Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems: Revised Edition September 1992

Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems
Revised Edition September 1992
Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems

Revised Edition September 1992
Prepared by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. with The Urban Institute Sydec, Inc. Herbert S. Levinson Abrams-Cherwony and Associates Lea and Elliott
Prepared for Federal Transit Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C: 20590 Distributed in Cooperation with Technology Sharing Program U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590
DOT-T-93-07
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This revision and updating of Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems (CUTS), the seventh since the report first produced in 1974, was prepared by Harry Cohen and Arlee Reno (originally with the Urban Institute and now with Cambridge Systematics), with assistancefrom William A. Hyman and Ted Miller (The Urban Institute), Joseph R. Stowers (Sydec), Herbert S. Levinson, Edward Abrams (Abrams-Cherwony and Associates), and Hyun-Young Park (Lea and Elliott). The authors would like to thank Ross Adams (FTA), Sam Zimmerman (FTA), Ron JensonFisher (FTA), Joe Ossi (FTA), and Dane Ismart (FHWA) for providing source data and advice on the contents of this document. The authors would also like to thank Walt Kulyk (FTA) for providing policy direction. The contents of this document reflect the authors own views, however, and they alone are responsible for the accuracy of the material presented
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 INTRODUCTION RAIL TRANSIT BUS TRANSIT AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS, AND THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES
APPENDICES A B C D E CONSUMER PRICE AND COST INDICES BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON RAIL TRANSIT BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON BUS TRANSIT BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
LIST OF TABLES 2-l 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 AVERAGE RAIL TRANSIT SPEEDS RAIL TRANSIT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION PASSENGER MILES RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS DISTRIBUTION OF RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS BY OBJECT CLASS RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER VEHICLE OPERATED IN MAXIMUM SERVICE RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMMUTER RAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION CAPITAL COSTS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT CAPITAL COSTS BY SUBSYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT RAIL CAPITAL COSTS BY COST CATEGORY CAPITAL COST PER ROUTE MILE FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL GUIDEWAYS CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL STATIONS CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT YARDS AND SHOPS COSTS OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 3-l 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 COSTS OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK COSTS OF COMMUTER RAIL ROLLING STOCK COSTS OF VEHICLE REHABILITATION LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS TYPICAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS PASSENGERS FOR SEATED AND STANDING
RAIL TRANSIT STATION DWELL TIMES TYPICAL PEAK HOUR BUS TRAVEL TIMES BY COMPONENT EFFECTS OF STOPS AND TRAFFIC DELAY ON BUS SPEEDS BUS OPERATING COSTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE AND PEAK TO BASE RATIO BUS OPERATING COSTS AND EMPLOYEES PER PLACE MILE BY SYSTEM SIZE BUS LABOR INPUTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES BY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZE BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS BY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZE BUS FACILITY CONSTRUCTION COSTS REHABILITATION COSTS FOR 35 FOOT BUSES FOR TRANSIT BUS ENGINE AND
TYPICAL COST AND MILEAGE TRANSMISSION REBUILDS COSTS OF HEAVY DUTY BUSES COST RANGE FOR SMALL BUSES
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 4-l 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL TRANSIT BUSES DIMENSIONS OF SMALL BUSES TYPICAL TRANSIT BUS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TYPICAL BUS CAPACITIES MINIMUM DESIRABLE LENGTHS FOR CURB BUS LOADING ZONES BOARDING AND ALIGHTING TIMES BUS ACCIDENT RATES PER REVENUE VEHICLE MILE BY SYSTEM SIZE BUS ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SYSTEM SIZE EFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAY CAPACITIES EFFECT OF TRAFFIC VOLUME ON FREEWAY SPEEDS PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITY AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED CAR (CURRENT DOLLARS) AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED CAR (CONSTANT DOLLARS) AVERAGE PRICE OF A NEW CAR, 1970-89 MILES PER GALLON OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES RETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINE EFFECT OF PAVEMENT CONDITION ON OPERATING COSTS EFFECT OF SPEED ON AUTOMOBILE OPERATING COSTS VALUE OF VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME BY VEHICLE CLASS PASSENGER PASSENGER
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 5-l 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 6-l 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 PARKING CONSTRUCTION COSTS ILLUSTRATIVE ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS FOR PARKING GARAGES
PARKING CONTROL SERVICE RATES TAXI COMPANY UNIT COSTS HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT COSTS IN URBAN AREAS ILLUSTRATIVE EMISSION FACTORS BY SPEED AND CALENDAR YEAR
INCIDENTS PER MILLION VEHICLE MILES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY CLASS AUTOMATED SPEEDS GUIDEWAY FUNCTIONAL AND
TRANSIT FLEET SIZES, CAPACITIES,
OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE TRANSIT SYSTEMS
COSTS FOR AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY
AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT VEHICLE COSTS AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY SYSTEM CAPITAL COST SUMMARY LABOR INPUTS FOR AGT SYSTEMS SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS OPERATION FACILITIES AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR CONTRAFLOW HOV
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SEPARATED HOV FACILITIES
COST FOR BARRIER AND BUFFER
ENFORCEMENT-RELATED INFORMATION FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS COMPARISON OF HOV AND ADJACENT FACILITY ACCIDENT RATES
LIST OF TABLES
(continued) 6-6 6-7 6-8 A-l A-2 A-3 B-l B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 C-l c-2 c-3 D-l D-2 E-l HOV DESIGN GUIDELINES PEAK HOUR HOV LANE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS PEAK HOUR FREEWAY AND HOV LANE VOLUME COMPARISONS CONSUMER PRICES INDICES -- ALL URBAN CONSUMERS HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRICE TRENDS COST TRENDS FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS COMMUTER RAIL SYSTEMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS OBSERVED PEAK-HOUR PASSENGER VOLUMES ON RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS OBSERVED PEAK-HOUR PASSENGER VOLUMES ON STREET CAR AND LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS RAPID TRANSIT TRAIN AND CAR CAPACITIES CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL BUSES CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS BUS SYSTEMS WITH 500 OR MORE BUS SYSTEMS WITH 250-499 BUSES TROLLEY BUS SYSTEMS AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT
SERVICE AND EMPLOYEE DATA FOR LABOR INPUTS-AGT SYSTEMS SI (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Good decisions about transportation investments and policies require accurate information on characteristics of transportation system alternatives. The literature offers many tools for estimating these characteristics; however, the data presentedare often out-of-date, inconclusive, unspecified, or highly local in nature. The very number of sourcescan confuse rather than help in the searchfor pertinent information, and measurementdifferences can result in statistics being misleadingly compared or grouped. The objective of this document is to provide a single source of sketch planning data on the most important performance characteristics of contemporary urban transportation systemsin a format that lends itself to easy reference. This handbook does not deal explicitly with passenger demand, but assessesonly the supply or performance characteristic of urban transportation systems, including the following:
a 0 0 0 0 0
l 0
Speed Capacity Operating costs Labor inputs Capital costs Energy consumption Emission of air pollutants Accident rates and costs
Organization of This Handbook The substantive material in this handbook is organized into five chapters: 0 0 0 Rail Transit (rapid, light, and commuter) Bus Transit Automobiles, Trucks, and the Highway System
0 0
High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)
Each chapter consists of a brief introduction and a series of tables providing quantitative information on system characteristics. To the extent possible, tables in this handbook are designed to stand alone, with sourcesand definitions repeated on individual tables. Caveats Regarding Use of This Handbook This handbook is specifically for use by transportation planners in the preliminary evaluation of alternative systems, and so the relationships presentedare purposely simplified. In most cases, these relationships are not sufficiently refined for use in detailed studies such as transit operations analysis, traffic engineering, or detailed design. Nothing in this handbook should be used to supersedeor confute competently developed site-specific estimates. Obviously, dollar values presentedin this handbook will need to be adjusted for inflation as time passes. Consumer, transportation, labor, and construction cost price indices are presented in Appendix A. How To Acquire Additional or Updated Information This section provides a brief description of key annual and monthly statistical sources that can be used to update the information in this handbook. Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Bureau of Economic analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce, is a comprehensive source of price and income data. It contains many detailed cost indices, as well as other information on economic activity. Orders should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238. Recorded information on price indices and other economic indicators compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is available on the following numbers:
0 0 0
Major BLS Indicators -- (202)-523-9658 Consumer Price Index detail -- (202)-523-1239 Producer Price Index detail -- (202)-523-1765
Economic Indicators, published monthly by the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, summarizes general price indices and other economic indicators. Orders should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.
Engineering News-Record, published weekly by McGraw Hill, Inc., contains information on construction and construction prices. Subscription orders should be sent to Fulfillment Manager, Engineering News-Record, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, NJ 08520. National Urban Mass Transportation Statistics, published annually by the Federal Transit Administration, contains information about each transit operation in the U.S. that receives FTA support. It includes data on transit revenues, expenses, services, safety, energy consumption, maintenance, mileage, employee counts, fleet size, and fleet age. The document is available from the Office of Technical Assistance, Federal Transit Administration, 400 7th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20590. Phone: (202)-426-9157. Transit Fact Book, published annually by the American Public Transit Association (APTA), provides a statistical profile of U.S. transit and trends of transit finances and operations. This document is available from American Public Transit Association, 1201 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phone: (202)-898-4000. Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, published annually by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, gives price, production, operating cost, fleet composition, accidents, and fuel economy data assembled from various primary sources. Copies can be ordered from the Communications Department, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 300 New Center Building, Detroit, Michigan 48202. Statistical Abstract of the United States, published annually by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, contains a wealth of price, income, production, and other data of interest to transportation planners. The Statistical Abstract can be ordered from the superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238. Highway Statistics, published annually by the Federal Highway Administration, contains data on motor fuel consumption, motor vehicle registration, drivers licenses, highway finance, highway travel, fuel economy, and highway performance. Highway Statistics is available from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238. CPZ Detailed Report, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, reports monthly consumer price movements (including gasoline prices) in urban areas. Single copies or subscriptions can be ordered from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.
Monthly Labor Review, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, provides articles
on labor force, wages, prices, productivity, and economic growth. Each issue presentsan up-todate review of the principal statistical series collected by the BLS, including data on employment, unemployment, consumer and producer prices, wages, and productivity. Single copies or subscriptions can be ordered from the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Phone: (202)-783-3238.
CHAPTER 2 RAIL TFUNSIT

This chapter provides quantitative information on the following characteristics of rapid rail, light rail, and commuter rail systems:
0 0
l
speeds Accident rates Operating costs Labor requirements Energy consumption Capital costs Capacities
0 0 0 0
Information on speeds, accident rates, operating costs, labor requirements, and energy consumption in this chapter are summarized (in the form of average, high, and low values) from 1989 UMTA Section 15 reports. Data on the characteristics of individual rail systems are presented in Appendix B.
TABLE 2-1 AVERAGE RAIL TRANSIT SPEEDS
Systemwide Low2 Rapid Rail (12)4 15.8 8.9 27.6
Speed (MPH)' High2 29,0 23.3 36.5
Average3 22.5 12.0 30.1
Light Rail (12) Commuter Rail (9)
SOURCE:
UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
'Systemwide speed is actual vehicle revenue miles per vehicle revenue hour of operation. Revenue miles exclude all vehicle miles traveled when not in regular passenger service (i.e., deadheading). The ratio of total vehicle miles to revenue miles is shown in Tables B-l, B-2, and B-3 in Appendix B for each rail rapid transit system, light rail system, and commuter rail system, respectively. The ratios average 1.04, 1.02, and 1.08 for the three rail modes. 2Low and high values unrepresentative: Seattle's and Staten Island Rapid classified as commuter rail omit two small systems that may be two car streetcar operation (5.0 mph) Transit, a 36 car system which is (21.2 mph).
3Average speeds are harmonic means, unweighted by system size. Harmonic means are calculated by (1) inverting speeds for each system to get hours per mile, (2) taking the arithmetic mean of hours per mile, and (3) inverting the result. For example, the harmonic mean of 50 mph and 25 mph is calculated by (1) inverting the two speeds to get 0.02 and 0.04 hours per mile respectively, (2) taking the arithmetic mean to get 0.03 hours per mile, and (3) inverting the result to get 33.3 mph. 4Number of systems used in calculating averages.
TABLE 2-2 RAIL TRANSIT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION PASSENGER MILES
Accidents Rapid Rail (12)' 0.98 0.21 2.91 6.43 0.08 15.37 0.59 0.00 2.38 Average Low High Light Rail Average (13) Low High Commuter Rail Average (10) Low High
Injuries 0.91 0.21 2.21 3.93 0.00 7.91 0.52 0.00 1.83
Deaths 0.003 0.000 0.017 0.020 0.000 0. 1<!51 0.007 0.000 0.029
SOURCE: UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
'Number of systems
used in calculating
averages.
TABLE 2-3 RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS
Cost Per Revenue Vehicle Mile Rapid Rail Average (12)2 Low High Light Rail Average (13) Low High Commuter Rail Average (10) Low Hiah SOURCE: UMTA Section 15 data
$6.53 3.31 10.33
Cost Per Revenue Vehicle Hour

$152 56 272
Cost Per Place Mile' $0.0492

0.0163 0.0876
Cost Per Passenger Mile

$0.282 0.135
0.419
0.578 0.201 1.504
9.31
3.33 18.61
125 30
0.0960
0.0180 0.1578
262
9.96 5.93 23.39 for 1989
307 178 724
0.0687
0.261 0.127 0.438
0.0469 0.1519
the
'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles times average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet. 2Number of systems used in calculating averages.
TABLE 2-4 DISTRIBUTION OF RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS BY OBJECT CLASS
Rapid Rail' (12 systems) Operator Other Fringe Utilities All Total Other Costs Salaries and Wages and Wages 9.3% 40.7 29.2 8.7 12.1 100.0%
Light Rail' (13 systems) 18.1% 34.5 26.2 9.4 11.7 100.0%
Commuter Rail' (10 systems) 11.0% 29.6 28.6 6.1 24.7 100.0%
Salaries Benefits
15 data
for
1989
'Percentages
are calculated
from
average
costs
in each category
for
all
systems
reporting.
TABLE 2-5 RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES
Transportation Rapid Low High Light Rail (12)

70.5 26.8
Maintenance 49.6
25.4
Administration
21.2 5.7 35.4
All
Employees
103.1 80.7 178.0
Rail (12)'
32.4
Average
14.6
53.5
89.2 98.8
28.5
Average Low High Commuter Average Low High
23.5 4.2 41.2
192.8
62.5 278.4
107.2 Rail (10)

48.8 27;O 72.8
142.8
57.4 24.5
15.3 1.3 33.8
121.6 74.0 175.2
77.9
SOURCE:
UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
'Number of systems
used in calculating
averages.
TABLE 2-6 RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS
Transportation Rapid Rail Average (12)' Low High Light Rail Average (12) Low High Commuter Rail Average (10) Low High
734 372 1,412
Maintenance
1,141 605 2,353
Administration 492
135
All
Employees
2,366 1,583
932
312 38 885
4,697
2,421
887
1,222 538 2,17.-
499 1,392
1,480 806 2,362
1,179
4,450
1,748 755 2,636
465 21 1,234
3,694
2,276 5,428
SOURCE:
UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
"Number of systems
used in calculating
averages.
TABLE 2-7 RAIL TRANSIT EMPLOYEES PER VEHICLE OPERATED IN MAXIMUM SERVICE
Transportation Rapid Rail 1.98 0.85 3.76 2.36 1.14 3.58 2.12 0.96 3.47 Average (12)' Low High Light Rail Average (12) Low High Commuter Rail Average Low High (10)
Maintenance 2.95 1.74 4.97 3.10 1.30 4.46 2.52 1.17 4.28
Administration 1.27 0.34 1.97 0.75 0.10 1.38 0.69 0.04 1.78
All
Employees 6.20 3.67 9.93 6.21 2.68 9.30 5.33 2.42 9.11
15 data
for
1989
'Number of systems
used in calculating
averages.
TABLE 2-8 RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Kilowatt Per Revenue Vehicle Mile Average Low High (12)* 7.63 5.04 14.35 Per Revenue Vehicle Hour 179 110 378
Hours Per Thousand Place Miles' 60.6 24.8 116 Per Thousand Passenger Miles 323 205 482
15 data
for
1989
the
'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles times average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet. *Number of systems used in calculating averages.
TABLE 2-9 LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Kilowatt Per Revenue Vehicle Mile Average Low High (13)2 11.09 3.89 41.85 Per Revenue Vehicle Hour 161 35 626
Hours Per Thousand Place Miles' 99.6 22.3 377 Per Thousand Passenger Miles 542 149 1,723
15 data
for
1989
the
'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles times average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet. 2Number of systems used in calculating averages.
TABLE 2-10 COMMUTERRAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Kilowatt Per Revenue Vehicle Mile Average Low High 12.68 9.00 16.37 Per Revenue Vehicle Hour 321 191 451 (continued) SOURCE: TJMTA Section 15 data for * 1989
Hours' Per Thousand Place Miles 76.6 51.4 101.7 Per Thousand Passenger Miles 480 438 522
'Averages, lows, and highs are for the two systems that consume only electric Staten Island and SEPTA. Four systems consume both electric and diesel power -LIRR, Newark-NJT, Chicago-Commuter Rail Board, and New York-MTNR. the
power -New York-
2Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles times average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet.
TABLE 2-10
(continued)
Diesel Per Revenue Vehicle Mile Average Low High 0.808 0.57 0.99
and Other
Liquid
Petroleum
Fuel
(Gallons)3 Per Thousand Passenger Miles 18.0 13.7 22.6
Per Revenue Vehicle Hour 26.5 17.4 32.1
Per Thousand Place Miles 5.68 4.80 6.80
3Averages, lows, Boston, SF Caltrans,
and highs are for the four systems Chicago & NW, and Chicago-Burlington
that consume only Northern.
diesel
power --
TABLE 2-11 CAPITAL COSTS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDRAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS (1988 DOLLARS)
Location Atlanta Baltimore Miami Washincton
Line-Miles 26.8 7.6 21.0 60.5
Percent Underground 42% 56 0 57
Stations 26 9 20 57
Capital Cost (millions) $2,720 1,289 1,341 7.968
Cost Per Line-Mile (millions) $101.49 169.61 63.86 131.70
Source:
Urban Rail Transit Don Pickrell; prepared for Office of costs; Administration; October, 1989.
Projects: Forecast Grants Management,
Versus Urban
Actual Mass
Ridership and Transportation
DISTRIBUTION
TABLE 2-12 OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT CAPITAL COSTS BY SUBSYSTEM (PERCENT)
Subsystem Land Guideway Stations Trackwork Power Control Facilities Eng./Mgt./Test Vehicles Total
San Francisco BART All 7% 37 19 3 2 4 2 14 12

