NMDT C3

Chng 3.
H IU HNH
3.1. nh ngha s lc v h iu hnh 3.2. Lch s pht trin h iu hnh 3.3. Phn loi cc h iu hnh 3.4. Nhc li phn cng my tnh 3.5. Cc khi nim c bn ca h iu hnh 3.6. An ninh h thng
Ti liu tham kho: chng 1 ca quyn Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Modern Operating Systems, 2nd ed, Prentice Hall
http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/esm/app/author_tanenbaum/custom/mos2e/
Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM
Nh p mn i n Ton - Chng 3
Slide 1
3.1. Gii thiu

Mt h thng my tnh bao gm
phn cng (hardware) chng trnh h thng (system programs) chng trnh ng dng (application programs)
H iu hnh (operating system) l g?

l mt my lun l m rng (extended machine)
che du cc chi tit phc tp cn thc hin cung cp cho ngi dng 1 my lun l d dng hn v c lp vi phn cng (thng qua cc lnh system calls)
l mt h qun l cc ti nguyn ca my (resource manager)

phn chia vic dng ti nguyn theo thi gian, mi chng trnh dng ti nguyn trong 1 khong thi gian ri giao li cho chng trnh khc dng (CPU, my in). phn chia ti nguyn theo khng gian : mi chng trnh dng 1 vng nh ti nguyn (b nh, a).
Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM Nh p mn i n Ton - Chng 3 3
3.2. Lch s h iu hnh

OS gn lin vi lch s pht trin phn cng my tnh: First generation 1945 - 1955
vacuum tubes, plug boards Inventors: Aiken (USA), Zuse (Germany) -> cha cn OS
Second generation 1955 - 1965

transistors batch systems
Third generation 1965 1980

ICs (Integrated Circuits) multiprogramming, spooling, time-sharing
Fourth generation 1980 present

LSI (Large Scale Integration) H iu hnh cho PC
Lch s h iu hnh - Th h th 2
Early batch system (h thng x l b)
xuyn phiu chuyn chng trnh thnh chng card c l. n chng card theo th t cho my c card 1401 c v ghi ln bng t. gn bng t cho my 7094 x l tun t tng chng trnh, kt qu ca chng trnh c ghi ln bng kt xut. gn bng kt xut vo my in 1401 in ra giy.
Cu trc in hnh ca mt job FMS
(FMS: Fortran Monitor System, h iu hnh ca IBM cho mainframe 7094)
Multiprogramming system Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) Time sharing
OS/360 c a IBM MULTICS (MIT, Bell Labs)
(Cc vng c a b nh )
1974, first microcomputer
Intel 8080, first general-purposed 8-bit CPU floppy disk CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers)
early 1980s, IBM PC

DOS (Disk Operating System) MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
1983, IBM PC/AT (Intel 80286 CPU) 1985-1995, Windows on top of MS-DOS Pentium PC
UNIX, Linux, Windows 2000 X Windows system (UNIX, Linux)
3.3. Phn loi cc h iu hnh

Mainframe operating systems
OS/390 High-end Web servers Web service, file service
Server operating systems

UNIX, Linux, Windows 2000
Multiprocessor operating systems Personal computer operating systems

Linux, Windows XP, Macintosh
Real-time operating systems

VxWorks, QNX
Control systems Mobile phones Smart cards
Embedded operating systems

uCLinux, PalmOS, Windows CE
Smart card operating systems
3.4. Nhc li phn cng my tnh

Cc thnh phn ca mt PC n gin
Monitor
Bus
10
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Processors

Special registers
Program counter Stack pointer Program Status Word (PSW)
kernel mode user mode
TRAP instruction
System call
11
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Memory

Phn cp in hnh cc loi b nh
Cc gi tr ch c ngha xp x
12
Nhc li phn cng my tnh Hard disk

Cu trc ca mt a cng
13
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - I/O Devices

Device driver l g? (a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt (b) Interrupt processing
(a)
Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM Nh p mn i n Ton - Chng 3
(b)
14
Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Buses

