu di cng c libretto chuyn th t cc tc phm gc ca Php, cng thng do Meilhac v Halvy vit. Din vin gii phi l nhng ngi c th kt hp kh nng ca ht vi din xut (hay c th l nhy ma). Mc d cc nh son nhc nh Bizet, Chabrier v Delibes cng th sc vi operetta giai on u, nhng nhn chung thnh cng hn c th loi ny vn l nhng tc gi chuyn sng tc theo mt phong cch nh nhng hn.

n nhng nm 1880 v 1890, s ln mnh ca th loi ny vi xut pht im l nhng v 1 mn em li cho n v tr thng tr nh opra comique ca 40, 50 nm tr v trc. Tri qua nhiu chuyn gia ca th loi v s tm kim thay i mang tnh giai on tiu biu cho loi hnh sn khu ca kch bnh dn, nhng nm 90 chng kin mi quan tm ca cc nh hot ng biu din nhm a loi hnh ny tr nn hp thi hn. Nhng yu t a dng ca sn khu thi by gi ngy cng c kt hp cht ch hn. l
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mt xu hng c bit pht trin London vi tn gi musical comedy hay musical play v Berlin di hnh thc revueoperetta (operetta thi s kch). Ni m trc y s pht trin mang tnh logic ca cu chuyn l c bit quan trng, th tm quan trng ca vic ph by s quyn r n tnh, trang phc hp thi v thng l sn khu cng phu tr ln ln hn. Cng lc , sn khu Ty Ban Nha li tm mt li i mang phong cch ring vi s pht trin ca gnero chico, ph hp vi i sng dn ngho Madrid.

t ra l n tn th chin th nht, operetta cng vi cc th loi ca hi kch thi k u vn gi c nhiu nn mng truyn thng ca cc phong cch opera nh ca th k 19. Thc t l n cn tri qua mt thi phc hng mnh m vi t cch l mt trng phi m nhc mi vi nhng v operetta Vienna thch mt hn, ni bt l Die lustige Witwe (B qu ph vui tnh, 1905) ca Lehr, em n thnh cng quc t rc r nht cho th loi nhc kch ny. Lehr, c o to v nhc c in u chu, tip tc duy tr nhng chun mc cao ca m nhc, t c th thc hin c m sng tc cho cc nh ht opera trong khi Puccini (trong La rondine Chim n) li mun vit operetta theo phong cch ca Lehr.

Cc tc phm ca Messager, Hahn v Lehr d dng nhn thy l c s c gng duy tr nhng chun mc operetta c in. Tuy nhin sau th chin I, c bit l nhng nm 1920, nhng tc phm ny li tr thnh ngoi l trn sn khu bnh dn ngy cng b thng tr bi ca v nhc kch hi da trn hi kch ca M v phong cch ca cc bi ht vit cho i nhy, phi vin n operetta lng mn, thot ly
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khi hin thc vi cc vai cng tc v cng cha. Khi cc v nhc kch M ngy cng tr nn hp thi vi s thc dy ca Show Boat (1927), chng cng tip thu nhiu c im m nhc truyn thng ca operetta, nhng bn cht ct truyn v s kt hp li vi nhc th rt khc. Cui cng th k nguyn ca operetta c in cng kt thc trc th chin II, mc d ti chu u, thut ng ny vn c s dng gn lin vi cc tc phm gi ln truyn thng chu u.

Vn khng c nh ngha r rng cng nh s ng thun trn ton th gii phn chia ranh gii gia operetta v musical v s phn chia ny ph thuc nhiu vo tng quc gia, nh kin v s thch mang tnh c nhn. Nhng tc phm nh South Pacific, My Fair Lady, West Side Story, Fiddler on the Roof v Sweeney Todd c coi nh l bc tip ni hin i ca operetta (Bordman, 1981). Tuy nhin, d mang nhiu c im r nt ca operetta th nhng tc phm ny vn ng l musical hn, vi cu trc, k thut dn dng v i tng khn gi khc bit nhiu so vi operetta c in.

2. Php

Mc d khng phi n tn gia nhng nm 50 ca th k 19, nhng tc phm m ngy nay chng ta gi l operetta mi bt u ni ln nh mt th loi c lp, trc cng c nhng tc phm c xp loi nh vy. Le chalet (1834) v La poupe de Nuremberg (1852) ca Adolphe Adam, Les noces de Jeannette (1853) ca Mass v Pepito (1853) ca Offenbach c tng ph mang tnh opera trong hnh thc hn so vi tp hp nhng bi ht dng
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trong vaudeville, tuy nhin vn cn nh hn v khim tn hn cc tc phm ngy cng c nh ht Thtre de lOpra-Comique chp nhn.

Chnh Adam cng m Nh ht Opera quc gia vo 1847, mc d cng khng hot ng c lu di. Nh ht thnh cng hn l Thtre des Folies-Nouvelles ca Hervrsquo, m vo nm 1854 di ci tn Thtre des Folies-Concertantes. Tuy nhin ch vi s m ca ca nh ht Thtre des Bouffes-Parisiens ca Offenbach vo nm 1855, nm Trin lm Paris, th nhng nh ht kia mi thc s c v tr vng chc. Cc tc phm trong kch mc ca Offenbach ban u cng ch l nhng bc chn dung chm bim cay c vi mt cht yu t m nhc, v nh trong v Les deux aveugles (1855). Tuy nhin, nhng ct truyn u u v s d dm v xut sc trong sn xut, khng ch cc tc phm ca Offenbach m cn ca nhng ngh s nh Adam, Emile Jonas v Delibes, gip h ni nh ni m ti Paris. Ch trong vng vi nm, Oifenbach khng ch i lu din trong nc m cn mang gnh din ca mnh ra nc ngoi.

Vi mt nh ht nh ban u ch c 3, 4 din vin, opras bouffes hay oprettes ca Offenbach i khi cn phi phi l nhng v ngn, 1 mn v khim tn, ging iu chm bim hi hc, s dng ti 8 tit mc m nhc (solos, duets, trios and quartets) v c m bi mt dn nhc ln ti 16 nhc cng. S ni lng hn ch din vin cho php ng vo nm 1858 cho ra mt v opra bouffe 2 mn u tin ca mnh, tc phm chm bim mang tnh thn thoi
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Orphe aux enfers, v din gip nng danh ting ca ng ti qu nh cng nh nc ngoi v to ra cho th loi operetta mt kit tc lu bn u tin.

Mc d Offenbach tip tc vi nhng tc phm 1 mn, hnh mu cho tng lai li c thit lp vi mt lot cc v din di hn trong ni bt nht l La belle Hlne (1864), Barbe-bleue (1866), La vie parisienne (1866), La Grande-Duchesse de Grolstein (1867) v La Prichole (1868). Tt c cc tc phm ny u c kch bn vui v, d dm do Meilhac v Halvy thc hin, chm bim x hi Paris thi Napoleon III. Chng yu cu mt s phn vai y , c dn hp xng, dn nhc ln ti 30 nhc cng, tng ph c khong 20 30 tit mc m nhc gm cc tit mc m mn v ng mn c pht trin y . n cui nhng nm 1860, opra bouffe Php ln mnh thnh mt th loi thc s trng thnh vi nhng c im khng ch khc bit vi vaudeville ng thi m cn khc vi opra comique th hin trong ging iu bnh dn, tro phng chm bim.

Sau ni chin 1869-70 v s kt thc ca ch th hai, cng chng Php bt u khng cn a chung Offenbach m chuyn sang thch loi hnh gii tr lng mn hn v h tm thy iu ny trong cc tc phm nh La fille de Madame Angot (1872) ca Charles Lecocq ; Les cloches de Corneville (1877) ca Robert Planquette ; Les mousquetaires au couvent (1880) ca Louis Varney v La mascotte (1880) ca Edmond Audran. Nhng nh son nhc thnh cng khc thi by gi phi k n Lon Vasseur, Paul Lacome v Gaston Serpette, trong khi , Herv, vn l i th cnh
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tranh ln ca Offenbach vo nhng nm 1860 cui cng cng t c thnh cng lu bn nht ca mnh vi Mamzelle Nitouche (1883).

Xu hng v mt th loi musical nh nhng hn c c th ha vi th loi oprettes-vaudevilles ca Victor Roger, v nh v Les vingt-huit jours de Clairette (1892). S qu phi v thun khit gn lin vi cc tiu chun ca nhc v kch c in c Andre Messager a vo operetta Php. V Veronique (1898) ca ng, cng vi v Les saltimbanques (1899) si ni ca Louis Ganne khng nh rng vo khong thi gian chuyn giao gia hai th k, operetta Php c nh gi l th loi k tc xng ng cho opra comique truyn thng.

Th k 20, operetta Php dn dn mt i v th ca mnh trn th gii do nh hng mt mt ca nhng v ca kch Anh-M, mt khc ca operetta Vienna. Messager tip tc duy tr nhng tiu chun ca ca v kch Php cho n tn nm 1928 vi v Coups de roulis. V mt nh son nhc ti nng khc, ngi kt hp nhng chun mc ca opra comique truyn thng vi mt phong cch hin i hn l Reynaldo Hahn trong v Ciboulette (1923). Tuy nhin, operetta Php c th ngy cng in hnh vi cc tc phm nh PhiPhi (1918) ca Henri Christin v Ta bouche (1922) ca Maurice Yvain, chng nh th loi chanson ca nh ht ca ma nhc Php hn l nhng truyn thng opera. T th chin II, ci tn operetta c cu sng bng th loi oprette grand spectacle, vi cc tc phm Violettes impriales (1948) ca Vincent Scotto v mt lot cc
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v din ca Francis Lopez, m u vi La belle de Cadix (1945). Nhng v ny gi c c im ca operetta vi ct truyn hoang ng m tng, a im l lm, sn khu v cc hiu ng. Tuy nhin, s giao thoa ng k vi th loi opera ca operetta c in th hu nh khng cn thy.

3. Trung u

T cui nhng nm 1850, cc nh ht ti Vienna bt u cho din cc tc phm opras bouffes ca Offenbach, i khi di hnh thc lu, nhng thng th do chnh tc gi ch o. n lt mnh, nhng v ny khi ngun cm hng cho cc nh son nhc hot ng Vienna dng nhng operetta chm bim mt mn vi phong cch tng t. Trong s cc nh son nhc ni bt nht c Franz von Supp, tc gi ca Das Pensionat (1860), v din c coi l operetta Vienna u tin. ng thi v Die schne Galathee (1865) thn thoi chm bim ca ng cng c coi l mt trong nhng tip ni thnh cng nht ca th loi 1 mn ti Vienna.

S c quyn ca Offenbach v nhng v quy m ln dng nh khng c i th ti Vienna cho n khi Johann Strauss t nhc nhy chuyn sang sng tc nhc kch. Nm 1874, nh ht Theater an der Wien cng din v operetta u tin ca ng: v Indigo und die vierzig Ruber 3 mn, v din gii thiu mt phong cch operetta rt ring ca Vienna vi nhiu yu t dn dng rt l, p, ni dung lng mn nhiu hn l kch chm bim, m nhc c vit da trn cc iu nhy, c bit l iu waltz. V Die Fledermaus (1874)
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ca Strauss, da trn mt v kch ca Meilhac v Halevy, tr thnh v c cng din rng ri nht ca th loi operetta. Ti nng ca ng v giai iu v li vit gi ln khng kh cng c th hin trong v Nacht in Venedig (1883), mc d ng thiu s tinh v thm m sn khu ca Supp v Carl Millocker. Thnh cng ni bt nht ca Supp vi cc tc phm di phi k n Fatinitza (1876) v Boccaccio (1879). Cn Millocker thnh danh vi Der Bettelstudent (1882) v Gasparone (1884). Libretto ca c 5 v thnh cng ny trong giai on 187784 u do F. Zell v Richard Genee vit, mt vi v da theo cc tc phm Php.

Sau Johann Strauss c tham vng chuyn sang opera quy m trn vn, ng k nht l Der Zigeunerbaron (1885). Thnh cng ln nht ca th loi operetta trong nhng nm 1890 n t nhng nh son nhc a chung phong cch nh nhng hn, th gin hn, duyn dng v kho lo hn, c bit l Carl Zeller vi Der Vogelhndler (1891) v Der Obersteiger (1894) hay Richard Heuberger vi Der Opernball (1898). u th k 20, th hiu ca Vienna c du hiu chung phong cch musical-comedy. Tuy nhin, operetta c in vn tm c ch ng khi Franz Lehr hon thin phong cch chc chn v k thut v quyn r v th gic ca mnh trong v Die lustige Witwe (B qu ph vui tnh, 1905). N t c thnh cng ln nht trong tt c cc tc phm operetta ng thi. Tip ni theo l mt lot cc tc phm tng t, bao gm c nhng v ca chnh Lehr nh Der Graf con Luxemburg (1909). Ngoi ra cn c Ein vWalzertraaum (1907) ca Oscar Strauss v Die Dollarprinzessin (1907) ca Leo Fall.
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Trc th chin th nht, s thnh hnh quc t ca operetta trung u tm thi b hn ch. Ba nh son nhc i tin phong trong trng phi Vienna do Emmerich Klmn sng lp, ngi phi hp phong cch waltz Vienna vi giai iu nhp nhng m cht Hungary, ni bt nht trong tc phm Die Csrdsfrstin (1915). ng gp ca Klmn lm dy ln vic m rng biu din operetta, bi l ng khi u s nghip ca mnh trong mt trng phi operetta Hungary mi chm n m ch yu gm nhng tc phm mang m phong cch dn tc Hungary nh Janos vitez (1940) ca Pongrac Kacsoh cng nh nhng tc phm mang phong cch Vienna nh Sybill (1914) ca Viktor Jacobi. Phong cch ca Lehr c a chung c bit ti v sau l ngun cm hng cho nhiu tc phm ti quc gia ny nh I paesi dei campanelli (1923) ca Virgilio Ranzato.

Sau chin tranh, Vienna chng kin s ni bt ca nhiu v ln u cng din trong c Grfn Mariza (1924) ca Klmn hay Die goldne Meisterin (1927) ca Eysler. Tuy nhin do nhng nguyn nhn chnh tr v s cn bng vi nhc kch bnh dn, lc ny trung tm ca operetta ca c chuyn v Berlin.

T nhng nm 1860, ti c bt u xut hin nhng tc gi operetta ca chnh mnh vi nhng tn tui nh August Conradi, Rudolf Dellinger v Herman Zumpe nhng phi n nhng tc phm nh v Frau Luna (1899), mt v operetta fantasy tro phng mt mn xut sc th mt trng phi operetta khc bit ca Berlin mi
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ni ln. u th k 20, operetta thi s kch tip tc n r qua cc tc phm ca Lincke, Victor Hollnder v Walter Kollo. Die keusche Susanne (1910) ca Jean Gilbert thch ng hn vi phong cch musical play ph bin hin nay, trong khi Schwarzwaldmdel (1917) ca Lon Jessel c tng ph kh cht lng v yu cu tun theo nhng chun mc operretta c hn.

Thnh cng ng k trn phm vi quc t ca Der Vetter aus Dingsda (1921) gip khng nh tn tui ca Eduard Knneke nh mt nh son nhc hng u ca c nhng nm 1920 v 1930. S dch chuyn trung tm ca nhng tc phm operetta ngn ng c trong nhng nm 1920 cng khin Berlin chng kin nhng bui cng din ln u tc phm ca cc nh son nhc Vienna, nh Madame Pompadour (1922) ca Fall, mt thnh cng ln cho soprano o Fritzi Massary, v Der Zarewitsch (1927) v Das Land des Lchelns (1929) ca Lehr, cng vi tenor o Richard Tauber. n lc ny th thc operetta c t a ra mt b cc nhn vt ha hp hn m thay vo l mt lot nhng tit mc solo v duet theo phong cch opera dnh cho tenor v soprano hng u, ri rc c cc duet hi hc cho cc buffo (din vin hi) v vai hu, c s ph tr ca dn hp xng. Hn na, trong cc tc phm ca Lehr nhng cu chuyn anh h kh kho thng gp trong 50, 60 nm trc i khi c thay bng cc cu chuyn kt thc khng c hu.

Nu nhng c im trn l khi u cho s i xung ca operetta c in, Berlin cng c nhng du hiu a giai iu ca nhng tc gia c in bc thy vo cc tc phm mi nh trng hp ca
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Johann Strauss vi Casanova (1982) v Carl Millcker vi Die Dubarry (1931). Cng lc nhng nh son nhc khc nh Nico Dostal v Rudolf Kattnigg ang tm cch duy tr cng thc ca Lehr, trong khi nhng tc phm nh Viktoria und ihr Husar ca Paul Abraham v Im weissen Rssl ca Ralph Benatzky (c hai u vit nm 1930) li tm cch kt hp romance truyn thng ca operetta vi nhng cu chuyn hin i v cc phong cch v iu. Nhng yu t ca musical comedy cn chi phi nhiu hn trong cc tc phm nh Hochzeitsnacht im Paradies (1942) ca Schrder v Feuerwerk (1949) ca Paul Burkhard.