100%
Atlanta MARTA Phase A 9% 33 20 2 1 2 3 23 7

100%
Baltimore MTA Phase I 2% 25 30 2 2 4 2 24 9 100%
Chicago CTA O'Hare 0% 20 28 7 5 8 4 8 20 100%
Boston MBTA Red Line South 11% 15 33 7 6 7 0 6 15 100%
Source:
Thomas Dooley;
Transportation
Systems
Center,
U.S.
DOT; 1982.
TABLE 2-13 CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS (MILLIONS OF 1990 NATIONAL' DOLLARS)
Cost Category Guideway Elements Yards and Shops Systems Stations Vehicles Special Conditions2 Right of Way Soft Costs3 Total
Portland $106.6 13.4 23.8 16.9 33.2 6.5

17 6. ."n 65.1 282.5
Sacramento $47.9 4.1 20.0 10.5 34.9 12.5 17.9 40.2 188.1
San Jose $56.1 18.9 26.5 4.0 51.7 7.5 49.4 120.8 334.8
Pittsburgh $124.0 42.8 66.1 38.5 64.4 11.3 24.8 252.2 624.1
Los Angeles $135.1 40.2 104.7 59.9 72.6 150.7 54.6 208.4 826.2
'Actual
Construction
construction
Cost Indices
costs were converted to by city and year. National tlSpecial include Conditions" demolitions,
1990 National Dollars using costs represent the average category are for utility roadway changes, and
Means for 30
major
cities. relocations. environmental project finance
2Most of the costs in the Other costs in this category treatments.
3Soft Costs include feasibility studies, engineering and design studies, initiation (insurance, mobilization, management, project maintenance of traffic), charges, training, and testing.
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
TABLE 2-14 OF LIGHT RAIL CAPITAL COSTS BY COST CATEGORY
cost Category Guideway Elements Yards and Shops Systems Stations Vehicles Special Conditions' Right of Way Soft costs2 Total Source:
Portland 37.7% 4.7 8.4 6.0 11.8 2.3 6.0 23.0 100.0
Sacramento 25.5% 2.2 10.7 5.6 18.5 6.7 9.5 21.4 100.0 Light
San Jose 16.8% 5.6 7.9 1.2 15.4 2.2 14.7 36.1 100.0 Rail Office
Pittsburgh 19.9% 6.9 10.6 6.2 10.3 1.8 4.0 40.4 100.0
Los Angeles 16.4% 4.9 12.7 7.2 8.8 18.2 6.6 25.2 100.0
Average 23.2% 4.9 10.1 5.2 13.0 6.3 8.2 29.2 100.0
Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Federal Transit Administration, 5, 1991.
Transit Capital Cost Study; prepared for of Technical Assistance and Safety; April
'Most of the costs in the Other costs in this category treatments.
"Special include
Conditionsl' demolitions,
category are for utility roadway changes, and
relocations. environmental project finance
2Soft Costs include feasibility studies, engineering and design studies, management, project initiation (insurance, mobilization, maintenance of traffic), charges, training, and testing.
TABLE 2-15 CAPITAL COST PER ROUTE MILE FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS (THOUSANDS OF 1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS')
Cost Category Guideway Yards Systems Stations Vehicles Special Conditions2 Right of Way Soft Costs3 Total Elements and Shops
Portland $7,013 879 1,567 1,111 2,187 427 1,118 4,283 18,585
Sacramento $2,618 223 1,095 576 1,905 685 979 2,196 10,278
San Jose $2,819 948 1,332 200 2,600 376 2,480 6,072 16,826
Pittsburgh $3,016 1,042 1,608 936 1,567 276 604 6,136 15,185
Los Angeles $5,980 1,777 4,634 2,649 3,214 6,666 2,417 9,221 36,559
Average $4,289 974 2,047 1,094 2,295 1,686 1,520 5,581 19,486
'Actual
Construction
construction
Cost Indices
costs by city
major
cities.
were converted to and year. National Conditions" demolitions,
1990 National Dollars using costs represent the average category are for utility roadway changes, and
Means
for
30
2Most of the costs in the Other costs in this category treatments.
"Special include
relocations. environmental project finance
3Soft Costs include feasibility studies, engineering and design studies, management, project initiation (insurance, mobilization, maintenance of traffic), charges! training, and testing.
TABLE 2-16 CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL GUIDEWAYS' (1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS2 PER LINEAR FOOT)
Type of Construction At-Grade Elevated Structure Elevated Retained Elevated Subway Retained
Portland $1,205 3,041
Sacramento $413 410 1,077
San Jose $609
Pittsburgh $460 636 961
Los Angeles $636 2,986 943
Average $665 1,768 999
Fill Fill
Cut 4,973
265
4,904
3,133
7,001 3,319
Source:
Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc.; Urban Mass Transportation Safety; April 5, 1991.
Light Rail Transit Capital Office of Administration,
Cost Study* prepared Technical Assistance
for and
'Guideway costs constructed light rail in the guideway costs 'Actual

Construction Cost
account for 16 to 38 percent of all capital costs for recently costs are not included and other "soft" systems. Design, engineering, Right-of-way costs are also not included. presented in this table. to costs were converted National by city and year. 1990 National Dollars using costs represent the average
Means
construction
Indices
for
30
major
cities.
TABLE 2-17 CAPITAL COSTS FOR RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL STATIONS' (1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS2 IN THOUSANDS)
Type of Construction At-Grade Platform At-Grade Platform /I Elevated il 11Subway
Portland $492 539
Sacramento
San Jose $156
Pittsburgh
Los Angeles3 $981
Average $543 771 2,661 15,982
I/
Center Side
$377
185
$1,924
830 2,661 25,157
6,806
Source:
Lisht Rail Transit Capital Administration, Office of
for and
costs
'Station costs are also not 2Actual
do not include included.
design,
engineering,
and other
"soft"
costs.
Right-of-way
construction
Cost Indices
Construction
major
cities, include
costs were converted to by city and year. National for connections into
1990 National Dollars using costs represent the average other portions of the regional
Means
for rail
30
3Costs network.
provision
TABLE 2-18 CAPITAL COSTS FOR REC%NTLY CONSTRUCTED LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT YARDS AND SHOPS' (1990 NATIONAL DOLLARS21
Location Portland Sacramento San Jose Pittsburgh Los Angeles Averacre
Yard and Shop Capital Costs (thousands) $13,356 4,087 18,863 42,838 40,169
Yard and Shop Capacity (Vehicles) 100 50 50 97 54
Cost Per Unit Capacity (thousands) $133.6 81.7 377.3 441.6 743.9 355.6
of
Source:
Light Rail Administration,
Transit Capital Office of
Cost Study; prepared Technical Assistance
for and
'Design, engineering, presented in this table. *Actual

Construction
and other Right-of-way
rtsofts' costs
costs are not included are also not included.
in
the
guideway
costs
construction
Cost Indices
costs were converted to National by city and year.
1990 National Dollars using costs represent the average
Means
for
30
major
cities.
TABLE 2-19 COSTS OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK' (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
City Chicago Los Angeles New York San Francisco Washington, SOURCE: DC
Year 1991 1989 1990 1989 1989
Quantity Ordered 256 54 19 150 68
Price for Total Order $207.6 63.2 39.3 228.3 83.3 Public Transit
Price
Per Car
$0.81 1.17 2.07 1.52 1.23 Association, January 2,
Passenger Transport; published by American 1989 to September 30, 1991 issues.
'Costs of vehicle,
are actual dollars as of order size of order, and options.
date.
Variations
in unit
costs
are
due to type
TABLE 2-20 COSTS OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK' (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
City Boston San Diego St. Louis
Year 1991 1991 1990
Quantity Ordered 86 75 31
Price for Total Order $132.0 122.0 45.4
Price
Per Car
$1.53 1.63 1.46
SOURCE:
Public
Transit
Association,
January
15,
'Costs of vehicle,
date.
Variations
in unit
costs
are due to type
TABLE 2-21 COSTS OF COMMUTERRAIL ROLLING STOCK' (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
Location Florida Los Angeles New Jersey New York Indiana
Year 1990 1990 1991 1990 1991
Car Type Bi-Level Bi-Level M-6 7 motorized 10 trailers
Quantity Ordered 6 40 50 39 17
Price for Total Order $5.9 51.0 45.2 91.0 27.5
Price Per Car $0.98 1.28 0.90 2.33 1.62
SOURCE:
Public
Transit
Association,
January
15,
'Costs of vehicle,
date.
Variations
in unit
costs
are due to type
TABLE 2-22 COSTS OF VEHICLE REHABILITATION' (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
Location RAPID TRANSIT New York New York New York COMMUTER RAIL Maryland New Jersey
Year
Car Type
Quantity Rehabilitated
Price for Total Order
Price Per Car
1991 1991 1990
R33 Subway R44 Subway R44 Subway
494 280 64
$201.0 148.4 36.0
$0.41 0.53 0.56
1990 1991
35 230
7.0 223.1
0.20 0.97
SOURCE:
Passenqer Transport; published by American 1990 to September 30, 1991 issues.
Public
Transit
Association,
January
15,
'Costs are actual dollars as of order of rehabilitation work specified.
date.
Variations
in unit
costs
are due to type
TABLE 2-23 LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
Single Vehicle Characteristics Length Width (m) (m) PCC Car 14.2 2.5 2 (m) 1.68 46 56 1.92 1.61 1.34-2.68 9.8
Unit Canadian Light Rail Vehicle 15.4 2.6 4 per side
Articulated San Diego,Edmonton, Calgary 23.1 2.7 4 per side 1.30 64 97 1.32 Not Available Not Available 35.0 San Francisco Boston 21.6 2.7 3 per side 1.40 52-68 167 1.25 1.57 Not Available 32.0
No. of Doors Size Seated of Doors Capacity
1.52 46 55 1.47 1.56 1.12-1.78 11.0
Standing Capacity Acceleration Rate (m/s/s) Braking Rate (m/s/s) Jerk Rate (m/s/s/s) Minimum Horizontal Curve Radius (m) SOURCE: Canadian Transit
Manual,
2nd Edition
TABLE 2-24 TYPICAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEATED AND STANDING PASSENGERS
Square Commuter Rail STANDING PASSENGERS Maximum scheduled load capacity recommended by the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual Maximum practical capacity (crush
Feet
Per Passenger 4 to 6
(net)'
2.4 to 2.8 loads) I.8
SOURCE: 1985 Highway
Capacity
Manual
'Excludes space between standee.
nonusable space. seats for legs.
For seated passengers, includes space consumed by seat plus For standing passengers, based on clear floor area per
TABLE 2-25 RAIL TRANSIT STATION DWELL TIMES (SECONDS)
Line Lexington Ave. Express New York City Evanston Express Chicago Green Line (LRV) Boston Milwaukee Line
Time of Day PM Peak PM Peak PM Peak Post PM Peak
Mean Dwell 53 42 58 19
Time
Standard Deviation 17 14 24 6
SOURCE:
1985 Highway
Capacity
Manual
CHAPTER 3 BUS TRANSIT

This chapter provides quantitative information on the following characteristics of bus systems:
speeds
Operating costs Labor requirements Energy consumption Capital and rehabilitation costs Performance characteristics Capacities Accident rates Information on speeds, accident rates, operating costs, labor requirements, and energy consumption in this chapter are summarized (in the form of average, high, and low values) from 1989 UMTA Section 15 reports. Section 15 data on the characteristics of individual bus systems with more than 250 vehicles operated in maximum service are presentedin Appendix C. Section 15 data on trolley bus systems are also presented in Appendix C. .
TABLE 3-l TYPICAL PEAK HOUR BUS TRAVEL TIMES BY COMPONENT (MINUTES PER MILE)
Component Traffic Delay' Passenger Stops Moving Total Weed SOURCE: in miles ner hour
CBD 3.00 3.00 5.50 11.50 5.2 "Analyzing Transit
City 0.90 1.20 3.90 6.00 10.0 Time Performance";
Suburbs 0.70 0.50 3.00 4.20 14.3 Transportation Research
Herbert S. Levinson; Record 915; 1983.
Traffic delay is the added travel time due to other vehicles and traffic control devices.
TABLE 3-2 EFFECTS OF STOPS AND TRAFFIC DELAY ON BUS SPEEDS (MILES PER HOUR)
Speed Time Per Stop (seconds) Stops Per Mile 0.0 min./mile (No Traffic Delay) 25.0 18.3 14.0 11.3 8.6 22.0 15.3 11.3 9.0 6.9 19.5 13.0 9.5 7.5 "Analyzing 5.8 Transit Time Performance"; (mph) by Traffic Delay' 3.0 min./mile (Typical CBD Peak Period) 11.1 9.6 8.2 7.2 6.0 10.5 8.8 7.2 6.0 5.1 9.9 7.9 6.5 5.5 4.5 Research Record 915
0.7 min./mile (Typical Suburban Peak Period) 19.4 15.1 12.0 10.0 7.8 17.5 13.0 10.0 8.1 6.4 15.9 11.3 8.6 6.9 5.4 Transportation
10
2 4 6 8 10
20
2 4 6 8 10
30
2 4 6 8
XJRCE:
Herbert 1983.
S.
10 Levinson;
'Traffic delay is the added travel devices. Speeds are calculated assuming or traffic delay.
time due to other vehicles a free-flow speed of 35 miles
and traffic per hour with
control no stops
TABLE 3-3 BUS OPERATING COSTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE AND PEAK TO BASE RATIO Operatins Cost Per Per Revenue Revenue Per Peak Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Mile Hour (thousands) $4.61 4.82 3.80 3.75 3.79 3.54 2.85 2.88 2.59 2.56 $3.09 $5.77 15 data for $64.24 59.77 57.81 47.62 52.53 55.28 38.35 38.10 36.00 34.94 $42.70 $60.97 1989 $148 184 120 138 103 136 96 116 83 101 $112 $169
System Size' and Peak to Base Ratio2 250 or More Buses Ratio 2 2.00 (16)3 Ratio < 2.00 (18) loo-249 Ratio Ratio Buses 12.00 < 2.00 (20) (30) (18) (15) (28) (45)
50-99 Buses Ratio 2 1.75 Ratio c 1.75 25-49 Buses Ratio 2 1.50 Ratio < 1.50
Fewer Than 25 Buses Ratio 2 1.50 (30) Ratio < 1.50 (56) All Motor Buses Buses (363)4
Trolley SOURCE:
(5)5
UMTA Section operated
'Vehicles
in maximum service. PM peak divided by vehicles for which transit Data are systems.
2Vehicles operated in average operated in average base period. data 3Numbers in parentheses are available.
are the number of bus systems
4The complete motor bus data base includes several are not available. systems for which peak to base ratios missing for some of the above variables for a few transit the 5Four of the five largest size class trolley above.
bus systems are part of systems in Dayton is in the second size class.
TABLE 3-4 BUS OPERATING COSTS AND EMPLOYEES PER PLACE MILE' BY SYSTEM SIZE Operating Cost Per 1,000 Place Miles (34)3 $ 70 45 137 58 26 115 59 30 114 52 25 95 (156) 64 19 182 $
60
Size
of Svstem2
Employees Per 1,000 Place Miles 1.36 0.90 2.24 1.18 0.56 2.30 1.25 0.64 2.09 1.30 0.66 2>i)5 1.91 0.63 4.20 1.54 2.28
250 or More Buses Average Low High loo-249 Buses Average Low4 High 50-99 Buses Average Low High 25-49 Buses Average Loti High4 (53)
(38)
(82)
Fewer Than 25 Buses Average Low4 High4 All Motor Buses Buses (5) (363)
Trolley SOURCE:
$ 83 15 data for 1989
UMTA Section
'Place miles (or revenue capacity miles) are calculated as revenue vehicle miles times the average passenger capacity (seated plus standing) of the active vehicles in the fleet. 2Vehicles data with operated in maximum service. are the number of bus systems size classes exclude for which
3Numbers in parentheses are available. 4Lows and highs extreme values.
in these
a few systems
TABLE 3-5 BUS LABOR INPUTS PER UNIT OF SERVICE BY SYSTEM SIZE Emplovees (Full Time Equivalents) Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per Rev. Veh. Rev. Veh. Passenger Peak Miles Hours Miles Vehicle (34)2 0.091 0.058 0.157 0.077 0.037 0.162 0.075 0.045 0.138 (82) 0.067 0.047 0.099 (156) 0.070 0.043 0.219 0.073 0.160 15 data for 1989 0.98 0.06 1.76 1.01 1.57 24.46 0.89 96.45 15.82 12.55 2.57 1.00 5.77 2.61 4.50 0.90 0.61 1.23 11.42 3.46 22.04 2.51 1.54 3.73 1.19 0.89 1.77 1.05 0.62 1.48 1.13 0.69 2.38 7.75 3.01 13.64 7.72 1.45 14.87 9.57 1.76 36.54 3.19 2.29 4.78 2.70 0.60 7.08 2.39 0.88 3.71
Size
of System'
250 or More Buses Average Low High loo-249 Buses Average Low High 50-99 Buses Average Low High 25-49 Buses Average Low High (53)
(38)
Fewer Than 25 Buses Average Low3 High3 All Motor Buses Buses (363) (5)4
Trolley
'Vehicles data
operated
in maximum service. are the number of bus systems smallest size category for which a few
2Numbers in parentheses are available. for the values. trolley above.
3Lows and highs systems with extreme the 4Four of the five largest size class
exclude
TABLE 3-6 BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE MILES BY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZE Vehicle Operators Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Miles (34)2 0.051 0.033 0.085 0.048 0.020 0.082 0.047 0.028 0.089 0.044 0.030 0.072 (156) 0.044 0.023 0.118 0.045 0.078 15 data for 0.012 0.007 0.022 0.009 0.003 0.027 0.008 0.002 0.019 0.007 0.002 0.015 0.007 0.000 0.029 0.008 0.021 1989 0.028 0.015 0.050 0.020 0.006 0.031 0.020 0.010 0.031 0.016 0.008 0.034 0.019 0.003 0.088 0.019 0.061 0.091 0.058 0.157 0.077 0.037 0.126 0.075 0.045 0.138 0.068 0.047 0.099 0.070 0.043 0.219 0.073 0.160 Vehicle Mechanics3 Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Miles Other Employees Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Miles Total Employees Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Miles
Size
of System'
250 or More Buses Average Low High loo-249 Buses Average Low4 High4 50-99 Buses Average Low High 25-49 Buses Average Low High (53)
(38)
(82)
Fewer Than 25 Buses Average Low4 High All Motor Buses Buses (363)
Trolley SOURCE:
(5)5
'Vehicles data
in maximum service. are the number of bus systems vehicle size inspection classes and for which j
2Numbers in parentheses are available. "revenue
311Mechanics11 are employees. with the
maintenance" a few systems
4Lows and highs extreme values. 'Four largest of the five size class
in these trolley above.
exclude
TABLE 3-7 BUS LABOR INPUTS PER THOUSAND REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS BY TYPE OF EMPLOYEE AND BY SYSTEM SIZE Vehicle Operators Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Hours (34)' 0.67 0.54 0.98 0.66 0.48 0.99 0.72 0.44 1.61 (82) 0.59 0.43 0.88 (156) 0.61 0.35 1.44 0.63 0.76 15 data for 1989 0.10 0.02 0.32 0.11 0.20 0.27 0.04 1.06 0.27 0.61 0.98 0.53 1.76 1.01 1.57 0.10 0.03 0.19 0.22 0.11 0.50 0.91 0.61 1.23 0.15 0.10 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.29 0.12 0.04 0.32 0.37 0.22 0.66 0.27 0.10 0.58 0.30 0.13 0.73 1.19 0.89 1.77 1.05 0.62 1.48 1.13 0.69 2.38 Vehicle Mechanics3 Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Hours Other Employees Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Hours Total Employees Per 1,000 Rev. Veh. Hours
Size
of Svstem'
250 or More Buses Average Low High loo-249 Buses Average Low High 50-99 Buses Average Low High 25-49 Buses Average Loti High (53)
(38)
Fewer Than 25 Buses Average Low4 High4 All Motor Buses Buses (363)
Trolley SOURCE:
(5)5
'Vehicles data
in maximum service. are the number of bus systems vehicle size inspection classes and for which
*Numbers in parentheses are available. "revenue in
3W'Mechanics11 are employees. with the
maintenance" a few systems
4Lows and highs extreme values. 'Four largest of the five size class
these trolley above.
exclude
TABLE 3-8 BUS FACILITY CONSTRUCTION COSTS (1990 DOLLARS)
Facility Type With Indoor Vehicle Storage
Number of Projects
Cost Per Assigned ($1 Average $142,300
Vehicle Range
Cost Per Square Average $89
Foot
($)
Range $71 to 112
$62,700 to 240,000
Without Indoor Vehicle Storage
91,700
44,000 to 140,000
141
70 to 207
SOURCE:
Passenser Transport; published by American 1989 to September 30, 1991 issues
Public
Transit
Association;
January
2,
REHABILITATION
TABLE 3-9 COSTS FOR 35 FOOT BUSES
Location Dubuque Monterey Westchester County
Year 1990 1990 1991
Quantity Rehabilitated 10 15 20
Price
Per Bus
$80,000 140,000' 50,000
SOURCE:
Passenqer Transport; published by American 1990 to September 30, 1991 issues
Public
Transit
Association;
January
15,
'Includes rehabilitation
addition cost.
of
wheelchair
lift
which
added
about
$20,000
per
bus
to
the
TABLE 3-10 TYPICAL COST AND MILEAGE FOR TRANSIT BUS ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION REBUILDS
cost
Mileage 225,000 120,000
Engine Transmission
$4,850 $2,150
SOURCE:
Based on D. W. Carter, R. Drake, and J. Sims; Opportunities for Efficiencies"; Transportation
"Vehicle Research
Replacement Strategies: Record 1266; 1990.
TABLE 3-11 COSTS OF HEAVY DUTY BUSES (1990 DOLLARS) Number of Purchases 2 1 9 2 2 Total Number of Buses Purchased 30 162 686 45 43 Average Cost Per Bus $279,900 228,400 178,000 174,700 170,900 160,000-201,000 172,000-196,000 150,000-174,000 Range of Cost Per Bus $193,000-297,000
Bus Type 60' Articulated 40' 40' 35' 30' Suburban Transit Transit Transit
SOURCE:
Public
Transit
Association;
January
15,
NOTE:
Variations
in costs
are due to size
of order,
vehicle
configuration,
and options.
TABLE 3-12 COST RANGE FOR SMALL BUSES (1990 DOLLARS)
Type
Gross Vehicle Weight (pounds) 9,500-12,500 14,500-18,500 16,500-20,500 22,500-26,000
Rating
Cost Range
Light (truck-type
Duty cab chassis)
$30,000-60,000 45,000-75,000 65,000-110,000 125,000-175,000
Light Duty (motorhome-type chassis) (rear Medium Duty engine chassis)
Heavy Duty (integrated body and chassis)
SOURCE:
F. Johnson;
"What About
Small
Buses";
Bus Ride;
July
1991
TABLE 3-13 DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL TRANSIT BUSES
Length Width Height Front Overhang
40' 8'6"
(12.2 (2.6 (3.3 (2.2
m) m) m) m) m) m) m) m) m) m) m) (11,558
(16,620
1Or911
7'41t
Rear Overhang Inside Outside Turning Turning Radius Radius Radius
9'5"
30' 47'
(2.9 (9.1
(14.3
Outside Turning with Overhang Steps Front from
51'2"' 1'5tv
(15.6 (0.43 (0.76 (0.66
Ground Opening Opening
Door Clear
2'6" 2'2"
Rear Door Clear Empty Weight Gross Weight Wheelbase
25,480 36,640 23'9"
pounds pounds
(7.2
kg) kg)
m)
SOURCE:
Charles A. Fuhs; Hish-Occunancv Vehicle Facilities: A Parsons, and Operation Manual; Plannina, Desisn, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 3-14 DIMENSIONS OF SMALL BUSES