Cu trc ca mt h thng Pentium
IDE bus SCSI bus
15
3.5. Cc khi nim trong h iu hnh

Cc ti nguyn ca my Qu trnh (process) Lp thi biu cho cc qu trnh (Scheduler) Cho php cc qu trnh truy xut chung ti nguyn Deadlock v gii quyt Qun l b nh (memory management) H thng tp tin (file) Giao tip vi th gii bn ngoi (input/output)
Resource management
Ti nguyn ca 1 chng trnh l bt k thnh phn no ca my tnh c s dng bi chng trnh . Ti nguyn phn cng : CPU, b nh, a, CDROM, a USB, mn hnh, bn phm, chut, card mng,... Ti nguyn phn mm : cc file d liu v cc h thng phn mm khc m 1 chng trnh cn truy xut/tng tc. HH cn qun l cc ti nguyn sao cho vic s dng chng bi cc chng trnh c tin cy, an ton, hiu qu v c lp vi tnh cht vt l ca chng.
Slide 17
Process
Qu trnh l mt chng trnh ang thc thi File chng trnh thng c 2 dng : m ngun v m thc thi. File thc thi (*.exe trn Windows) c th c chy trc tip bi my, nhng nu cha chy, n vn l thnh phn th ng, ng yn v khng to ra kt qu g. Khi ngi dng kch hot 1 file chng trnh, n c chy bi CPU, lc ny ta gi n bng thut ng Qu trnh" (Process). Trong lc hot ng, process c th to ra nhiu process khc (con) v c th tip tc. Mt cy qu trnh (process tree)
A to hai qu trnh con, B v C B to ba qu trnh con, D, E, v F
Khi to, thc thi v kt thc qu trnh

Cc bin c chnh gy ra vic khi to mt qu trnh mi 1. System initialization 2. Execution of a process creation system call by a running process 3. User request to create a new process 4. Initiation of a batch job
Possible process states
Qu trnh chm dt di mt trong cc iu kin sau 1. Normal exit (voluntary, t ) 2. Error exit (voluntary) 3. Fatal error (involuntary, khng t ) 4. Killed by another process (involuntary)
19
Cu trc ca Process
Trong Unix, mi process c 3 phn an: text, data, stack
Mi qu trnh c th to ra qu trnh con, v qu trnh con c th to ra qu trnh mi Hnh thnh mt h thng th bc UNIX gi l mt "process group" Windows khng c khi nim v th bc ca process Tt c cc process u ngang nhau
20
Thng tin ca mt qu trnh

Fields of a typical process table entry
process table process table entry (= process control block)
21
Mu lnh v d trong Unix
an mu lnh v d sinh ra process con :

while (TRUE) { type_prompt( ); read_command (command, parameters) if (fork() != 0) { /* Parent code */ waitpid( -1, &status, 0); } else { /* Child code */ execve (command, parameters, 0); } }
/* repeat forever */ /* display prompt */ /* input from terminal */ /* fork off child process */ /* wait for child to exit */
/* execute command */
22
Vi lnh gi h thng (System Calls)

API calls (API: Application Programming Interface)
23
Scheduler
Cc process s chy tun t, mi ln ch 1 process c thc thi. Vic giao tip vi I/O thng chm hn rt nhiu so vi tc ca CPU, ngha l lc chng trnh dng ch I/O (ch nhp phm) CPU phi ng ch mt thi gian v hiu sut lm vic ca n. dng CPU hiu qu hn, nhiu chng trnh s c chy ng thi. Gii php thng thng l dng k thut phn chia thi gian (Time sharing) : chia trc thi gian lm nhiu khe nh (quantum), cho mi chng trnh chy 1 khe nh ri dng n li, chn chng trnh khc chy trong khe nh k tip,...
24
Gii thiu v nh thi

Mc tiu ca gii thut nh thi di cc tnh hung khc nhau
(H th ng x l b)
(H th ng tng tc)
(H th ng th i gian th c)
An example of shortest job first scheduling (a) Running four jobs in the original order (b) Running them in shortest job first order
nh thi trong h thng tng tc