4. Anh v M

Cng ti London, nhng phin bn opras bouffes bng ting Anh ca Offenbach cng bt u xut hin vo nhng nm 1860 v Arthur Sullivan vit Cox and Box (1866) chu nh hng trc tip ca v Les deux aveugles ca nh son nhc ngi Php ny. Mt lot cc tc phm do Sullivan phi hp vi W.S.Gilbert vit trong khong thi gian t 1871 n 1896, bao gm HMS Pinafore (1878), The Mikado (1885), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888) v The Gondoliers (1889), lm ma gi trn sn khu cc nc ni ting Anh, mc d thnh cng ca cc bn dch c hn ch do s khc bit ca phong cch Anh v c tnh hi hc ln m nhc. Nhng i din ca Anh khc l Frederic Clay, Alfred Cellier, Edward Solomon v ngh s nhp c Edward Jakobowski. Jakobowski vi Erminie (1885) thnh cng vang di ti M trong khi v Dorothy (1886) ca Celier

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li c din London lu hn bt k tc phm no ca Gilbert v Sullivan.

c bit chnh ti London, vo nhng nm 1890, mt xu hng ni ln c mt ngha cn bn i vi s pht trin ca operetta v sn khu ca kch bnh dn. Khi nhng v operetta Php v comic opera trong nc ca Gilbert v Sullivan ang mt dn i thnh cng nhanh chng c c ca mnh th cng chng London li chuyn sang yu thch phong cch ca nhng v din c gi l musical comedy hay musical play. Trong khi v c bn vn duy tr nhng c im chnh ca operetta, nhng v din ny khng cn quan tm nhiu n s hon chnh ca li nhc kch m quan tm nhiu hn n thnh cng tc th, vi im nhn l th hiu ng thi, vi nhng on hp xng quyn r cho ging nam v n, nhng tit mc li cun ngu hng c bit l nhng tit mc ht ma dnh ring cho sn khu.

Nhng yu t ny c bit d nhn thy trong mt lot cc s din vi tiu c ch girl nh The Shop Girl (1894), do Ivan Caryll vit nhc v Lionel Monckton vit nhng tit mc ph. D c ngha lch s l nhng v hi nhc kch musical comedies u tin, phn nhc ca nhng tc phm ny vn ging vi comic opera th k 19 hn l nhng v hi nhc kch ht ma (the song-and-dance musical comedies) ca nhng nm 1920. c bit, The Geisha (1896) ca Sidney Jones gi c rt nhiu c im truyn thng opera comic ca Sullivan v gt hi c thnh cng vang di thi by gi khng

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ch Vng quc Anh v cn trn ton th gii, c biu din nhiu ln ti c hn bt k tc phm Anh no khc cng thi.

Vo cui th k, th hiu chung musical comedy hay musical play c khng nh qua thnh cng to ln ca cc tc phm khc nh Florodora (1899) ca Leslie Stuart. y ch l mt tc phm c cho n ti M, ni m yu t chnh ca nhng tc phm bn a cng bt u ni ln vo nhng nm 1890. Trong s v trung thnh vi hnh mu ca Gilbert v Sullivan c Robin Hood (1890) ca Reginald De Koven v El capitan (1896) ca John Phillip Sousa ; trong khi The Fortune Teller (1898) v The Belle of New York (1897) ca Gustave Kerker li c giai iu nghing theo xu hng nhng tc phm nhm thu ht cng chng.

Ngi tip bc Sullivan trong th loi comic opera l Edward German, vi Merrie England (1902) v Tom Jones (19070). Tuy nhin, xt trn phng din thng mi, chnh musical play theo phong cch Edward li c cng chng chung hn vi cc mn ma v cc bi ht nh nhng, nhng mn trnh din hp xng cng phu v trang phc hp thi. Nh chng m cc tc phm sn khu ca kch Anh, trong nhiu nm t u th k, l trng phi operetta d dng c truyn ra nc ngoi nht.

Musical play ca theo phong cch Edward t n thi cc thnh vi nhng tc phm nh Miss Hook of Holland (1907) ca Paul Rubens, The Arcadians (1909) ca Howard Talbot v The Quaker Girl (1910) ca Monckton. Sau th loi ny nhanh chng b mai mt, th
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nht l do nh hng ca nhng v operetta Vienna ca Lehr, Strauss v Fall, v sau l nh hng ca musical comedy M vi nhng vi nhng mn ht ma v cc v din chm bim, kch ly cm hng t nhc ragtime ca ngi da en. Ch trong iu kin c bit ca thi chin m nhc kch quyn r theo phong cch Edward li c hi sinh trong mt khong thi gian khng lu trong v The Maid of the Mountains (1916), nhc do Harold Fraser-Simson v tit mc ph ha do James W. Tate v v nhc kch xut sc ly cm hng t mt tch truyn phng ng Chu Chin Chow (1916), nhc do Frederic Norton vit. Sau mt vi n lc n l nhm vo opera nh nh mt s i lp vi musical comedy hay musical play c Montague Phillips v Walter Leigh thc hin trong cc v The Rebel Maid (1921) v The Pride of the Regiment (1932).

Trong nhng nm 1920, th hiu ca cng chng Anh d dng i theo musical comedy M, nhng s a chung cc tc phm operetta truyn thng chu u c t trc ri rt t nhiu ti M trong cc tc phm nh The Student Prince in Heidelberg (1924) ca Sigmund Romberg v Rose-Marie (1924) ca Rudolf Friml v Herbert Stothart, cng nh ti Anh trong Bitter Sweet (1929) ca Nol Coward, Balalaka (1936) ca George Posford v Bernard Grun, The Dancing Years (1939) ca Ivor Novello v Bless the Bride (1947) ca Vivian Ellis.

5. Hin nay

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T th chin th 2, s gim st v gi tr ca operetta nh mt hin tng ng thi vn tip din. n nm 1964 bui cng din ln u Frhjahrsparade ca Robert Stolz ti Volksoper, Vienna l mt vic hi tng thi xa, l lm li theo cch hoi c mt b phim m nhc thi trc chin tranh. Ngy nay operetta him thy xut hin trong cc nh ht thng mi. Ngoi mt s v c xp cng danh mc vi cc tc phm opera, operetta ngy cng tr thnh mi quan tm ch ca khn gi chuyn bit. Cho n nhng nm 1960, trong khi cc i pht thanh Php v o vn pht nhng v operetta chun mc quy m trn vn th vic qung b ny khng cn c lp li trong thi i truyn hnh.

Vic phc hng operetta c in gp phi nhiu kh khn. i vi ngi nghe nhc ph thng, libretto c l cn phi c hin i ha, loi b nhng in tch kh hiu vi cng chng nghe nhc ngy nay. Tuy nhin i vi nhng khn gi hiu bit hn, chnh nhng in tch mang tnh thi i li chim mt phn rt quan trng trong gi tr ca tc phm. Vic xp operetta vo danh mc opera cng lm ny sinh nhng vn v phong cch, v biu din operetta i hi ngi ngh s c nhng ti nng m mt ngh s opera in hnh khng c, trong c kh nng chuyn i t ng di c hnh thc ht ln thoi ni v gim bt kiu nh ch grandopera.

Vic sn c ti liu cng l mt yu t quan trong quyt nh s phc hi ci g. Rt nhiu ti liu gc b mt. Thng th chnh bng nhng phin bn vit li vo thi k gia cc cuc chin m cc v
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nh Eine Nacht in Venedig ca Johann Strauss v Gasparone ca Millcker c phc hi, mc d kh thy c tnh xc ng ca vic duy tr mt quan im v tc phm vo nhng nm 1920 hay 1930.

Vic trung thnh vi cc bn gc cng b nh hng bi cc yu t khc, nht l khao kht v thch thc thanh nhc cng cc hp ng thanh nhc ln hn ca cc ca s opera, iu ny nh hng n quan nim ca cng chng v cc ging dnh cho cc vai c nh hnh. Bng cch y ln mt ging ht c o to m vc thp c th t c nhng hiu qu tt hn l trong trng hp dng nhc vit cho m vc cn hn ch hn th. iu ny dn n th hiu giao nhng vai din hu gi cho mt ging mezzo-soprano hay giao nhng vai tenor buffo cho mt ging baritone. S u i cc ca s c o lm ny sinh vn . im nhn chi li c to ra bng vic ch quan tm n ba trong s nhiu bi ca lu bn vit cho cc b l do ca s tenor ngi Vienna Alexander Girardi: Ach wie so herrlich zu schaun (Caramello trong Eine Nacht in Venedig ca Johann Strauss), Ja das Schreiben und das Lesen (Zsupn trong Der Zigeunerbaron ca Strauss) v Sei nicht bs (Martin trong Der Obersteiger ca Zelle). Ngy nay chng c kt hp vi mt phm vi cc ging t soprano ti bass-baritone.

Nu vic ph v s cn bng gia tnh xc thc v truyn thng nh th t ra vn c bit, th operetta vn c mt v tr thch hp khim tn trong trong lng cc nh chuyn mn. Ti c, o v nhng nc trung u khc, operetta c in vn tip tc c trnh
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din trn cc sn khu chuyn nghip vi gi v thp hn trong danh mc biu din ca cc on opera c bao cp. Trong s tt c nh ht, Volksoper ti Vienna ni ln nh l c u ca operetta c in Vienna, vi mt danh mc operetta ph thu vi gi xem opera r hn. Vic biu din operetta vo dp nhng festival ma h ti cc th trn c sui nc khong nh Bad Ischl hay Baden bei wien gip duy tr truyn thng. Cng nh vy, ti Php, cc tc phm operetta c in Php cng nh nc ngoi c trnh din vo cc bui cui tun ti cc th trn ln, cng nh festival ma h ti th trn nc khong Lamalou-les-Bains.

Vic ti cc nc ni ting Anh, tnh hnh khc cn bn vi cc nc trung u l do hai nhn t chnh. Th nht l thnh cng ly lng ca cc v opera Savoy (l phong cch opera comic pht trin nc Anh thi Victoria cui th k 19, thut ng ly theo tn nh ht Savoy) t lu che khut cc tc phm khc k t trc th chin I. Nhng tc phm nh The Arcadians v The Quaker Girl ca Monckton t nht cng c nhng ln dn dng khng chuyn. Nhng The Geisha ca Jones hu nh bin mt trn sn khu Anh mc d n vn c mt trong danh mc operetta thi hin i cc quc gia lc a. Nhn t th hai l s ln mnh ca nhng k tc ngn ng Anh theo phong cch musical M, th loi lm mai mt rt nhiu cc c im truyn thng trc . on opera DOyly Carte trong mt thi gian rt di c th lu din lin tc mt danh mc n iu tc phm ca Gilbert v Sullivan, m rt cuc cng b loi khi mt danh mc bt bin, gim st khn gi,

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tng gi v, mc d t vn c ti dng trong mt s ma din hn ch vi s ti tr mang tnh thng mi.

Dn dn, s tn ti trn ton th gii ca nhng v operetta quan trng t c nh vic ginh cho n mt v tr trong danh mc biu din ca cc on opera, mt truyn thng c t sau khi dn dng v Die Fledermaus di s ch huy ca Mahler ti Hamburg vo nm 1894. Ti Anh, mt n lc ti khm ph c nh ht Opera Wells ca Sadler tin hnh. Ngoi ra, s phc hng quan trng nht cc v operetta c in li do nhng on din sinh vin v Hip hi m nhc t nhn John Lewis. Ti y bao qut cc v operetta ca Chabrier, Lecocq, Messager, Planquette, Supp v Millcker. Trong khi , ti M, vic dn dng nhng tc phm ca Herbert, Lehr v Romberg ti nh ht Opera NYC c b sung mt cch ty nghi bng vic ti dng cc tc phm ca Sousa, Lecocq, Offenbach, Klmn v Johann Strauss ti cc festival Wooster, Ohio v mt s ni khc.

V vy c th ni operetta khng c mt v tr thc s c th trong danh mc musical hin i, vi mt s cn bng khng chc chn gia truyn thng v tnh xc thc cng mt s ph thuc vo cch dn dng kiu opera, iu m bo cht lng cao ca ngh thut ca ht nhng khng m bo tnh nh nhng cn thit ca vic tip cn m y mi l bn cht ca th loi.

Vn Phng (nhaccodien.info) dch

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Th loi Opera (phn 1)

A/ Khi qut v Opera:

Opera ting Latin l s nhiu ca t opus (tc phm). Opera l mt loi hnh ngh thut tng hp. Trong opera c s kt hp gia sn khu v m nhc; s tham gia ca cc ca s c tu, hp xng, dn nhc cng vi nhng loi hnh ngh thut v cng a dng khc nh ballet, m thut, din xut ca nhng din vin

Tchaikovsky tng nhn xt: opera c sc hp dn mnh lit l bi v ch c opera mi cho ta c c hi c tip xc vi ng o khn, thnh gi.

Opera mang du n ca thi i, opera phi by hin thc x hi, l ting tht ca nhn dn lao ng, l s vng ln ca nhng s phn b nn, l nim kht khao t do chy bng. Bn cnh opera cn th hin c nhng g chn thnh nht, su thm nht ca tnh yu la i, tnh bn b thm thit, tnh mu t bao la v tnh yu qu hng, t nc.

Opera ra i ti Florence, vo cui th k 16, thi bui giao thi gia thi k Phc hng v thi k Baroque. S ra i ca opera
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khng ch c ngha tng thm mt th loi mi cho ngh thut m nhc, quan trng hn opera tr thnh nhn t thi thc, pht trin v hon thin h thng mi v cc th loi mi trong thi k Baroque. Th loi giao hng bt ngun t nhng on do u trong cc v opera (ting l sinfonia) hay nhng on cadenza cho nhng ngh s piano hay violin th hin k thut th xut pht t nhng on ht khoe k xo ca nhng ca s opera.

Opera l mt th loi kch trong tt c hoc hu ht cc nhn vt u ht v cng vi dn nhc to nn mt th thng nht. Mt trong nhng nh ngha v opera l dramma per musica (kch thng qua m nhc). C mt vi t gn ng ngha vi Opera nh music drama hay music - theatre.

Opera l mt tc phm c ct truyn c th gm 1 hoc nhiu mn, trong 1 mn c th c 1 hoc nhiu cnh. Operetta l mt bin th ca opera vi qui m nh hn v ni dung c tnh cht nh nhng, vui v.

Opera gm c 2 phn chnh: phn nhc (music) v phn li (libretto). Thng khi cc nhc s sng tc opera, h thng nh cc nh vn, nh vit kch sng tc phn li trc ri sau mi da vo vit nhc. Ch c rt t cc nhc s t vit li cho opera ca mnh nh Wagner, Mussorgsky, Leoncavallo

Opera l mt th loi mi mang tnh sng to thc s. Cho d c tnh k tha, song opera cha trong mnh linh hn t tng nhn
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vn. Ch ngha nhn vn thm thu trong ti, ch , nhn vt, ca t v m nhc ca opera. Mt khc opera ch trng s biu hin, truyn t chn tht nhng tnh cm, t tng con ngi, khc ha hnh tng m nhc c c tnh, tnh tit xung t mang tnh kch mnh m. Mt loi hnh ngh thut nh vy r rng l mt s kin sng to mang tnh khi xng trong lch s m nhc th gii.

B/ S ra i, hnh thnh v pht trin ca opera qua cc thi k: I/ Thi k Phc hng v Baroque: 1/ Opera ra i v pht trin : Opera ra i l do nhu cu gii tr ca gii qu tc thi k cui th k 16. Ti thnh ph Florence, nhng nh qu tc nh b tc Giovanni de Bardi hay Jacopo Corci ng ra thnh lp cc nhm hn lm (Academia) v sng bi trit gia Hi Lp c Platon vi mc ch phc hi m nhc Hi Lp c. Nhng nhm ny c ngi dn gi l Camerata (hip hi) cho rng m nhc Hi Lp c c sc truyn cm v l m nhc n iu (monody), ph nhc trn c s thanh iu, tit tu ca thi ca. Do m nhc truyn t c ni dung t tng ca ca t, khin ca t thm sinh ng, truyn cm v c sc hp dn. V t li t duy , mt ngi trong s h, ca s nhc s Jacopo Peri (1561 - 1633) sng ra v opera Dafne vo nm 1597 vi phn li ca nh th Ottavio Rinuccini - c coi l v opera u tin trong lch s m nhc. Tuy nhin, hin nay ch cn li phn ca t ca v opera ny. Vo nm 1600, Peri v Rinuccini li cng nhau sng tc Euridice, v opera ny cn c lu gi n ngy ny. T Florence tr thnh ni tp trung ca nhng nh son nhc opera, ngoi Peri, ta cn c th k n mt s nhc s
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khc nh Giulio Caccini, Pietro Strozzi, Marco da Gagliano hay Vincenzo Galilei (cha ca Galileo Galilei). Nhng v opera trong thi k s khai ny ch trng ca t v coi phn nhc ch l vai ph cho ca t. H ch trng n m nhc n iu (monody) v ln n m nhc phc iu (polyphony) lm mo m ca t. Chnh h cng l ngi sng to ra phong cch recitativo (ht ni) rt ph bin sau ny.