Gross Weight (pounds) 10,000 America 18,000 11,900 24,000 12,200 2500 11,000 11,800 29,500 Bus 9,500 10,300 11,500 to 16,000 18,340 28,000 II 11,500 25' 25' 24' 24' 28' 20' 20' 20' 31' 25' 6" 6" 6" to 5" 28' 7" Length (feet and inches) 16' 25' 24' 11" 11" Passenger Seats 17 22 24 23 25 18 to 25 23 to 15 14 to 17 to 14 to 30 4" 21 23 19 28 29 25 Wheelbase (inches) 125 236 110 170 136 to 176 176 139 138 145 158 to 158 to 181 158 186 190 176 Width (inches) 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 80 87 96 90 96 96
Manufacturer Amtran - Vanguard
- Model
Bus Industries - Orion II Champion Chance Collins Diamond Eldorado Gillig Lewis National New Goshen Stewart S-25
of
- Challenger - RT52 - Diplomat Coach - VIP
- Aerotech - Spirit Mfg. - Reddi Coach
- Squire
- GC II
& Stevenson
or 30' 21'
Thomas - Citiliner/ Transitliner Wayne - Chaperone
SOURCE:
"Shuttle
Buses Come of Age;
Modes Uses Growl';
Metro
Magazine;
July/August
1991
TABLE 3-15 TYPICAL TRANSIT BUS PERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICS
Acceleration O-10 mph lo-30 30-50 Normal mph mph
(mph/set) 3.33 2.22 0.95 (mph/set) 2-3 65
Deceleration
Top Speed (mph) Metric Units (km/h/set)
Acceleration O-16 km/h 16-48 km/h 48-80 km/h Normal
5.36 3.57 1.53 (km/h/set) 3.2-4.8 105
Deceleration
Top Speed (km/h)
SOURCE:
Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occunancv Vehicle Facilities: A Parsons, Planning. Design, and Operation Manual; Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 3-16 TYPICAL BUS CAPACITIES
Type of Bus
Length
(feet)
Width
(feet)
Typical Seats
Crush-Load Standees o-15 19 25 32 34 37
Capacity' I Total 15-40 55 80 85 100 110
Minibus Conventional Transit
18-25 30 35 40 55 60 1985 Highway Capacity
6.5-8.0 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 Manual
15-25 36 45 53 66 73
Articulated Transit
SOURCE:
'The Highway Capacity Manual recommends against using crush For the 53-seat, scheduling. 340 square foot bus with a crush passengers, the Highway Capacity Manual recommends a maximum scheduled
load capacities for load capacity of 85 load of 80 passengers.
TABLE 3-17 MINIMUM DESIRABLE LENGTHS FOR CURB BUS LOADING ZONES Single Type of Stop Near side Far side 40'+ street width 32-39 J street width Midblock 40'+ street width street width 32-39' Wheel Bus (L=Bus Length in feet) curb Each Additional L+5 Bus
6" from curb L + 85
Wheel 1' from L + 65
L + 55 L + 70
L + 40 L + 55
L L
L + 135 L + 150
L + 100 L + 115
L L
SOURCE: Operation
Charles Manual;
A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities: Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
A Plannincr,
Desisn.
and
TABLE 3-18 BOARDING AND ALIGHTING TIMES (SECONDS PER PASSENGER)
ALIGHTING PASSENGERS Very little hand baggage and parcels; few transfers Moderate amount of hand baggage many transfers Considerable baggage from racks (intercity runs)
1.5-2.5 or 2.5-4.0 4.0-6.0 1.5-2.5 2.0-3.0 3.0-4.0 4.0-6.0 6.0-8.0
BOARDING PASSENGERS No fare payment on boarding Single coin or token with fare box Multiple coin cash fares Zone fares prepaid and registered on bus Multiple zone fares; cash; includina reaistration on bus
SOURCE: 1985
Highway
Capacity
Manual
TABLE 3-19 BUS ACCIDENT RATES PER REVENUE VEHICLE MILE BY SYSTEM SIZE Accidents Per Million Revenue Vehicle Miles (34)2 65 59 51 44 (156) 37 46 133 Fatalities Per Million Revenue Vehicle Miles 0.09 0.07 1.38 0.11 0.08 0.22 0.00 Injuries Per Million Revenue Vehicle Miles 39 25 20 19 14 20 55
Size
of System'
250 or More Buses loo-249 50-99 25-49 Buses Buses Buses (53)
(38) (82)
Fewer Than 25 Buses All Motor Buses Buses (363)
Trolley
(5)3
SOURCE:
UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
'Vehicles data the
operated
in maximum service. are the number of bus systems for which
2Numbers in parentheses are available. 3Four of the five largest size class trolley above.
TABLE 3-20 BUS ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SYSTEM SIZE
Size 1,000
of System' or More Buses Buses Buses Buses Buses Buses (12) (16) (53) (6)2
Miles Per Gallon 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.0 (156) 4.2 3.6
Gallons Per Hundred Vehicle Miles 30.9 28.4 27.9 26.7 25.1 25.1 23.6 28.0
Gallons Per Hundred Passenger Miles 2.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.9 4.3 2.7
500-999 250-499 loo-249 50-99 25-49
(38) (82)
Fewer Than 25 Buses All Motor Buses (363)
SOURCE:
UMTA Section
15 data
for
1989
'Vehicles data
operated
in maximum service. are the number of bus systems for which
2Numbers in parentheses are available.
CHAPTER 4 AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS, AND THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
This chapter provides quantitative information on characteristics of automobiles, trucks, and the highway system, including the following: Freeway capacity and the effects of traffic volumes on speed Gasoline prices and fuel economies of highway vehicles Automobile ownership and operating costs Effects of congestion and pavement condition on vehicle operating costs Air pollutant emission rates Unit costs for various types of highway improvements Construction and operating costs for parking lots and garages Value of vehicle travel time Accident rates and costs
TABLE 4-l EFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAY CAPACITIES (ADJUSTMENT FACTOR) Distance from Obstruction to Travelled Pavement2 6 or more 4 2 0 Comments See next page SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity h4am.d. 4-Lane Freeway (2 lanes each direction) 12 Lanes 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.90 11 Lanes 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.87 10 Lanes 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.82 6- or Wane Freeway (3 or 4 lanes each direction) 12 Lanes 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 11 Lanes 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.91 10 Lanes 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.85
Ideal capacities are multiplied by the factors in this table to account for the effects of lane widths and lateral clearances. 20bstructions are assumedon one side of the roadway only. The other side of the roadway is assumedto have lateral clearances of 6 or more feet.
TABLE 4-l EFFECT OF LATERAL CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDTHS ON FREEWAY CAPACITIES (continued) Comments The capacity of a highway segmentis the maximum hourly rate at which vehicles can reasonably be expected to pass a given point on the segment during a given time period. The time period used in most capacity analysesis 15 minutes. The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual recommended a value of 2,000 vehicles per lane per hour as the capacity of a freeway under the following ideal conditions:
0
l
Twelve-foot minimum lane widths Six-foot minimum lateral clearances to the nearestroadside obstacle All passengercars in the traffic streams3 Driver characteristics typical of weekday commuter traffic
0 0
Recommendedvalues for highway capacities will probably be increased in the next edition of the Highway Capacity Manual. The Subcommitteeon Multilane Highways of the Transportation ResearchBoards Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service recently approved an increase from 2,000 to 2,200 in the ideal capacity of a multilane highway.
3Passenger equivalents for trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles are presented in Table 4-3. car
TABLE 4-2 EFFECT OF TRAFFIC VOLUME ON FREEWAY SPEEDS
Volume-to-Capacity Ratio 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 Comments
Average Travel Speed (mph) 60 58 55 52 48 44 30
Speedsare relatively insensitive to traffic volume at volume-to-capacity ratios below 0.70. However, speedsdrop sharply as volumeto-capacity ratios approach 1.OO. When the number of vehicles attempting to use a freeway segmentexceedsits capacity, traffic flow breaks down, resulting in stop-and-go conditions with average speedsbelow 30 miles per hour. SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
A design speedof 70 miles per hour is assumed.
TABLE 4-3 PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITY
PassengerCar Equivalents by Type of Terrain Vehicle Type Trucks Buses Recreational Vehicles Level 1.7 1.5 1.6 Rolling 4.0 3.0 3.0 Mountainous 8.0 5.0 4.0
Comments Passengercar equivalents are used to account for the fact that, on a per vehicle basis, heavy vehicles usually have a greater effect on congestion than lighter vehicles. Primarily becauseof their acceleration characteristics, the effect of heavy vehicles on congestion is greater on hills.
SOURCE: 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
A weight-to-horsepower ratio of 200 is assumed.
TABLE 4-4 AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED PASSENGER CAR (Cents Per Mile, Current-Year Dollars)
Variable Cost YlZil1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Gas & Oil 6.2 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.4 Maintenance 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.1 Tires 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 Subtotal 8.0 6.6 7.2 7.6 7.9 8.4 Fixed Cost 19.2 23.0 25.4 25.8 30.3 32.6 Total Cost 27.2 29.6 32.6 33.4 38.2 41.0
SOURCE:
Compiled by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association from Your Driving Costs, published by the American Automobile Association. The primary source of this data is Runzheimer and Company.
*Fixed cost includes insurance, license and registration, depreciation, and finance charge. A six-year, 60,000 mile retention cycle is assumedin estimating fixed cost.
TABLE 4-5 AVERAGE OPERATING COST FOR AN INTERMEDIATE-SIZED PASSENGER CAR (Cents Per Mile, 1990 Dollars)
Variable Cost Y&U 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Gas & Oil 7.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.4 Maintenance 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 Tires 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 Subtotal 9.7 7.9 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.4 Fixed Cost 23.3 27.4 29.2 28.5 31.9 32.6 Total Cost 33.0 35.3 37.5 36.9 40.3 41.0
Comments The variable cost of operating an automobile decreasedfrom 1985 to 1990, due to a decreasein fuel costs. However, the total cost per mile of owning and operating an automobile has been increasing faster than the rate of inflation. SOURCE: Compiled by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association from Your Driving Costs, published by the American Automobile Association. The primary source of this data is Runzheimer and Company. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) was used to convert current-year to constant dollars.
Fixed cost i ncludes insurance, license and registration, depreciation, and fmance charge. A six-year, 60,000 mile retention cycle is assumed in estimating fixed cost.
TABLE 4-6 AVERAGE PRICE OF A NEW CAR, 1970-89
YfSl1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Current Year Dollars 3,542 3,742 3,879 4,052 4,440 4,950 5,418 5,814 6,379 6,847 7,574 8,910 9,890 10,640 11,450 12,022 12,894 13,613 14,485 15,403
Constant 1989 Dollars 11,316 11,462 11,496 11,316 11,169 11,410 11,807 11,899 12,131 11,704 11,403 12,154 12,708 13,247 13,665 13,854 14,588 14,859 15,183 15,403
SOURCE:
MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures 90. Prices were converted to constant dollars using the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
TABLE 4-7 MILES PER GALLON OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES (1989)
II
Motorcycles
Type of Vehicle
Miles Per Gallon 20.54 50.00 13.81 7.17 5.34 15.98
PassengerCars 2-Axle 4-Tire Trucks Other Single Unit Trucks Multiple Unit Trucks All Motor Vehicles
SOURCE:
Highway Statistics 1989
TABLE 4-8 RETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINE (CENTS PER GALLON INCLUDING TAX)
YC!U 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Gasoline Price in Current Dollars 65.2C 88.2 122.1 135.3 128.1 122.5 119.8 119.6 93.1 95.7 96.3 106.0 121.7 119.6
Gasoline Price in Constant 1988 Dollars 118.2C 143.8 175.3 176.0 157.1 145.4 136.5 131.6 100.5 99.6 96.3 101.1 110.2 103.9
SOURCE:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.
TABLE 4-9 EFFECT OF PAVEMENT CONDITION ON OPERATING COSTS A. O-peratinyCost Factor at a Constant Speed of 35 MPH Serviceability Index2 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Automobile 1.000 1.019 1.048 1.096 1.154 1.240 1.317 1.423 3 Axle Single Unit Truck 1.000 1.019 1.046 1.079 1.126 1.183 1.260 1.363 5 Axle Combination 1.ooo 1.022 1.052 1.092 1.148 1.222 1.332 1.502
B. Operating Cost Factor at a Constant Speed of 55 MPH Serviceability Index 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Automobile 1.000 1.020 1.060 1.110 1.190 1.290 1.380 1.500 3 Axle Single Unit Truck 1.ooo 1.019 1.048 1.083 1.134 1.196 1.282 1.398 5 Axle Combination 1.000 1.025 1.062 1.109 1.176 1.266 1.398 1.605
SOURCE: Zaniewski et. al; Vehicle Operating Costs, Fuel Consumption, and Pavement Tvne and Condition Factors; Report No. FHWA-PL-82-001; prepared for the Federal Highway Administration by Texas Researchand Development Foundation; June 1982.
The operating cost factor has been set to 1.OOO a serviceability index of 4.5. Operating for costs include fuel, oil, tires, maintenance, repairs, and use-related depreciation. 2Pavementcondition is measuredin terms of a serviceability index running from 5.0 down to 0.0. The riding qualities of pavements below 3.0 are noticeably inferior to those of new pavements and may be barely tolerable for high speed traffic. Below 2.0, pavements have deteriorated to such an extent that they are in need of resurfacing. Below 1.0, pavements are in extremely deteriorated condition and may even need complete reconstruction.
TABLE 4-10 EFFECT OF SPEED ON AUTOMOBILE OPERATING COSTS' (1990 DOLLARS PER VEHICLE MILE) Posted Ooer.Speed
5
Speed (mph)
45 50 $0.228 55 $0.236
fmoh)
30
35 $0.202
40 $0.211
$0.193
$0.147
10
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
$0.107
$0.087 $0.075 $0.068
$0.159 $0.120 $0.097

$0.084 $0.075
$0.172
$0.132 $0.107
$0.219 $0.185
$0.140 $0.117
$0.190
$0.150
$0.092
$0.082 $0.075 $0.073
$0.100 $0.089
$0.081 $0.078 $0.077
$0.129 $0.110 $0.097