Round Robin Scheduling (nh thi xoay vng)
(a) list of runnable processes (b) list of runnable processes after B uses up its time quantum
A scheduling algorithm with four priority classes: - Round-robin scheduling within each class - Run the processes of the higher priority classes first
26
Deadlocks
Khi hai hay nhiu qu trnh tng tc vi nhau th chng c th lm vo tnh trng deadlock
V d: mt my tnh vi mt bng t v mt ghi CD. Hai qu trnh A v B mun ghi ln CD t d liu trn bng t Qu trnh A yu cu v c cp pht bng t Qu trnh B yu cu v c cp pht ghi CD Qu trnh A yu cu ghi CD, b tm dng Qu trnh B yu cu bng t, b tm dng
27
Qun l b nh
Mt cch l tng, ngi lp trnh mong mun b nh phi
ln nhanh n nh (nonvolatile)
H thng th bc b nh (memory hierarchy) thng thng gm 3 loi:

Dung lng nh, truy xut nhanh, gi t cache Dung lng, tc , gi trung bnh - main memory Dung lng ln (gigabytes), tc chm, gi thnh r - disk storage
H qun l b nh (memory manager) iu khin h thng th bc b nh Cc vn c bn trong vic qun l b nh bao gm: 1. Basic memory management 2. Partitioning & Swapping 3. Virtual memory 4. Segmentation
Qun l b nh trong h n chng

H n chng (mono-programming): 3 cch t chc b nh gm vng nh OS v vng nh ca 1 process ang chy.
29
Phn vng tnh (fixed partition)

Chia b nh ra nhiu partition vi ln khc nhau chy nhiu process i hi kch thc khc nhau.
(a) mi partition c hng ch cc process i hi cng dung lng nh. (b) dng 1 hng ch cho mi process (single input queue)
30
Phn vng ng & Swapping

khi c process xin cp pht vng nh => cp pht 1 partition c kch thc va ng theo yu cu theo thi gian, b nh c th b bm nt bi nhiu vng nh cn sp xp li vng nh trng duy nht & lin tc (compactage) V d v vic cp pht b nh c th thay i theo thi gian:
Process vo trong b nh: process A c chuyn vo t trong a, Fig. (g) Ri khi b nh: process A c chuyn ra ngoi a, Fig. (d)
31
Phn on b nh
B nh thng qua qu trnh dch :
Ta c th ct b nh nh sau :
32
Qun l b nh o
Vic swap ton vng nh ca 1 process ra/vo a gp kh nhiu phin h do kch thc ca mi process rt khc nhau. Yu cu c ch qun l b nh tinh vi hin nay cc OS u dng, gi l c ch qun l b nh o tng c bn l ti tng thi im chng trnh chy, ta khng cn ni dung ca ton chng trnh v d liu ca n trong b nh, ta ch cn ni dung ca lnh ang cn chy v d liu m lnh ny cn truy xut, mi th khc c th trn a. Nh vy chy c 1 process, ta ch cn 1 vng rt nh b nh bt chp kch thc ca process ln hay nh. C 3 k thut qun l b nh o : qun l theo phn trang (paging), qun l theo phn on (segmentation) v qun l theo phn on v phn trang (Chi tit s c trnh by trong mn H iu Hnh).
Slide 33
C ch qun l b nh o
B nh o: cc chng trnh c th ch c b phn nm trong b nh chnh Mi process c bng qun l trang (page table), bng ny cha thng tin v vic nh x tng trang o ca process vo tng trang tht b nh ti tng thi im theo thi gian.
34
i a ch o ra a ch tht
MMU: Memory Management Unit
35
So snh cc cch phn on b nh
36
Phng tin lu tr thng tin - File

Nhu cu v vic lu tr thng tin lu di (long-term Information Storage) C th lu tr mt s lng ln d liu Thng tin lu tr tn ti n khi kt thc qu trnh s dng Nhiu process c th truy cp thng tin ng thi lu thng tin trn a cng (hay CD-ROM,) di dng cc tp tin (file).
File, di ci nhn ca ngi s dng, bao gm:

tn (naming), cu trc, kiu, truy cp file, thuc tnh, thao tc ln file
Slide 37
Mt vi chi tit v file