Opera t ra rt ph hp gii qu tc . V khng ch Florence, ngh thut opera bt u lan ta ra nhng thnh ph khc. u tin l ti Rome, mt s thnh vin trong nhm Camarata chuyn n Rome sinh sng v sng tc. Ni ting nht trong s ny l nhc s Stefano Landi (1587 - 1639) vi v opera Sant'Alessio (1632) c im ca opera Rome l ch yu mang ti tn gio, thn thoi v tnh cht m nhc gia aria v recitativo khc nhau kh r rng.

Sau Rome l Venice, ti y ln u tin opera c cng din bn v mi tng lp c th vo xem. Venice cng l ni u tin trn th gii xut hin nh ht cng cng - nh ht Teatro San Cassiano (1637). V nh vy, opera khng cn l tr gii tr ca ring gii qu tc na. Chnh iu ny khin opera tr nn ph cp v gip cho s lng cc v opera c sng tc tng vt. Ti y xut hin mt trong nhng nh ci cch opera v i trong lch s. Claudio Monteverdi (1567 - 1643) l cy cu ni gia thi k Phc hng v Baroque. Chu nh hng t Peri v cng l mt i din ca gii ngh thut Florence nh Peri, nhng khng nh Peri l mt ca s nhc s, Monteverdi l mt nhc s chuyn nghip. Nm 1607 ng sng tc v opera Orfeo, cng ly cm hng t cu chuyn
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Orpheus v Euridice trong thn thoi Hi Lp. So vi Euridice ca Peri, th v opera ca Monterverdi c nhng thay i mang tnh lch s. Thay v s dng nhng cy n lute, Monterverdi mnh dn s dng n dy, harpsichord, organ, trumpet, recorder v mt vi nhc c khc na. Bin ch dn nhc c m rng khin cho m nhc ca v opera tr nn giu mu sc v c tnh tng phn r nt. Monterverdi cng m u opera bng mt on nhc ngn, tin thn ca overture sau ny. ng cng to cho nhng nhn vt s khc bit bng nhng nt nhc c th. Recitativo trong v opera ny khng ch n thun l truyn ti ni dung ca t m cn phi th hin ngha ca ca t, khc ha din bin ni tm su sc ca nhn vt. Cho n tn ngy nay, nhiu v opera ca Monterverdi nh Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1641) hay L'incoronazione di Poppea (1642) vn cn c trnh din. Monterverdi c coi l mt trong nhng nhc s c nh hng nht i vi nhng th h i sau. Nhng nhc s khc thuc trng phi ny l Pietro Francesco Cavalli (1602 1676) v Antonio Cesti (1623 - 1669).

n cui th k 17 u th k 18, trung tm opera ca nc chuyn t Venice sang Naples. c im ni bt nht ca nhng v Neapolitan opera ny l s hi hc nh nhng (m u cho nhng v opera buffa (opera hi hc) sau ny). Nhc s ni ting nht thi k ny l Alessandro Scarlatti (1660 - 1725). ng gp ng k nht ca Scarlatti l pht trin da capo aria (hnh thc aria ba on ABA trong phn A c ni tip bng phn B mang tnh tng phn v ch yu vit ging th ri c quay tr li phn u) th hin din bin ni tm phc tp ca nhn vt v l kiu mu
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nhng nhc s sau ny noi theo. Scarlatti cng l ngi u tin nh hnh Overture kiu theo hnh thc nhanh chm nhanh l tin cho s ra i ca giao hng sau ny. Scarlatti vit tt c 88 v opera (ty theo ti liu con s ny c th ln n hn 100) nhng hu ht u b tht lc. C mt s v opera ca Scarlatti ly ti thn thoi hoc anh hng ca l tin cho nhng v opera seria (opera nghim tc) sau ny. Neapolitan opera c mt vai tr c bit quan trng trong lch s pht trin opera v nh hng ti ton b nn m nhc chu u th k 18.

2/ S pht trin opera ti cc nc Php, c v Anh: Php: Nm 1647, ln u tin ngi dn Php tip cn th loi opera khi v Orfeo ca Luigi Rossi c cng din ti Paris, tip theo l nhng v opera ca Pietro Francesco Cavalli. Trc thi im ny th Php loi hnh sn khu chim v tr ch o l ballet. Ch n khi c s xut hin ca Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632 - 1687) th mi c s ra i ca nn opera Php. Lully sinh ra ti Florence v n nm 1661, ng mi nhp quc tch Php. L mt ngi rt ti nng, ban u Lully c ch thn Louis XIV mi lm v cng ballet v sau l nhc s sng tc m nhc cho cc v ballet v bin o ma. ng tp trung vo nghin cu v sng tc opera t nm 1672. Lully gi nhng v opera ca mnh l tragdies lyriques (bi kch tr tnh). Nhng c im chnh trong cc v opera ca Lully: s dng rt nhiu nhng v iu, a ballet tr thnh mt nhn t tch cc trong opera; sng to ra Overture theo kiu Php gm 2 phn chm nhanh v c bit trong opera ca Lully s dng rt nhiu v hiu qu hp xng - iu trc y hu nh cha thy xut hin trong
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opera . Nhng v opera ng ch ca Lully l Alceste (1674), Atys (1676) v Armide et Rnaud (1686).

Tip ni Lully, Jean Philippe Rameau (1683 - 1764) cng l mt tc gi rt quan trng. Nhng nhc s sau ny nh Berlioz, Debussy u nh gi rt cao Rameau. Cng l mt nh ph bnh m nhc ht sc xut sc, Rameau xy dng c mt t duy ha thanh mi v vy phn kh nhc trong opera ca ng v cng hiu qu v c o. ng rt thnh cng trong vic a phc iu vo trong nhng v opera ca mnh. Nhng v opera ca Lully v Rameau cn c gi l opera ballet.

c: Ngi sng tc ra v opera u tin ca nc c v Dafne (1627) l nhc s Heinrich Schtz (1582 - 1672). m nhc ca v opera ny ni ring v ton b tc phm ca Schtz ni chung chu nh hng t 2 nhc s ngi : Giovanni Gabrieli (thy dy ca ng Venice t nm 1609 n 1613) v Monteverdi. Nhiu nh ht opera c xy dng ti Munich, Dresden v c bit l Hamburg. Ti Hamburg, sau khi Schtz qua i ni ln nhc s Reinhard Keiser (1674 - 1739). Chnh Handel v Mozart sau ny cng tha nhn trong sng tc opera, h chu kh nhiu nh hng t Keiser. Nhc s Handel tr tui cng sng tc mt s v opera trong thi gian ng sng ti y nhng khng my thnh cng. Georg Philipp Telemann (1681 - 1767) l ngi cng thi vi Johann Sebastian Bach v l bn thn ca Handel. ng sng tc khong 40 v opera v c ngi ng thi nh gi thm ch cn cao hn

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Bach v Handel. Sau khi Telemann qua i, nn opera c li b nc thao tng.

Anh: Nc Anh lun ho hc n cho v tip nhn ngh thut nc ngoi. Trc khi xut hin opera, nc Anh vo cui th k 16 thnh hnh kch mt n (masque), ch n khi mt ngi xut hin th nn opera Anh mi thc bt u. Ngi chnh l Henry Purcell (1659 - 1695). ng chnh l ngi khai sinh ra nn opera Anh vi v Dido and Aeneas (1689). Nh ht Opera u tin London xut hin nm 1671 l trnh din cc tc phm ca Purcell. Purcell bit tip thu tinh hoa ca 2 nn opera v Php thi by gi vi overture theo kiu Php nhng recitativo v aria th theo kiu . Purcell rt kho lo trong vic lng m nhc vo ting Anh em li s hi lng cho khn, thnh gi. Ngoi Dido and Aeneas, Oedipus cng l mt v opera rt thnh cng. Ngy nay, nhng tc phm ca Purcell vn c cng din.

Sau khi Purcell qua i, bng i mt thi gian di nn opera Anh khng c nhng tc phm no ng k. Ch n khi c s xut hin ca nh son nhc v i George Frideric Handel (1685 - 1759) th nn opera Anh mi khi phc c v th ca mnh. Nhc s ngi c Handel tng l ngh s violin ti nh ht Hamburg di thi Keiser lm gim c v bt u sng tc opera. T nm 1706 n nm 1710 ng sng ti mt s thnh ph ca nh Rome, Florence v Naples. Chnh ti Naples, ng chu nh hng t A. Scarlatti v Neapolitan Opera. Nhng v opera c Handel sng tc trong thi gian ny nh Rodrigo (1707) v Agrippina (1709) ginh c
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ting vang ln v thu ht c s ch ca nh ht Opera London. Handel c mi sang London v ngay lp tc bng v opera mang phong cch Rinaldo (1711), ng c nh ht mi cng tc lu di. Nm 1719, hong gia Anh cho xy dng Nhc vin Hong gia v Handel c m nhn trng trch gim c nhc vin v nhc trng chnh ca nh ht opera London. Trong thi gian ny ng sng tc nhng v opera hay nht ca mnh nh Giulio Cesare (1724), Tamerlano (1724), Rodelinda (1725). Trong nhng nm 1730, do mt b phn gii qu tc Anh khng hi lng vi ngun gc c ca ng (d Handel nhp quc tch Anh nm 1727) nn ng phi nhng li quyn iu hnh nh ht cho Nicola Porpora mt nhc s ngi . Nhng nm cui i, nhc s t vit opera hn m tp trung ch yu vo oratorio cng nh cc th loi khc nhng nhng v opera c sng tc trong thi gian ny nh Orlando (1733) Alcina (1735) hay Serse (1738) u c nh gi rt cao v c coi l vt ra ngoi phm vi nh hng ca opera . Cc v opera ca Handel phn ln u c coi l opera seria.

II/ Thi k C in: Trong thi k ny, opera ch yu pht trin ti c v o hay thm ch l c Php. Cn opera b mt v th b ch v ri vo giai on khng hong d rng cc v opera bng ting vn c sng tc u n. y cng l thi k nn opera chu u chia lm 2 th loi chnh: opera seria v opera buffa.

Opera seria pht trin t Neapolitan opera vi ct truyn ly t ti lch s hoc thn thoi vi m nhc mang tnh cht trang trng v rt
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ph bin trong thi k Baroque. Tuy nhin n u th k 18, do kt cu ca opera seria tr nn qu nhm chn, cc aria v recitativo lun phin nhau xut hin. Nh th ngi Metastasio trong thi gian ny vit ti 30 kch bn cc nhc s sng tc opera. iu ny khin opera seria m vo ng ct, khn gi quay lng li. Hn na sn khu opera gi y ch l ni cc ca s castrato (ca s b hon) khoe ging. Cc castrato ny tha sc ht nhng g h thch, khng h quan tm n ni dung cc v opera cng nh yu cu ca nhc s. Chnh v vy sn khu opera chu u vo u th k 18 cn c mt s thay i mang tnh bc ngot. Trong bi cnh opera buffa ln ngi v tr thnh phong cch opera ch o ca thi k C in.

1/ S ln ngi ca opera buffa v s hnh thnh opera-comique v singspiel: Cng khi ngun t Neapolitan opera, opera buffa tr thnh i trng ca opera seria. c im ca opera buffa l phong cch d dm, nh nhng ly bi cnh t chnh cuc sng thng nht ca ngi dn, chm chc nhng ngi thuc tng lp trn nn d c qun chng n nhn. V mt m nhc, opera buffa s dng nhiu cc duet (khc vi opera seria hay dng aria) v coi trng ging bass, iu gn nh khng xut hin trong opera seria. Opera buffa tht s khng nh c v th ca mnh vo u th k 19. Trc y, opera buffa ch c biu din vi t cch l 1 intermezzo (khong ngh) gia hai mn ca 1 v opera seria. Nhc s tiu biu trong thi k ny l Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710 - 1736). ng sng tc c opera seria v opera buffa trong v opera buffa La
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serva padrona (1733) l v opera buffa u tin tch c mnh ra khi 1 v opera seria cng din 1 cch c lp (ban u La serva padrona cng ch c sng tc nh l 1 intermezzo ca v opera seria Il prigioniero superbo). Pergolesi c coi l nhc s ln u tin sng tc opera buffa. Sau Pergolesi, cn nhiu nhc s sng tc opera buffa ni ting khc nh Nicol Piccinni (1728 - 1800), Giovanni Paisiello (1740 - 1816) hay Domenico Cimarosa (1749 1801).

Song song vi s pht trin opera buffa ti , ti Php v c opera cng c nhng ci cch ng k theo hng c lp v c xu hng ngy cng t chu nh hng t opera . Ti Php, opera hi hc c gi l opera-comique, thut ng ny ln u xut hin vo khong nm 1716. Opera-comique tip thu v pht trin t cc v opera buffa ca nhng c thay i ng k nht l khng s dng recitativo v thay vo l hnh thc i thoi. Paris cho xy dng nh ht Opra-Comique biu din nhng v opera ny. Tc gi sng tc opera-comique ng ch trong th k 18 l nhc s ngi B sng ti Php t nm 1767 Andr Modeste Grtry (1741 - 1813) vi v Richard Coeur-de-lion (1875). Grtry cng c coi l ngi u tin t nn mng cho opra grande. Tuy nhin sau cuc cch mng nm 1789, tnh hi hc trong opera-comique ngy mt t i, thm ch b trit tiu. Ti c, t gia th k th 18 hnh thnh th loi singspiel (ht din). So snh vi opera buffa hay operacomique th singspiel i thoi nhiu hn v mang nhiu m hng ca cc bi ht c (lied) v nh hng t hi kch dn gian c. Johann Adam Hiller (1728 - 1804) c coi l ngi sng lp ra
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singspiel. Nhng v opera bng ting c ca Mozart, Beethoven hay Weber sau ny a singspiel ln nh cao.

Nhng nm cui ca th k 18 c nh du bng cuc cch mng T sn Php 1789, iu ny nh hng rt ln ti quan nim sng tc ca gii vn hc ngh thut, trong c lnh vc m nhc. Cc v opera mang tnh thi s hn, ku gi s t do, bnh ng v cao tnh anh hng. xut hin mt dng opera c sng tc theo ni dung ny v c gi l rescue opera (opera gii cu). Nhng v opera tiu biu thuc tro lu ny l Mde (1797) v Les deux journes (1800) ca Luigi Cherubini (1760 - 1842) v La vestale (1807) ca Gaspare Spontini (1774 - 1851).

2/ Christoph Willibald Gluck v s ci cch v i: Nhc s ngi c Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714 - 1787) l mt nh ci cch opera v i. Thi gian u ng sng Milan v sng tc kh nhiu v opera ti y. Nhng v opera ny em li danh ting cho ng v nm 1745, ng ln ng sang London v gp g Handel. Tuy nhin, Handel t ra khng quan tm n opera ca Gluck. Tht bi, Gluck bun chn ri nc Anh i nghin cu m nhc ca hu ht cc nc chu u v ri nh c ti Vienna t nm 1750. Chnh trong qung thi gian ny, Gluck tip thu t tng ca phong tro Khai sng v t ng nung nu nh ci cch opera v Gluck nhn thy rng trong thi k ny, cc v opera tr nn rp khun v thiu su sc. Nm 1761, Gluck may mn c dp gp g v lm quen vi nh th Ranicro Calzabigi v 2 ngi bn tm u hp ny cng nhau vit v opera Orfeo ed
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Euridice. Nm 1762, v opera c cng din ln u ti Vienna. y tr thnh ct mc quan trng nh du mt bc tin mi trong vic ci cch opera. Orfeo ed Euridice c nhng im khc bit c bn vi nhng v opera trc , Orfeo ed Euridice l mt li tuyn chin quyt lit vi s ho nhong b ngoi v xu hng mua vui ca gii qu tc. Gluck pht trin opera theo hng biu l nhiu cm xc trong ca t v m nhc nhng nghim cm li ht hoa m, li dng k xo ca cc ca s thi k . ng bt cc ca s phi ht ng nh yu cu trong tng ph. Quan nim sng tc ca Gluck l hng n nhng g chn tht nht, t nhin nht nh chnh nhng g m cuc sng vn c. Trong cc tc phm ca mnh, Gluck chuyn tm vo th gii ni tm ca nhn vt v m nhc ph thuc vo tnh kch. Gluck cng l ngi u tin a mt s giai iu ca opera vo trong phn overture, iu ny gip cho overture tr thnh phn d bo v gip cho thnh gi nm c ch c bn ca v opera. Gluck c nh hng r rt vi Mozart, Weber, Berlioz v Wagner sau ny. Sau s thnh cng ca Orfeo ed Euridice, Gluck tip tc sng tc nhiu v opera khc nh Alceste (1767) hay Iphignie en Aulide (1774) nhng b nhng ngi theo phe bo th phn ng d di khin nhc s b tn thng v sau nm 1780, Gluck hon ton khng sng tc opera na. Tuy nhin tinh thn v i ca Gluck c nhiu nhc s sau ny tip thu v vai tr lch s ca ng c chnh thc tha nhn.