$0.088 $0.083 $0.081
$0.195 $0.158 $0.134

$0.117 $0.104
$0.069
$0.094 $0.089
$0.085 $0.084 $0.082
$0.079
Comments As speeds fall below increase sharply. SOURCE: New York Computer in M.S. Programs for TRB the posted speed limit due to congestion, automobile operating costs
State Department of Transportation Highway User Cost Accounting MicroThe model is described Package (adjusted to represent 1990 conditions). Develops Micro-Computer-Based Pasko and L.H. Adams; "New York State to Determine the User Benefits of Highway Capacity Improvements"; prepared Annual Meeting; January 1990.
'Vehicle Depreciation,
operating insurance,
oil, costs include gasoline, and other fixed costs are not
tires, included.
maintenance,
and
repair.
TABLE 4-l 1 VALUE OF VEHICLE TRAVEL TIME BY VEHICLE CLASS (1990 DOLLARS PER VEHICLE HOUR) Value of Travel Time (Dollars Per Vehicle Hour) $10.34 11.74 22.11 25.42 28.16 28.33 72.79 10.92 13.45
Vehicle Class Automobiles 4-Tire Trucks B-Tire Trucks 3+ Axle Single Unit Trucks 4 Axle Combinations 5 Axle Combinations Transit Buses All Vehicles -- Urban All Vehicles -- Rural
l Costs for on-the-job travel include labor wages and fringes, vehicle costs, and inventory costs. For off-the-job travel, the value of time was assumed to be 60 percent of the wage rate for drivers and 45 percent of the wage rate for passengers. SOURCE: Highway Economic Requirements System (199 1)
TABLE 4-12 PARKING CONSTRUCTION COSTS (1989 DOLLARS)
RepresentativeConditions (1989) Type of Facility Cost Per Square Foot

$6.00 26.00 32.00 58.00
Square Feet Per

Space 305 315 320 320 Cost Per Space $1,830 8,190 10,240 18,560 II
IISurface Lot
2 Level Garage 3+ Level Garage
Underground Garage
SOURCE: Robert A. Weant and Herbert S. Levinson; Parking; Eno Foundation for Transportation; 1990.
Construction costs include 15 percent for engineering, architecture, and contingencies. Laud costs are m included.
ILLUSTRATIVE
TABLE 4-13 ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS FOR PARKING GARAGES (1989)
Item Payroll2 Utilities Maintenance Insurance Supplies Miscellaneous Administrative Total
Cost Per Space 360 60 60 30 18 12 30 600
Operating costs assume a 600 space garage, 168-hour per week operation, and cashier collection of parking fees. For garages with more spaces,the operating cost per space would be lower. 21ncludingfring e benefits, security patrols, and training.
TABLE 4-14 PARKING CONTROL SERVICE RATES Design Service Rates (Vehicles Per Hour) Difficult l-Y Approach Apnroach
525 450 375 350 500 150 200 250 800 300 250 200 225 275
TvDe Of COntrOl
Entrance Automatic ticket dispenser Push button ticket dispenser Machine read ticket dispenser Coded-card reader Proximity-card reader Coin or token operated gate Fixed fee to cashier with gate Fixed fee to cashier without gate No required stop Exit Coded-card reader Proximity-card reader Token-operated gate Fixed fee to cashier with gate Fixed fee to cashier without gate Variable fee to cashier Validated ticket Machine read ticket with manual license plate check with camera license plate check No required stop
100 150
200 550
350 500 150 200 250 150 300 375
225 275
100 150
200
100
200 200
100
75 375
100
75 250
%asy or straight approach to control service position 2For example, sharp turn within 100 feet of either side of the control position or patrons generally unfamiliar with the facility.
TABLE 4-15 TAXI COMPANY UNIT COSTS (1990 DOLLARS)
Cost Per Taxi Cost Per Vehicle Mile Cost Per Vehicle Trip Cost Per Passenger
$38,780 $0.95 $6.84 $4.73
SOURCE:
Gorman C. Gilbert, Raymond J. Burby, and Charles E. Feibel; Taxicab ODerating Characteristics; Center for Urban and Regional Studies, University of North Caroliria at Chapel Hill; September 1982.
TABLE 4-16 HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT COSTS IN URBAN AREAS (THOUSANDS OF 1989 DOLLARS PER LANE MI:LE)' Facilitv/Improvement Freeways Tvoe Built-Up Areas Outlying Areas
and Expressways
2,283
Reconstruction with More Lanes Reconstruction with Wider Lanes Pavement Reconstruction Major Widening Minor Widening Resurfacing with Shoulder Improv. Resurfacing Other Divided Highways
1,676
1,171
935
676
1,720 1,210 1,055 750
319 139
519 279
128
Reconstruction with More Lanes Reconstruction with Wider Lanes Pavement Reconstruction Major Widening Minor Widening Resurfacing with Shoulder Improv. Resurfacing Undivided Highways
2,056 1,510 1,058 842 608 288 126
1,548
1,089 950
676 466 252 114
Reconstruction with More Lanes Reconstruction with Wider Lanes Pavement Reconstruction Major Widening Minor Widening Resurfacing with Shoulder Improv. Resurfacing SOURCE:
1,850
1,359 954
757 547 260 113
1,393 980
856 608 420 226 104
Jack Faucett Associates; The Hishwav Economic Requirements System Technical Reoort; prepared for Highway Needs and Investment Branch, Office of Policy Development, Federal Highway Administration; July 1991
'The improvement costs in this following unit costs (in thousands assumed for right-of-way: Freeways and Expressways Other Divided Roads Undivided Roads Built-Up
$455
table include right-of-way. of dollars per lane-mile) Outlvinq

$182 165 150
The were
410
370
ILLUSTRATIVE
TABLE 4-17 EMISSION FACTORS BY SPEED AND CALENDAR YEAR (GRAMS PER MILE) 1985 Heavy Duty Vehicles --------____--------___ ---------___----------co NMHC NOX ------------132.44 21.38 16.61 69.52 17.12 11.04 45.25 15.62 8.69 36.53 16.06 7.57 36.57 18.55 7.02 45.46 24.17 6.78
A. Calendar
Year
Speed ----10 20 30 40 50 60 B. Calendar
Light Duty Vehicles -------------_-_______ ---------------_______ NMHC' co2 NOX3 ----------9.12 96.20 2.36 5.64 38.65 2.34 4.45 24.93 2.39 3.79 17.80 2.45 3.60 19.99 2.76 4.08 44.22 3.77 Year 1990
Speed ----10 20 30 40 50 60 C. Calendar
Light Duty Vehicles --------------------------NMHC co NOX ---------6.55 69.14 1.63 4.05 26.76 1.57 3.15 16.44 1.46 2.65 11.16 1.44 2.46 11.75 1.56 2.73 26.01 2.15 Year 1995 Light Duty Vehicles -----------------__-__ ---------------------NMHC co NOX ---------4.92 48.16 1.18 3.11 19.30 1.10 2.36 11.06 0.92 1.96 6.92 0.84 1.75 6.55 0.88 1.88 14.49 1.'21 (continued)
Heavy Duty Vehicles -------------_________ --------------_-______ NMHC co NOX ---------9.38 79.09 18.73 6.20 41.65 14.89 4.83 27.12 13.52 4.16 21.84 13.88 3.83 21.75 16.06 3.69 26.83 21.05
Speed ----10 20 30 40 50 60
Heavy Duty Vehicles --------------------NMHC co NOX ---------6.29 49.15 12.42 26.00 9.92 4.20 16.94 3.28 9.04 13.59 2.81 9.29 2.57 13.44 10.73 16.41 14.01 2.47
Non-methane hydrocarbons 2Carbon monoxide 30xides of nitrogen
TABLE 4-17 D. Calendar Year 2000
(continued)
Speed ----10 20 30 40 50 60 WARNING:
Light Duty Vehicles -------B-B----------------------------------NMHC co NOX ---------4.23 30.95 0.98 2.73 15.86 0.90 2.04 8.82 0.70 1.66 5.28 0.61 1.46 4.69 0.61 1.51 10.36 0.83
Heavy Duty Vehicles ---------------D-B-----------_____----------NMHC co NOX ---------4.93 34.32 9.79 3.30 18.25 7.84 2.56 11.90 7.15 2.18 9.51 7.35 1.98 9.32 8.49 1.90 11.23 11.06 Clean for
MOBILE 4.1 does not model most 1993 or later Air Act Requirements. Emission factors calendar years 1993 and later are affected. for Emission Factor Calculations
Assumed Conditions
0 0
Maximum Temperature -- 84 (F) Minimum Temperature -- 60 (F) Ambient Temperature -- 78.1 (F) Altitude -- 500 feet No Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program No Anti-Tampering Program Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) include exhaust, evaporative, running loss, and resting loss. Refueling NMHC are not included. Percent of vehicles in cold start mode -- 20.6 Percent of vehicles in hot start mode -- 27.3 Light Duty (O-8,500 Pounds) 1985 1.1 a72.4 2.1 23.7 0.7 (Over 8,500 1985 38.3 61.7 Source 1990 0.9 70.2 1.0 27.7 0.2 Pounds) 1990 32.4 67.6 Vehicle 1995 0.8 68.3 0.5 30.3 0.1 Vehicle 1995 29.4 70.6 Factor Mix 2000 0.8 66.9 0.2 32.0 0.1 Mix 2000 27.3 72.7 Model)
Motorcycles Automobiles Gasoline Diesel Light Trucks Gasoline Diesel

0
Heavy Duty Gasoline Diesel
SOURCE: MOBILE 4.1
(US EPA Mobile
Emission
TABLE 4-18 INCIDENTS PER MILLION VEHICLE MILES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS
Police-Reported Crashes Urban Interstate Other Freeway Other Prin. Art. Minor Arterial Collector Rural Interstate Other Prin. Art. Minor Arterial Major Collector Minor Collector Local SOURCES: 0.69 1.48 1.75 2.06 3.57 3.52 1.06 1.13 5.83 5.74 5.29 8.63
Deaths
Nonfatal Injuries
Crash-Involved Vehicles
0.009 0.015 0.019 0.019 0.017 0.018 0.015 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.064 0.042
0.73 0.66 3.85 3.52 3.12 3.49 0.52 0.96 1.34 1.43 2.70 1.92
1.88 2.08 11.20 10.52 8.91 13.08 0.90 2.45 2.69 3.09 4.72 4.96
Fatalities: Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), 1988-1989. Crashes, Injuries, and Vehicles: National Accident Sampling System (NASS), 1982-1984. Vehicle Miles: Highway Statistics.
TABLE 4-19 COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS (1990 DOLLARS) Highway Functional Class Urban Interstate Other Freeway Other Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector Rural Interstate Other Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Major Collector Minor Collector 101,679 108,mO 94,866 91,470 94,068 76,224 (continued) 70 161 166 188 336 269 $58,937 62,971 37,829 37,662 36,554 25,472 $62 71 221 216 193 220 Cost Per Crash Cost Per 1,ooOVehicle Miles
TABLE 4-19 COSTS OF POLICE-REPORTED CRASHES BY HIGHWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASS (continued) Notes Costs cover medical services, ancillary services, emergency services, lost wages, lost household production, lost quality of life, workplace disruption, insurance administration, legal and court, travel delay for uninvolved motorists, and property damage. Costs were computed using the willingness to pay methodology prescribed for valuing life-saving benefits by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in Regulatory Program of the United Statesand by FHWA Technical Advisory T-7570.1. Per fatality and per injury costs were as follows: Cost/fatality = $2,632,016 Cost/Incapacitating Injury (Severity Class A) = $186,457 Cost/Evident Injury (Severity Class B) = $36,550 Cost/Possible Injury (Severity Class C) = $18,732 Costs were computed using injury distributions from 1982-1984 NASS data. Source: Miller, Ted, John Viner, Nancy Pindus, et al., The Costs of Hiahwav Crashes, Federal Highway Administration, 1991.
CHAPTER AUTOMATED
5 TRANSIT
characteristics of 23
GUIDEWAY
This chapter presents quantitative information automated guideway transit systems:

l
on the following
Vehicle capacities Maximum and average speeds Operating and maintenance costs Vehicle costs Capital costs Labor requirements
0 0
l
0 0
Appendix D provides more detailed information on the characteristics of each of the 23 AGT systems, including the following:
0
System configuration Guideway elevation and length Number of stations Daily operating hours Annual system vehicle miles and vehicle hours
0 0 0 e
AUTOMATED
TABLE 5-l GUIDEWAY TRANSIT FLEET SIZES, CAPACITIES AND SPEEDS Fleet Size Vehicle Capacity Standing Seated 16 16 8 16 14 34 20 4 10 6 12 4 12 2 16 8 122 0 323 12 0 8 9 34 69 49 12 42 66 0 14 14 6 80 48 33 50 69 13 542 51 3g3 45 50 9 3 Vehicle Speed (mDh) Max. Avg. 27 30 50 17 32 30 45 28 30 15 41 25 30 30 27 30 28 30 8 26 30 12 14
System Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens Chicago OHare Airport Dallas/Fort Worth Airport AIRTRANS Denver Airport Detroit DPM Disney World Duke Fairlane Houston WEDway Jacksonville DPM Las Vegas McCarran Airport Las Colinas APT Miami Airport Miami Metromover Morgantown Newark Airport Orlando Airport Pearlridge Seattle-Tacoma Airport Tampa Airport Tampa Airport - Parking Garage U.S. Senate Subway 51 16 12 72 4 2 18 2 4 4 6 12 73 72 18 4 24 10 6 12 17 2 13
10
18 23 10 11 12 18 14 19 6 16 17 18 10 8 15 14 9 4 9 9 4 N/A
It is measured at 2.5 sq. feet per standee for urban system and 5.0 sq. feet per standee for airport system.
2 These values are for 6-car train. 3 These values are for 4-car train. N/A Not Available
TABLE 5-2 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS (1990 Dollars) Cost Per Vehicle-Mile Traveled $5.11 9.90 30.61 2.42 5.61 21.29 6.97 5.21 6.64 4.34 16.23 2.85 3.21 1.35 4.00 38.82 1.86 3.25 3.08 Cost Per Equivalent Place Mile $0.10 0.12 0.54 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.39 0.43 0.07 0.08 0.36 0.05 0.15 0.12 0.08 2.19 0.03 0.06 0.18 Cost Per Vehicle-Hour
System Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens Chicago OHare Airport Dallas/Fort Worth Airport AIRTRANS Denver Airport Detroit DPM Duke Houston WEDway Jacksonville DPM Las Vegas McCarran Airport Las Colinas APT Miami Airport Morgantown Newark Airport Orlando Airport Pearlridge Seattle-Tacoma Airport Tampa Airport Tampa Airport - Parking Garage
$51.14 178.24 704.10 24.23 61.71 255.53 97.63 31.29 106.18 73.74 292,17 28.52 48.12 18.24 35.99 155.27 16.73 29.22 12.30
Equivalent place miles are computed by multiplying the vehicle capacities (seated plus standing) shown in Table 5-1 by vehicle-miles travelled for each system.
AUTOMATED
TABLE 5-3 GUIDEWAY TRANSIT VEHICLE (1990 Dollars)
COSTS Cost Per Pound (Dollars)
System
Cost Per Vehicle ($1,000)
Cost Per Equivalent Passenger Place1 ($1,000) $22 10 17 29 23 22 31 8 29 14 18 18 18 14 25 11
Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens Dallas/Fort Worth Airport AIRTRANS Denver Airport Detroit DPM Duke Fairlane Houston WEDway Las Colinas APT Miami Airport Morgantown Orlando Airport Seattle-Tacoma Airport Tampa Airport Tampa Airport - Parking Garage U.S. Senate Subway
$1,087 850 484 1,619 2,322 443 755 93 1,300 751 380 937 1,012 697 421 136
$0.67 0.06 1.80 0.79 0.88 0.17 0.12 0.70 0.27 0.17 3.22 0.29 0.95 0.26 0.27 0.55
1 Equivalent passenger places per vehicle are determined by the vehicle capacities (seated plus standing) presented in Table 5-1.
AUTOMATED
TABLE 5-4 GUIDEWAY SYSTEM CAPITAL COST SUMMARY (THOUSANDS OF 1990 DOLLARS) Busch Gardens Chicago OHare Airport Dallas/Fort Worth Airtrans Denver Airport Detroit DPM
Atlanta Airport Guideway Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Stations Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Station Maint. & Support Capabilities Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Power and Utility Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Vehicles Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Vehicle Command, Control & Communication Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Engineering & Project Management Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Total System Cost:
$27,898 30% $12,183
3,424 36 2,574
N/A
25,691 21 2,007
12,480 16 6,746
96,477 42 32,815
$14,664 16% $1,466
259 3 130
N/A
13,861 11 990
2,494 3 624
Included in Guideway
$5,372 $26,:46
454 5 341
N/A
7,599 6 594
3,052 4 1,650
64,016 28 21,774
$5,227 $26,F83
785 8 590
N/A
10,289 8 804
4,751 6 2,568
Included Elsewhere
$18,474 20% $1,087
1,699 18 850
N/A
25,172 20 484
25,896 32 1,619
27,861 12 2,322
$6,806 $;:72
1,046 11 786
N/A
13,329 11 1,041
9,716 12 5,252
21,853 9 7,433
$14,017 15% $6,121 $92,458
1,874 20 1,409 9,541
N/A
29,547 24 2,308 125,488
21,856 27 11,814 80,245
21,164 9 7,199 231,371
108,899
TABLE Disney World Guideway Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Stations Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Station Maint. & Support Capabilities Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Power and Utility Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Vehicles Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Vehicle Command, Control & Communication Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Engineering & Project Management Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Duke
5-4 (continued) Fairlane Houston Jacksonville McCarran Airp.
N/A
3,295 22 5,884
4,143 33 8,455
11,610 36 8,474
9,2302 29 6,593
N/A
N/A
337 2 337
831 7 416
7,021 22 780
3,610 12 1,203
N/A
N/A
Included Elsewhere
235 2 480
506 2 369
1,950 6 1,393
N/A
N/A
Included Elsewhere
1,939 15 3,957
821 3 599
1,340 4 957
N/A
N/A
1,773 12 443
1,510 12 755
1,679 5 93
6,0403 19 3,020
N/A
N/A
5,340 36 9,536
1,511 12 3,084
3,534 11 2,580
4,650 15 3,321
N/A
N/A
4,099 28 7,320
2,421 19 4,941
7,079 22 5,167
4,550 15 3,250
N/A
Total System Cost:
N/A
14,844
12,590
32,25 1
31,370
9,074
TABLE Miami Airport
5-4 (continued) Newark Airport Orlando Airport
Las Colinas Guideway Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Stations Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Station Maint. & Support Capabilities Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Power and Utility Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Vehicles Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Vehicle Command, Control & Communication Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Engineering & Project Management Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Total System Cost:
Miami
DPM
Morgantown
5,477 22 7,401
4,896 22 9,600
N/A
53,741 25 6,249
N/A
7,671 20 5,218
1,836 8 459
5,380 24 2,690
N/A
9,807 5 1,961
N/A
6,134 16 1,534
1,193 5 1,612
1,475 7 2,892
N/A
8,364 4 973
N/A
3,163 8 2,152
1,197 5 1,617
830 4 1,627
N/A
13,447 6 1,564
N/A
1,415 4 963
5,200 21 1,300
4,506 20 751
N/A
27,73 1 13 380
N/A
7,496 20 937
3,538 14 4,781
1,633 7 3,202
N/A
40,285 19 4,684
N/A
8,347 22 5,678
5,992 25 8,097 24,432
3,541 16 6,943 22,261
N/A
59,613 28 6,932 212,990
N/A
3,994 10 2,717 38,221
133,056
140,400
TABLE
5-4 (continued) Tampa Airport Tampa Parking Garage U. S. Senate Subway
Pearl-Ridge Guideway Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Stations Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Station Maint. & Support Capabilities Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Power and Utility Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Vehicles Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Vehicle Command, Control & Communication Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Engineering & Project Management Total Cost Percent of Total System Cost Cost Per Lane Mile Total System Cost:
Sea-Tat
N/A
24,696 29 14,527
6,871 24 5,090
2,819 26 5,527
8,20S4 51 12,436
N/A
11,033 13 1,839
4,481 15 560
583 5 83
696 4 232
N/A
5,687 7 3,345
1,807 6 1,339
443 4 869
455 3 689
N/A
3,357 4 1,975
4,412 15 3,268
1,318 12 2,584
829 5 1,256
N/A
24,286 29 1,012
5,572 19 697
2,527 23 421
1,637 10 136
N/A
4,194 5 2,467
2,847 10 2,109
1,307 12 2,563
2,678 17 4,058
N/A
11,506 14 6,768 84,759
3,267 11 2,420 29,256
1,804 17 3,537 10,801
1,745 11 2,644 16,248
N/A
Cost includes maintenance facility finish-out. Cost includes right-of-way construction. 31t includes other subsystems costs. 41t includes costs associated with current system providing
full service while new system is being installed
TABLE 5-5 LABOR INPUTS FOR AGT SYSTEMS SYSTEM Personnel per 1000 Vehicle-Hours Personnel per 10,000 Vehicle-Miles Personnel per 100,000 Equivalent Place Miles 0.15 1.07 0.21 0.19 0.29 0.06 0.88 0.50 0.12 0.09 0.19 0.13 0.07 0.10 6.46 0.04 0.05
Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens Chicago OHare Airport Dallas/Fort Worth Airport AIRTRANS Detroit DPM Disney World Duke Houston WEDway Jacksonville DPM Las Vegas McCarran Airport Las Colinas APT Miami Airport Morgantown Orlando Airport Pearlridge Seattle-Tacoma Airport Tampa Airport
0.75 16.36 2.82 0.52 3.46 0.20 2.22 0.36 1.75 0.82 1.50 0.66 0.91 0.47 4.59 0.20 0.22
0.75 9.09 1.22 0.52 2.88 0.11 1.58 0.60 1.09 0.48 0.83 0.66 0.61 0.52 11.47 0.22 0.25
Equivalent place miles are computed by multiplying the vehicle capacities (seated plus standing) shown in Table 5-1 by vehicle-miles travelled for each system.
CHAPTER 6 HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES
This chapter provides quantitative information on the following characteristicsof high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities: 0
0 0
Capital costs Operation and maintenancecosts Enforcement-related information (personnel, costs, fine amounts, violation rates) HOV and adjacent facility speeds HOV and adjacent facility speeds Design guidelines for widths, clearances, design speeds, and grades
0 0 0
TABLE 6-l CAPITAL COSTS FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS'
HOV Facility SEPARATE R.O.W. South Busway (Pittsburgh) East Busway (Pittsburgh) BARRIER-SEPARATED FREEWAY R.O.W. I-45N 1-45s (Houston) (Houston)
Capital Costs (millions $) $27.0 (inc. 93.0 design)
Route Mileage 4 6.8
Base Year for Cost Estimate 1977 1983
Cost Per Mile (millions $) $6.75 13.68
29.0 27.3 32.0 44.0 56.0 35.0 31.4 (continued)
9.1 6.5 11.5 9.5 11 0.7 8
1988 1988 1989 1988 1973 1989 1988
3.19 4.20 2.78 4.63 5.09 50.00 3.93
I-10 (Houston) US 290 (Houston) I-10 (Los Angeles) San Bernadino (LA) I-15 (San Diego)
'Design
costs
are not
included
unless
noted.
TABLE 6-1 HOV Facility BUFFER-SEPARATED RIGHT-OF-WAY Route 91 (Los Angeles) (inc. 0.3 design) 0.4 54 14 1.5 3.5 7.6 0.1 10.2 Capital Costs (millions $)
(continued) Route Mileage Base Year for Cost Estimate Cost Per Mile (millions $)
8 11 14 30 5 11 6 2.8 6
1984 1984 1988 1980 1985 1985 1985 1973 1986
0.04 0.04 3.86 0.47 0.30 0.32 1.27 0.04 1.70
Route 55 (Orange Co.) Route 405 (Orange Co.j I-4 (Orlando) Montague (Santa Clara) San Tomas (Santa Clara) I-5 (Seattle) SR 520 (Seattle) I-405 (Seattle) CONTRAFLOWFREEWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY Lincoln Tunnel (NJ) (inc.
0.5 design) 0.4 0.4 1.8
2.5 2.2 0.9 9.6
1970 1971 1980 1979
0.20 0.18 0.44 0.19
Long Island Xway (NYC) Gowanus Xway (NYC) I-45N (Houston)
sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hish-Occunancv SOURCE: Compiled from various Vehicle Facilities: A Plannins. Desisn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 6-2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR CONTRAFLOWHOV FACILITIES
Daily HOV Facility Route 495 --Lincoln Tunnel (New Jersey) Long Island Expressway (New York) Gowanus Expressway (New York) US 101 (Marin County, CA)' I-45N (Houston)*
Deployment (persons) 6 5-6 2-3 5-6 10-12
Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost $265,000 250,000 84,000 300,000 600,000
Vehicle Facilities: SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hich-Occupancy A Plannina, Desiqn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, &I Douglas; 1990,
'Facility *Facility
was terminated was terminated
in in
1985. 1984.
TABLE 6-3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR BARRIER AND BUFFER SEPARATED HOV FACILITIES
HOV Facility South Busway, (Pittsburgh) I-10, I-45, (Houston) East US 290 Busway
Daily
Deployment (persons) 0 53 2-54 0 0 0 0
Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost $65,000 450,000 500,000 205,000 18,000 7,500 18,000
I-395 (Virginia) I-4 (Orlando) I-5 (Seattle) SR 520 (Seattle) I-405 (Seattle)
sources by Charles A. Fuhs; High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities: SOURCE: Compiled from various A Plannins, Design, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
3Manual gates, 4Remote control
signs, gates
and lane and signs.
controls
TABLE 6-4 ENFORCEMENT-RELATED INFORMATION FOR SELECTED HOV PROJECTS