Cc loi tn file v m rng (file extension)
Cc thao tc trn file: 1. Create 2. Delete 3. Open 4. Close 5. Read 6. Write 7. Append 8. Seek 9. Get attributes 10. Set Attributes 11. Rename
38
Cc thuc tnh ca file (File Attributes)

Possible file attributes
39
H thng file a vt l
disk vt l l khng gian d liu 3 chiu : disk = nhiu cylinder, mi cyclinder gm nhiu track (head - vng trn cha tin cng bn knh), mi track cha nhiu cung nh cha tin c truy xut c lp (sector). Sector l n v truy xut tin nh nht cp vt l, t ngoi ta khng th truy xut tng byte ri rc trn a c. Mun truy xut 1 sector, ta phi xc nh c b ba ch s (Cylinder, Head, Sector) rt kh dng. Hn na, d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau cn nhiu sector mi cha . Nu vic qun l 1 d liu c ngha c cha trn bao nhiu sector a v ch s c th l g c giao cho ngi dng th h s gp rt nhiu rc ri cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn.
Slide 40
H thng file a lun l cp #1

disk lun l cp #1 l khng gian d liu 1 chiu : disk = danh sch nhiu n v cha tin c di c nh, mi n v c gi l cluster (hay block, sector lun l). di ca cluster cn c lp vi a vt l. cp ny, mun truy xut 1 cluster, cn xc nh ch s ca n. Tuy nhin, d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau cn nhiu cluster mi cha . Nu vic qun l d liu c ngha c cha trn bao nhiu cluster a v ch s c th l g c giao cho ngi dng th h s gp rt nhiu rc ri cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn !
Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM Nh p mn i n Ton - Chng 3 Slide 41

disk lun l cp #2 l khng gian d liu 1 chiu : disk = danh sch nhiu n v cha tin c di thay i theo yu cu ca ngi dng, mi n v c gi l file v c nhn dng bng tn gi nh ch khng phi l ch s kh nh. cp ny, mun truy xut 1 file, ch cn xc nh tn gi nh ca n. D d liu c ngha cn lu trn a thng c kch thc rt khc nhau, nhng ch cn 1 file l lu 1 d liu c ngha vic qun l d liu trn a tr nn d dng hn nhiu so vi trc. Tuy nhin v 1 a cha 1 s rt ln file (hng triu file) nu dng khng gian phng t chc cc file th cng cn nhiu kh khn trong vic t tn file, vic phn bit cc file ca chng trnh no, ca ngi no cn 1 giao tip s dng khc s dng a d dng hn na.
Slide 42

disk lun l cp #3 l khng gian d liu dng cy phn cp : disk = th mc gc cha nhiu phn t con, mi phn t con c th l file hay th mc khc... Trong cp ny, ta nhn dng 1 phn t bng khi nim ng dn (pathname). C 2 loi pathname : tuyt i v tng i. Ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th m dng no s thch hp hn.
Slide 43
ng dn tuyt i v tng i
ng dn (pathname) l thng tin tm kim (xc nh) 1 phn t t 1 v tr no , n cha danh sch chnh xc cc tn gi nh ca cc phn t m ta phi i qua xut pht t v tr u n phn t cn tm. ta dng 1 du ngn c bit ngn cch 2 tn gi nh lin tip nhau trong ng dn (trong Windows, du ngn l '\') Tn th mc gc lun l '\'. C 2 khi nim ng dn : ng dn tuyt i v ng dn tng i. ng dn tuyt i l ng dn xut pht t th mc gc, ng dn tng i xut pht t th mc lm vic (working directory). Trc khi ng dng bt u chy, h thng s khi ng th mc lm vic cho ng dng (theo c ch no ). Trong qu trnh thc thi, ng dng c quyn thay i th mc lm vic theo yu cu ring.
Slide 44
ng dn tuyt i v tng i
Xt cy th bc ca c: trn slide trc, ng dn tuyt i sau s nhn dng chnh xc file arial.ttf trong th mc 'Fonts' : c:\Windows\Fonts\arial.ttf Nu th mc working ca chng trnh hin l c:\Windows\Fonts th ta c th dng ng dn tng i sau y xc nh file arial.ttf : arial.ttf ng dn tuyt i thng di hn ng dn tng i nhng n lun c gi tr bt chp ng dng ang th mc lm vic no. ng dn tng i thng gn hn (a s ch cha tn file cn truy xut v ng dng s thit lp th mc lm vic l th mc cha cc file m ng dng truy xut) nhng ch c gi tr vi 1 th mc lm vic c th. Tuy nhin, trong 1 vi trng hp c bit, ta phi dng ng dn tuyt i ngay c n di v phc tp hn ng dn tng i!
Slide 45
Giao tip vi th gii bn ngoi