3/ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Nh son nhc thin ti ngi o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) l tc gi ca hn 20 v opera trong c nhiu v
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tr thnh nhng kit tc. Vi t cch mt ngh s piano thn ng, thu nh Mozart i biu din ti rt nhiu ni v tip thu c tinh hoa ca nhiu loi hnh m nhc nh nhng bi ht Neapolitan, th php i v ca c v cc bn giao hng ca Haydn. Chnh iu ny gip cho trong cc v opera ca Mozart c c s cn bng gia cc ngh s n ca v hp xng, gia ca s v dn nhc. L ngi ngi ng thi v chu nh hng t quan im sng tc ca Gluck, tuy nhin Mozart li quan nim: li thoi trong opera phi l c gi bit nghe li m nhc. m nhc ca Mozart trong cc tc phm ni chung v opera ni ring trong sng, tinh t, thnh thin v p mt cch diu k. Trong b 3 opera Mozart kt hp vi nh chuyn vit li cho cc v opera Lorenzo da Ponte l Le nozze di Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787) v Cos fan tutte (1790) th ngoi Cos fan tutte l vit theo n t hng nn c cht lng ngh thut khng cao cn 2 tc phm kia u l nhng tuyt tc. m nhc y cht th, kt hp hi ha gia ht v ht ni. c bit l vic pht huy vai tr ca duet, ly duet lm trung tm cho s pht trin kch tnh ca opera. Hn na, trong cc v opera ny, Mozart s dng rt thnh tho cc hp ca t terzet n septet, iu gn nh khng xut hin trong cc v opera trc ca ng. Trong Don Giovanni, ln u tin kn trombone c mt trong bin ch dn nhc v m nhc ca mn cui c vang ln ngay trong phn overture, iu ny cho thy nh hng ca Gluck i vi Mozart. Vi Die entfhrung aus dem Serail (1782) v c bit l Die Zauberflte (1791) v opera cui cng ca Mozart, singspiel t n nh cao cha tng thy. Trong Die Zauberflte, s trn ln ca trit hc, tnh n d, cht lng mn, mu sc huyn b, hm hnh khin cho v
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opera khng ch t c thnh cng to ln ngay sau khi mi ra i m cn tr thnh mt trong nhng tc phm c a thch nht hin nay. Chnh nhng v singspiel ny m ra con ng pht trin cho opera lng mn c sau ny.

4/ Ludwig van Beethoven v Fidelio: Fidelio (1814) l v opera duy nht ca Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827) v cng l tc phm khin Beethoven tn nhiu cng sc nht. ng bt u sng tc t nm 1804 (bn ting ) nhng bn ting c nh ngy nay chng ta thng thc th c biu din ln u tin vo nm 1814. Fidelio l v opera c hnh thc singspiel vi ni dung thuc tro lu rescue opera. Tuy nhin, ban u Beethoven khng c nh sng tc opera m Fidelio ra i l do bc mnh v s khng chung thu trong Cos fan tutte v lng nhit tnh bt ngun t cuc Cch mng Php 1789, chnh v vy Fidelio cn c gi l Ngi con gi ca Cch mng Php 1789. Cc aria v recitativo c k xo kh nhng im ni bt nht ca v opera l vai tr ca dn nhc. C th ni, Beethoven l mt trong nhng ngi tin phong trong vic giao hng ha opera, m sau ny Wagner l ngi u t nht. m nhc ca Fidelio gn vi Gluck v Handel ngi m Beethoven rt knh trng nhng mang cht lng mn rt cao. Chnh v vy, c th coi Fidelio l vin gch u tin ca opera Lng mn c th k 19.

Th loi Opera (phn 2)

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Th loi Opera (phn 1)

III/ Thi k Lng mn: Th k 19, thi k Lng mn l thi k m ch ngha dn tc ln cao nht. Tnh dn tc c bc l r rng hn bao gi ht. Cng vi s pht trin ca vn hc, hi ho, m nhc c in ni chung v opera ni ring c s thay i rt r rt. Thi k ny cng chng kin s hi sinh ngon mc ca opera sau mt thi gian di khng hong nhng cc nc khc nh c, Php, Nga, Czech... cng c c nhng v opera nh cao mang tnh thi i. Hn na cc qui tc cng dn dn b ph b to nn s a phong cch trong m nhc, qui m v ni dung tc phm. ti thn thoi v anh hng ca ph bin trong thi k Baroque v C in dn dn c thay th bi cc cu truyn i thng v nhng s kin x hi. Cc nhc s tr thnh nhng nh son nhc t do, khng phi l thuc vo nhng nh qy tc nn h hon ton t do trong cng vic sng tc ca mnh.

1/ Opera Lng mn : a) Bel canto: u th k 19, ti s xut hin ca 3 nhc s: Rossini, Donizetti v Bellini vi cc v opera mang m phong cch bel canto li cho chng ta mt kho tng v gi cc tuyt tc.

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Bel canto (ht p) l mt ngh thut ht c ti nc t th k 17 nhng c pht trin mnh nht trong nhng thp nin u tin ca th k 19. Ba nhc s trn l nhng nh son nhc trung thnh vi trng phi ny v cng l nhng ngi a bel canto n nh cao nht. Tn gi ca 3 nhc s cng ng ngha vi bel canto, h c coi l nhng ngi khng l ca bel canto.

c im chnh ca opera bel canto l s ch trng n k thut v v p ca ging ht. Cc v opera sng tc sao cho cc ca s c th ph din c ti a ging ht ca mnh. Trong cc v opera thi k ny vai chnh thng c dnh cho cc ging nam cao v n cao (c bit l ging Soprano coloratura). Ton b m vc (ch yu m vc cao) v k thut Staccato c khai thc trit .

Thi k ny xut hin thm mt thut ng: opera semiseria (opera na nghim). Opera semiseria gn ging vi opera buffa, c nhiu yu t hi hc nhng ni dung cm ng, c bi cnh vng ng qu. V opera ni ting nht thuc th loi ny l Linda di Chamounix ca Donizetti. Ngoi ra, La sonnambula ca Bellini cng c th lit vo th loi ny.

Cc v opera buffa ca Gioacchino Rossini (1792 - 1868) l nhng mu mc cho th loi ny, c bit l trong giai on 1813 - 1817 vi L'Italiana in Algeri (1813), Il Turco in Italia (1814), Il Barbiere di Siviglia (1816) v La Cenerentola (1817). Trong Il Barbiere di Siviglia tr thnh mt tuyt tc, s kt hp hi ho v v p tuyt vi ca cc aria, recitativo, dn nhc v hp xng l nhng g
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m ta c th thy c trong v opera ny. Bn cnh Rossini cng vit opera seria nh cc v Tancredi (1813) v Otello (1816). C mt thi gian di Rossini Paris v cc v opera cui cng ca ng ra i y nh Le Comte Ory (1828) v Guillaume Tell (1829) trong Guillaume Tell l tin cho s ra i cho cc v opra grande ca Php sau ny. ng gp c bn nht ca Rossini l loi b revitativo secco (recitativo khng nhc m), tng sc biu cm ca dn nhc, ng thi Rossini khai thc c ti a u th ca tng ging ht nh vo kh nng am tng k thut ht bel canto truyn thng. Sau mt thi gian di opera chm khut sau opera ca Gluck v Mozart, chnh Rossini l khin opera tr li vi v tr vn c ca n.

Phong cch sng tc ca Rossini l mnh m, si ni v dn d trong khi nhc s cng thi vi ng, Vincenzo Bellini (1801 - 1835) li c ci g rt qu phi v yu ui. Trong cc v opera ca Bellini, cc nhn vt lun mang mt cht g hi u su, phin mun. Bellini vit cc v opera ca mnh cho cc ca s hng u thi by gi, chnh v vy kh ca tc phm l rt ln v i hi phi l nhng ging ht xut sc nht mi c th trnh din c. Trong cuc i ngn ngi ca mnh, Bellini li 11 v opera trong tuyt vi nht l b 3 ni ting: La Sonnambula (1831); Norma (1831) v I Puritani (1835). Bellini qua i tui 34, ng lc ti nng ang sung sc nht. Trung dung gia Rossini v Bellini ng thi cng c s lng cc v nhiu nht l Gaetano Donizetti (1797 - 1848). Donizetti sng tc gn 70 v opera. Khng to c s duyn dng nh Bellini, khng
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c c s si ni nh Rossini nhng Donizetti l ngi to c s cn bng gia cht tr tnh v s kch tnh trong cc v opera ca mnh. Donizetti chnh l ngi c nh hng ln n Verdi sau ny. Ti nng ca Donizetti c tha nhn kh mun, n v opera th 33 ca mnh Anna Bolena (1830) th ng mi c bit n v t th ng tr nn rt ni ting. Donizetti sng tc opera ch yu bng ting v i khi bng ting Php. V opera ting Php ni ting nht ca ng l La fille du regiment (1840). Tuy nhin nh cao nht ca opera l cc v L'elisir d'amore (1832) v Lucia di Lammermoor (1835).

b) Giuseppe Verdi: Rossini, Donizetti v Bellini vn l nhng nhc s chu nh hng ca opera th k 18 v cc tc phm ca h th hin ch ngha lng mn qua ca t nhiu hn l m nhc. Ch ngha dn tc xut hin nhng vn cha c bc l r rt v cha th thot khi ci bng ca nc o (khi ang xm lc v chim ng nc ). Ch n khi mt nhn vt v i xut hin th nc mi c mt biu tng tht s chng li s ln t ca ngi o. Con ngi v i ging cao 2 l c: ch ngha dn tc v ch ngha lng mn chnh l Giuseppe Verdi.

Giuseppe Verdi (1813 - 1901) l mt nhc s thin ti, ngi ni ln ting ni ca nhn dn, ngi cng vi nhng ngi con yu nc chin u ginh thng li trong cuc chin tranh vi qun o vo nm 1848.

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L ngi b nhc vin Milano t chi nhn vo hc nm 1832 nhng ch 10 sau, vi s ra mt v opera Nabucco (1842) ti La Scala, Verdi tr thnh biu tng khng ch ca thnh ph Milano m cn ca c nc . Tip theo thnh cng ca Nabucco l s xut hin ca cc v I Lombardi (1843), Ernani (1844), Macbeth (1847) v Luisa Miller (1849). Tuy nhin tn tui ca Verdi thc s c lu danh trong lch s opera khi c s xut hin ca 3 v opera: Rigoletto (1851), La Traviata (1853) v Il Trovatore (1853). y l nhng kit tc trong kho tng opera ca nhn loi v n tn by gi cc nh ph bnh vn cha th thng nht c vi nhau u l v xut sc hn. V p trong giai iu, sc mnh ca dn hp xng v s lng ly ca dn nhc to cho b 3 trn mt sc hp dn k diu.

Trong cc nm tip theo, Verdi hng n cc v opera c qui m s hn nh Don Carlo (1867) v c bit l Aida (1871) - v opera sng tc theo n t hng ca hong gia Ai Cp nhn dp khnh thnh knh o Suez.

Khi tui ngoi 70, Verdi sng tc mt trong nhng v xut sc nht ca mnh: Otello (1887) theo li ngh ca Arrigo Boito (1842 1918) - mt ngi bn, tc gi v opera Mefistofele. Boito cng chnh l ngi khuyn Verdi sng tc v opera cui cng v cng l v opera hi mang phong cch opera buffa ni ting duy nht ca ng: Falstaff (1893).

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Nhn mt cch tng th, m nhc ca Verdi lm thay i opera . Khng b qu cu n vo ca t, cc giai iu vn vt v s ph trng qu ng ca ging ht, opera ca Verdi dung ho c gia m nhc, li ht v tnh kch to nn v p hi ho nhng vn lm ni bt ln tnh dn tc v s lng mn. c bit cc trch on hp xng trong opera ca Verdi thc s l nhng li ku gi lng yu nc, l ting tht bo v T quc ca nhn dn , rt ph hp vi bi cnh nc thi by gi.

c) Verismo: L mt trng phi opera ca ra i khi s nghip ca Verdi gn i vo giai on cui. Verismo (chn thc) l trng phi bao trm ln nc vo nhng nm cui th k 19 v u th k 20 vi mc ch phi by hin thc trn tri ca x hi ng thi nhm phn i v kch nhng v opera mang mu sc thn thoi ca Wagner. C rt nhiu nhc s ni ting thuc trng phi Verismo nh Pietro Mascagni (1863 - 1945) vi Cavalleria rusticana (1890), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1858 - 1919) vi Pagliacci (1892), Umberto Giordano (1867 - 1948) vi Andrea Chenier (1896). Tuy nhin nhc s ni ting nht phi k n Giacomo Puccini (1858 - 1924). L tc gi ca nhiu v opera ni ting nh: La Bohme (1897); Tosca (1900); Madama Butterfly (1904) v Turandot (1824) (Puccini qua i khi cha vit xong 2 cnh cui v v opera c Franco Alfano hon thnh vo nm 1926) Puccini ng gp vo kho tng opera th gii nhng v opera trn y nhng cm xc mnh m vi giai iu p th hin mi cung bc ca tm hn. Khng c nhng hp xng ho hng v honh trng nh trong Verdi, cng khng c cc
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overture tuyt diu v th php s dng dn nhc mt cch tinh t nh trong nhc kch ca Rossini, tm im trong cc opera ca Puccini lun l cc aria hay duet p mt cch diu k. Nhiu nh ph bnh nhn xt rng trong opera , sau cc tn tui Rossini v Verdi phi ni n Puccini.

2/ Opera Lng mn c: Sau s tin phong ca Beethoven, opera Lng mn c c ni tip bng Weber v c bit l Wagner Carl Maria von Weber (1786 - 1826) chnh l ngi a opera lng mn c ln nh cao. Xut pht im l mt ngh s Piano ti nng v trong cc chuyn lu din vng quanh chu u ca mnh, b cun ht bi cc v opera ca Mozart v Rossini nn bt tay vo sng tc opera. V th l vo nm 1821 Der Freischtz - v opera Lng mn thc s u tin ca c ra i. Thng xuyn s dng recitativo v c kt cu theo kiu c in Der Freischtz tr thnh nh cao ca Singspiel. Sau ny Weber c sng tc thm nhiu v opera khc nh Euryanthe (1823) hay Oberon (1826) nhng khng mt v no c th vt qua c Der Freischtz. Weber c nh hng rt to ln n Wagner sau ny. C ngi thm ch cn nhn xt, nu nh khng c Weber th cng cha chc c Wagner.

L mt hin tng v cng c bit trong nn m nhc c in th gii, s xut hin ca Richard Wagner (1813 - 1883) gy nn rt nhiu s tranh ci trong sut th k 19 v ko di cho n tn by gi v khng bit bao gi mi chm dt. Ngi gi Wagner l thin ti, k li d bu gi ng l thng in nhng qua nm thng thi gian
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cc v opera dn dn chim lnh cc nh ht ni ting v c mt iu khng c g phi bn ci l rt nhiu cc nhc s sau ny li chu nh hng t ng. ng chnh l ngi a opera c ln n nh cao nht v l bc thy trong vic "giao hng ha opera". Lun vit li cho cc opera ca mnh, quan im sng tc v i nht ca ng l thay v tt c mi th trong v opera nh kch bn, li thoi, cc yu t sn khu sinh ra ch phc v m nhc th ring i vi Wagner li ngc hn li tt c mi th t m nhc, li ca ch phc v cho mt kch bn c sn m thi. Hay ni mt cch ngn gn, trong opera ca Wagner m nhc phc v tnh kch thay v tnh kch phc v m nhc nh nhng g m opera vn c k t thi Mozart hay thm ch l trc c Mozart cho n nay. Thc ra m nhc phc v tnh kch vn l quan im ca Gluck v c Berlioz k tc nhng ngi a n ln mc nh cao v coi l chn l th chnh l Wagner. Mt trong nhng ci cch quan trng mang tnh thi i ca Wagner l s dng leitmotif (motif ch o). y l mt cu nhc ngn xuyn sut v opera ch yu nhm i din cho tnh cch, tm t tnh cm ca nhn vt. Khi leitmotif xut hin th ng ngha vi vic nhn vt s xut hin trn sn khu. iu quan trng l mi khi pht trin tnh hung kch, th hin su hn v t tng, tnh cm nhn vt, d bo s bin ha hay n d mt s kin, lin h hay ni r mi quan h gia cc i tng, tng cng s pht trin hay phong ph thm ni hm ca nhn vt, khi xut hin leitmotif. Wagner cng l ngi xa nha i ranh gii gia aria v recitativo. Bn cnh , Wagner s dng kh nhiu ha thanh na cung (cromatic), d bo cho nhng cch tn m nhc trong th k 20.