HOV Facility Method of lhf-eat Annual cost Peak Hour Violation Rate @ercent) Peak Period Violation Rate tpercmt) Fine Amount No. of P-s Assigned toEnforcemmt
FACILITY
IN SEPARATE
ROW Charged with treqassing Citation
Ottawa, Canada Pittsburgh REVERSIBLE-FLOW I-45, I-IO, us 290 (H~Ston) I-395 (Virginia) I-15 (San Diego) 2-WAY BARRIER SEPARATED
$2~,~
$l~,~
1 1
1 1
$53.15 $33oo+COWt
3 4
Special citation areas, vehicles divertcd Citations by mail Vehicles stopped
$6o,@Jo
14.m,lpm
$75
$35,ooomficer NA
5 3
15 5
$50 $246 + court
2-5 2
I-10 (Los Angeles) 2-WAY BUFFER SEPARATED
Citation on shoulder
$2O,oM)
11
11
5246 f coun
Route 55 and 1405 (Orange County) Route 91 (Los Angeles) I-95 (Fort Lee, NI) Mom&u (HmoIulu)
Special citation areas
530,m
$246 + court
Special citation arca Vehicles stopped Vehicles diverted Not enforced Vehicles diverted
s30,ooo NA s35,om 0 $215,000
7 30 20 75 5
7 30 20 15 10
$246 + court $50 $40 $43.50 $50-500
6 1 3 0 1-7
14 (Orlando) US 101, Route 237 (San Francisco) I-5, I-405 (Seattle)
License plates identified and HERO program License plates identified and HERO program
NA
11
11
$47
NA
SR 520 (Seattle)
NA
$47
NA
SOURCE: Compiled from various Vehicle Facilities: sources by Charles A. Fuhs; High-Occupancy A Planninq, Desisn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 6-5 COMPARISON OF HOV AND ADJACENT FACILITY
ACCIDENT RATES
Number of Accidents Per Million Vehicle Miles HOV Lanes BARRIER-SEPARATED FACILITIES I-10 (Houston) I-45 (Houston) I-10 (Los Angeles) I-395 (Virginia) BUFFER-SEPARATED AND NON-SEPARATED FACILITIES I-5 median lanes (Seattle) I-405 outside lanes (Seattle) I-10 (Los Angeles) US 101 (Marin Co.) I-95 (Miami) 1.0 2.0 0.4 2.3 3.2 3.6 3.6 2.4 1.9 Adjacent Mixed Flow Lanes 2.4 2.4 1.1 NA 2.1 1.3 1.4 2.0 3.6
Vehicle Facilities: sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occuoancv SOURCE: Compiled from various A Planninq, Desiqn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 6-6 HOV DESIGN GUIDELINES

