Theoterical Astrophysics

Line Broadening
Natural Broadening
Line width:
=
1
2
rad
(1)
Einstein Coefcient:
A =
1

rad
(2)
Damping coefcient:

rad
ji
=

k>i
A
ki
+

k>j
A
kj
(3)
Line prole:
I() =
1

rad
4

1
(
0
)
2

4
2
(
rad
)
2

(4)
Collisional Broadening
Line width:
=
1

col
(5)
Damping coefcient:

col
=
1

2nv
(6)
Thermal Doppler Broadening
Doppler effect:

0
=

0
=

0

0
=
vx
c
(7)
Line width:

th
=
2
0
c

log 2

2kT
m
+v
2
turb
(8)
Rotational Doppler Broadening
Line prole:
F() =
2

Ftot
veq sin(i)
c

1
c
2
(
0
)
2

2
0
v
2
eq
sin
2
(i)
(9)
Line width:
=
0
[(R) (R
0
)] R
0
sin()
c
(10)
Thermal Astrophysics
The Boltzmann Factor
Boltzmann factor:
P
i
= e

E
i
kT (11)
Normalised probability:
p
i
=
e

E
i
kT
j
e

E
j
kT
(12)
Mean Energy of a Particle
Mean energy of a particle (1D):
Ex =
1
2
mv
2
x
=
kT
2
(13)
Mean velocity of a particle:
v
2
x
=

0
v
2
x
e
av
2
x
dvx

0
e
av
2
x dvx
=
kT
m
(14)
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution:
f (v) =

m
kt
3
2
v
2
exp
mv
2
2kT
(15)
Most probable velocity from MB:
vmp =

2kT
m
(16)
Mean velocity from MB:
v =

8kT
m
(17)
Mean squared velocity:
v
2
=
3kT
m
(18)
Special Relativity
Lorentz Transformations
t

= (t vx) (19)
x

= (x vt) (20)
v = tanh (21)
Combined velocities:
v =
v
1
+v
2
1 +v
1
v
2
(22)
Proper time:
= (t vx) (23)
=
d
dt
(24)
Relativistic Kinematics
Velocity 4-vector:
U = (1, v) (25)
Accceleration 4-vector:
A = ( , v
i
+ a
i
) (26)
Frequency 4-vector:
L =

f ,
n

(27)
Relativistic Doppler effect:
f
2

1
1
w
2

= f
2

1
1
w
2

(28)
Relativistic Dynamics
Momentum 4-vector:
P = mU = m(1, v) = (E, p) (29)
Momentum 4-vector of a photon:
P = (h, h, 0, 0) (30)
General Relativity
Schwarzchild Metric:
ds
2
=

1
2GM
c
2
r

c
2
dt
2

dr
2
1
2GM
c
2
r
+r
2
d
2
+r
2
sin
2

2
d
2

(31)
Stars and their Spectra
Stellar Winds
Radiation Pressure:
F =
BA
c
(32)
Eddington Luminosity
L
E
=
4GMstarm
dust
c

T
(33)
P-Cygni Line Prole
Terminal Velocity:
v =
c

0
(34)
Blue-shifting:

absw
=

absr

1
v
wind
c
(35)
Wolf-Rayet stars
Mass Continuity:

M = 4r
2
(r)v(r) (36)
Stellar wind velocity law:
v(r) = v

1
bRstar
r

(37)
or
v(Rstar) =

kTe
mp
(38)
Convection

dT
dr

ad
<

dT
dr

(39)
Variable Stars
Luminosity/Period Relationship:
L R
2
T
4
(40)
Opacity:
=

T
7
2
(41)
Magnetic elds
Zeeman effect:

0
= 45B (42)
Brightness of a star with spots:
B = A[1 f cos()]T
4
p
+ Af cos()T
4
s
(43)
Spot effect on spectrum:
s
0

0
=
vrot
c
sin() (44)
Field energy density:
U =
B
2
2
0
(45)
Observational Astrophysics
Photometry
Luminosity:
L =

0
+

L() d (46)
Radiant ux:
F =
L
4D
2
(47)
Flux Density:
S =
F

(48)
Solid angle:
=
A
D
2
=

2
(49)
Specic Intensity
dE = I(r, n) dAdt d d (50)
Brightness temperature:
T
b
=
c
2
I
2
2
k
(51)
Pogsons Relationship:
m = 2.5 log
10
F +c (52)
Filtered (colour) magnitude:
m
l
= 2.5 log
10

0
FT
l
() d

+C
l
(53)
Bolometric correction:
BC = m
bol
V (54)
Colour Excess:
E
BV
= (B V)
obs
(B V)em
E
UB
= 0.72E
BV
(55)
Extinction coefcient:
A
V
= m
V,em
m
V,obs
3E
BV
(56)