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V opera thnh cng u tin ca Wagner l Rienzi (1842), tuy nhin v ny vn cn chu nhiu nh hng t opra grande ca Php. V opera u tin m Wagner gy dng c phong cch c trng ca mnh l Der fliegende Hollnder (1843). Tuy nhin v ny vn cn hi hng ca phong cch opera qua cch s dng aria v chorus. Ch n khi xut hin Tannhuser (1845) v Lohengrin (1850) th thc s tn tui Wagner mi c c chu u bit n. Rt may mn cho Wagner l ng c Franz Liszt - ngi sau ny tr thnh b v ng ng h v ch thn Liszt nhiu ln ch huy cc v opera ca Wagner.

Trong giai on t 1852 n cui i l thi k sng tc nh cao ca Wagner. Lc ny thay v dng t opera cc v nhc kch ca Wagner c gi l music - drama. c mt thi gian di Wagner phi sng lu vong ti Thy S do hu qu t cuc cch mng nm 1848. Trong thi gian ny Wagner ny ra tng sng tc Der Ring des Nibelungen m sau ny khng ch tr thnh cng trnh s nht ca ng m cn ca c nn opera c in chu u. Sau nm 1860 l thi k thng hoa trong s nghip sng tc ca ng, hng lot cc v opera ni ting ra i trong thi gian ny: Tristan und Isolde (1865), Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg (1868) v 2 phn u ca Der Ring des Nibelungen l Das Rheingold (1869) v Die Walkre (1870). Tt c cc v ny u c trnh din ti Munich v vua Ludwig II ca x Bavarian l ngi rt hm m Wagner, thm ch nh vua cn cho xy dng nh ht Bayreuth Festspielhaus vo nm 1876 chuyn trnh din cc opera ca Wagner. Hai phn sau ca Der Ring des Nibelungen l Siegfried (1876) v
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Gtterdmmerung (1876) cng c trnh din ti y. V opera cui cng ca Wagner l Parsifal (1882).

3/ Opera Lng mn Php: Opera Lng mn Php c th chia ra lm 3 dng chnh: opra grande; opra comique v operetta. a) Opra grande: Bt ngun t Guillaume Tell ca Rossini, opra grande l nhng v opera s thng c di t 4 - 5 ting v thng l 5 mn, trong hon ton l ht khng s dng recitativo cng nh hi thoi. Trong opra grande thng xuyn s dng incidental music v ballet. Cc tc gi tiu biu cho trng phi ny l Meyerbeer v Berlioz.

Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791 - 1864) tuy l ngi c nhng sng ti Venice t nm 1815 v ngng m Rossini. Trong thi gian y, Meyerbeer sng tc c 6 v opera bng ting nhng u khng ni ting. Tht vng, Meyerbeer chuyn n Paris, tm thi khng sng tc na v lao vo nghin cu opera Php. n khi tm li c cm hng sng tc, Meyerbeer vit 6 v opera bng ting Php v to lp c mt trng phi ring ng thi gy dng c uy tn trn khp chu u. V opera xut sc nht ca Meyerbeer l Les Huguenots (1836), ngoi ra v L'Africaine (1865) c hon thin sau khi ng mt cng kh ni ting.

Hector Berlioz (1803 - 1869) cng l mt hin tng kh k l trong nn m nhc c in chu u. Ngi nhc s duy nht khng bit
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chi piano ny say m Gluck v tn th quan im sng tc m nhc phc v tnh kch ca Gluck. Trong 2 v opera Benvenuto Cellini (1838) v Les Troyens (1858) Berlioz trit tun th qui tc ny. Berlioz t ra rt tm c vi Les Troyens, ng coi l tc phm to ra nh sng bt dit ca ch ngha lng mn ng thi kt hp hi ho vi quan im sng tc ca Gluck.

Ngoi hai nhc s trn cn c mt s cc nhc s khc cng c nhng v opra grande ni ting, trong tiu biu l Jacques Halevy (1799 - 1862) vi La Juive (1835). C hai nhc s Meyerbeer v Berlioz u c nh hng n Wagner sau ny.

b) Opra comique: L th loi opera ph bin nht ca Php trong th k 19 v khng h c cht g hi hc trong th loi ny mc d c tn l comique. Trong opra comique hon ton khng s dng recitativo m thay vo l hi thoi.

nh cao ca opra comique chnh l Carmen (1875) ca Georges Bizet (1838 - 1875). L hc tr ti Nhc vin Paris ca Halevy, Bizet c nhng v opera kh ni ting nh Les pcheurs de perles (1863) hay La jolie fille de Perth (1867) nhng phi n khi Carmen xut hin th Bizet mi thc s tr thnh tn tui sng chi trong nn m nhc lng mn Php. Da trn truyn ngn cng tn ca nh vn Php Prosper Merimee hnh tng c gi Digan Carmen xinh p i vo lch s m nhc th gii nh l mt biu tng ca kht vng t do v lm say m bit bao ngi yu nhc trn ton th gii. Tuy
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nhin trong thi gian u khi trnh din, Carmen b cc nh ph bnh ch trch rt nhiu v h cho rng ca ngi mt c gi Digan b anh ny yu anh kia nh th l qu l bch. Qua nm thng, nhng li d ngh b xua tan v ngy nay Carmen tr thnh mt trong v opera c trnh din nhiu nht v tt nhin c yu thch nht.

Bn cnh Bizet, mt ngi hc tr khc ca Halevy l Charles Gounod (1818 - 1893) cng l tc gi ca nhiu v opera xut sc. Trong s hn 10 v opera ca mnh, cc v Mireille (1864), Romo et Juliette (1867) v c bit l Faust (1859) da trn trng ca cng tn ca Goethe l nhng tc phm thng xuyn c biu din nht. Jules Massenet (1842 - 1912) cng l tc gi ca nhiu opra comique ni ting nh Manon (1884), (1885), Werther (1892), Thas (1894) v Don Quichotte (1910). L tc gi ca nhiu bn giao hng, concerto ni ting, Camille Saint-Sans (1835 - 1921) cn c bit n vi v opera Samson et Dalila (1877) da trn mt cu chuyn quen thuc trong Kinh thnh. Ngoi ra ta cn c th k n Ambroise Thomas (1811 - 1896) vi Mignon (1866) v Hamlet (1868) trong Hamlet l v opera u tin c s dng saxophone hay Lo Delibes (1836 - 1891) vi Lakm (1883).

c) Operetta: Ngun gc ca operetta l cc v opera ngn ca th k 18. n th k 19, operetta c dng lm tn gi chung ch cc v opera c ni dung nh nhng, hi hc. Ban u operetta ch c mt mn sau
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ny pht trin thnh 2 hoc thm ch 3 mn. Operetta pht trin mnh nht Php, sau o v mt s nc khc ti chu u. Jacques Offenbach (1819 - 1880) nh son nhc ngi Php c ngun gc c l tc gi ca hn 90 v operetta trong c nhng tc phm rt ni ting nh Orphe aux enfers (1858), La vie Parisienne (1866) hay Les contes dHoffmann (1880). Do c ni dung nh nhng, ngn gn, d hiu nn operetta c rt ng o nhn dn lao ng Php thi k yu thch.

S ra i ca operetta ti nc o c gii thch l s kt hp gia singspiel v cc v hi kch thi k . Ngi i tin phong trong lnh vc ny l Franz von Suppe (1819 - 1895). ng l tc gi ca cc v operetta nh Dichter und Bauer (1846), Leichte Cavallerie (1866), Boccaccio (1879). Vi s xut hin ca Johann Strauss II (1825 - 1899) operetta o c c chu u bit n. Bn cnh nhng bn waltz, polka tuyt vi, Strauss II cng l tc gi ca nhiu v operetta trong c bit n nhiu nht l v Die Fledermaus (1874).

4) Opera Lng mn Nga v Czech: Nn Opera lng mn Nga pht trin mun hn i cht so vi cc nc , c hay Php, tuy nhin chnh v s chm tr ny m nc Nga li c tha hng nhng tinh hoa ca cc nc kia. Cc v opera ca Nga lun mang m du n ca ch ngha dn tc khng ch v ni dung cc v opera u ly t cc tc phm vn hc Nga m cn v chnh quan im sng tc ca cc nhc s. T Glinka,

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Tchaikovsky n nhm Hng mnh u c kht khao chy bng to dng mt nn m nhc c in Nga hng mnh.

C th d dng nhn thy rng sc mnh t nhng trang vit ca i thi ho Pushkin khng ch to nh hng n Thi i vng ca vn hc Nga m cn l ngun cm hng bt tn cho cc nhc s Nga sng tc nn cc v opera ca mnh.

Sau thnh cng ban u ca A Life for the Tsar (1836), Mikhail Glinka (1804 - 1857) bt tay vo vit v opera th hai ca mnh Russlan and Ludmilla (1842) da theo trng ca ca Pushkin ngi bn thn thit ca ng. y c coi l v opera xut sc u tin ca nn m nhc c in Nga. Tuy mang nhiu yu t thn thoi v kh di (gm 5 mn) nhng tc phm gy c ting vang rt ln ra khi bin gii nc Nga v c cc khn gi c, , Php ... rt yu thch, c bit l phn overture. Cng l ngi v cng ngng m Pushkin, trong s hn 10 v opera ca mnh Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 - 1893) th c n 3 v l c ni dung t cc tc phm ca Pushkin. l cc v Eugene Onegin (1879), Mazeppa (1883) v The Queen of Spades (1890). y u l cc v opera rt ni ting nhng trong tuyt vi nht phi k n Eugene Onegin. L tc phm phn nh trung thc i sng nc Nga th k 19, Eugene Onegin ca Tchaikovsky vt ra khi cc bng Eugene Onegin ca Pushkin to nn mt hin tng thc s. Nhng ba tic vui v, nhng v hi sang trng ca gii thng lu cho n nim vui ca nhng ngi nng dn sau mt v ma bi thu l nhng g tr nn qu quen thuc
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vi ng v Tchaikovsky sng tc vi mt s hng th khn xit. Tchaikovsky quan nim rng mnh l ngi Nga ti sao li phi quan tm n nhng chuyn xa l tn Ai Cp, Ba T? Mnh khng hiu c nhng suy ngh ca h, th lm sao m miu t h chnh xc c? Quan nim ny ca Tchaikovsky c gii vn ngh s nc Nga thi chia s v ng tnh. C th quan nim ny c nhiu hn ch nhng d sao th cng phi cng nhn rng chnh lng t tn dn tc khin cho Eugene Onegin tr thnh mt tuyt tc. Bit bao ngi dn Nga say m Eugene Onegin thm ch vi h khng c Eugene Onegin ca Pushkin v khng xem Eugene Onegin ca Tchaikovsky th khng phi l ngi Nga.

L mt thnh vin ca nhm Hng mnh, Modest Mussorgsky (1839 - 1881) l tc gi ca hai v opera ln mang tnh cht s thi: Boris Godunov v Khovanshchina, trong tc phm u l da theo v kch cng tn ca Pushkin. c hon thnh nm 1868 nhng c biu din ln u tin nm 1874 sau khi c s sa cha, Boris Godunov c cc nh ph bnh nh gi rt cao coi l mt cng trnh bt h, s kt hp tuyt vi gia m nhc v tnh kch, th hin c su sc th gii ni tm ca nhn vt v lm ni bt ln hnh nh ca nhn dn Nga. Ci cht ngn cn Mussorgsky hon thnh Khovanshchina cng nh khng cho Alexander Borodin (1833 - 1887) - mt thnh vin khc ca nhm Hng mnh vit nt kit tc ca mnh: v opera Prince Igor. Tuy nhin bng ti nng cng nh s am hiu su sc sng tc ca nhng ngi bn ca mnh, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 1908) - cng l mt thnh vin trong nhm hon thin cc tc
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phm ny nh ngy nay chng ta ang thng thc. Khng ch c vy, Rimsky-Korsakov cng l tc gi ca nhiu v opera xut sc nh Snow Maiden (1882) hay The Golden Cockerel (1908).

Bn cnh cc nc , c, Php, Nga, thi k Lng mn cn chng kin s thnh tu trong cc sng tc ni chung v opera ni ring ca nhng nhc s ngi Czech. Bedrich Smetana (1842 - 1884) l ngi sng lp trng phi m nhc Czech. Trong bi cnh Czech ang b nc o chim ng, nhng sng tc trong thi gian u ca Smetana th hin s vng dy u tranh, phn khng, th hin tinh thn yu nc. ng tng phi sng lu vong ti Thy S. Nm 1861, ng quay tr v Czech v lao vo xy dng nn m nhc dn tc v mt trong nhng tc phm ni ting nht ca ng: v opera The Bartered Bride (1866) ra i trong thi k ny. y l v opera vit theo phong cch opera buffa nhng mang nhng c trng rt r nt ca m nhc dn gian vng Bohmia. l s dng rt nhiu v khc Polka. Ni tip thnh cng ca Smetana, Antonn Dvorak (1841 - 1904) l ngi a m nhc Czech ln n nh cao. Thnh tu ch yu ca Dvorak l nhng bn giao hng v concerto nhng trong lnh vc opera, Dvorak cng li mt tc phm rt ng ch , l v Rusalka (1901). Trong v opera ny Dvorak cho thy ng chu nh hng t Wagner khi s dng leitmotif.

IV/ Thi k Hin i: Thi k Lng mn chm dt cng gn vi mc xy ra cuc chin tranh th gii ln th nht (1914 - 1918), thi k cao nhng cm xc cho thy du hiu suy tn, nhng m hnh sng tc opera
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kiu c khng cn c mn m, m ra mt thi k mi vn cn trong giai on tm ti v th nghim. Lc ny, opera khng cn l sn phm ca ring chu u m c nhng nhc s sng tc opera ngi M. Nhng khun mu c k b ph b nhng ch cho nhng s ph cch.

V opera i tin phong cho s ph cch chnh l Pellas et Mlisande (1902) ca Claude Debussy (1862 - 1918), v opera duy nht ca Debussy ny c sng tc sau khi nh son nhc th nghim mt s gn kt gia m nhc v kch bn theo kiu m Wagner lm vi Tristan und Isolde. Tuy nhin, Debussy i theo mt phong cch tri ngc vi Wagner. Trong khi Tristan und Isolde trn tr tnh anh hng ca v s dng nhiu chromatic th vi Pellas et Mlisande, m nhc tr nn thanh nh vi nhp iu t nhin da trn nhng ha thanh mi l, ng vi trng phi n tng m Debussy l ngi khai sng. Trong s nhng nhc s ngi Php, Francis Poulenc (1899 - 1963) rt ng ch vi Dialogues des Carmlites (1953). y l v opera vit theo phong cch lng mn vi giai iu p, tinh t.

Trong nhng nm u tin ca th k 20, s xut hin ca nhc s ngi c Richard Strauss (1864 - 1949) c coi nh s ni nghip ca Wagner. Thnh cng u tin m Strauss gt hi c l vi 2 v opera mt mn Salome (1905) v Elektra (1909). Trong nhng v opera ny, nhng ha m nghch tai ban u khin khn gi rt kh chu nhng sau , nhng ha m ny tr nn ph thng trong cc sng tc ca cc nhc s khc sau . y cng l
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nhng v opera m Strauss trong c s dng atonal (m nhc v iu tnh), mt s cch tn v cng to bo. Bn cnh , Strauss cng sng tc nhng v opera mang tnh cht tr tnh, lng mn theo khuynh hng truyn thng, tiu biu cho phong cch ny l v opera Der Rosenkavalier (1911). Ngoi ra Strauss cn sng tc nhiu v opera ni ting khc nh: Ariadne auf Naxos (1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), Intermezzo (1924), Arabella (1933), Daphne (1938) v Capriccio (1942).

Wagner cn c nh hng nhng nhc s thuc trng phi Vienna mi l Schoenberg, Webern v Berg. Trong , ngi c thnh tu ln v opera nht l nhc s ngi o Alban Berg (1885 - 1935). Nhng v opera ca Berg cho thy mt s cch tn trit thng qua s chi b c suy ngh nhng ha thanh ph thng hng ti nhng m thanh gay gt im ni bt ca khuynh hng ch ngha biu hin. Wozzeck (1925) v c bit l Lulu (1935) c mt ngi bn hon thin sau khi Berg qua i, v opera c hon ton sng tc theo ngn ng dodecaphony (h 12 m) l nhng v opera khc ha nhng con ngi c c hong lon, cng thng v au kh, mang tnh hin i rt cao.