Lateral Lane Width (ft) AASHTO Caltrans Busway Houston Transit I-5 Standards METRO Auth. 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Left 4 2 4 2 Clearance Right 10-12 8 4 8 (ft) Outside NS 2 NS 2 Total lLane 26 26 20 22 Pavement (ft) 2-Lane Rev. 40 36 40 NS Width 2-Way NS 46 52 46 Design Speed (mph) Vertical Clear. (ft) Vertical Grades (%I
60+ 70 60 60
16.5 18.0 16.5 17.5
NS 5 3-6 3
Orange Co. Transit District Geometric Report, 1985 Orange Co. CA Transitway Concept Design, 1987 Ottawa Agency Transit
12.0
2-6
8-10
2-10
22-26
NS
46-56
60
15.0
3-6
11.5 12.0 12.0 12.0
NS 5 4 4-10
10 5 8-10 10
NS 5 NS NS
NS 22 NS 26
NS 38 36 40
NS 44 44 44
50 60 70 50-80
NS 16.5 18.0 16.5
NS 6 5 3-6
Texas Transitway Design Manual NCHRP 155 Class A Busway Washington DOT State
Vehicle Facilities: SOURCE: Compiled from various sources by Charles A. Fuhs; Hiqh-Occupancy A Planninq, Desiqn, and Operation Manual; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, & Douglas; 1990.
TABLE 6-7 PEAK HOUR HOV LANE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Average Peak-Hour Volumes BUS HOV Project and Location EXCLUSIVE FACILITIES 35 35 70 75 155 FLOW 20 10 5 195 80 45 55 500 350 80 6,505 2,785 1,820 2,300 1,370 1,335 1,250 1,945 305 395 255 3050 2400 2730 7940 940 1190 1060 1,200 1,190 2,555 3,320 5,425 90 1,330 180 835 1,575 510 2,715 1450 2735 7500 4,660 4,650 4,375 8,210 6,625 5,420 4,930 5,050 10,355 8,525 53 47 58 55 57 29 35 24 24 26 Vehicle PersOn
V&iCk
Van and &pool Persm Vehicle
Freeway I Person
Average SpCea (mph) HOV Lane Freeway
I-10 3+ HOVs (Houstm) I-10 2+ HOVs (Houston) I45 (Houston) I-10 (Los Angeles) I-395 (Viiinia) CONCURRENT
Route 91 (Los Angeles) I-95 (Mi) Route 55 (Orange County) Bay Bridge (San Francisco) US 101 (San Francisco) I-5 (Seattle) SR 520 (Seattle) CONTRAFLOW NJ Route 495 (New York City) US 101 (San Francisco)
8,@33
5,850 6,100 6,655 5,875 7,500 3,485
893
7,240 6,710 7,900
53 50 60 22 56 34 16
27 39 31 5 37 26 7
8,990
%ooo 3,905
725 150
34,685
NA NA
NA NA
4,415 7.m
7,380 9,450
21 50
4 50
693-J
SOURCE: Timothy J. Lomax; Research Record 1280; 1990.
*lEstimating
Transportation
Corridor
Mobility";
Transportation
TABLE 6-8 PEAK HOUR FREEWAY AND HOV LANE VOLUME COMPARISONS
Average Peak-Hour Person Volume Number HOV Project EXCLUSIVE I-10 I-10 I-45 I-10 I-395 and Location HOV of Lanes Freeway HOV Freeway HOV Freeway Person Volume Lane Per Person Volume Ratio (HOV/ Freeway)
FACILITIES 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 1710 3900 4005 6055 12925 5420 4930 5050 10335 8525 1710 3900 4005 6055 6465 1805 1645 1685 2585 2130 0.95 2.37 2.38 2.34 3.03
3+ HOVs (Houston) 2+ HOVs (Houston) (Houston) (Los Angeles)
(Virginia)
CONCURRENT FLOW Route I-95 Route 91 (Los (Miami) 55 (Orange (San County) Francisco) Angeles) 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 3 3 16 3 4 2 3550 2750 2810 14445 3725 3010 3360 8960 7240 6710 7900 8990 9000 3905 3550 2750 2810 4815 3725 3010 3360 2240 2415 2235 495 2995 2250 1955 1.58 1.14 1.26 9.75 1.24 1.34 1.72
Bay Bridge US 101 I-5 (San
Francisco)
(Seattle) (Seattle)
SR 520
CONTRAFLOW NJ Route US 101 495 (San (NYC) Francisco) 1 1 3 4 34685 6000 7380 9450 34685 6000 2460 2365 14.10 2.54
SOURCE: Research l.Design
Timothy J. Lomax; "Estimating Record 1280; 1990. costs are not included unless
Transportation noted.
Corridor
MobilityI';
Transportation
APPENDIX A CONSUMER PRICE AND COST INDICES
CONSUMER
TABLE A-l PRICES INDICES -- ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
Transportation Y&II1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 All Items 96.5 99.6 103.9 107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0 130.7 136.2 Total2 97.0 99.3 103.7 106.4 102.3 105.4 108.7 114.1 120.5 123.8 New Cars 97.4 99.9 102.8 106.1 110.6 114.6 116.9 119.2 121.0 125.3 Motor Fuel 102.8 99.4 97.9 98.7 77.1 80.2 80.9 88.5 101.2 99.4
SOURCE:
Economic Indicators; February 1992.
1982-1984 = 100 21ncludes items not shown separately.
HIGHWAY
TABLE A-2 CONSTRUCTION PRICE TRENDS
YCU 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Common Excavation ($/cu. yd.) 1.76 1.59 1.74 1.90 2.24 2.28 2.42 2.72 2.40 2.38
Portland Cement Concrete Wq. yd) 14.17 13.03 12.69 13.64 14.31 15.63 14.80 14.33 15.17 15.91
Bituminous Concrete (Won) 25.63 24.33 24.27 26.52 28.52 26.48 24.65 24.91 24.08 24.52
Reinforcing Steel ($/lb.) .438 .407 .398 .409 .444 .442 .441 .494 .556 .529
structural Steel ($/cu. yd.) -790 .762 .708 .709 .796 .850 .885 .924 1.018 1.010
Structural Concrete ($/cu. yd.) 231.64 219.63 213.85 218.02 243.60 236.37 240.81 274.12 283.40 286.18
Composite Index 94.2 88.5 87.6 92.6 102.0 101.1 100.0 106.6 107.7 108.5
SOURCE:
Federal Highway Administration;
Price Trendsfor Federal-Aid Highway Construction; Third Quarter 1991
Prices for portland cement concrete surfacing assume 9 standard thickness.
TABLE A-3 COST TRENDS FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
AND OPERATIONS
YEU
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Labor 136.96 150.79 157.58 165.93 176.05 183.80 192.30 204.19 209.63 217.53
Material 159.31 171.58 170.04 181.77 194.68 192.79 185.27 182.37 177.59 181.71
Equipment 167.84 182.78 188.08 188.64 197.13 218.14 232.36 235.79 254.43 168.63
Overhead 130.36 141.44 159.40 177.57 195.86 204.73 220.05 234.50 256.10 270.50
Total 146.29 160.04 166.28 173.93 184.37 193.71 202.53 210.77 219.09 228.23
SOURCE:
Highway Statistics 1990.
1977 Base year = 100
APPENDIX B BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON RAIL TRANSIT
CHARAClERlSTK!S
TABLE OF INDIVIDUAL
El RAIL RAPID TRANSIT
SYSTEMS
OPERATING TRANSPORTATION TRANSlT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. VEH. MAlNT. ADMIN. REV. VEH. INSPECT. & MAlNT.
EMPLOYEE MAINTENANCE
EQUIVALENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATION NON-VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. NON-VEH. MAlNT. SUPPORT MKTG. & PLANG. TOTAL SUPFQRT
ADMIN.
SUPPORT
VEH. MAINT. SUPPORT
New York XA Chicago-CfA Washington, Boston-MBTA San FmcisceBART New York-PATH Philadelphia-SEPTA Atlanta-MARTA Liidmwold-PATCO Miami-Dade BdtimoRrMTA Cleve.hd RTA Cnty TA D.C.-WMATA
500 202 153 75 226 40 74 128 13 33 33 13
4931 887 358 602 210 336 293 150 50 54 31 57
1027 1199 362 221 49 47 407 244 14 24 49 34
1096 184 123 123 34 19 76 23 I 26 26 10
2273 383 525 220 332 185 348 116 50 110 44 46
1565 197 n 209 46 23 109 34 14 17 14 35
1816 0 191 110 28 90 74 52 17 26 38 5
6993 842 1033 so4 442 260 381 146 77 72 123 78
100 6 89 23 27 30 26 32 1 8 4 7
8233 307 533 124 440 150 210 114 88 118 111 62
28539 4208 3444 2811 1834 1180 1997 1039 331 488 472 348
AVERAGE STANDARD DEVIATION
124 133
664 1311
306 385
146 292
386 588
195 418
2w 489
913 1857
29 31
924 2213
3891 1532
(cwtinued) SOURCE UMTA Section 15 data for 1989
TABLE
El
(continued)
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE TRANSIT SYSTEM (THOUS)
REVENUE VEHICLE CAPAClTY
ANNUAL VEHICLE HOURS (THOU.?)
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS (THOUS)
ANNUAL PASSENGER Mm3 wow
TOTAL MILESPER REV. VEH. MILE
REV. VEH. MILESPER REV. YEH. HOUR wm
New York CTA Chicag*CTA Washingtca, Boston-MBTA San FranciscwBART New York-PATH Philadelphia-SEPTA Atlanta-MARTA Lindenwold-PATCO Miami-Dade Cnty TA D.C.-WMATA
325690 55158 34087 22981 33873 14203 16542 14795 4192 4746 3685 2137
312195 54630 32859 21858 33195 13190 16276 14619 4096 4657 3530 1952
42458464 4916712 739327-l
18313 3028 1498 1116
17384 2322 1406 1069 1158 628 1031 613 141 195 147 74
7376121 1050922 978315 480185 757350 294983 415800 359270 96731 95450 66871 58042
1.04 1 .Ol 1.04 1.05 I.02 1.08 1.02 1.01 l.Cn 1.02 1.04 1.09
18.0 23.5 23.4 20.4 28.7 21.0 15.8 23.8 29.0 23.9 24.1 26.4
3817436 2018012 2115838 2967741 491479 435847 432919 242009
1182 811 1048 624 145 208 156 93
BaltimOre-MTA Cleveland RTA
44341 86175
42755 8264l4
6117249 11687346
2352 4876
2181 4627
lc02503 1949957
1.04 0.03
23.2 3.8
(continned)
TABLE
El
(cc&&cd)
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
VEHICLES OPERATED INMAX. SERVICE
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. PM PEAK PERIOD
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. BASE PERIOD
PEAK TO BASE RATIO
ACCIDENTS
FATALITIES
INJURIES
GALLONS OF DIESEL FUEL mow
KILOWAlT HOURS mow
New York (JTA ClliUgo-tXA Washin@m, Bostw-MBTA San Fmciscc+BART New York-PATH Pbiladelphia-S~A Atlanta-MARTA Lindcnwohi-PATCO Miami-Dade B&illlol-e=MTA Cleveland RTA Cnly TA D.C.-WMATA
5024 923 576 449 346 297 297 139 90 70 60 35
4873 903 416 320 346 297 278 134 90 70 60 33
3093 369 167 162 160 132 166 104 12 32 28 12
1.58 2.45 2.49 1.98 2.16 2.25 1.67 1.29 7.50 2.19 2.14 2.75
10909 545 206 618 917 67 318 239 35 152 38 169
8 3 1 0 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 1
2791 786 205 582 917 66 384 238 35 152 76 128
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1911512 343786 295241 148853 172260 88051 123043 73717 34047 43187 24328 28000
692 1329
652 1293
370 827
2.54 1.55
1184 2943
2 2
530 737
0 0
273835 503650
(cwtinned)
TABLE
B-l (conhucd)
PERCENT TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES mow SALARIES AND WAGES OPERATORS OTHFR FRINGE BENEFITS
OF OPERATING
EXPENSES
BY OBJECI CLASS
II
MATERIALSAND SUPPLIES FUEL& LUB TIRES &OTHER UTILlTIEs
TRA _ _-
NSlT
SYSTEM
CASUALTY & LIABILITY
PURCH TRAN
OTHER
SERVICES
New York CTA Chicago-CTA Washii, Boston-MBTA San Francisco-BART New York-PATH Philadelphia-SEPIA Atlanta-MARTA Lindcnwold-PATCO Miami-Dade Baltimor&ITA Cleveland RTA Cnty TA D.C.-WMATA
$2,020,103 $214,474 $228,783 $201,254 $165,320 $119,686 $57,301 $48,459 $20,133 $38,162 $26,531 $20,163
9.9 11.9 5.5 7.8 4.6 13.8 11.3 7.5 6.3 4.0 4.5 16.4
41.2 37.7 41.5 39.4 43.5 34.8 48.7 33.9 35.5 33.7 46.7 34.4
30.9 25.3 23.9 32.9 30.6 19.9 32.1 17.1 25.4 19.9 23.5 22.3
1.8 1.2 6.2 7.7 8.9 3.3 0.1 13.5 4.1 14.1 4.9 3.8
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3
8.3 10.5 7.8 6.0 4.7 4.4 9.9 9.2 6.2 5.9 7.7 8.0
7.4 12.7 12.8 1.7 10.3 5.3 13.6 14.7 16.6 12.6 11.0 13.9
0.0 0.0 1.7 1.4 2.3 3.7 0.0 3.8 4.3 6.6 1.7 0.6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.7 0.6 -3.0 4.9 14.9 -15.7 0.2 1.5 3.1 0.0 0.2
$263,364 $535,225
8.6 3.9
39.3 4.9
25.3 5.0
5.8 4.3
0.1 0.1
7.4 1.9
11.6 3.2
2.2 2.0
0.0 0.0
-0.2 6.5
CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE B-2 OF INDIVIDUAL
LIGHT
RAIL SYSTEMS
OPER4TlNGEMFLOYEEEQUIVALENTS TRANSPORTATION TRANSIT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. REV. VEH. INSPECT. & MAJNT. VEH. MALNT. SUPPORT NON-W%. MAlNT. ADMIN. NON-VEIL MAINT. SUPPORT MAINTENANCE GENERAL ADhfINISTRATION MKTG. & PJANG. TOTAL SuppORT
ADMIN.
SUPPORT
Philadelphia-SEPTA San Francisc~MUNi Pittsburgh-PAT Cleveland RTA San Diego Trolley RTA-New Orleans
67 25 13 8 17 3 8 17 2 4 18 6 0
350 219 120 34 45 50 22 31 21 32 34 61 3
23 101 34 19 2 3 11 0 2 13 5 19 0
33 25 24 6 6 5 6 5 0 12 10 16 0
171 213 69 24 19 29 15 11 23 13 19 37 3
31 54 33 19 24 13 7 8 5 6 9 18 1
73 13 0 3 4 3 16 3 0 1 5 12 0
299 80 94 45 15 28 59 9 0 24 26 86 2
21 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 2 1
166 22 36 35 17 2 21 8 5 21 20 46 1
1235 756 429 198 148 136 164 92 59 130 149 303 11
Buffal~Nii.Fmt. Sacramento RTD Newark-NJT Portland-MTD Santa Clara County TD Boston-MBTA Scat& Metro Carp
15 17
79 95
18 26
11 10
50 63
18 14
10 19
59 76
3 5
31 41
293 330
(COntiUUed)
SOURCE
UMTA
Section 15 data for 1989
TABLE
B-2 (contimed)
TRANSlT
SYSTEM
ANNUAL VEHICLE MILES tTHOUS)
Philadelpbia-SEPTA San Francisco-MUNI Pittsburgh-PAT Cleveland RTA San Diego Trolley RTA-New Orleans
5046 4002 2079 1103
4832 4002 1988 1035 2367
391354 544316 228602 138625 507683 43602 110208 184459 41055 232340
566 382 138 67 132 61 85 61 42 94 43
541 382 132 44 126 60 82 54 42 73 42 79 6
104612 105475 63503 29099 75937 8719
1.04 1.00 1.05 1.07
8.9 10.5 15.0 23.3 18.9
546 921 1084 622 1415 538 1230 31
545 919 1c60 622 1400 534 1184 31
1.00 1.00
9.0 11.2 19.8 14.8 19.2 12.9 14.9 5.0
Buffal&lii.Front. Sacramento RTD Newark-NJT Portland-MTD Santa Clara County TD Boston-MBTA Seattle Metro Carp
21634 8131 34957 6612 28755 203
1.02 1.00 1 .Ol 1 .Ol 1.04 1.00
131278 1229
82 6
1.551 1433
1578 1356
203385 168670
135 153
128 149
39023 35090
1.02 0.02
14.1 5.0
(coutiuud)
TABLE
B-2 (continued)
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
PEAK TO BASE RATIO
ACCIDENTS
FATALlTIEs
INJURlJ%
GALLONS OF DIESEL FUEL (THOUS)
KILOWAlT HOURS (THOUS)
Philadelphia-SEPTA San Fmcisc~MUNI Pittsburgh-PAT Cleveland RTA San Diego Trolley RTA-New Orleans
176 103 61 29 24 24 23 23 22 22 16 6 2
170 102 33 28
94 62 14 7
1.81 1.65 2.36 4.00
700 252 82 122 6
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
661 113 81 66 6 69 130 60 47 210 28 195 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
63188 40503 24828 13726 11298 2120 9302 6899 2470 8615 7411 49543 125
24 23 23 16 22 8 135 2
14 12 8 7 15 9 68 2
1.71 1.92 2.88 2.29 1.47 0.89 1.99 1.00
164 148 83 50 204 44 439 1
Buffal&%i.Front. Sacramento RTD Newark-NJT Portland-MTD Santa Clara County TD Bostoll-MBTA Seattle Metro Carp
41 46
49 53
26 29
2.00 0.80
177 189
0 0
128 166
0 0
18464 19340
(coutinucd)
TABLE
B-2 (continued)
PERCENT TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES (THOUS) SALARIES AND WAGES OPERATORS OTHER FRINGE BENEFlTS
OF OPERATING
EXPENSES
BY OBJECT CLASS
MATERIALSAND SUPPLlES FUEL& LUB TIRES &OTHER UTILlTIEs
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
PURCH TRAN
OTHER
SERVICES
Philadel$ia-SElTA San Fmttcisc~MUNI Pittsburgh-PAT Cleveland RTA Sau Diego Trolley RTA-New Orleans
$33,706 $33,634 $20,697 $10,664 $9,159 $1,817 $11,141 $5,595 $3,328 $5,953 $9,944 $20,718 3450
28.9 23.4 16.6 13.2 15.3 33.9 5.4 12.5 19.4 17.5 9.8 8.4 19.4
26.1 37.0 44.4 37.3 27.8 21.2 32.3 36.8 33.7 33.9 38.9 36.0 33.4
29.4 30.0 24.6 22.2 8.0 22.4 19.2 21.5 25.8 23.9 25.5 31.4 18.9
0.1 0.0 1.7 4.1 14.4 0.0 23 .O 4.7 1.7 1.3 9.7 3.5 14.6
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 9.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
11.6 4.6 7.3 8.7 5.8 6.2 7.9 2.6 6.6 9.6 0.9 6.4 17.4
11.9 3.5 11.7 13.1 13.0 15.8 9.7 15.9 3.4 12.2 7.2 8.3 1.6
0.0 0.0 2.0 0.8 8.5 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 6.2 7.9 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-7.9 1.5 -8.6 0.2 7.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.7 -1.9 -5.3
BuffaIoNii.Front. Sacramento RTD Newark-NJT Portland-MTD Santa Clara County TD Boston-MBTA Seattle Metro Cots
$12,831 $10,693
17.2 7.7
33.8 5.8
23.8 5.9
6.1 6.9
0.9 2.4
7.4 4.0
9.8 4.5
2.1 3.1
0.0 0.0
-0.9 4.1
CHARACIEPJSTICS
TABLE OF INDlVlDUAL
B-3 COMMUTER
RAIL SYSTEMS
I
TRANSPORTATION TRANSIT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. VEH. MAINT. ADMIN.
OPERATINGFMPLOYEEEQUIVALENTS MAINTENANCE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION NON-VEH. MAIN-r. ADMIN. NON-VEH. MAmT. SUPPORT MKTG. & PLANG. TOTAL SUPPORT
ADMIN.
q
SUPPORT
REV. WI-I. INSPECT. & MAIN-r.
VEIL MAINT. SUPPORT
New York-LIRR New York-MTNR Newark-NJT chicag*c-uter Carp Rail Bd
130 57 63 17 15 66 16 No. 3 4 8
1131 799 847 426 242 472 375 113 122 %
282 484 471 334 121 169 253 41 53 21
229 113 116 15 36 69 10 11 3 4
1088 1150 905 458 307 354 291 93 48 6
329 46 48 53 33 66 3 38 66 32
355 75 18 76 10 46 17 10 15 7
911 1147 627 292 186 313 3 38 0 105
65 44 33 23 22 25 0 0 0 3
798 1140 368 317 26 216 9 48 3 46
5318 5054 34% 2011 998 1797 977 395 314 328
Chicago & NW Tr Co Philadelphia-SEFIA Boston-Amtrak/MBTA Cl&age-Burlington San FranciscMMram Staten Island Rap.Tr.
38 39
462 337
223 162
61 70
470 405
71 88
63 101
362 382
21 21
297 366
2059 1812
SOURCE:
UMTA
TABLE
B-3 (cmtinwl)
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
ANNUAL VEHICLE MILES m0u.v
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE IaLEs (THOUS)
REVENUE VEHICLE CAPACITY MILES (THOUS)
ANNUAL VEHICLE HOURS (THOUS)
ANNUAL PASSENGER MILES (THOUS)
TOTAL MILES PER REV. VEH. MILE
REV. VEH. MILES PER REV. VEH. HOUR mm
New York-LIRR New York-MTNR Newark-NJT Carp F&J Bd
65380 39993 37135 12463 11970 12203 13211 No. 4580 2458 2249
57052 35045 34180 11482 11499 11555 13211 3961 2457 2089
9700487 3937610 4370868 1768027 1839764 1860292 1519305 574324 356939 365611
2160 1116 1210 397 358 447 429 133 76 108
1914 960 1120 371 350 419 429 114 76 99
2117068 1535405 9975% 612716 514791 361883 330134
1.15 1.14 1.09 1.09 1.04 1.06 1.00 1.16 1.00
29.8 36.5 30.5 31.0 32.8 27.6 30.8 34.7 32.5 21.2
Chicag*Commuter
Chicago & NW Tr Co Philadelphia-SEPTA Boston-AmtmkMBTA Chicag~Burliitcm San Francisc&hltrans Staten Island Rap.Tr.
42938
1.08
20164 19599
18254 17084
2629323 2691577
643 628
585 554
690363 635268
1.08 0.05
30.7 4.0
(coutiaued)
TABLE
B-3 (contittued)
TRANSlT
SYSTEM
VFHICLES OPERATED INMAX. SERVICE
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. PM PEAR PERIOD
PEAR TO BASE RATIO
ACCIDENTS
FATALITIES
INJURIES
GALLONS OF DIESEL FUEL cr?Iow
KILOWATT HOURS (THOUS)
New Y ok-LIRR New York-MTNR Newark-NJT Chicago-C-titer Carp RaiI Bd
1040 664 613 391 331 275 245 No. 163 67 36
962 580
470
2.05
341 749 2372
28 0 29 5 0 0 0 0 3 0
301 719 1821 379 0 261 0 0 7 59
670-l 4077 10445 6485 8823 0 7473 3568 2428 0
453254 344290 84270 78395 0 189109 0 0 0 18807
356 289 252
116 82 64
3.07 3.52 3.94
315 0 240 0
Chicago & NW Tr Co Philadelphia-SEPTA Boston-Amtrak/MBTA Chicago-BurIii San Frattcisc&&ltrms Staten Island Rap.Tr.
137 55 36
19 41 16
7.21 1.34 2.25
0 15 69
383 294
333 289
115 148
3.34 1.78
410 692
7 11
355 537
5001 3391
116813 153911
(continued)
TABLE
B-3 (cmtinucd)
PERCENT TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES (THOUS) SALARIES AND WAGES OPERATORS OTHER FRINGE BENEFlTS
OF OPERATING
EXPENSES
BY OBJECT CLASS
MATERIALSAND SUPPLIES FUEL& LUB TlREs & OTHER UTILITIES
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
PURCH TRAN
OTHER
SERVICES
New York-LIRR New York-MTNR Newark-NJT CorF Rail Bd
5593,457 $401,765 $262,827 $268,563 $86,245 $97,658 $78,399 No. $32,940 $19,146 $17,566
9.9 9.7 11.6 6.3 13.7 17.6 24.2 16.2 11.8 18.2
32.6 34.4 26.3 16.6 28.9 31.1 29.0 26.2 54.0 44.0
43.0 25.5 21.5 14.7 24.0 26.1 21.3 18.0 20.0 28.6
3.9 6.5 10.2 4.8 1.2 11.7 0.0 1.8 0.7 0.0
0.9 0.9 2.5 1.3 5.7 0.2 6.9 6.0 6.6 0.0
7.9 9.0 11.3 3.6 4.0 16.6 9.7 9.9 2.8 11.7
6.4 7.1 7.7 3.5 0.0 16.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 8.0
3.2 6.0 5.0 1.9 3.6 -2.9 1.5 6.9 3.1 0.0
0.0 0.0 3.5 48.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-7.7 0.8 0.5 -1.5 18.9 -16.9 7.3 15.0 0.9 -10.6
Chicago-Commuter Chicago&NWTrCo lhiladel@ii-SEPTA Boston-AmtrakMBTA Chicago-Burlington San Francisc~Cahram Staten Island Rq.Tr.
$185,917 $182.775
13.9 4.9
32.3 9.8
24.3 7.3
4.1 4.0
3.1 2.7
8.7 4.1
4.9 5.1
2.8 2.7
5.2 14.6
0.7 10.5
TABLE B-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF RECENTLY CONSTRUCTEDLIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS Los Angeles 19902 18.3 3.6 0.6 0.1 22.6 43.6 22 5 1051
Portland Opening Year Route Length At-Grade Elevated Subway Open Cut Total Track Stations Parking Parking Lots Spaces Miles 1986 (miles) 9.9 5.2 0.0 0.2 15.2 29.3 25 5 1636
Sacramento 1987 17.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 18.3 25.6 26 8 3850 (continued)
San Jose 1987l 19.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 19.9 40.8 22 NR4 NR
Pittsburgh 1988 27.1 2.9 5.3 5.8 41.1 62.43 13 NR NR
'North
Line Line statistics; not project-specific.
2Metro Blue 3Total system
4Not Reported
TABLE B-4
(continued)
Portland Total Midday Midday Revenue Vehicles Vehicles (minutes) (minutes) Vehicles Headways 26 22 12 7.5 15 16 36 28 19 11 110 Peak Period Peak Headway
Sacramento 26 23 8 15 30 15 32 15 16 5 83
San Jose 50 15 15 10 10 11 58 55 53 20 197
Pittsburgh 97 70 28 NR NR NR 112 NR NR NR 503
Los Angeles 54 26 13 10 10 28 73 47 45 68 261
Staff Administrative Operators Vehicle Maintenance Facility Maintenance Other Total
Source:
Liqht Rail Administration,
Transit Capital Office of
for and
T&LE B-5 OBSERVED PEAK-HOUR PASSENGER VOLUMES ON RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS
APPROX. CAR TRAINS FER CITY AND YEAR LINE/LOCATION ItOUR CARS PER HOUR l4EADWAY (ROFOED) LENGTH PEAK (MAX. PERSONS/ HOUR DtRECl LOAD SECIION) IN ION PASSENGERS PER TRAIN (ROUNDED)
New York City
1982
IND E. F. 53rd St. Tunnel IND A. D, 8th AvcExprcss IRT 4, 5. Lexington Ave. Exp. PATH-World Trade Center IND E. F, 53rd St. Tunnel IND A. D, 8th Ave. Express IND 4. 5. Lexington Ave. Exp. IND 2. 3. 7th Ave. Express Yonge St. Yonge St. Yonge St. N Line Milwaukee Lake-Ryan North-South Lake-Ryan North-South North Broad (2 tracks) Red Line Orange Line BART-Transbay BART-Mission Blue-Orange East Line West Side West Side
26 21 25 38 32 30 31 24 30 28 28 23 I7 19 I5 21 20 23 I7 13 II IO 20 6 14 20
208 210 250 266 320 300 310 240 210 168 224 207 136 I52 120 168 I60 126 68 52 98 85 120 36 52 80
128 I59 I57 98 II2 I20 II6 I50 I20 129 129 I57 212 189 240 III 180 157 212 277 327 360 180 600 258 180
75 60. 75 50 50 60 60 50 50 75 75 57 56 50 50 JO 50 50 67 70 55 75 75 75 75 50, 70 50
54.500 43.500 38.100 25,500 61.400 62.000 44.500 36,800 32.000 36,000 32.200 28.200 12.400 12.300 11,400 16.500 14.000 IO.600 13,Qoo 8.400 ::tiZ I3.000 4.250 5.400 6,200
2.100 2.070 1.520 670 1.920 2,070 1.430 1,530 I.060 1.290 I.260 940 730 647 760 790 700 460 460 650 730 650 650 710 390 360
Toronto
1978 1974 1960 1976 1984 1978
Montreal Chicago
Philadelphia Boston San Francisco Wnshington Atlanta Cleveland