chng trnh khi hot ng thnh thong phi giao tip vi th gii ngoi (th d cn in ra my in, cn giao tip mng, cn truy xut thng tin ca cc sensor o thng s,..). My tnh s dng 1 card chc nng (card I/O) giao tip vi th gii ngoi. C rt nhiu hng sn xut, mi hng sn xut rt nhiu model card I/O khc nhau, on code chng trnh giao tip vi I/O c lp hon ton vi tnh cht phn cng ca card I/O, ta s xy dng 1 module phn mm c bit : device driver. Mi card I/O c device driver ring. Device driver phi cha n hm chc nng theo qui nh ca OS, chi tit ca tng hm chc nng s ph thuc vo phn cng, cn vic s dng cc hm chc nng trong chng trnh th hon ton c lp vi phn cng.
Slide 46
3.6. An ninh h thng

My tnh c rt nhiu ti nguyn v cho php nhiu ngi truy xut Cn phi c c ch m bo vic dng ti nguyn bi cc ngi dng, khng cho php vic truy xut bt hp php. An ninh h thng bao gm 3 vn chnh : Bo mt d liu : mi ngi ch c php truy xut 1 s ti nguyn qui nh, khng c kh nng truy xut cc ti nguyn khc. Ton vn d liu : vic truy xut ti nguyn ca ngi dng khng c lm h hng d liu, d ch 1 phn nh. Sn sng d liu : vic truy xut ti nguyn ca ngi dng hp php phi lun c phc v trong khong thi gian ngn nht, bt c lc no, bt c u. Cc bin php bo mt d liu l qun l ngi dng theo ti khon (account) v mt m ha d liu.
Slide 47

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Chng 3.

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

3.1. Gii thiu

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

H iu hnh (operating system) l g?

l mt h qun l cc ti nguyn ca my (resource manager)

3.2. Lch s h iu hnh

Second generation 1955 - 1965

Third generation 1965 1980

Fourth generation 1980 present

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

early 1980s, IBM PC

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

3.3. Phn loi cc h iu hnh

Server operating systems

Multiprocessor operating systems Personal computer operating systems

Real-time operating systems

Control systems Mobile phones Smart cards

Embedded operating systems

Smart card operating systems

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

3.4. Nhc li phn cng my tnh

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Processors

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Memory

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Nhc li phn cng my tnh Hard disk

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Nhc li phn cng my tnh - I/O Devices

Nhc li phn cng my tnh - Buses

IDE bus SCSI bus

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

3.5. Cc khi nim trong h iu hnh

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Khi to, thc thi v kt thc qu trnh

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Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Thng tin ca mt qu trnh

Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Mu lnh v d trong Unix

an mu lnh v d sinh ra process con :

Vi lnh gi h thng (System Calls)

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Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

Gii thiu v nh thi

nh thi trong h thng tng tc

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Khoa KH & KT My Tnh, I HC BCH KHOA TP.HCM

H thng th bc b nh (memory hierarchy) thng thng gm 3 loi:

Qun l b nh trong h n chng

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Phn vng tnh (fixed partition)

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Phn vng ng & Swapping

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