Ngoi nhng tm ti, khm ph mi, nhiu nhc s vn duy tr phong cch sng tc opera theo khuynh hng dn tc d cho cng c nhng s cch tn nht nh. Ta c th k n nhc s Franz Lehr (1870 - 1948). Nh son nhc ngi Hungary gc o Lehr c Dvorak khuyn khch sng tc v ng ni ting vi nhng v operetta. Vi v operetta Die lustige witwe (1905) c cng din,
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ng tr nn ni ting v c gi l Johann Strauss ti th. ng cng l tc gi ca nhng v operetta ng ch nh: Der graf von Luxemburg (1909), Das land des lchelns (1928). Nh son nhc Bel Bartok (1881 - 1945) c coi l mt trong nhng nhc s v i nht ca th k 20. c bit n nh l mt trong nhng ngi v cng say m m nhc dn gian, ngoi nhng thnh tu ng kinh ngc v kh nhc, Bartok cn sng tc v opera duy nht Bluebeard's Castle (1911) mang tnh ng ngn rt cao.

Tip bc Smetana v Dvorak, nhc s ngi Czech Leos Jancek (1854 - 1928) sng tc nhiu v opera ni ting trong th k 20 nh Jenufa (1904), Kt'a Kabanov (1921) hay The cunning little vixen (1924). c im ca nhng v opera ny l nhc s khai thc tinh hoa m nhc dn gian Czech v vn dng hp l ngn ng Czech vo giai iu ca v opera v Jancek sng tc opera lun da trn kch bn t nhng tc phm vn xui. V opera cui cng ca ng l From the house of the dead (1928) da theo tiu thuyt Bt k ngi nh cht ca i vn ho ngi Nga Dostoyevsky.

Nc Nga thi k u th k 20 xy ra nhiu bin ng, s thnh cng ca cuc cch mng thng 10 khin nn m nhc Nga tr thnh nn m nhc Xvit vi t tng tin b, giu lng yu nc, trn y kh th cch mng. Trong thi k giao thi, 2 nhc s Sergei Rachmaninov (1873 - 1943) v Igor Stravinsky (1882 - 1971) li nhiu v opera c gi tr. Vi Rachmaninov l nhng v opera nh The miserly knight (1905) v Francesca da Rimini (1905) mang phong cch lng mn, tr tnh, vi m hng m nhc Nga r rt
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gn vi nhng tc phm kh nhc ca ng. Cn Stravinsky l nhc s tham d vo hu ht nhng khuynh hng m nhc quan trng ca th k 20. Nhng v opera ca ng nh Oedipus rex (1927), The Rake's Progress (1951) l nhng v opera gn vi oratorio nn c thut ng opera oratorio ch nhng v opera ny. m nhc ca nhng tc phm ny mang phong cch Neo-classicism (tn c in) vi tit tu, ha thanh rt c o. V d rng vn s dng aria, duet, terzet, recitativo nhng khc xa vi phong cch truyn thng ca opera .

Rachmaninov v Stravinsky l nhng nhc s lu vong, cn Prokofiev v Shostakovich l nhng ngi sng ti t nc Xvit. Sergei Prokofiev (1881 - 1953) thi tr sng ch yu ti nc ngoi v trong thi k ny, ng sng tc kh nhiu nhng cc tc phm ca ng qu thm m phong cch m nhc dn tc Nga nn khng c thnh gi phng Ty chp nhn, in hnh l v opera The love for three oranges (1919). Thi k hong kim trong sng tc opera ca Prokofiev n sau khi ng quay tr v t nc Xvit. nh cao ca ng trong thi k ny chnh l v opera honh trng mang y tnh s thi War and Peace (1952) da theo b tiu thuyt cng tn ca Lev Tolstoi. Tc phm k tha truyn thng ca Mussorgsky, trn y s kch tnh, m nhc mang tnh giao hng rt cao. Nh son nhc Xvit Dmitri Shostakovich (1906 - 1975) l tc gi ca v opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1934) b chnh quyn X vit, ng u l Stalin ph phn nhng hin nay, v opera c coi l mt trong nhng v opera xut sc nht ca th k 20.

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Nn opera Anh t sau s xut hin ca Purcell v Handel b trm lun trong hn 200 nm cho n khi xut hin Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976) th mi khi sc tr li. c coi l nh son nhc hin i xut sc nht nc Anh, ng l tc gi ca nhiu v opera ni ting, ngy nay c biu din thng xuyn nh: Peter Grimes (1945), Billy Budd (1951) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960), Death in Venice (1973).

Trong phn cui ny, xin ni qua mt cht v opera M - mt nn opera cn rt non tr. T cui th k 19, c mt s nhc s chu u sang lm vic ti M, m u l Dvorak. Trong nhng cuc chin tranh th gii th nht v c bit l th 2, rt nhiu nhng nhc s chn nc M l ni sinh sng ca mnh nh Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Bartok, Hindemith. y l iu rt tuyt vi cho nhng nhc s bn x. H c c hi c tip thu nhng tinh hoa ca m nhc c in chu u, ng thi s kt hp vi kho tng m nhc dn gian v cng phong ph ca ngi da , da en khin nhng sng tc ca h tr nn mi l, c o, khng b rp khun tr thnh bn sao m nht ca nhng nhc s n t Cu lc a. M u cho tro lu ny l v The pipe of desire (1910) ca Frederick Converse (1871 - 1940) v opera u tin ca mt nhc s M c biu din ti Metropolitan Opera. Nhc s Samuel Barber (1910 - 1981) cng sng tc 2 v opera cho Metropolitan Opera l Vanessa (1958) v Antony and Cleopatra (1966). Tuy nhin 2 nhc s ng k nht ca M trong th k 20 phi k n Copland v Gershwin. Nhc s Aaron Copland (1900 1990) c suy tn l nh cao ca nhng nh son nhc M. V opera The tender land
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(1954) ca ng l mt tc phm trn y sc sng, mu sc m nhc phong ph, a dng. Porgy and Bess (1935) ca George Gershwin (1898 - 1937) l v opera ca M gy c ting vang nht ti chu u khi c cng din ti Milan, vo nm 1955. y l v opera kt hp rt thnh cng gia nhc c in v nhc jazz cng nh m nhc dn gian chu M, ch yu l nhc ca ngi da en. Khi cng din ln u tin, ton b din vin l do ngi da en m nhim, iu cha tng c trong tin l Lch s opera.

Cobeo (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

Th loi Nocturne

Nocturne: D khc: 1. (ting notturno): th k 18, mt tc phm dnh cho mt vi nhc c thng gm nhiu chng. 2. mt tiu phm tr tnh nh thng dnh cho piano c tu do nh son nhc ngi Ireland John Field sng to ra vo u th k 19 v c Frederic Chopin k tha v a ln nh cao.

Ci tn nocturne ln u xut hin vo th k 18 ch mt tc phm vit cho dn nhc thnh phng gm nhiu chng, thng xuyn
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c biu din trong cc ba tic v m v ch yu ly cm hng t m hoc gi ln khng kh ca m. Tc phm ni ting nht l Notturno cho n dy v kn horn ging R trng K. 286 v Serenata Notturna, K. 239 ca Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Tuy nhin nocturne c dng vi ngha ph thng hn l ch tc phm c 1 chng duy nht, ch yu dnh cho n piano c tu vo u th k 19. Ngi sng tc nn nhng bn nocturne u tin theo khi nim ny l nhc s ngi Ireland John Field - ng c coi l cha ca nocturne Lng mn. c im ring bit ca nhng bn nocturne ca Field l giai iu c th ht ln c (cantabile) v s dng nhiu hp m ri. Tuy nhin nhn vt tiu biu cho th loi ny l nh son nhc v i ngi Ba Lan Frederic Chopin. ng vit tt c 21 nocturne v hu ht u l nhng bn nhc tuyt vi. Nhng nhc s sau ny cng vit nocturne c th k n Gabriel Faur, Alexander Scriabin v Erik Satie.

Ta cn bt gp nocturne nh l mt chng trong nhng tc phm ln dnh cho dn nhc. V d nh nocturne trch trong Gic mng m h ca Felix Mendelssohn hay chng 1 trong Violin Concerto s 1 ca Dmitri Shostakovich cng c tn l nocturne. Nhc s Claude Debussy cng c mt tc phm tn l Nocturne gm 3 chng vit cho dn nhc v hp xng n.

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Th loi Mlodie

T "mlodie" ting Php c ngha l giai iu nhng trong m nhc c in modie l mt thut ng ch mt th loi thanh nhc ca Php tng ng vi th loi lied trong thanh nhc c. Mlodie c son cho mt ca s solo cng phn m piano (hoc mt vi nhc c khc), da trn nhng li th Php vn cng rt giu nhc tnh.

Biu din mlodie ng cch c xu hng i hi mc th hin xc cm v din xut t hn nhiu so vi biu din lied. Theo Pierre Bernac (1899 -1979, ca s baritone ni ting vi vai tr ngi trnh din mlodie v ging vin thanh nhc, thy dy ca Gerard Souzay, Elly Ameling v Jessye Norman) th ngh thut ca nhng nh son nhc Php v i nht l mt ngh thut gi t hn l s by t cm xc trc tip.

Cc mlodie cng c bit c ch n v mi quan h gn gi v c ch gia li ca v giai iu. son cc mlodie c th trnh din c, ngi ta phi c mt kin thc tinh nhy v ngn ng Ph, thi ca Php v cch pht m y cht th ca th ngn ng ny. C rt nhiu cun sch vit mt cch chi tit v cch pht m ngn ng Php c bit dnh cho cc ca s ht mlodie, thng m t nhng nt ni bt theo phin m Alphabet c trng ca nhng bi ca vi nhng ch thch su hn v c trng ngn ng Php nh cch ni m v nut m.
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Th loi mlodie ch ni ln trc gia th k 19 Php. Mc d th loi lied t ti nh cao vo nhng nm 1890, th loi mlodie pht trin mt cch hon ton c lp vi truyn thng lied. Thay vo , n pht trin mt cch kh trc tip t mt th loi ca khc ngh thut Php c trc l romance. Nhng bi ca ny, trong khi b ngoi kh ging vi mlodie nhng ri li t ra l mt th loi nh nhng hn v t nt c trng hn. Li ca ca mlodie thng c ly t thi ca nghim tc ng thi v m nhc ni chung cng su sc hn. Hn na, trong khi phn ln nhng nh son nhc ca th loi ny thuc thi k Lng mn, t ra l theo bng nin i, th nhng c trng nht nh ca mlodie khin nhiu ngi xem chng khng phi hon ton thuc trng phi Lng mn.

C l nhng mlodie u tin l nhng mlodie ca nh son nhc Hector Berlioz. ng chc chn l ngi u tin s dng thut ng ny cho cc sng tc ca mnh v tp lin khc Les Nuits d't (Nhng m h, 1841) vn c xem l mt hnh mu ca th loi. D Berlioz c xut hin trc trong bng nin i th Charles Gounod vn thng c xem l nh son nhc chuyn bit u tin ca th loi mlodie. Phong cch sng tc ca Gounod tin trin t th loi romance n mlodie mt cch kh nhn thy v mang tnh minh ha. ng vit hn 200 bi theo li th ca nhng thi s nh Victor Hugo v Alphonse de Lamartine. Maid of Athens (Trinh n thnh Athens) ca ng ph t th ca Lord Byron bng ngn ng Anh l mt minh chng hon ho cho vic phong cch romance tr thnh mlodie.
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Mc du nhiu nh son nhc khc, nh Jules Massenet chng hn, vit cc mlodie trong sut thi Gounod, nhng mt tn tui khng th b qua l Gabriel Faur. ng vit hn 100 mlodie v c coi l Shumann ca Php. Mc d phong cch v bn cht m nhc ca h rt khc bit. Faur c nh n nhiu nht vi b tc phm ph th Paul Verlaine (Mlodies de Vnise).

Mt ngi cng thi vi Faur m tn tui tr nn ng ngha vi th loi mlodie mc d ng ch li mt s t tc phm th loi ny l Henri Duparc.

Claude Debussy v Maurice Ravel ngy nay c cng chng bit ti nhiu nht vi cc tc phm kh nhc. Mc d vy, c hai vit hng chc mlodie hin nay vn cn c nghin cu k cng v biu din thng xuyn. Debussy ni ting v ti nng c bit trong vic hn phi gia li v nhc, trong khi Ravel da trn mt s khc ca dn gian, mu thun trc tip vi cch lm thng thng ca th loi mlodie, lm tn ln v p ca c hai th loi ny.

Nhng ngi cng thi vi Ravel ni ting vi th loi mlodie bao gm Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn v Andr Caplet.

Ngy nay mlodie vn tip tc c sng tc, mc d c l nh son nhc ln cui cng ca th loi l Francis Poulenc qua i vo nm 1963. ng vit gn 150 mlodie.

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Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

loi Hnh khc (March)

Hnh khc, vai tr mt th loi m nhc, l mt khc nhc c trng vi nhp iu u n, mnh m. Hnh khc c ngun gc t qun i. Ban u, hnh khc ch c son ring cho vic hnh qun v thng c trnh din bi mt i qun nhc.

Cho n cui th k 16, cc bn hnh khc vn cha c ghi chp li bng cc nt nhc. n lc by gi, nhp iu ca cc bn hnh khc c gi bi b g v thng kt hp vi s ph ho ngu hng ca fife. Nhng hnh khc nh binh xut hin sm nht hin vn tn ti l nhng hnh khc ca hai son nhc ngi Php phc v trong triu vua Louis XIV l Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632 - 1687) v Andr Philidor Ln (1647 - 1730) vit cho i nhc ca nh vua. Nhiu hnh khc nh binh thi k u c sa li cho ph hp t cc giai iu ph bin. Cc cuc chin tranh thi Napoleon v Cch mng Php thc y s pht trin ca th loi ny. Tit tu hnh khc c Napoleon Bonaparte sa li cho ph hp qun Napoleon c th di chuyn nhanh hn. Napoleon ln k hoch chim c nhng lnh th ng chinh phc c nn lnh trng
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thay v phi mang theo mi d tr, h c th ri cn c v hnh qun nhanh hn. Cc hnh khc dnh cho cc i qun v trung on c bit c Luigi Cherubini (1760 - 1842), Hummel, Ludwig van Beethoven v nhng nh son nhc khc sng tc. Phn ln cc hnh khc nh binh hin nay nm trong danh mc biu din ca cc i qun nhc c vit khong t nm 1880 n 1914, trong cc tc phm c o v lu bn nht l ca John Philip Sousa (nh son nhc v nhc trng ngi M, 1854 - 1932) v Kenneth Joseph Alford (nh son nhc ngi Anh, 1881 - 1945).

Hnh khc c th c vit bt k nhp no, nhng nhp ph bin nht l 4/4, 2/2 hoc l 6/8. Tuy nhin, nhng hnh khc hin i li c vit nhp 2/4 (mc d nhp ny khng c xem l chun mc). Hnh khc hu nh lun c vit iu trng tr phi c s chuyn iu trong tc phm hoc khng phi l hnh khc thc s. Nhp hnh khc hin i thng vo khong 120 nhp 1 pht (nhp hnh khc chun Napoleon). Tuy nhin, nhiu hnh khc tang l thng c son theo chun Roman, 60 nhp 1 pht.

Ngoi c trng v nhp v tit tu, th loi hnh khc cn c nhng c trng khc (mc d vn tn ti nhng ngoi l). Hnh khc thng gm mt s on nhc hay khc nhc, thng c di 16 hay 32 nhp v thng c lp li t nht mt ln trong c bn nhc. Hnh khc thng c nhp b g mnh m v u n, gi nh ting trng trn. Hnh khc thng c mt ln chuyn ging t ch m sang h t m (v i khi tr li ging ch m ban u). Hoc, nu bt u bng mt ging th, n s chuyn sang ging
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trng. Cc giai iu c trnh by trong phn nhc li thng i nghch vi giai iu chnh. Hnh khc thng c mt on p cht c vit theo li i p nhau bi hai nhm nhc c (cao/ trm, kn g/ kn ng)

Nhng nhc c quan trng nht cho mt i nhc biu din hnh khc l cc loi trng (c bit l loi trng c dy cng mt di tng m), horn, fife hay b kn g v b kn ng. c bit trong th k 19, vi s pht trin mnh m ca b kn ng, hnh khc tr nn ph bin hn v thng c ha m mt cch k lng.