Multiple track
1976 1977-78 1977 1980 1980 1976 1960

terminal.
SOURCE:
1985 Highway
Capacity
Manual
OBSERVED PEAK-HOUR
TABLE B-6 PASSENGER VOLUMES ON STREET CAR AND LIGHT
RAIL
SYSTEMS
TRAINS PER CITY LOCATION YEAR HOUR
CARS PER HOUR HEADWAY SECONDS
LENGTII OF CAR OR TRAIN
PASSENGER/IIOUR
IN PEAK
DIRECTION
PASSENGER/CAR OR TRAIN EQUIPMENT
ON S7-R EET
Pittsburgh Smithfield St. Bridge Pittsburgh Smithfield St. San Francisco Market Street (before subway) Toronto Queen St. East
1949 1976 1977 1978
120 51 68 66
I20 51 68 66
30 71 53 55
46.5 46.5 46.0 46.5
9.Oav 3.800 4,9RO 4.200
75 74 72 64
PCC PCC FCC PCC
?N TUNNEL
OR OFFSTREET
Market St. Green Line (Boylston St.) Market Street Philadelphia San Francisco Market Street Shaker Hts. Cleveland Green Line Boston (techmere) City Subway Newark LRT Line Edmonton San Diceo LRT Estimated. Philadelphia Boston
1956 1976 1978 1983 1976 1978 1978 1978 1981
133 36
13
133 88 73 62 60 48 30 24 6
27 IO0 180 NA 120 225 120 300 1,200
46.0 46.5 46.0 70.0 50.0 46.5 46.5 77.0 I51
9.000 6.900 3,700 6,340 4.400 I.500 1.500 2,lW 600
67 192 I51 109 I43 94 50 87 200
PCC PCC FCC Boeing LRV PCC PCC FCC DUWAG DUWAG
NA 30 I6 30 I2 3
SOURCE:
1985
Highway
Capacity
Manual
TABLE B-7 RAPID TRANSIT TRAIN AND CAR CAPACITIES
LENGTH m)
WIDTH ml
AREA WI
SEATED PASSENGERS
TUl-AL PMSENGERS SCHEDULE CRUSH
MAxlMUM CARS/TRAIN
SEATED PASSENGERS/ TRAIN
NW
York
Cit? R44 R-46

75.00
Tr&t Authorit)
Pon Authonty of N.Y. and NJ. (PAW Clucago Transit Autnontg Philadelphia (SEPTA) Broad St.
Market St.
10.0
750.0
72-76
225
225 290
576608
51.25
473.0
42
140
200
294
48.25
9.33
450.1
c.50
125
135
400
67.50 55.33
10.00
9.08
675.0 502.4
67 55
NA
115
281 (est.)
200
6
8 m.)
450 440
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authonty Blue Line Orange Line Red Line New Jersey (PATCO) Toronto Transit Commission 1962- 1975 1953-1958 Bay Arts Rapid Translt Montreal Urban Commumry Transrt Commission Greater Cleveland Regional framrt Authont) AKpOl-ter Other Washmeton Merropohtan Area Transtt Authonty
48.75
8.58 9.28
418.3 513.3 722.5 686.4
48 54 63 80
125 175 208
191 240 275 200
4 4 4 a
192 216 252 640
55.31 69.81
67.83
10.35
10.12
loo
74.76 57.00
10.33 10.33
772.3 588.8
84 62
230 174
310 233
6 a
504 496
75.00
10.5
787.5
72
I44
216
576
56.42
8.25
465.5
39
157
208
29
351
70.25 48.75
10.41 10.33
731.3 403.6
80
120
54
100
I40 197
320 324
75.00
10.15
761.2
80
175
240
480
TABLE B-7
(continued)
TOTAL DESIGN
PASSENQERS/ TRAIN CRUSH
SEATED PWSENGERS/ FOOT OF LENGTH
TOTAL PASSENGERS / POOT OF LENCZH SCHEDULE CRUSH
FF/ SEATED PASSENGERS
%+/TOTAL PASJENGERS SCHEDULE CRUSH
New York City Transit Authontp
IRT IND R44 R46
1,400 1,800 1,800
1.800 2200 2340
0.06 0.83 0.96-1.01
2.72 2.97 3.00
3.51 3.64 3.73
10.2 12.1 9.9-10.1
3.22 3.36 3.33
2.50 2.75 2.67
Pon Authonty of N.Y. and NJ. (PATH) Chicago Tramt Authonty Philadelphia (SEITA) Broad St. Market St. Massachusetts Bay Transporration Authonty Blue Lme Orange Line Red Line New Jersey (PATCO) Toronto Transit Commission 1962-1975 1953-1958 Bay Area Rapid Transit
Montreal Urban
980
1.400
0.82
2.73
3.90
11.3
3.37
2.36
l.WO
1.480
1.03
2.59
3.03
9.0
3.60
2.43
NA 920
1.686 1.600
0.99 0.99
NA 2.07
4.16 3.61
10.1 9.1
NA 4.37
2.40 2.5 1
500 700 832 800
764 960 1,100 1.600
0.98 0.98 0.90 1.01
2.56 3.16 2.98 1.47
3.91 4.34 3.94 2.95
a.7 9.5 11.4 8.6
3.34 2.93 3.47 6.68
2.19 2.14 2.62 3.43
1,380 1.392 1.152
1.860 1.864 1.728
1.12 1.09
3.08 3.05 1.92
4.14 4.09 2.88
9.2 9.5 10.9
3.36 3.38 5.47
2.49 2.52 3.64
Communny Transn Commission Greater Cleveland Reponal Transr~ Authonty

AvpoRcr
1,413
1,872
0.69
2.78
3.69
11.9
2.96
2.23
Other Washmpton Metropohtan Area Transu

