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تطور التقانة عبر العصور
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Etienne Lenoir 1859
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97
1880
.Otto
Rudolf diesel 1892
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Sadi
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spinning Jenny 1767
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1709 1740
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Bessmer .1856
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.
1900
102
Jamin Franklin
volta
Alessandro
Michoel Faraday .
1831
.
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thomas Edison
.
103
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Bouiton and watt
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.
104
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bleeching
Charles Tennant .1799
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105
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W.H. Perkin 1856
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106
1842-1825
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Isambord Kingdom Brunel
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1830
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1775
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Fulton .1807 1812
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1830
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1843
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108
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1826 J. N.
Niepce
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Daguerre W. H. Fax
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George Eastman 1890
.
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charles wheatsone
William cooke
Samuel F. B. Morse
.
Alexander Graham Bell
.1876 Guglielmo
Marconi .
109
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1760
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111
112
113
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1800
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1879
114
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1882
DC
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Steinmetz
.
Charles Curtis 1903
5000
.
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Steel Company 1908
115
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Tungsten Filament
.
.
1913
150 000 .
33
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5
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1200 .
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Windmills
1 3
.
116
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Edgar 1925
.
1931
100 .
200000 - .
.
1953 .
.
Arco 1955
Pitts Burgh
.
117
1959
.
.
1961
160
.
1964
.
1967 750000
.
1983
3.8 .
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118
1897
.
.
John Ambrose Fleming
diode .1904
Thomas Edison Fleming
.
1907 Lee de Forest
) . (Triode
119
BELL
.
1947 Bell
walt H .
William B .
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1952 .
Texas instruments
transistor radio . 1954
Gordon Teal
1954
.
.
1959
. 1959
1962 steven hofstein ,
Frederic Heiman RCA
New Jersy /princeton
): (MOSFET
The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
. 1971
Intel
the
IBM 1997
200
. 1998
BELL
.
121
1947
.
. .
122
. 1885
1895
Wilhelm Konrod Roentgen
x
.
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William Coolidge
1913 X
.
123
1900
. Kodak Brownie
150000 .
William David Cooldiage 1913
Hydrophone
.
.
. 1931 .1933
Ernst Ruska
.
.
124
.
M.I.T. 1940
.
1943
1946
.
Russel Morgan
Edward Chamberlain
John W. Coltman
.
125
Rosalind Franklin
DNA .
Max Perutz John
Kendrew
) ( .
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Hal Anger
.1958
Ian Dnoald
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.
Powell Richards Walter Tucker
Brookhaven 1960
Technetium
.
. 1968
7
126
. 1973
.
Godfrey Hounsfield
Allan Cormack
Tufts 1972
CAN Scan
.
1979 .
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MRI
Felix Bloch Edward Purcell
1952 Poul Lauterbur
.Raymord Damadian
Gerd Binning
Heinrich Rohrer IBM
1981 .STM
1986 Cal Quate Christoph
Gerber AFM
127
.
1986
Ernst
Ruska .
Mansfield
.1977
MRI 1993
. 1990
.
1990 2000
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128
Albett Einstein
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1951
.
Arthur Schawlow
1958
.
: Laser
Theodore Maiman
) ( Hughes Research Laboratoeies
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. Gordan Gould
30 .
.
1961
) Charles Compbell
( ) Harles Koester
(
.
IBM MIT
1962 .
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130
.
George Hockham ) Charles Koo
Standard Telecommunications (
1966
Donald keck Peter Schultz Robert
Maurer .
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.
1970
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.
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. ) David Payne
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. 40000
.
) Emmanuel Desurvire (
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( 1991
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.
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James Clerk Maxwell
Heinrich Hertz
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Nikola Tesla
Gugliemo Marconi
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1900
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.
Newfoundland 1901
Cornwall
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john Ambrose Fleming
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.
Lee De
Forest 1906 .
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. Audion.
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Edwin Howard Armstrong 1912
Amplitude
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.
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.
1920 KADA .Pittsburg
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Charles F. Jenkins
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(1919
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AM
. 1947 John Bardeen
Watter Brattain William Shockley
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136
Jack S-Kilby
Robert Noyce Fairchild Semiconductor
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137
2000
. 1900
.
Loading Coils
Inductors
George
1904
. AT & T
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.
1915 2500
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.
1919 . 1920
AT & T
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.
.
1947 & AT
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1949 AT & T
.
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1903 Willem Einthoven
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Paul M. Zoll
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.
1877
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Nicholaus Otto
.
Daimler Gottlieb Karl Benz
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Henry Ford
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162
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425
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.
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Ford Motor Company
163
.
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Dodge 1914 .
1919
.
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power
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.
.
.
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.
164
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360000 .
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(
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.
1966
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165
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15 . 1901
Orville Wright ) Wilbur (
1903 852 59
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:
.
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1911
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1914
.
Elmer
.
166
Hugo Junkers
1917
J4
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1919
.
.
Charles Lindbergh 1927
3600
.
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1933
Boing 247 .
Robert Watson Watt
.
.
. "
.
540 .
.1944
Comet 1949
.
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Area Rule
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1976
Concorde
2003 .
. 1995
.
1996
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.
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.
170
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1906
.
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(
Edward Williams
1906 70
%50
.
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Congress
.
1914 .
Clarence Birdseye 1916
171
. 1925
.
General Electric
. Freon 1930
.
Frigidaire
) .(1200 BTUH
. 1932
1936 .
.1938
.1939
.
.
172
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.
. 1893
1916
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1910
.
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55000 1904 470000
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173
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Morgan . 1913
Portland
. 1917
.
1920 1930
.
.
1932
30
3000 .
1952
Chesapeake
.
Elbert Dysart Botts
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. 1987
Sunshine Skyway
.
174
1900
28 24 160 .
.
1913
238
. .
1913
.
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.
175
Sewerage
American
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.
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4 500 .
Abel Wolman
Linn H. Enslow
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.
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176
1937 115
19
580 .
1948
.
.
.
.
5,97 .
10
.
James Barnard
177
Ashok Gadgil
.
4 .
.
.
%38 1900 %3
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.
Charles Hart Charles Parr
. ) Benjamin Holt
( 1904
.
178
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Fordson .
%50 .
. 1932
.
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1938
. 1943
.
179
1901
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2000 1859 65
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Friedrich Bergius
1913
. carl
Bosch 1926
.
. 1931
William Burton
)Robert Humphreys Standard
(Oil .
.
.
Fischer- Tropsch Method
181
1920 1940
:
polystyrene Polyvinyl Chloride
:
Polyethylene
Charles Kettering
Thomas Midley . boyd
1921
T. A
.
Louis Giliasso 1928
.
1936 Eugene Houdry
.
1942
.
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