Hnh khc thm nhp vo ngh thut m nhc ln u tin qua nhng v opera v ballet ca Lully. V m iu, cc hnh khc i t hnh khc cht chc bi thng trong opera Gtterdmmerung (Hong hn ca nhng v thn) ca Richard Wagner ti cc hnh khc nh binh si ni ca John Philip Sousa v cc khc trng ca trong th k 19. Minh ha v vic s dng a dng th loi hnh khc c th tm thy Giao hng Eroica ca Ludwig van Beethoven, cc hnh khc nh binh ca Franz Schubert, hnh khc tang l trong Sonata ging Si ging th ca Frdric Chopin v Hnh khc thn Cht trong oratorio Saul ca George Frideric Handel

m nhc hnh khc cho n phm t nht c th c ln ngc v ti Battell ca William Byrd (nh son nhc ngi Anh thi k Phc hng, 1540 1623). Cc bn nhc cho piano c xut bn ca th k 19 gm nhiu hnh khc Schubert, Robert Schumann v Chopin. Cc hnh khc m u v kt thc trong nhiu tc phm th loi
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serenade th k 18, l li tuyn b tin vo v khi hnh ca nhng ngi biu din. Joseph Haydn vit mt bn hnh khc lm chng chm trong Giao hng Nh binh No. 100 ca mnh ; chng 4 giao hng Fantastique ca Hector Berlioz l Marche au supplice (Hnh khc ti php trng) v cc hnh khc tang l c trong Giao hng s 3 Eroica ca Beethoven, Giao hng s 1 ca Gustav Mahler. Cc hnh khc cho dn nhc vi nh lm tc phm ha nhc c lp gm Hnh khc Rakoczy ca Franz Lizst v 5 hnh khc Pomp and Circumstance ca Edward Elgar.

noname (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

Th loi Ht ru (Lullaby)

Lullaby (bi ht ru) l mt th loi nh nhng quan trng trong thanh nhc, thng c ht cho tr em nghe trc khi chng ng. Quan nim y l bi ca c ht bng mt ging hay v thn thuc vi b s ru b i vo gic ng. Nhng bi ht ru do cc nh son nhc c in vit thng c t ci tn hnh thc l berceuse, mt t ting Php c ngha l "bi ht ru" hoc cradle song (bi ht bn ni).

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V c bn, mt bi ht ru thng c vit nhp phn 3 n hoc phc (3/4 hoc 6/8). V ging, a s cc bi ht ru n gin, thng ch lun phin nhng ha m ch v ha m m t, v hiu qu d kin l a a tr vo gic ng nn ngi ta khng hay s dng qung bn cung phng tng (wild chromaticism). Mt nt c trng khc ca bi ht ru khng v l do no khc ngoi l thng l xu hng vit ging "ging trng", v d nh nhng bi ht ru do Chopin, Liszt v Balakirev vit u ging R ging trng.

C l Wiegenlied Op. 49 No. 4 (Wiegenlied ting c ngha bi ht bn ni) ca nh son nhc Johannes Brahms l bi ht ru ni ting nht trong tt c bi ht ru ca Brahms. Ban u Brahms vit bi ht ru ny cho c ca s tr Bertha Faber m ng quen bit nhn dp c sinh cu con trai th hai. Li bi ht bng ting Anh cng ng ngha vi li bi ht gc bng ting c. Trong mt cuc kho cu, nhng tr sinh thiu thng c cho nghe bi ht ru ny 5 pht, 6 ln mi ngy th r rng l ln nhanh hn nhng tr tng t m khng c nghe (theo Chapman, 1975).

Opus 57 ca Frdric Chopin l mt khc ht ru vit cho piano c tu ging R ging trng. Nhng v d ni ting khc l cc tc phm Berceuse sur le nom de Gabriel Faur cho violin v piano ca Maurice Ravel, Berceuse lgiaque ca Ferruccio Busoni, Berceuse ca Igor Stravinsky ni bt trong v ballet Fire bird (Chim la) v khc ht ru cho t tu n dy ca George Gershwin. Mt bi ht ru ni ting khc ca George Gershwin l Summertime trch t opera
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Porgy and Bess (Porgy v Bess) nm 1935. i khi n c nhc n nh l "Bi ht ru ca Gershwin". Mc d nhiu ng tc Jazz ca bi ht ny c nhng qung bn cung phng tng (wild chromaticism), nguyn bn ca n kh l m du v phn no bun b u su, iu th t nhin. Trong bn phi kh cho dn dy, nhng on chuyn ho m t La th (vi bc su) [A6] v Mi trng (vi bc by) [E7] nh nhng v lun chuyn, va trm bun, va nh d dnh, an i. Hn na nhiu bc cha m ht bi ht ny (khng c nhc m) cho con nghe vo gi i ng.

Dng nhc pop cng c nhng bi ht ru ni ting nh "Good night" ca The Beatles v "Lullaby (Good Night My Angel)" ca Billy Joel. Chu cng c nhng phin bn ht ru ca mnh. Trong ting Tamil (mt ngn ng min nam n , mt bi ht ru c gi l mt thaalattu (thal c ngha l "ci li"). l mt m thanh du dng c to bi chuyn ng nhp nhng ca li vo lc bt u bi ht, do m c tn trn. Nhng ng ch nht l vic s dng oyayi Philippines, cn gi l huluna Batangas. Trong thc t, vic s dng mt bi ht a a tr vo gic ng ph bin n ni ngi ta cho rng hu ht mi b m cc a phng u sng tc t nht mt bi ht ru cho nhng a con ca mnh.

T xa xa Vit Nam, phn ln cc cu trong bi ht ru con ly t ca dao, ng dao, hay trch t cc loi th hoc h dn gian c truyn ming t b xung m, th h trc sang th h sau. Do , nhng bi ht ny rt a dng, mang tnh cht a phng, gn nh mi gia nh c mt cch ht ring bit. Trong ht ru thng ch ch
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 n li (ca t) cn giai iu (nhc l) th mi b m c mt ging tr tnh ring nhng vn gy n tng su sc trong sut c cuc i ngi con. Nhng bi ht ru do cc nhc s Vit Nam sng tc sau ny l nhng bi c nhp chm, va phi. Giai iu c tin hnh lin bc khng dng nhng qung nhy lin tc, nhng nt bin m t ngt, tit tu nhp nhng uyn chuyn c tnh chu k hoc t do. C th k ra y nhng bi thuc dng ny nh: "M yu con" ca Nguyn Vn T; "T trn nh ni" ca Nguyn Nhung; "Ma hoa sa" ca Huy Thc...

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp Th loi Lied

1/ Gii thiu chung: Lied (s nhiu l Lieder) l mt t ting c vi ngha en l "bi ca". Tuy nhin n c s dng ch yu nh mt thut ng cho nhng ca khc thuc dng nhc c in chu u, cn c bit n nh nhng ca khc ngh thut. V c th, cc Lied thng c son cho mt ca s solo v piano. i khi cc Lied c tp hp thnh mt Liederkreis hay "lin khc" - mt lot nhng ca khc kt ni vi nhau bng mt chuyn k hay ch ring. Nhng nh son nhc Franz Schubert v Robert Schumann gn gi nht vi th loi ny. Bi v t Lied ting c thng ch c ngha l "bi ca" nn ngi c s dng thut ng c bit Kunstlied (Ca khc ngh thut) ch th loi ny.
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2/ Lch s: Vi nhng ngi ni ting c, thut ng Lied c mt lch s tri di t nhng bi ca ca ngi ht rong th k XII (Minnesang), nhng bi ht dn gian qua ng (Volkslieder) v nhng bi thnh ca nh th. c, thi k pht trin nht ca lied l vo th k XIX. Nhng nh son nhc c v o vit m nhc cho ging ht cng vi n phm trc thi gian ny, nhng cng vi s n r ca vn hc c trong nhng k nguyn C in v Lng mn th nhng nh son nhc mi tm thy cm hng ln lao trong thi ca m lm khuy ng th loi c bit n l Lied. Nhng khi u ca truyn thng ny c thy r trong nhng lied ca Mozart v Beethoven, nhng chnh vi Schubert th ngi ta mi thy r mt s cn xng gia phn li v phn nhc, mt s cun ht mi m vo m nhc ca ngha li th. Schubert vit khong 800 lied, mt s c sp xp theo nhng chui hay lin khc thut li mt cu chuyn - cuc phiu lu ca tm hn hn l th xc. Truyn thng ny c tip tc bi Schumann, Brahms v Hugo Wolf, v bi R. Strauss v Mahler th k XX. Mt lng ln tc phm c sng tc trong truyn thng Lied, ging nh truyn thng ca khc Madrigal ba th k trc, miu t mt trong nhng thnh qu phong ph nht ca cm gic con ngi.

3/ Nhng truyn thng dn tc khc: Truyn thng Lied c kt ni gn gi vi m ging thc t ca ngn ng c. Nhng c s tng ng ng ch nh Php vi nhng mlodies ca nhng nh son nhc nh Gabriel Faur,
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Claude Debussy v Francis Poulenc v Nga c bit l vi nhng bi ca ca Mussorgsky. Nc Anh cng c mt s n r ca bi ca vo th k XX m i din l Ralph Vaughan Williams v Benjamin Britten.

Ngc Anh (nhaccodien.info) tng hp

Th loi Etude

Etude hay Study (ting Php: tude; ting c: etde,studie; ting : studio) l mt on kh nhc, thng c mt kh no v thng hay dnh cho mt nhc c dy c bn phm, vi mc ch chnh l khai thc v hon thin mt mt no ca k thut biu din nhng cng vn c c s hng th v m nhc. Mc d etude mt thi c coi nh mt bi tp (Php: exercice; c: bung; : essercizio), thut ng v sau ny thng ch mt nhp hay on ngn c lp li mt cch t do, c th c thay i trn cc thang m khc hoc trn cc ging khc nhau. S khc bit c minh ha bng Studien op.3 (1832) ca Schumann, tc phm c m u bng bungen ngn, da trn nhng kh v k thut c trong chnh cc etude.

Trc th k 19, cc thut ng c s dng mt cch t do hn. V vy cc studies trong Sonate per cembalo divisi in studii e
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divertimenti (1737) ca Francesco Durante l cc on i m khng c lin kt vi cc vn ca k thut bn phm, trong khi 30 bn Essercizi per gravicembalo (1738) ca Domenico Scarlatti li khng khc bit v tm vc so vi 525 bn sonata khc ca ng. Bn phn ca b Clavier-bung (173141) ca J.S.Bach khng ch cha rt nhiu cc kit tc cho n harpsichord (v d nh bn Italian Concerto, French Overture, su partita v cc bin tu Goldberg bt h) m cn c mt s tc phm quy m ln cho n organ.

Mc d tiu study him khi xut hin trong m nhc cho n phm thi gian u, nhiu danh mc th loi ny c mc ch gio khoa mt cch cng khai. V th rt nhiu tc phm c tn khc nhau trong cc chuyn lun kh nhc v gio trnh hng dn c th c coi l nhng etude, bao gm c cc toccata trong Il transilvano (1593) ca Diruta, cc bi hc (v khc hay air) trong Melothesia (1673) ca Locke, cc prelude trong Lart de toucher le clavecin (1716) ca Couperin, Probestcke trong Versuch ber die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen (1753) ca C.P.E. Bach v Handstcke trong Clavierschule (1789) ca Turk. Nhng tc phm c t nht mt phn nh dnh cho mc ch ging dy cng c th k vo y, ngay c khi chng khng nht thit nhm pht trin mt k nng no c. V d nh Il primo libro di capricci, canzon francese, e recercari (1626) ca Frescobaldi m u bng li ta dnh cho gli studiosi dellopera (cc hc vin ca tc phm), trong khi 11 preludes Das wohltemperirte Clavier ca J.S.Bach cng nh cc phin bn trc ca tt c cc sng tc cho n phm v sinfonia ca ng ban u

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u nm trong b Clavier-Bchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1720), mt bn tho c son ch dy ngi con trai nh.

T nhng nm u ca th k 19, s ph bin ngy cng tng ca piano em li mt lng t cc ti liu ging dy nhm n nhng ngi chi n nghip d v cc ngh s mi vo ngh, bao gm rt nhiu sng tc ca cc hc vin c hng m s hu ch v k thut thng vt tri gi tr m nhc ca tc phm. Tiu biu cho nhng n phm ny l cc etude c J.B.Cramer xut bn vo gia nhng nm 1804 1810, cc phn u b Gradus ad Parnassum (181726) ca Clementi, Studien op.70 (18256) ca Moscheles v rt nhiu tuyn tp ca Czerny. Cc etude v sau trong Gradus c hng th v m nhc ln hn, mt s t ra c phong cch c bit cng nh cc vn k thut (v d nh le style lgant v le style svre) v Charakteristische Studien op.95 (18367) ca Moscheles c d tnh cho c mc ch biu din cng nh ging dy mt cch r rng. Thc t th tc phm sau l cc v d n gin ca mt th loi mi c pht trin, th loi concert etude (etude ha nhc).

Concert etude c gng kt hp vic s dng cc bi tp k thut vi sng to m nhc tng ng vi cc th loi khc trong danh mc ha nhc. S ging co tt yu gia hai yu t ny khng c gii quyt trit cho ti nhng etude ca Chopin, 12 Grandes tudes op.10 (1833) v 12 Etudes op.25 (1837) ca ng l nhng tc phm u tin gi c v tr chc chn trong danh mc ha nhc. Mc d nhiu etude ca Chopin tp trung vo mt vn k thut no
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theo trng phi ca Czerny, Charles Mayer v Henri Bertini (v d nh cc hp m ri c m rng trong no.1, op. 10), cht tinh t v ha m ln hn ca ng khin cho cc tc phm vn l cc bi hc nhng ng thi cn mang gi tr m nhc. S mi l trong ha m ca Chopin m i khi buc cc hnh m bnh thng phi c thc hin trong cc th tay c bit cha c bit n bao gi, lm kinh ngc nhng ngi ng thi ln tui hn nh Moscheles, ngi tm ra rt nhiu bi tp cc k kh. Qu thc, vi s tha nhn ca chnh Chopin, ngh s u tin hon ton chinh phc c cc vn k thut l Liszt, cng chnh l ngi m ng c bit tng cc etude op.10. Tuy nhin v mt cu trc, cc etude khng phc tp: hu ht u dng ba on ngn, mc d tc phm no.7, op.25 mang tnh tr tnh c dng hi ging mt phn chm ca hnh thc sonata.

Cc concert etude ca chnh Liszt li c quy m ln hn nhiu so vi ca Chopin. S hnh thnh cc Transcendental Studies ca ng phn nh s pht trin ca th loi trong th k 19 ni chung. Chng da trn 12 etude (c xut bn vi tn gi Etude en douze exercises) c mc gio khoa khim tn ca cc bi tp ca thy gio ng Czerny. Liszt vit li chng vo nm 1837 di tn gi Grandes tudes, bin i chng mt cch hiu qu thnh cc sng tc c nhn vi kh tht s cho n tn ngy nay. Ba trong s cc sng tc mi hnh thc sonata ( th, Pha th v R ging trng), cc tc phm cn li c cu trc vi s kho lo khc thng. Vo nm 1852, mt bn sa cha cui cng c hon thnh vi tn gi l Etudes dexcution transcendante. Trong Liszt
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bt i mt s trong b cc, p li phn no s pht trin ca piano, ng cng lm cht ch thm cu trc ca mt vi etude cn lng lo. Lm gn hn s tng ng vi cc tc phm mang tnh chng trnh, hu ht cc etude gi y c t tn, v d nh Feux follets hay Harmonies du soir, v yu t gio khoa ca cc tc phm (ngoi tr kh v k thut) gn nh hon ton bin mt. Trong khi c th s dng nhiu etude ring l ca Chopin nh cc bi luyn tp cho mt k thut c bit no , cc yu cu v k thut trong phn ln tc phm ca Liszt bin i rt nhiu t phn ny sang phn khc em li mt s thc hin trit bt k mt vn c bit no.

Tng t nh vy vi cc etude ca Alkan, m hu ht c xut bn trong hai tp: Douze tudes dans les tons majeurs op.35 (1848) v Douze tudes dans les tons mineurs op.39 (1857). Cc etude ca Alkan v quy m thm ch cn ln hn cc etude ca Liszt v mt s etude, nh Lincendie du village voisin (trong op.35) cn mang tnh chng trnh r rng hn - thm ch l theo cch cht phc. Vi op.39, ngun cm hng ca Alkan dng nh l Clavier-bung ca Bach v mt tp hp gm mt overture, mt b cc bin tu, mt giao hng 4 chng v mt concerto 3 chng ; trong hai tc phm sau, mt etude tch bit mt iu thc khc c s dng lm mi chng ring l. Cc sng tc cho n phm ca Alkan th hin hnh dung rng mi ngh s piano u c k thut tng ng nh Liszt. Hai bn u tin trong Trois grandes tudes (c1838) l nhng v d sm nht ca nhng sng tc hon ton dnh ring cho tay phi hoc tay tri, mc d phn m u ca etude ging son Son
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ging th ca Liszt, phin bn nm 1837, l ch dnh cho tay tri. Kiu concert etude ny t c th sc v sau, c l nhng v d c bit n nhiu nht l ca Skryabin v Felix Blumenfeld.