Aulhonc!
480 600
560 1.182
1.14 1.11
1.71 2.05
1.99 4.04
9.1 9.3
6.09 5.04
5.22 2.55
1.050
1.440
1.07
2.33
3.20
0.52
4.35
3.17
SOURCE: Computed by Herben 5. Lcvuwm from data obtamcd from Roar Schedule and crush load data UC bucd on ~nfonruuon recewed from AmA.
of North Ammoan
bptd
fnnslt
Cars 1945-1976.
Amencan
Pubhc fruwr
muon.
APPENDIX C BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON BUS TRANSIT
CHARACl-ERISTICS
OF INDlVIDUAL
TABLE C-l BUS SYSTEMS WITH
500 OR MORE BUSES
OPERATING TRANSPORTATION TRANSIT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. 741 367 385 Carp D.C.-WMATA 178 131 198 212 83 73 46 55 34 Costa 81 33 45 66 81 44 8015 4439 4085 2524 2518 2411 1125 1376 1233 1374 1131 1149 1185 1005 942 877 1393 770 VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. 821 187 207 54 107 104 16 129 110 63 41 112 37 33 36 17 27 71 (continued) SOURCE: UMTA Se&m 15 data for 1989 REV. VEH. JNSPECl.. & MAINT. 2082 1033 769 628 653 599 313 181 302 334 259 346 210 207 188 245 331 259
EQUIVALENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATION NON-VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. 8 15 0 0 44 18 2 30 6 0 14 1 2 27 28 8 26 8 NON-VEH. MAINT. SUPPORT 475 253 384 78 138 87 50 115 149 196 63 85 37 64 69 70 35 62 MKTG. & PLANG. 55 163 7 50 156 45 48 119 26 31 55 76 39 65 61 36 9 104 TOTAL SUPPORT 1711 693 360 549 415 392 175 228 325 235 165 523 152 229 154 302 262 285 14843 no7 7057 4530 4410 4037 2051 2482 2418 2586 1971 2591 1890 1882 1648 1806 2383 1724
ADMIN. New York (STA Los AngelesSCRTD ChiCagd-TA Newark-NJT Wmhiqton,
SUPPORT 225 134 386 1% 101 55 69 122 177 127 93 117 66 101 25 70 99 42
VEH. MAIN-r. SUPPORT 712 423 414 214 148 127 42 99 77 174 95 143 81 118 102 116 120 79
Philadelphia-SEFTA Minneapolis Seattle Metro Bostm-MBTA Pittsburgh-PAT Baltimore-MTA Houston-MTA Alameda-Contra Denver-RTD St his-Bi-State Cleveland RTA Atlanta-MARTA Dallas Area Rapid Transit MTC
TABLE
C-l (continued)
ANNUAL VEHICLE TRANslT SYSTEM (THOUS) New York CTA LQS Angeles-SCRTD ChicagC4TA Newark-NJT Washington, Cm-p D.C.-WMATA 104039 101115 74285 73171 49ca3 39832 27615 31781 26180 30872 24443 34794 Costa 24992 26424 24475 23019 29133 19982
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE MILES (THOUS) 94676 86150 72199 60958 39350 35151 21260 23349 23240 26821 20812 27753 21954 22347 18652 19769 25362 16509
REVENUE VEHICLE CAPACITY MILES mow 6627309 5851ooO 5532687 4018495 2636460 2144212 1967242 1914617 15058% 17701% 1173880 1740134 1496191 1454413 1182216 1516246 1826084 1139131
ANNUAL VEHICLE HOURS DEW 12829 7464 73% 4841 3995 3930 19% 2044 2182 2250 2186 2233 1900 1733 1729 1763 2139 1358
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS mow 11989 6862 7247 3315 2861 3486 1537 1406 1959 1955 1929 1883 1708 1290 1280 1300 1959 1192
ANNUAL PASSENGBR rn~~~~ 1514915 1648700 1034122 911149 53w9 491684 267559 348581 232548 316721 309679 437402 275408 199205 174844 179055 271371 168434
TOTAL MILES PER REV. VEH. MILE 1.10 1.17 1.02 1.20 1.25 I .13 1.30 1.36 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.25 1.14 1.18 1.31 1.16 1.15 1.21
REV. VEH. MILES PER REV. VEX HOUR ww 7.9 12.6 10.0 18.4 13.8 10.1 13.8 16.6 11.9 13.7 10.8 14.7 12.9 17.3 14.6 15.2 12.9 13.8
Philadelphia-SE!PTA Minucapolis Seattle Metro Boston-MBTA Pittsburgh-PAT BaltimoreMTA Houston-MTA Alameda-Contra Denver-RTD St Louis-Bi-State Cleveland RTA Atlanta-MARTA Dallas Area Rapid Tr MTC
TABLE
C-l (contiaued)
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. PM PEAK PERIOD New York CTA Los AngeksSCRTD Chi~O-CTA Nmark-NJT Cap 3103 1939 1803 1648 1400 1169 833 832 814 776 734 718 Costa 653 603 598 578 566 524 2873 1826 1786 1460 1331 1058 821 832 693 664 654 690 604 565 553 572 565 509
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. BASE PERIOD 1874 1253 986 683 473 584 271 279 314 348 259 300 304 273 278 275 266 185
PEAK TO BASE RATIO 1.53 1.46 1.81 2.14 2.81 1.81 3.03 2.98 2.21 1.91 2.53 2.30 1.99 2.07 1.99 2.08 2.12 2.75
ACCIDENTS 4921 5223 5227 5112 2344 2779 2135 1427 2044 1813 2055
FATAL lTIE?s 27 9 8 6 4 3 5 1 1 2 7 6968 4351 6222 1483 907 2809 1149 241 671 919 3767
GALLONS OFFUEL mow
34456 27980 24272 19034 16433 14247 7063 7750 7184 10246 7539 9985
Washington, D.C.-WMATA PllihiCipti~EpTA Mirmeapolis MTC Seattle Metro Boston-MBTA Pittsbu&-PAT B.&hlOf&lTA Houstm-MTA AlamedaContra Denver-RTD St Louis-Bi-State Cleveland RTA Atlanta-MARTA Dallas Area Rapid Tr
1136 1083 715 2945 714 1007
5 1 1 0 0 3
309 610 514 1216 137 937
7609 6707 6534 5997 8822 6420
TABLE
C-l (eontinucd)
PERCENT TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES mow SAURIES AND WAGES OPERATORS OTHER New Yak CTA $905,562 $520,889 $332,476 Cap D.C.-WMATA $300,854 $280,681 $133,011 MTC $103,363 $91,493 $159,778 $95,533 587,491 $113,553 Costa $119,878 $102,055 $63,301 WI,957 $82,275 $107.081 29.6 25.4 36.2 25.4 27.7 39.5 33.3 39.8 22.2 39.9 39.1 29.1 30.5 25.9 38.4 25.3 36.7 18.3 24.6 23.9 19.7 19.2 20.7 18.2 21.8 15.1 25.6 19.1 19.3 36.6 20.6 24.6 18.3 26.6 17.8 19.4 32.7 30.3 28.5 21.4 29.7 30.9 26.8 22.6 32.9 23.7 26.8 12.3 28.6 22.1 24.3 22.8 22.8 22.4 2.5 4.4 3.5 3.6 2.4 0.2 2.5 1.3 3.3 0.4 0.2 7.9 5.4 5.8 0.7 3.9 2.2 4.0 FRINGE BBNEFITS
OF OPERATING
EXPENSES
BY ORJIXT
CLASS
MATERIALSAND SUPPLIES FUEL& LUB TIRES &OTHER UTILITIES
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
CASUALTY L LIABILITY
PURCH TRAN
OTHER
SFXVRXS
2.7 3.3 4.3 3.5 3.4 5.6 5.1 5.2 3.0 6.2 5.0 4.8 3.2 3.8 5.5 3.8 5.8 3.4
5.9 6.7 7.5 7.2 10.2 13.2 5.7 12.6 4.3 9.4 7.4 9.6 6.2 9.1 10.4 6.3 10.7 5.9
0.2 1.1 0.0 1.6 1.0 0.1 1.6 0.9 3.1 1.0 0.0 2.5 1.7 2.5 1.9 1.9 0.9 1.3
1.6 6.4 -0.1 5.1 4.2 0.1 2.0 -0.2 5.4 2.5 0.0 0.1 2.0 1.6 0.0 1.9 1.1 1.4
0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.4 2.2 0.0 2.2 4.9 0.1 4.0 0.0 6.2 0.9 21.9
0.1 -1.6 0.4 2.3 0.8 -7.7 0.8 0.2 -2.0 -2.3 0.0 -7.7 1.6 0.0 0.4 1.3 1.1 2.0
LusAngek.9-scRTD CbiWgO-CTA Newark-NJT Wast&tcm, PllildC~4EPTA Miurteapolis SeatlleMem, Bostm-MBTA Pittsburgh-PAT BdthlOP%WA Houstowh4TA Alamda-Ca~tm Denver-RTD St Louis-Bite Cleveland RTA Atlanta-MARTA Dallas Am Rauii Tr
CHARACTERISTRX
TABLE C-2 OF INDIVIDUAL BUS SYSTEMS WlTH 250499
BUSES
OPERATING TRANSPORTATION TRANSIT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. 42 13 84 53 52 62 20 36 41 35 65 45 12 Ohio TA 11 46 35 660 975 788 7% 868 964 5% 607 849 510 712 425 443 399 451 491 VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. 16 49 57 28 60 76 24 24 34 38 46 31 21 12 31 18 (eontiuued) SOURCE: UMTA Sect& 15 data for 1989 REV. VEH. INSPECT. & MAINT. 116 399 147 143 227 177 149 155 229 139 112 94 136 59 94 77
EQUIVALENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATION NON-VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. 35 68 48 72 74 78 60 70 73 50 61 39 25 45 53 43 1 6 2 I 4 13 2 4 6 5 4 0 2 3 0 2 NON-VEH. MAlNT. SUPFORT 49 73 39 19 22 33 1 16 47 28 15 14 26 29 12 23 MKTG. & PLANG. 37 37 22 27 45 39 25 22 14 10 58 38 30 24 15 36 TOTAL SUPPORT 78 131 87 116 81 144 59 111 82 41 186 53 32 63 96 63 1069 1870 1343 1326 1481 1655 971 1077 1442 893 1298 743 754 672 836 811
ADMIN. San AntonhVIA cii of Detroit Couuty TS Metro Tr
SUPPORT 36 119 70 71 47 71 37 32 67 38 39 5 27 28 39 23
VEH. MAlNT. SuppoRT
Milwaukee
Portland-Tri-Ccmty SantaclaraCOUUtyTD Miami-Da& Cnty TA
Hmoluh~ DOT Service RTA-New S.F.MUNI Orleans Motor Bus Front.
Buffal~Niagara Omge
county TD
Salt Lake City-Utah C~~M&SORTA Columbus-Central East M&OW-MSBA Phoenix Transit System
TABLE
C-2 (wntinocd)
TRANslT
SYSTEM
ANNUAL VEHICLE MILES rn~W
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE DEW
REVENUE VEHICLB CAPAClTY (THOUS) 798575 1344253 1236364 1294421 1317353 1043090 1078358 736679 937465 801460 1169671 577276 600017 408818 770762 772228
ANNUAL VEHICLE HOURS mow
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE HOURS wow 1197 1821 1456 1125 13n 1520 1054 1106 1366 872 1164 672 718 580 627 661
ANNUAL PASSENGER DEW 152321 265673 190388 159700 140541 214933 322870 170883 209556 65466 167430 108745 125204 82789 151010 98085
TOTAL MILESPER REV. VEH. Mm3 1.08 1.11 1.09 1.15 1.17 1.13 1.14 1.08 1.16 1.02 1.16 1.12 1.18 1.21 1.17 1.13
REV. VEH. MILESPER REV. VEH. HOUR w-m 13.9 12.3 11.7 16.2 14.1 12.2 14.1 10.9 9.3 11.2 13.4 19.1 13.5 12.9 14.6 14.3
San Antonio-VIA cityofDetmit Milwaukee
M&o
Tr
17962 24759
16609 22404 17098 18197 19373 18474 14841 12077 12703 9774 15576 12838 9678 7491 9176 9445
124.5 1915 1528 1498 1514 1618 1142 1197 1474 874 1256 863 831 650 827 755 (continued)
county TS
18649 21003 22743 20886 16986 13049 14706 9946 17998 14324 11376
Portland-Tri-County SantaCkuaCountyTD Miami-Dade Cnty TA
Honolulu DOT Service RTA-New S.F.MUNl Orleans Motor Bus Front.
BuffaleNiagara
Orange County TD Salt Lake City-Utah Cmcionati-SORTA Columbus-Central East Meadow-MSBA Pbomix Transit System Ohio TA
9046 10719 10688
TABLE
C-2 (umtioued)
TRANSlT
SYSTEM
VEHICLES OPERATED INMAX. SERVICE 462 457 452 420 417 413 405 379 373 361 331 324 321
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. PM PEAK PERIOD 443 457 415 417 417 413 383 373 372 347 329 300 252 257 259 264
MAX. VEH. IN AVG. BASE PERIOD 198 291 241 244 260 311 187 125 239 102 257 252 127 125 143 177
PEAK TO BASE RATIO 2.24 1.57 1.72 1.71 1.60 1.33 2.05 2.98 1.56 3.40 1.28 1.19 1.98 2.06 1.81 1.49
ACCIDENTS 690 1832 1246 865 719 1236 1193 133 1387 747 792 675 655 368 473 466
FATALrrIEs 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 2
GALLONS OFFUEL mous) INJURIES 2% 417 1204 831 228 592 595 912 479 315 523 152 150 184 123 161 4830 7268 5397 5052 5101 6015 5055 4190 5204 2847 5144 3411 3208 2270 3225 3385
Sau AutcabVL4 city of Detroit Milwaukee
Metro Tr
County TS
Portland-Tri-County Santa Clara County TD Miami-Dade Coty TA
Honolulu DOT Service RTA-New S.F.MUNl Orleans Motor Bus Front.
BuffaloNiagara
Orange County TD Salt Lake City-Utah Cincinnati-SORTA Columbus-Central East Meadow-MSBA Phoenix Transit Svstem Ohio TA
273 265 264
TABLE
C-2 (contim@
PERCENT TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES mow SALARIES AND WAGES OPERATORS OTHER San Arm&VIA cii of Detroit Cmuty TS Metro Tr $36,691 $132,258 $67,865 $59,977 SEX?,769 $97,789 VW= $41,788 366,621 $39,199 $77,283 $32,103 $40,672 Ohio TA $33,809 $53,193 $36,914 40.5 19.7 33.5 39.8 21.1 29.3 29.0 35.2 42.1 32.7 26.9 29.2 28.9 32.2 28.9 29.8 18.5 16.2 20.5 16.8 22.4 23.7 17.3 22.0 15.0 21.5 22.3 24.0 21.3 21 .o 23.9 20.3 19.2 30.2 29.6 26.3 26.5 24.4 24.5 23.2 27.1 31.2 23.2 20.3 28.8 30.2 25.6 18.9 (coutiuued) 0.8 9.7 3.7 1.1 9.1 5.2 4.6 0.0 1.4 0.8 4.7 5.4 3.7 4.3 4.2 7.0 FRINGE BENEFITS
OF OPERATING
EXPENSES
BY OBJECT CLASS
MATERIALSAND SUPPLIES FUEL& LUB TIRES &OTHER uTILlTIEs
TRANSlI
SYSTEM
CASUALTY a LIABILITY
PURCH TRAN
OTHER
SERVICES
6.6 3.5 4.0 4.8 3.3 3.5 5.1 6.6 5.1 4.0 3.7 7.0 4.6 4.4 4.4 6.2
9.8 9.6 5.9 8.8 6.6 5.8 9.8 7.9 8.5 6.2 8.3 8.6 6.8 4.9 6.7 11.0
0.0 2.0 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.9 0.0 2.2 1.2
1.7 8.9 0.4 0.8 2.7 2.1 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 3.6 2.9
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
3.0 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 0.4 1.3 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.4 2.7
MiIwaukee
Portland-Tti-County S3lUti3claraCOUU~TD Miami-Da& Cnty TA
Honolulu DOT Service RTA-New S.F.MUNI Orleans Motor Bus From.
BuffaloNiagara
Orange county TD Salt Lake City-Utah Cmcimmti-SORTA Columbos-Ccattral East Meadow-MSBA phoenix Transit System
CHARACIERISTICS
TABLE C-3 OF INDIVIDUAL TROLLEY
BUS SYSTEMS
OPERATlNGEMPLGYEZE!EQUlVALEIWS TRANSFORTATION TRANSIT SYSTEM REV. VEH. OPER. VEH. MAmT. ADMIN. REV. VEH. INSPECT. & ImINT. VEH. MAINT. SUPPORT NON-VEH. MAINT. ADMIN. NON-VEH. MAINT. SUPPORT MAINTENANCB GENERAL ADMINISTRATION MKTG. & PLANG. TOTAL SUPPORT
ADMIN.
SUPPORT
Sau Frrmiaw-MUNI Seattle Metro Philadelphia-SEPTA Dayton Miami VaU.RTA Be&m-MBTA
40 14 50 10 4
592 236 134 69 67
64 21 11 1 10
8 6 2 1 8
108 20 91 15 11
43 11 10 5 10
I 7 9 0 1
30 24 36 13 10
8 20 4 5 1
57 35 46 13 16
957 393 394 130 138
24 18
220 1%
21 22
5 3
49 42
16 14
5 4
23 10
8 7
33 17
403 301
SOURCE:
UMTA
TABLE
C-3 (continued)
TRANSIT
SYSTEM
ANNUAL VEHICLE MILE.9 (THOUS)
ANNUAL REVENUE VEHICLE MILES (THOUS)
REVENUE VEHICLE CAPACITY MILES (IIIOUS)
ANNUAL VEHICLE HOURS crH0U.S)
ANNUAL PASSENGER MILES flH0U.S)
TOTAL MILES PER REV. VEIL MILE
REV. VEH. MILES PER REV. VEH. HOUR wfo
San Francisc~MUNl Seattle Metro Philadelphia-SEPIA ~ Daytm Miii Vall.RTA
7622 2880 1605 1634 747
7320 2745 1527 1610 742
548979 208219 103824 119678 48201
1026 421 185 130 57
991 320 176 127 57
118500 36610 21132 14494 8454
l.oQ 1.05 1.05 1.02 1 .Ol
7.4 8.6 8.7 12.7 13.0
~ Boston-MBTA
2897 2458
2789 2354
205780 179126
364 353
334 340
39838 40436
1.03 0.02
10.1 2.3
TABLE
C-3 (caduud)
TlMNSm
SYSTEM
PEAK TO BASE RATIO
ACCIDENTS
FATALlTIEs
INJURIES
GALLONS OF DIESEL FUEL (THOUS)
KILOWAlT HOURS mow
Sau Franci~MUNI Seattle Metro PbihddpllkSEPTA Dayton Miami ValLRTA Bostm-MBTA
262 106 62 40 25
262 106 60 40 24
184 71 32 27 12
1.42 1.49 1.88 1.48 2.00
1015 311 164 379 53
0 0 0 0 0
287 89 139 142 19
0 0 0 0 0
32823 14903 12434 6733 1390
II
STANDARD AVERAGE
DEVIATION
86 99
86 98
63 65
1.65 0.24
384 335
135 88
10666 13657
TABLE
C-3 (continued) PERCENT OF OPERATING EXPENSES BY OBIEff CLASS
TRANSlT
SYSTEM
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES (THOUS)
SALARIES CASUALTY & LIABILITY lJ2ycq= PURCH TMN
FRINGE BENEFITS
OTHER
Sau Francisc~MUNI Seattle Metro Philade.lphia-SEFIA Dayton Miami VaBRTA Boston-MBTA
$39,328 $13,028 $6,437 $5,500 58,247
49.4 47.9 41.9 37.2 23.3
15.7 15.0 13.8 15.2 31.2
28.7 25.4 29.8 29.2 37.2
0.1 0.7 0.0 2.6 1.5
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1
3.2 7.8 8.0 7.9 6.5
2.6 3.5 12.1 7.1 3.3
0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.4 -0.2 -5.7 0.1 -3.7
$14,508 $12,678
39.9 9.4
18.2 6.5
30.1 3.9
1.0 1.0
0.1 0.1
6.7 1.8
5.8 3.6
0.1 0.3
0.0 0.0
-1.8 2.4
APPENDIX D BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS
CHARACTERISTICS System Company startUP Date
OF INDIVIDUAL
TABLE D-l AUTOMATED
GUIDEWAY Guideway Elevation
TRANSIT
SYSTEMS Guideway Length (miles) Vehicle Speed (mph) Max 27 Avg. 10 20.5 hrslday 12 hrslday (Apr-Ott) 24 hrslday 24 hrslday 24 hrslday 89 hrslwk 18 hrslday 24 hrslday 12 hrslday 20.5 hrslday 13 h&day 320 dayslyr 24 hrslday Ondemand Daily Operating Hours
Site Description
System Configuration
Number of Stations
Min. Traveling unit @a=) 1
Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, VA) Chicago OHare DFW Airport AIRTRANS Denver Airport Detroit DPM Airport
AEG-Westinghouse
1980
Airport Theme Park
Dual-lane
shuttle
Underground Elevated/At-Grade
2.27
10
AEG-Westinghouse
1975
Single-lane
loop
1.33
30
18
Matra Vought Corporation AEG-Westinghouse UTDC Walt Disney Company Otis Elevator Company Ford Motor Company Walt Disney Company Matra
1991 1974 1993 1985 1971 1980
Airport
Pinched-loop Single-lane Multi-loops Pinched-Loop Single-lane
Elevated/At-Grade
5 13.04
2 1 1 1 6
50 17 32 30 45
23 10
Airport Center Airport Downtown People Mover Recreation Center University Medical Center Shopping Center Airport
Elevated/At-Grade Underground Elevated
28 4 13 9 3
1.85 2.94
11 12 18 14
Disney World Duke
Single lane and dual-lane loop Single-lane and dual-lane shuttle Single-lane shuttle with bypass Single-lane loop
Elevated Elevated/At-Grade/ Underground Elevated
14.50 0.56
28
Fairlane (Dearborn,
1976
0.50
2 5
30
19
MI)
Houston WEDway
1981
Underground
1.37 1.40
15
Jacksonville
DPM
1989
Downtown People Mover
Dual-lane
shuttle
Elevated
41
16
Las Vegas McCarran Airport Las Colinas, TX APT
AEG-Westinghouse
1985
Airport
Dual-lane
shuttle
Elevated
0.50
2 4
25
17
AEG-Westinghouse
1989
Urban Business Center
Dual-lane shuttle On-demand mode
Elevated
0.74
30
18
System
Company
StartUP Date
Site Description
System Configuration
Guideway Elevation
Guideway Length (miles)
Number of Stations
Min. Traveling unit
Vehicle Speed (mph) Max 30 27 Avg. 10 8
Daily Operating Hours
(cars)
Miami Airport Miami Metromover AEG-Westinghouse AEG-Westinghouse The Boeing Company Von Roll Transport Systems AEG-Westinghouse Rohr Industries, Westinghouse Inc. 1980 1985 Airport Dual-lane shuttle Elevated Elevated 0.51 3.98 2 10 2
24 hrslday 16 hrslday 76 hrslwk 24 hrslday 21.5 h&day 69 hrslwk
Downtown People Mover University
Dual-lane
loop
1 1
Morgantown,
WV
1975
Dual-lane shuttle off-line stations Pinched-loop
Elevated/At-Grade Elevated Elevated Elevated
7.87 4.40
5 7
30
15
Newark
Airport
1994 1981 1978 1973
Airport
28 30 8 26
14 9 4 9
Orlando Airport Pearlridge, HI Airport
Airport Shopping Center Airport
3 Dual-lane Single-lane
shuttles shuttle
2.21 0.23
6 2 8
2 4
Seattle-Tacoma
2 Single-lane loops with Shuttle connection 5 Dual-lane shuttles
Underground
1.70
20 hrslday
Tampa Airport Tampa Airport Garage Parking
Westinghouse The Transportation Group Inc. The Transportation Group Inc.
1971 1991
Airport
Elevated
1.90
12 7
1 1
30 12
9 4
24 h&day 24 h&day NIA
Airport Parking Garage Downtown Buildings
Single-lane loop with pinched-end Pinched-loop
Elevated/At-grade
0.51
U.S. Senate Subway (Washington, DC)
1995
Underground
0.66
14
N/A
It is measured at 2.5 sq. feet per standee for urban system and 5.0 sq. feet per standee for airport system. 2 3 4 These values are for 6-car train. These values are for 4-car train. The minimum traveling unit is the smallest number of vehicles that can travel as an individual Not Available unit.
NIA
SERVICE AND EMPLOYEE System
TABLE D-2 DATA FOR LABOR INPUTS-AGT Equivalent Place-Miles (millions)
SYSTEMS Equivalent Full-Time Employees
Vehicle-Miles
Vehicle-Hours
Atlanta Airport Busch Gardens Chicago OHare Airport Dallas/Fort Worth Airport AIRTRANS Denver Airport Detroit DPM Disney World Duke Fairlane Houston WEDway Jacksonville DPM Las Vegas McCarran Airport Las Colinas APT Miami Airport Morgantown Newark Airport Orlando Airport Pearlridge Seattle-Tacoma Airport Tampa Airport Tampa Airport Parking Garage
818,140 24,210 489,984 2,817,668 964,800 423,446 5,760,OOO 92,845 72,749 200,62 1 73,200 228,600 108,000 289,230 911,857 3,701,100 288,888 11,420 596,200 328,022 151,200
40.9 2.1 27.9 78.9 54.0 42.3 115.2 1.7 1.7 2.4 6.7 11.9 4.9 15.0 19.1 40.7 14.7 0.2 34.0 16.4 2.6
81,814 1,345 21,304 281,767 87,709 35,287 320,000 6,632 3,829 33,437 4,575 13,447 6,000 28,923 60,790 274,156 32,099 2,855 66,244 36,447 37,800
61 22 60 146 N/A 122 64 15 N/A 12 8 11 9 19 56 N/A 15 13 13 8 N/A
Equivalent full-time employees are computed on the basis of 2,000 man-hours per year. Equivalent place miles are computed by multiplying equivalent passenger places per vehicle by the vehicle-miles travelled for each system.
APPENDIX E METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
APPROXIMATE
Symbol
CONVERSIONS
Multiply By
TO SI UNITS
To Find Symbol
APPROXIMATE
Symbol
CONVERSIONS
Multiply By
FROM SI UNITS
To Find Symbol
When You Know
When You Know
LENGTH
In klches
feet yards miles 25.4 0.305 0.914 1.61 miffiitres m&es m&es kifomdres mm m tn mm m k, miffiietres metres
Ill&W3
LENGTH
0.039 3.26 1.09 0.621 inches feet yards mifes in ft yd mi
kifornetres
AREA ir?
s ac mP square square square acres square inches feet yards miles 64!K2 0.093 0.636 0 405 2.59
AREA
miIlimetrea squared
m&es squared m&es squared hectares kifornetres squared mmr m d ha km
rlP
ha km
millimetres squared metres squared hectares kilometres squared
0.0016 t 0.764 2.47 0.366
square in&es square feet acres square miles
if? tP ac m?
VOLUME
R 02 gal fl
yd
VOLUME
milMtres
litres metres c&ed m&es cdd
fluid ounces gallons

c&ii fed cubk yards
29.57
3.765 0.026 0.765
ml L
m m
mL L m m*
milfifitres litres metres cdx3d metres c&ed
0,034 0.264 35.315 1.306
fluid ounces gallons ctit fed cubtt yards
1102 gal ft yd
NOTE: Volumas greater than 1000 L shal be shown in mS. 9 grams kifograms megagrams
MASS
zf 0.035 2.205 1.102 ounces PaudS short tons (2000 b)
02
MASS
OUllcBS
pourKfs short tons
(2000 b)
26.35 0.454 0.607
grams kifograms
megagrams
MS
C
TEMPERATURE (exact)
Cekius
temperature
1.6C t 32
TEMPERATURE (exact)
F Fahrenheil temperature 5(F-32)19 ChitIS tempwatue C
OF
Fahrenheit temperature
;:2 200 1 1:
-40
t; -4! I -20
32 40
1
96.6
Ml 1 120 I 11 I I ,,,,,,,,,. I I Go 60 20 160 I 1 80
* St is the symbol for the International
System of Measurement
(Revised
April 1969)
NOTICE
This ~document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Governments does not endorse manufacturers or products. Trade names appear in the document only because they are essential to the content of the report. This report is being distributed through the Transportations Technology Sharing Program. U.S. Department of
DOT-T-93707
DOT-T-93-O-7
TECHNOLOGY SHARING
A Program of the U.S. Department of Transportation

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Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems

Revised Edition September 1992

Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems

TRANSIT FLEET SIZES, CAPACITIES,

OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE TRANSIT SYSTEMS

COSTS FOR AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SEPARATED HOV FACILITIES

COST FOR BARRIER AND BUFFER

High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)

CHAPTER 2 RAIL TFUNSIT

TABLE 2-1 AVERAGE RAIL TRANSIT SPEEDS

Systemwide Low2 Rapid Rail (12)4 15.8 8.9 27.6

Speed (MPH)' High2 29,0 23.3 36.5

Average3 22.5 12.0 30.1

Light Rail (12) Commuter Rail (9)

TABLE 2-2 RAIL TRANSIT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION PASSENGER MILES

SOURCE: UMTA Section

TABLE 2-3 RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS

Cost Per Revenue Vehicle Hour

Cost Per Place Mile' $0.0492

Cost Per Passenger Mile

9.96 5.93 23.39 for 1989

307 178 724

0.261 0.127 0.438

TABLE 2-4 DISTRIBUTION OF RAIL TRANSIT OPERATING COSTS BY OBJECT CLASS

SOURCE: UMTA Section

Transportation Rapid Low High Light Rail (12)

Average Low High Commuter Average Low High

23.5 4.2 41.2

107.2 Rail (10)

15.3 1.3 33.8

121.6 74.0 175.2

1,222 538 2,17.-

1,748 755 2,636

SOURCE: UMTA Section

TABLE 2-8 RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION

SOURCE: UMTA Section

TABLE 2-9 LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ENERGY CONSUMPTION

SOURCE: UMTA Section

TABLE 2-10 COMMUTERRAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

power -New York-

(Gallons)3 Per Thousand Passenger Miles 18.0 13.7 22.6

Per Revenue Vehicle Hour 26.5 17.4 32.1

Per Thousand Place Miles 5.68 4.80 6.80

3Averages, lows, Boston, SF Caltrans,

that consume only Northern.

Location Atlanta Baltimore Miami Washincton

Line-Miles 26.8 7.6 21.0 60.5

Percent Underground 42% 56 0 57

Capital Cost (millions) $2,720 1,289 1,341 7.968

Cost Per Line-Mile (millions) $101.49 169.61 63.86 131.70

Projects: Forecast Grants Management,

Ridership and Transportation

TABLE 2-12 OF RAIL RAPID TRANSIT CAPITAL COSTS BY SUBSYSTEM (PERCENT)

San Francisco BART All 7% 37 19 3 2 4 2 14 12

Atlanta MARTA Phase A 9% 33 20 2 1 2 3 23 7

Baltimore MTA Phase I 2% 25 30 2 2 4 2 24 9 100%

Chicago CTA O'Hare 0% 20 28 7 5 8 4 8 20 100%

Boston MBTA Red Line South 11% 15 33 7 6 7 0 6 15 100%

Portland $106.6 13.4 23.8 16.9 33.2 6.5

cities. relocations. environmental project finance

2Most of the costs in the Other costs in this category treatments.