Mc d hu ht tt c cc nh son nhc, ng thi l ngh s piano th k 19 u vit etude, kh t trong s gi c v tr trong danh mc tc phm. Symphonische Etden op.13 bc thy ca Schumann (mt tp cc bin tu vi mt chng cui m rng) c sng tc vo nhng nm 1834-1837 l mt trong nhng tc phm c trnh din nhiu nht ca ng, trong khi cc etude Paganini (op.3 v 10) ca ng li hon ton khng c ch n khi b so snh vi cc tc phm xut sc hn ca Liszt v cc bin tu trn mt ch Paganini op.35 ca Brahms. Brahms cng sng tc 5 etude vi hnh thc chuyn son cc tc phm ca Bach, Weber v Chopin, bao gm c mt phin bn ch cho tay tri ca Chaconne trong Partita ging R th cho violin BWV1004 ca Bach. ng ch nht trong i ng ln cc etude concert c sng tc sau l cc tc phm ca Scriabin, Rachmaninov (Etudes-tableaux, opp.33 v 39), Debussy, Bartk v Messiaen.

Cc etude cho nhiu nhc c khc cng bt u c sng tc t u th k 19. S lng nhng tc phm lin quan n cc vn k thut ln hn nhiu so vi cc tc phm c gi tr m nhc, iu c th thy t cc tp tc phm cho violin ca Fiorillo, Rodolphe, Kreutzer, Rode, Baillot v Briot, cho cello ca Dotzauer v Grutzmacher. Ni bt nht l 24 Caprices op.1 c xut bn nm 1820 ca Paganini cho violin solo, va l nhng etude concert cc
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k xut sc, va hng th m nhc kch thch nhng chuyn son cho piano ca Liszt v Schumann ni trn, v ch ca mt trong s , tc phm s 24 ging La th, n tng mt cch sc tch n mc m n l cm hng cho nhiu b cc bin tu ca Brahms (op.35), Rachmaninov (cho piano v dn nhc, nm 1934), Lutoslawsky (cho piano i, nm 1941), Boris Blacher (cho dn nhc, nm 1947)

T ting Php tude (c ngha nh study trong ting Anh) c s dng nh tiu cho nhiu sng tc vo th k 20, mt s i hi k thut n gin mt cch khc thng hoc khai thc nhng mt c bit trong s kho lo ca cc nh son nhc. V d nh Quatre tudes pour orchestre (19289) ca Stravinsky, Sinfonische Etden (1956) ca Henze v Etudes pour orchestre cordes (1956) ca Frank Martin, Symphonic Studies (1938) ca Rawsthorne v ba cun Etudes cho piano ca Ligeti (1985-95).

Qunh Hng (nhaccodien.info) dch

Th loi Concerto

1/ Gii thiu chung: Concerto l mt th loi m nhc vi c trng gm c 3 chng, cho 1 hay nhiu loi nhc c c tu vi dn nhc. Ci tn
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Concerto ln u tin c s dng vo cui th k 16 nhng mi n khong nm 1600 vo u thi k Baroque , n mi tr nn ph bin. u tin Concerto v Concertato l s pha trn ca cc loi nhc c giu mu sc hoc cc ging ht hoc c hai c p dung rng ri nhng bn nhc mang mu sc thn thnh hoc trn tc, uc gi l mt nhm cc nhc c hoc ca s kt hp vi nhau hoc c hai. Mt nhm c th c xem nh mt th thng nht nhng pha trn ton b nhng m thanh tng phn nhau c t v tr ny hoc v tr khc. Phong cch Concerto ny c pht trin bi nh son nhc ngi Claudio Monteverdi (1567 - 1643), c bit trong tp th 5 ca 8 tp nhc Madrigal (1605 - 1638). Chu nh hng mt phn t Monteverdi, nh son nhc ngi c Heirich Schlz cng p dng phong cch mi ny cho cc tc phm nhc tn gio c. ngha ca Concerto c tip tc s dng vo th k 18 khi nhiu bn cantata tn gio ca Johann Sebastian Bach cng c l Concerto.

2/ Concerto Grosso v cc chi nhnh ca n: Th loi Concerto c hi sinh ln u tin vo khong cui th k th 17. Arcangelo Corelli (1653 - 1713), ngh s violin chnh v l nhc s ca trng dy violin ni ting min bc nc s dng tn gi mi Concerto Grosso cho 12 bn nhc trong Opus 6 ca ng (c l c vit vo khong 1680 1685 v c xut bn sau khi ng mt vo nm 1714). Nhng sng tc ny s dng dn dy - goi l Concerto Grosso hay Ripieno (y ) hoc Tutti (tt c) - c chi vi mt nhm c tu nh, goi l Concertino, trong cc bn nhc ca Corelli gm ch c 3 ngi chi. Cc bn Concerto ca ng
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bao gm mt chui cc bn nhc ngn tng phn nhau v nhp v tc , gn ging vi phong cch v hnh thc ca th loi m nhc ch o thi l Trio Sonata. Loi Concerto Grosso mi c vit nn bi nhiu nh son nhc khc nh nhc s ngi Giuseppe Torelli (1658 - 1709) v khng lu sau n pht trin v c phong cch c trng ring bi s quyt nh ch ca n da trn nhng hp m ri chy ui nhau, nhng nhp iu lp i lp li v phong cch ho m in hnh quy nh m ch o. N tip tc ph bin sut thi k Baroque, c bit nht l bn Concerto Brandenburg s 6 ca Bach. Tnh c trng ring bit vn cn c s dng cho dn dy khi phn loi nhc c c tu - b dy, b hi v hn hp.

Mt Concerto Grosso c mt tiu mc, mt on c tu trong 1 Concertino c thay th bng mt on c tu ca mt nhc c do lm tng s i thoi ca nhc c c tu vi dn nhc. Cc Concerto u tin dnh cho nhc c c tu l ca cc nhc s nh Torelli v Tomaso Albinoni (1671 - 1750) vit cho violin, trumpet hoc oboe. Chng bao lu sau h son cho nhiu nhc c c tu hn, trong s ng lu nht l nhng bn Concerto c tu ca nh son nhc ni ting ngi Antonio Vivaldi (1678 - 1741). Mt s lng ln cc ngh s c tu c trnh bc thy c bit l cc ngh s Violin khai thc cc Concerto c tu nh l mt cng c th hin kh nng ca mnh, c trong nh th ln cc bui biu din c nhn hoc bn cng cng

Nhng tc phm u tin thit lp nn mt khi lng quy nh

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ln lm tiu chun cho cc bn Concerto c tu sau ny cho n tn nhng nm 1900. Mt chui gm 3 chng: nhanh - chm nhanh vi chng gia l mt ch m khc vi ch m ca phn u v phn cui. Trong nhng phn nhanh, mt on c tu s c pht trin thnh mt phn di thng tri hn bi s trang tr bng cc hnh tng nhanh, nhng phn ny c an xen nhau gia 4 hoc 5 phn lp i lp li dnh cho y c dn nhc c goi l Ritonello (s kt hp cc phn vi nhau c goi l Ritonello). Trc khi kt thc phn Ritonello cui mi on, ngh s c tu s ph din k thut v k nng chi nhc ngu hng bng mt on nhc gi l Cadenza. Mi on Cadenza vn nm trong bn Concerto chnh sut c thi C in v Lng mn sau ny mc d cc nh son nhc thng vit n ra ngoi bn Concerto da vo s cm nhn v kh nng ring ca tng ngi trnh din.

3/ Thi k C in: S thay i ca nn m nhc vo gia th k th 18, chuyn t phong cch Baroque sang C in khng th khng nh hng n th loi Concerto. Bn cnh thi hong kim ngn ngi ca nhnh m nhc Php c goi l th loi Concertante Symphonie, th loi Concerto Grosso b dit vong to thun li cho th loi Giao hng - hp thu c rt nhiu nt c trng ca n. Tuy nhin Concerto vn l mt th loi i hi k thut cao khng th b qua c bit i vi cc nh son nhc v ngh s biu din. S ni ln ca cy n Piano y mi m thay th cy n Violin truyn thng lm nhc c c tu. y l mt nhc c yu thch ca c Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) (ngi vit rt nhiu
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bn Concerto v i - ch yu dnh cho n Piano) v Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827) (ngi vit 5 bn Concerto cho Piano v 1 bn Piano Concerto cho Violin (1801 - 1811)) a th loi ny t ti nh cao ca n.

Sut thi k C in, mt Concerto di hn trc. Hnh thc ca n th hin s dung ho gia th loi Ritonello truyn thng (i hi trnh biu din bc thy) v phong cch mi thin v giao hng. Nhng phn u khc vi hnh thc Ritonello trong cch trnh din c on Ritonello th nht v phn c tu u tin ging nh phn u trong bn giao hng, phn cn li cng tng t th nhng nhc c c tu v dn nhc cng chi hoc chi lun phin nhau. on kt thc lun l mt Rondo m nhc c c tu chi mt on ip khc lp i lp li. Cc phn chm vn cn st li mt t cc qui nh ngt ngho trong dng thc. Ging nh cc bn giao hng, cc Concerto tr nn ln hn, c nhng tc phm c bit dnh trnh din trong phng ho nhc trc mt lng ln khn gi.

4/ Thi k Lng mn: Sau nm 1820 c mt vi nh son nhc vit hn 2 hoc 3 bn Concerto m mi bn c bit dnh ring cho mt ngh s bc thy trnh din. Kh nng chi Violin siu phm ca Nicolo Paganini (1782 -1820) sm c ni tip bng Franz Liszt (1811 - 1886) - nh son nhc, ngh s Piano bc thy ngi Hungary. ng to nn mt bc mn b n v mt thin ti m nhc. Hu ht cc Concerto quan trng c vit cho Piano v Violin, c ra i bi Liszt v
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cc nh son nhc ngi c nh: Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann v Johannes Brahms; nh son nhc Ba Lan Frederic Chopin v nhc s ngi Nga Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky. H c nhng th nghim c th loi ln vi 3 chng v c th loi ca ring h. Tuy nhin cc tc phm vn gi c nn tng giao hng nh ban u. Cc nhc c c tu v dn nhc th lun lun i thoi vi nhau trong s i lp y tnh kch nhng li thng dn n mt s thng nht ngu nhin.

5/ Th k 20: V cn bn, phng thc ca m nhc hin i u th k 20 gy c hng th l giao hng. Mt Concerto dng nh khng cn ph hp vi nhiu nh son nhc, mc d vy cc ngh s c tu ti nng (thng l ngh s Piano hoc Violin) vn tip tc truyn cm hng cho cc nh son nhc. V d nh Arnold Shoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern - ngi o; Paul Hindemith - ngi c; Bela Bartok - ngi Hungary v Igor Stravinsky - ngi Nga. Tuy nhin mi bn nhc li dng nh nh hng bi phong cch ca cc nh son nhc thi trc nhng him khi b chi phi bi chng. Mt s thay th mi m trong cm nhn m nhc rt r rng, cc m thanh tng phn cng kt cu i m dn ti s phc hi ca th loi Concerto Grosso c. Nhng nh son nhc ny vit c mt s lng s cc tc phm, s dng rt nhiu cc m sc tng phn c giao hng v thnh phng.

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Cc th loi Nhc thnh phng (Chamber music)

Nhc thnh phng l nhc vit cho nhc c ha tu, thng dao ng t 2 n 10 ngi chi, mi ngi chi mt b v mi b u c tm quan trng ngang bng. Nhc thnh phng t khong nm 1750 phn ln dnh cho t tu n dy (2 violin, viola v cello), mc d cc ng tu n dy cng nh cc tam tu v cc ng tu cho 4 n dy cng vi 1 piano hay 1 nhc c hi cng ph bin. Gi l nhc thnh phng l bi v ban u n ng l nhc dnh cho biu din ring, in hnh l trong mt snh nh hoc cc phng ring ca c nhn. Cc bui ha nhc cc tc phm thnh phng trc cng chng ch bt u vo th k 19.

Nhc th tc thi Trung c v Phc hng (khong nm 1450 n khong nm 1600) c son vi c th dnh cho ha tu kh nhc v thanh nhc. Hu ht sng tc l cc tc phm thanh nhc c 3, 4 v 5 b. Nhng nhm kh nhc chi loi nhc thnh phng ny mt cch n gin, s dng bt c loi nhc c no h mun hay sn c vo thi k .

Vo thi Baroque (khong nm 1600 n khong nm 1750), cu trc m nhc c mt khp ni l cu trc c nhng tuyn giai iu b cao c b giai iu trm ph tr - basso continuo do cello hay
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bassoon, vi nhng ha m do lute, harpsichord hoc organ lp y. Hai th loi kh nhc tr nn quan trng trong thi k ny l sonata da chiesa hay sonata nh th v sonata da camera hay sonata thnh phng. Mc d sonata da chiesa khng th c xem l nhc thnh phng theo ngha cht ch nht ca n, nhng t khi n c d tnh biu din trc cng chng, t khong nm 1700, s khc bit gia sonata da chiesa v sonata da camera b lu m v nhiu tc phm ca mi th loi u c chi trc cng chng ln biu din ring t. Nhng th loi nhc thnh phng c bn l trio sonata - cc bn sonata da chiesa hay da camera c vit cho hai nhc c chi giai iu (thng do violin, flute hay oboe m nhim) v b continuo -v solo sonata, thng cho violin v b continuo. Tuy nhin nu mun, cc trio sonata cng c th c chi bng cc nhm ha tu ln hn gm 6 hay 8 nhc c. Thm vo , ngi ta cng vit cc cantata thnh phng dnh cho ging ht solo cng b continuo cng nh cho duet hai ging ht cng b continuo m thc t to hnh mu cho trio sonata.

Nhng nh son nhc ni bt nht ca th loi trio v solo sonata trong th k 17 l nh son nhc Arcangelo Corelli, ngi m cc tc phm nh hng n nhc thnh phng ca nh son nhc Anh Henry Purcell v v sau l nhc thnh phng ca nh son nhc Php Franois Couperin, nh son nhc c - Anh George Frideric Handel v nh son nhc c Johann Sebastian Bach.

Trong k nguyn C in (khong nm 1750 n khong nm 1820), nh son nhc o Josept Haydn pht trin nhc thnh
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phng thnh mt phong cch khc bit vi nhc ha tu khc. Quan trng ngang vi nhng tin thn ca phong cch mi l cc th loi nhc nh Vienna, chng hn nh divertimento v serenade. c cc nhm n dy v nhc c hi chi ngoi tri, nhng sng tc ny loi i b continuo, s dng nhng nhc c ging trung in y ha m. Haydn thit lp t tu n dy thnh th loi ha tu thnh phng thng dng nht. Nhng t tu ca ng thng c vit theo cu trc sonata 4 chng (1 chng nhanh, 1 chng chm, 1 minuet v 1 chng nhanh khc), mt hnh thc chim u th trong k nguyn C in. Nhc thnh phng trong thi C in, nh Haydn v ng hng ca ng l Mozart pht trin, cng c phn bit bng cch vit tinh t, tc ng phc tp v gn gi gia 4 nhc c. Nh son nhc c Ludwig van Beethoven m rng tm c ca cc t tu n dy trong khi vn duy tr c tnh ring ca n.

Nhc thnh phng trong k nguyn Lng mn (khong nm 1820 n khong nm 1900) c xu hng tun theo cc truyn thng c in. Cc nh son nhc thng s dng cu trc sonata 4 chng v t tu n dy tip tc l mt li kt hp nhc c c a thch. Khi cc nh son nhc tm cch th hin cm xc mnh lit trong tc phm ca mnh, cc tc phm cao piano, chng hn nh Trout Quintet (1819) ca nh son nhc o Franz Schubert v Ng tu Piano ging Pha th (1864) ca nh son nhc c Johannes Brahms, tr nn ph bin. Bi v piano s hu mt phm vi cng v sc thi ln hn cc nhc c thnh phng khc. Nhng bui biu din nhc thnh phng trc cng chng cng tr nn ph bin
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v cc nh son nhc thng sng tc nhc thnh phng vi d tnh biu din trc cng chng, v vy lm thay i chc nng ban u ca nhc thnh phng.

Mt s xu hng xut hin trong nhc thnh phng th k 20. Cc th loi c in nh t tu n dy c truyn thm cc cch biu t v k thut ng i trong cc tc phm ca cc nh son nhc Php Claude Debussy v Maurice Ravel, nh son nhc Hungary Bla Bartk, cc nh son nhc o Arnold Schoenberg v Anton Webern, nh son nhc Nga Dmitri Shostakovich v nh son nhc M Elliott Carter. Ha tu thnh phng rt a dng trong sng tc thng gm cc ging ht, n harp, guitar v cc nhc c b hi, b g - tr thnh phng tin ch yu cho m nhc mi ca cc nh son nhc nh Schoenberg, Webern, nh son nhc M gc Nga Igor Stravinsky v nh son nhc Php Pierre Boulez. Nhc thnh phng, tng thuc phm vi ca nhng ngi nghip d v c chi theo s thch ca h, tr nn ngy cng ph bin vi cc thnh gi ca phng ha nhc. Nhiu nhm ha tu thnh phng chuyn nghip n r M v nhiu ni khc.

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